NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS RECOVERY PROCESSES IN NATURAL GAS PROCESSING.

AN

ASSIGNMENT

BY

VICTOR ALI MENTA

IN

CHEN 807: GAS AND GAS CONDENSATE PROCESSING

SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. IBRAHIM A. MOHAMMED-DABO

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA.

SEPTEMBER, 2014.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................iv
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................4
2.1. NATURAL GAS LIQUID RECOVERY........................................................4
2.2. LICENSORS OF NATURAL GAS LIQUID RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES.........6
2.3. ORTLOFF NATURAL GAS RECOVERY PROCESSES...................................6
2.3.1. RESIDUE SPLIT-VAPOUR PROCESS......................................................6
2.3.2. SUPPLEMENTAL RECTIFICATION PROCESS..........................................8
2.3.3. OVERHEAD RECYCLE PROCESS..........................................................9
2.3.4. IMPROVED OVERHEAD RECYCLE PROCESS......................................10
2.3.5. SINGLE COLUMN OVERHEAD RECYCLE PROCESS.............................11
2.4. IPSI LLC NATURAL GAS RECOVERY PROCESSES...................................13
2.4.1. ENHANCED NGL RECOVERY PROCESS..............................................13
2.4.2. SPLIT FEED COMPRESSION PROCESS................................................15
2.5. ABB LUMMUS NGL RECOVERY PROCESSES.........................................16
2.5.1. HIGH ETHANE RECOVERY PROCESS.................................................16
2.5.2. HIGH PRESSURE ABSORBER.............................................................17
CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION..........................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................21

2
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Thermodynamic pathways of different NGL recovery technologies (From

Mokhatab et al., 2006, pg. 366)............................................................................5
Figure 2: Schematic of Ortloff residue split-vapour process (From Mokhatab et. al., 2006, pg.
375)..............................................................................................................7
Figure 3: Schematic of the Ortloff Supplemental Rectification Process (Ortloff Engineers
Ltd., 2010, pg. 2)..............................................................................................9
Figure 4: Shematic of the Ortloff Overhead Recycle process (From Hudson et. al., 1998, pg.
3)...............................................................................................................10
Figure 5: Schematic of the Improved Overhead Recycle process (From Hudson et. al., 1998,
pg. 7)...........................................................................................................11
Figure 6: Schematic of the Single Column Overhead Recycle process (Ortloff Engineers
Ltd., 2005b, pg. 2)...........................................................................................12
Figure 7: Schematic of the Enhanced NGL Recovery Process (IPSI-1) (From Bechtel
Corporation, 2014)..........................................................................................14
Figure 8: Schematic of the Split Feed Compressor process (Bechtel Corporation, 2014)....16
Figure 9: Schematic of the High Ethane Recovery Process (Google Patents, 1999)...........17
Figure 10: Simplified Schematic of the High Pressure Absorber process (From Foglietta et.
al., 2004)......................................................................................................18

3
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Some uses of Natural Gas Liquids (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012).....2

4
 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

GSP Gas Subcooled Process

HPA High Pressure Absorber

IOR Improved Overhead Recycle

JT Joule Thomson

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

NGL Natural Gas Liquids

NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material

OHR OverHead Recycle

Refrig. Refrigeration

RSV Recycle Split Vapour

SCORE Single Column Overhead REcycle

SFC Split Feed Compression

SRP Supplemental Rectification Process

5
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases which consists primarily of methane, but

commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes (C 2 C4/5) and an even

lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc. Natural gas exists

in the earths crust; it is found and brought to the surface through several complex

processes. Among the major uses, natural gas is used as fuel by burning it directly; it is

used as a petrochemical feedstock to make other products e.g. fertilizer; and it is also

used for energy generation in thermal power plants.

After Natural gas is brought out of the earths crust, it has to be processed so as to

remove unwanted components that may reduce its usefulness. If possible, it is preferred

that the resulting processed gas is purely methane (CH 4). The impurities which are

removed in the processing steps include the following:

Water: This can be in the form of water vapour and liquid water. The water may

also contain dissolved salts and dissolved gases (acids).

Acid gases: These include hydrogen sulphide (H 2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) and

mercaptans such as methanethiol (CH3SH) and ethanethiol (C2H5SH).

Other gases: These include nitrogen (N2) and helium (He).
Liquid hydrocarbons: These include natural gas condensate and/or crude oil.
Mercury: This is usually in a very small amount primarily in elemental form, but

chlorides and other species may also be present.

Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM): Natural gas may contain

radon, and the produced water may contain dissolved traces of radium, which

can accumulate within piping and processing equipment. This can render piping

and equipment radioactive over time.

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): These are heavier gaseous hydrocarbons consisting

of ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), normal butane (n-C4H10), isobutane (i-C4H10),

1
 pentanes and even higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. When these heavier

hydrocarbons are processed and purified into finished by-products, they are

collectively referred to as Natural Gas Liquids (NGL).

The presence of natural gas liquids in natural gas is undesirable because they cause the

formation of a liquid phase during transportation of natural gas which is unsafe and as

such they must be removed. On the other hand however, natural gas liquids are not

useless. Natural gas liquids consist of useful compounds that have numerous important

uses; these compounds have greater value as separate products than as part of the

natural gas stream. Table 1 below shows some of the uses of some of the components of

natural gas liquids.

Table 1: Some uses of Natural Gas Liquids (U.S. Energy Information

Administration, 2012)

Gas Chemical End Use

Applications Primary Sectors
Liquid formula Products
Ethylene for plastics
Plastic bags;
production;
Ethane C2H6 plastics; anti- Industrial
petrochemical
freeze; detergent
feedstock
Residential and
commercial heating; Home heating; Industrial,
Propane C3H8 cooking fuel; small stoves and Residential,
petrochemical barbeques; LPG Commercial
feedstock
Petrochemical
Synthetic rubber
feedstock; blending Industrial,
Butane C4H10 for tyres; LPG;
with propane or Transportation
lighter fuel
gasoline
Alkylate for
Refinery feedstock;
gasoline;
Isobutane C4H10 petrochemical Industrial
aerosols;
feedstock
refrigerant

2
 Gas Chemical End Use
Applications Primary Sectors
Liquid formula Products
Natural gasoline; Gasoline;
Pentane C5H12 blowing agent for polystyrene; Transportation
polystyrene foam solvent
Blending with vehicle Gasoline;
Mix of C5H12
Pentanes fuel; exported for ethanol blends;
and heavier Transportation
Plus* bitumen production in oil sands
hydrocarbons
oil sands production
*Pentanes plus is also known as natural gasoline. It contains pentane and heavier
hydrocarbons.

Because of the great usefulness of natural gas liquids, they have to be removed from the

natural gas in such a way that they are not lost. Hence, the process of removal of natural

gas liquids from natural gas is called natural gas liquids recovery. There are several

available licensed processes used to recover natural gas liquids from natural gas. The

aim of this study is to discuss some of those processes.

3
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. NATURAL GAS LIQUID RECOVERY

The industrial recovery of natural gas liquids from natural gas is predominantly

achieved in one of four ways, these are: low temperature distillation, lean oil absorption,

solid bed adsorption and membrane separation processes. Of these four, low

temperature distillation is the most common. Low temperature distillation involves

cooling the natural gas to temperatures low enough to cause ethane, propane and heavier

hydrocarbons that are present in the natural gas to condense after which they are

distilled.

The low temperatures required in low temperature distillation methods of NGL recovery

can be achieved in a number of ways; these include mechanical refrigeration, self

refrigeration and cryogenic refrigeration. Mechanical refrigeration involves the use of a

refrigerant (usually propane) to cool the inlet gas; self refrigeration is achieved by

causing the gas to expand, usually by passing the gas through a Joule-Thomson (JT)

valve thereby causing the gas temperature to drop. Cryogenic refrigeration is similar to

self refrigeration just that instead of a JT valve, the gas is passed through a turbo

expander which results in a greater temperature drop. Figure 1 shows the phase

behaviour of natural gas as a function of pressure and temperature.

4
Figure 1: Thermodynamic pathways of different NGL recovery technologies (From
Mokhatab et al., 2006, pg. 366)
When the natural gas is cooled outside the retrograde condensation zone, condensation

of NGL will be induced. Line from A to B indicates gas-to-gas heat exchange; while the

line from B to C indicates chilling in the mechanical refrigeration method; B to C

indicates chilling in the self refrigeration method; while B to C indicates chilling in

cryogenic refrigeration method.

Most modern gas processing plants employ the cryogenic refrigeration method which

involves expansion of the gas through a turbo-expander followed by distillation in a

demethanizing fractionating column. The expander reduces the inlet gas pressure (with

value of about 600 to 900 psia) to the demethanizer operating pressure, which varies

from 100 to 450 psia. The turbo expander simultaneously produces cooling/condensing

of the gas and useful work, which may be used to recompress the sales gas.

