Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Due to F erroresonance
l 2 3 4
Dieter Braun , Maurizio Delfanti , Mirko Palazzo , Riccardo Zich
2,4
Department ofEnergy. Politecnico di Milano
20156 Milan, Italy
2maurizio.delfanti@polimi.it
4riccardo.zich@polimi.it
Abstract-In a three-phase system with isolated neutral stator winding is grounded via a high resistance resistor. The
ferroresonance is a periodic displacement of the neutral low-voltage windings of the step-up transformer and the high
potential. These so called relaxation oscillations are caused by voltage windings of the unit auxiliary transformer are delta
discharging and recharging of the capacitances to the ground via
connected.
magnetising inductances of e.g. single-pole insulated voltage
transformers and the periodic repetition of this process. As a
consequence, high saturation currents flow through the primary
HV-System
windings of the voltage transformers heating up these windings
and often leading to the destruction of the voltage transformer.
The non-linear phase-to-ground inductance of voltage
transformers and the phase-to-ground capacitance form an
oscillatory circuit which may be kicked on by a switching event,
e.g. an earth-fault followed by a self-extinction of the fault
current. The present paper specifically investigates the possible
occurrence of ferroresonance in power stations where a
generator circuit-breaker is employed. The effects of harmonic
Step-Up Transformer
distortion due to ferroresonance are thoroughly investigated and
different mitigation measures are analysed.
I. INTRODUCTION
Unit Auxiliary
Ferroresonance is typically a periodic displacement of the Transformer
102
50,0
the introduction of a suitable resistor inserted in the
[kVJ
37.5 open delta of residual voltage windings of voltage
transformers;
25.0
a suitable ferroresonance damping device inserted in
12.5 the open delta of residual voltage windings of voltage
transformers.
0.0
250
limit rating of the voltage transformer may be exceeded, too.
Therefore earth-faults must be cleared quickly in this case.
375 The mitigating effects brought about by the use of a damping
resistor of 35 [2 (typical value used to mitigate ferroresonance
.500 +----,---,-----.--.--4
0,0 0,' 0,2 0.3 0.4 (5) 0.5 oscillations in power stations) installed in the open delta
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formed by the residual voltage windings of the voltage
Fig, 3 Voltage across the open delta formed by the residual voltage windings transformers is depicted in Fig. 5.
of a set of voltage transformers (case without damping device)
(A) (A)
3.75 3.75
2.50 2.50
2.50
3,75 -3.75
Fig, 4 Current flowing through the primary winding of a set of voltage Fig, 5 Current flowing through the primary winding of a set of voltage
transformers (case without damping device) transformers (case with a 35 [2 resistor)
V. MEASURES TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OF The relaxation oscillations are damped and the saturation
FERRORESONANCE currents stop flowing through the voltage transformers after
several milliseconds.
The following measures to prevent the occurrence of
A more efficient damping is achieved with a damping
ferroresonance can be considered:
resistor of 25 [2 as shown in Fig. 6. Special attention should
the presence of a burden connected to the secondary
be paid to the fact that the power to be absorbed during a
winding of the voltage transformers;
persistent earth-fault would require a high thermal capacity of
103
the resistor. Hence a higher resistance value would be the generator main bus of power stations ferroresonance can
advantageous but it might not be able to damp the relaxation occur only on the transformer-side of a GenCB when this
oscillations. circuit-breaker is open and when the system comprising the
low-voltage windings of the step-up transformer and the high
5.001-.-------
voltage windings of the unit auxiliary transformer is energised
[A)
3.75 from the high-voltage grid.
The analysis shows the presence of a ferroresonance
2.50
characterised by stationary second subharmonic oscillations
1.25
causing overvoltages of2 p.u.
The problem dealing with subharmonic oscillations is the
o.o0t--nrr""'--rrr".L..n-r-"'--------------- high currents in the primary winding of the voltage
-1.25
transformers and the danger of their thermal destruction.
With the employment of a damping resistor of 35 n in the
open delta formed by the residual voltage windings of the
-3.75 voltage transformers the subharmonic oscillations are damped
and the saturation currents stop flowing through the voltage
. 5 00+:--
. - --.- - --,- -- r- - ,.---- --.-- --,- -- r-- ,.---
- --.-- transformers after several milliseconds. A more efficient
0 .0 0.1 0,2 0,3 0.4 [.) 0.5
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damping is achieved with a damping resistor of 25 n, thus
Fig, 6 Current flowing through the primary winding of a set of voltage confirming that the smaller the resistance the more efficient
transformers (case with a 25 [2 resistor) damping is obtained. On the other hand special attention
A more effective solution for the damping of subharmonic should be paid to the fact that the power to be absorbed during
a persistent earth-fault would require a high thermal capacity
relaxation oscillations is a damping device. It consists of a
of the resistor.
saturable coil (damping coil) with a resistive component
A more effective solution for the damping of subharmonic
shunted by a 90 (2 resistor [5]. Fig. 7 shows very impressively
relaxation oscillations is a damping device consisting of a
the effect of such a damping device. For second subharmonic
saturable coil with a resistive component paralleled by a 90 (2
voltages the inductance saturates and absorbs active power
sufficient to damp out the relaxation oscillations. This power resistor. For second subharmonic voltages the inductance
is dissipated in the resistance associated with the damping coil. saturates and absorbs active power sufficient to damp out the
relaxation oscillations. This power is dissipated in the
The saturation currents associated to relaxation oscillations
resistance associated with the damping coil. The saturation
disappear immediately. An additional advantage of such a
currents associated to relaxation oscillations disappear
solution compared to a simple resistor is that for power
immediately. An additional advantage of such a solution
frequency voltages, i.e. in case of persistent earth-faults, the
compared to a simple resistor is that for power frequency
saturable inductance works in the linear range of the
voltages, i.e. in case of persistent earth-faults, the saturable
magnetising characteristic and carries only a small current
inductance works in the linear range of the magnetising
thus avoiding any thermal overloading of the voltage
characteristic and carries only a small current thus avoiding
transformer as well as of the inductance itself.
any thermal overloading of the voltage transformer as well as
5.00,------, of the inductance itself.
[AI No ferroresonance can occur on the generator-side of the
3,75
open GenCB as that part of the system remains grounded via
2.50 the grounding resistor connected to the generator star point.
Also, no ferroresonance can occur when the GenCB is
1.25
closed as the system comprising the generator, the low
0,00 hA 'i' voltage windings of the step-up transformer and the high
voltage windings of the unit auxiliary transformer is a
1.25 I resistively grounded system.
-2,50
REFERENCES
-3,75
[I] IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis, IEEE Standard C37,013-1997
.5,001-----,----,--,---.------,------,---,-----.----,------j (R2008),
0.0 0.1 0.2 0,3 0.4 lsi 0.5
(file rerror8s0n.once.pl4; x-var 1) c:XOO04AXOOO5A c;XOOO4BXOOO5B c;XOOO4CXOOOSC [2 ] IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis - Amendment I: Supplement for Use
Fig, 7 Current flowing through the primary winding of a set of voltage with Generators rated 10-100 MVA, IEEE Standard C37,013a-2007,
transformers (case with damping device)
[3] Instrument transformers - Part 3: Additional requirements for
inductive voltage transformers, IEC 61869-3, Edition 1.0,
VI. CONCLUSIONS [4] Canadian/American EMTP User Group: ATP Rule Book, 1987-1992,
[5] "Damping Inductance Device DE6 data sheet", Ritz Messwandler
The possible occurrence of ferroresonance in power
GmbH, Germany,
stations where a GenCB is employed has been investigated. In
104