5
The demethanizer is a low temperature distillation column that makes a separation

between methane and ethane. Methane and components lighter than methane, such as

nitrogen, are the principal products in the vapour near the top of the column, whereas

ethane and heavier components, such as propane, butanes, and heavier hydrocarbons,

comprise the principal components in the bottom product of the column. Typical inlet

gas temperatures to the demethanizer are 90 to 100 oC, sufficiently low that a great

deal of the ethane is liquefied.

2.2. LICENSORS OF NATURAL GAS LIQUID RECOVERY

TECHNOLOGIES

As mentioned earlier, there are several licensed processes that are employed in gas

plants for NGL recovery. The licensors of these processes include ORTLOFF

ENGINEERING LTD., ABB LUMMUS, IPSI LLC, SHELL GLOBAL SOLUTIONS

and others. Some of these processes will be discussed in the subsequent sections.

2.3. ORTLOFF NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS RECOVERY

PROCESSES

2.3.1. RESIDUE SPLIT-VAPOUR PROCESS

This process is also called the Recycle Split Vapour (RSV) process. It is a cryogenic

process and was developed by Ortloff in the late 1990s as an enhancement of the

original Gas Subcooled Process (GSP) developed by the same company.

6
 Figure 2: Schematic of Ortloff residue split-vapour process (From Mokhatab et.
al., 2006, pg. 375)
The inlet gas is cooled in a gas-to-gas heat exchanger by passing the cold gas coming

from the demethanizer in counter-current flow with the warm inlet gas which causes

partial condensation of the inlet gas. After that, the inlet gas stream is passed through a

cold separator which separates the condensed liquids from the gas. The liquid from the

cold separator is fed to the demethanizer with part of it mixed with the gas from the cold

separator and passed through the subcooler where it is totally condensed with the

overhead stream from the demethanizer. The condensed liquid stream is then flashed to

the top of demethanizer, providing reflux to the demethanizer. The greater portion of the

gas stream from the cold separator expands through the expansion turbine to the

demethanizer pressure.

The main differentiating feature of the RSV process is the presence of an additional

reflux stream produced by recycling a portion of the residue gas, after recompression,

7
back to the top of the column. The stream is passed through the overhead heat

exchanger or subcooler, which effectively condenses the gas totally, after which it is

flashed to the top of the demethanizer to provide reflux. Because of this extra reflux

stream, the subcooled inlet gas split and the expander outlet stream are sent lower down

in the tower rather than to the top of the column. The reflux provides more refrigeration

to the system and allows very high ethane recovery to be realized.

The RSV process is CO2 tolerant and the recovery can be adjusted by the quantity of

recycle used. The RSV process can be used for very high ethane recoveries limited only

by the quantity of horsepower provided.

2.3.2. SUPPLEMENTAL RECTIFICATION PROCESS

Like the Recycle Split Vapour (RSV) process, this process is also an enhancement of the

Gas Subcooled Process (GSP). The Supplemental Rectification Process (SRP) has the

advantage of ultra-high propane and heavier recovery at all times coupled with being a

flexible process for ethane recovery; it is suitable where ethane production needs to be

adjusted daily to match ethane product demand.

The SRP design incorporates a vapour draw from the demethanizer column that is used

to generate two reflux streams for the column. A rectification section is added above the

typical top feed point of the GSP process. A portion of the condensed side draw vapour

is fed to the top of this new section. The remainder provides reflux below the expander

feed when needed, depending on the ethane recovery level. These additional SRP reflux

points allow the process to maintain ultra-high recovery of the propane and heavier

components at all ethane recovery levels.

8
 Subcooler

Figure 3: Schematic of the Ortloff Supplemental Rectification Process (Ortloff

Engineers Ltd., 2010, pg. 2)

2.3.3. OVERHEAD RECYCLE PROCESS

The Ortloff Overhead Recycle (OHR) process operates in a two-column configuration,

the absorber is the composite tower and the deethanizer is the composite distillation

tower. The inlet gas is cooled in an inlet gas-to-gas heat exchanger after which it goes to

a low temperature separator which separates the partly condensed liquid from the

vapour. The liquid from the cold separator is used to cool the inlet gas at the front-end

heat exchanger before taken to the deethanizer. The vapour from the cold separator is

passed through an expander and then to the absorber. The residue gas leaving the

absorber is used to cool and condense the vapour stream from the deethanizer before

being fed to the top of the absorber as reflux. The bottom product from the absorber is

fed to the top of the deethanizer where the final liquid NGL is collected as the bottom

9
product. The OHR process provides more efficient recovery of propane and heavier

hydrocarbons than the GSP design, but is not suitable for high ethane recovery.

Figure 4: Schematic of the Ortloff Overhead Recycle process (From Hudson et. al.,
1998, pg. 3)

2.3.4. IMPROVED OVERHEAD RECYCLE PROCESS

The Improved Overhead Recycle (IOR) process is an enhancement of the Ortloffs

Overhead Recycle process. It is also employed as a two-column system but it makes

better use of the refrigeration available in its feed streams. In the OHR design, the cold

absorber bottoms liquid is supplied directly to the deethanizer as its top feed; in the IOR

process however, this stream is first used to supply part of the feed gas cooling, which

reduces the cooling load on the inlet gas and also reduces the deethanizer reboiler duty

by the same amount. A small portion of the cold reflux produced by the overhead

10
condenser is used to rectify the vapours flowing up the deethanizer, allowing the

absorber bottoms stream to be partially vaporised for maximum heat recovery as it

provides feed gas cooling.

Figure 5: Schematic of the Improved Overhead Recycle process (From Hudson et.
al., 1998, pg. 7)

2.3.5. SINGLE COLUMN OVERHEAD RECYCLE PROCESS

Ortloffs Single Column Overhead REcycle (SCORE) process is a cryogenic gas

processing technology suited to the recovery of propane and heavier hydrocarbons from

a natural gas stream. The SCORE design is an enhancement of Ortloffs Overhead

Recycle and Improved Overhead Processes. It combines extremely high propane

recovery with high efficiency. Unlike the OHR and IOR designs, it uses a single

composite column.

11
Reflux for the column is generated by condensing a vapour side draw stream. A liquid

side draw is utilized for process cooling to optimize heat integration. While the basic

working principle of the SCORE process is the same as the IOR process, it can lead to

considerable advantage in terms of the investment cost for the plant. The single, larger

column and small reflux drum are generally cheaper than the two columns used in the

IOR process, and one less set of cryogenic pumps is required. Its single column design

is also more easily adapted to ethane recovery operation.

With appropriate design features, a plant using the SCORE process can also be switched

to operate in an ethane recovery mode utilizing Ortloffs Gas Subcooled Process (GSP).

Condenser

Figure 6: Schematic of the Single Column Overhead Recycle process (Ortloff

Engineers Ltd., 2005b, pg. 2)

12
2.4. IPSI LLC NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS RECOVERY PROCESSES

2.4.1. ENHANCED NGL RECOVERY PROCESS

Developed by IPSI LLC, the Enhanced NGL Recovery Process focuses more on the

enhancement of the bottom of the demethanizer column unlike the other Ortloff

processes discussed earlier which focus more on introducing reflux at the top of the

demethanizer to enhance ethane recovery. The Enhanced NGL Recovery Process (also

known as IPSI-1) uses a slip stream from or near the bottom of the distillation column

(demethanizer) as a mixed refrigerant. The mixed refrigerant is totally or partially

vaporized at the inlet gas-to-gas heat exchanger thereby cooling the inlet gas further.

This refrigeration step increases the efficiency of the recovery process by enhancing

separation efficiency. Economically, it eliminates the need for cooling otherwise

normally accomplished using an external refrigeration system. The vapour generated

from this "self-refrigeration" cycle is specifically tailored to enhance separation

efficiency, then is recompressed and recycled back to the bottom of the tower where it

serves as a stripping gas. Other advantages this process offers include:

Lowering the temperature profile in the tower, thereby permitting better energy

integration for inlet gas cooling via reboilers, resulting in reduced heating and

refrigeration requirements.
Reducing and/or eliminating the need for external reboiler heat, thereby saving

fuel plus refrigeration.

Enhancing the relative volatility of the key components in the tower when

operated at a typical pressure, thereby improving separation efficiency and NGL

recovery; or alternatively allows increased tower pressure at a typical recovery

efficiency, thereby reducing the residue gas compression requirements.

13
This process can be incorporated as a modification to an existing NGL recovery process

regardless of the original licensor. One of its limitations is that as the plant capacity

increases and the feed gets richer, it may require additional refrigeration to maintain

high NGL recovery levels.

Figure 7: Schematic of the Enhanced NGL Recovery Process (IPSI-1) (From

Bechtel Corporation, 2014)

2.4.2. SPLIT FEED COMPRESSION PROCESS

The Split Feed Compression (SFC) process was developed in 2002 by IPSI LLC. This

process is particularly suitable when the feed gas is supplied at a relatively low pressure.

In order to achieve high NGL recovery, modern expansion processes require that the

turbo expander be operated at high expansion ratios combined with an enhanced reflux

14
generated for the top rectification section of the demethanizer. The implication of this is

that when the feed gas pressure is low, provisions have to be made to increase it.

Conventionally, the way out has been either to raise the feed gas pressure or operate the

demethanizer at a lower than normal pressure. These call for an additional (usually

expensive) application of compression power to the total gas flow either at the front-end

(i.e. feed gas) or at the back-end (i.e. residue gas) to gain the desirable expansion ratio

and to promote partial condensation of feed gas for the reflux stream.

To solve the problem of application of additional compression, the SFC process applies

compression to a small portion of the total feed gas, typically ranging from 25 to 35

percent, that portion necessary to facilitate condensation for use in the demethanizer as a

top reflux stream. This way, the reflux stream has sufficient pressure to function. This

process can offer a substantial reduction in compression horsepower, also allowing a

lower design pressure for the front-end equipment processing the main portion of feed

gas. Like the Enhanced NGL Recovery Process, it can also be adapted in retrofitting

plants where the front-end equipment does not have a high enough design pressure. Any

shortage in refrigeration, if any, can be effectively overcome by the use of IPSIs

Enhanced NGL Recovery Process.

15
 Compressor

Figure 8: Schematic of the Split Feed Compressor process (Bechtel Corporation,

2014)

2.5. ABB LUMMUS NGL RECOVERY PROCESSES

2.5.1. HIGH ETHANE RECOVERY PROCESS

Cryogenic plants traditionally provide reboiling to demethanizers by using part of inlet

feed gas, or inlet feed split. That is, the inlet feed gas is split into two: one stream goes

into the inlet gas-to-gas heat exchanger to be cooled and the second one is used to

provide reboiler heat to the demethanizer(s). Afterwards, the two streams are mixed

before being sent to the cold separator. If the two mixed streams are not at the same

temperature, some work is lost due to the mixing operation. The High Ethane Recovery

process provides loss work prevention by reboiling the demethanizer with part of the

residue gas, or residue gas split. The entire inlet gas is sent to the inlet gas-to-gas heat

exchanger while the recycle-reflux stream circulates through the reboilers. After

16
providing the necessary heat to reboil the column, the recycle-reflux stream is further

cooled and liquefied or condensed in the reflux subcooler. The condensed recycle-

reflux stream is then expanded isenthalpically in a valve and sent to the top of the

demethanizer column as reflux. This scheme is also known as open heat pump.

This process can be adapted to existing NGL recovery processes in retrofit situations.

RESIDUE GAS RECYCLE-REFLUX STREAM

Figure 9: Schematic of the High Ethane Recovery Process (Google Patents, 1999)

2.5.2. HIGH PRESSURE ABSORBER

Cryogenic NGL recovery processes typically produce methane-rich stream at pressures

of about 100 to 450 psia while the pipeline gas is required to be supplied at above 1000

psia. This implies that recompression of the sales gas is necessary after the NGL

recovery process; in most plants, gas processing capacity is generally limited by the

17
horsepower available for recompression of the pipeline sales gas stream. The High

Pressure Absorber (HPA) process was developed to minimise the pressure difference

between the NGL recovery process operating pressure and the sales gas pipeline

pressure, thereby making more recompression horsepower available and allowing

increased plant capacity of existing gas processing plants. The HPA process employs a

two-column system made up of a high pressure absorber (with typical operating

pressures above 500 psia) and a sequentially-configured fractionating column operating

at a lower pressure. The pressure difference between the absorber and the fractionating

column is about 50 to 350 psia.

Pump

Figure 10: Simplified Schematic of the High Pressure Absorber process (From
Foglietta et. al., 2004)
Treated inlet gas stream is cooled in the front end heat exchanger and passed to a cold

separator which separates the partially condensed liquid components of the cooled feed

gas from the vapour stream. The vapour stream from the cold separator is supplied to an

18
expander where this stream is isentropically expanded to the operating pressure of the

absorber. The absorber overhead stream contains substantially all of the methane, C 2

compounds and lighter compounds in the expanded vapour stream. The condensed

liquids descend down the column and are removed as absorber bottom stream, which

contains a major portion of the C3 compounds and heavier compounds.

The feed into the fractionating column are the liquid streams from the cold separator

(part of which is passed through the front end exchanger and the other part through the

overhead condenser to absorb heat) and the liquid bottom stream from the absorber. The

overhead gas stream from the fractionating column is partially condensed in the

overhead separator; the liquid from this partial condensation is re-introduced into the

fractionating column as reflux and the vapour stream (which contains a major portion of

methane, C2 and lighter compounds) is compressed to yield a partially condensed stream

fed into the absorber. The liquid component of this compressed stream serves as reflux

in the absorber.

19
 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION

Even though there are up to four different methods of natural gas recovery from natural

gas, namely low temperature distillation, lean oil absorption, solid bed adsorption and

membrane separation processes this study reveals that most of the licensed technologies

are based on the low temperature distillation method; or more precisely cryogenic

distillation. All the processes discussed in this study are based on cryogenic distillation

of natural gas.

This study also shows that the newer processes basically seek to improve on the older

ones. An example is seen in the case of the Ortloffs Improved Overhead Recycle

process which was an improvement of the Overhead Recycle process in terms of the

reflux streams (thereby improving ethane recovery). The Single Column Overhead

Recycle was again invented and it served as an improvement of the Improved Overhead

Recycle process by incorporating a single composite fractionating column, thereby

providing very high propane recovery with high efficiency.

With the constantly increasing usefulness and demand for natural gas and also

improving technologies, it is logical to expect ever more increasing process designs

with improved natural gas recovery capabilities.

20
 REFERENCES

Bechtel Corporation (2014). IPSI ENHANCED NGL RECOVERY PROCESS. Retrieved

October 13, 2014 from: www.bechtel.com/3903.html

Bechtel Corporation (2014). SPLIT FEED COMPRESSION PROCESS FOR

ENHANCED NGL RECOVERY. Retrieved October 13, 2014 from:

www.bechtel.com/3904.html

Foglietta, J.H. (1999). Hydrocarbon gas separation process. Google Patents. Retrieved

October 13 from: http://www.google.com/patents/WO1999023428A1?cl=en

Foglietta, Jorge H. (1999). NEW RECYCLE PROCESS SCHEME FOR HIGH ETHANE

RECOVERY. Houston, TX: Randall Division of ABB Lummus Global Inc.

Foglietta, Jorge H., Haddad, Hazem, Mowrey, Earle R., Patel, Sanjiv N. and Sangave

Ajit (2004). Cryogenic Process utilizing High Pressure Absorber column.

Houston, TX: ABB Lummus Global, Inc.

Hudson, Hank M., Pitman, Richard N., Wilkinson, John D. and Cuellar, Kyle T. (1998).

NEXT GENERATION PROCESSES FOR NGL/LPG RECOVERY. 77th

Annual Convention of the Gas Processors Association, Dallas, TX. Retrieved

from: http://www.ou.edu/class/che-design/che5480-07/Next%20Generation

%20NGL-LPG(Hudson%20et%20al)-98.pdf

Mesfin, G., Shuhaimi, M. and Moonyong, L. (2013). A performance study for

representative natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes under various feed

conditions. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Process Systems

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 Engineering (PSE ASIA) (pp. 732-738) Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from:

http://www.sps.utm.my/download/PSEAsia2013-119.pdf

Mokatab, Saeid, Poe, William A. and Speight, James G. (2006). HANDBOOK OF

NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING. Burlington, MA:

Elsevier Inc.

Natural-gas processing (2014). Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Retrieved September

27, 2014 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-gas_processing

ORTLOFF ENGINEERS, LTD. (2005a). Recycle Split Vapor Process. Retrieved

September 25, 2014 from: http://www.ortloff.com/files/RSV.pdf

ORTLOFF ENGINEERS, LTD. (2005b). Single Column Overhead Recycle Process

(SCORE) Retrieved September 25, 2014 from: http://www.uop.com/?

document=ortloffs-single-column-overhead-recycle-score-process&download=1

ORTLOFF ENGINEERS, LTD. (2010). Supplemental Rectification Process. Retrieved

September 25, 2014 from: http://www.ortloff.com/files/SRP-01.pdf

U.S. Energy Information Administration (2012). What are natural gas liquids and how

are they used? Retrieved September 27, 2014 from:

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=5930

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