TO XPONIKO TQN ENI: I HMONIKON ANAKA,\Yq'EON 139

1600

H fH aI MAINHTH' orpcipo c;ro 6vc peydi"oxopp<irLpc1v4ti,-

Av xcrr,4 mrli.So lrov lvroorrl ebcbxou nevre
oXr6ov cttirveE,xoasig 6v rllrpr lLnri 6bcL-
1verov 6oqgri. O Ayy)"ogllctqog lcrr,rplor-
r6E foui).l.Lopfxil"pncpr (William Cilbert,
15,14-1603) 6lcve prn oeup<iolerr"ltrirvnrtpc-
prirtov ru onoio nepLiryporpe oro 6r6l"io rou
Da Magnctt (nllepi. Mcrlvlrdv>), rorr nr-
x),ocpoprpe ro 1600.
flupcrdtilgrrrocltiprv. e]*1!r r1v xtrtv4
dvri.),Irf1 r[o! enlxqorouoe exoivrlt1v t:ro-
XriorL ro ox6pbo rotcorperpet rov Fa].vlrr-
opt'revcbro 6r,<rgtivtr,<r tov rnpcilow.'Etpr
rlt pclvlteE pLeox6pbo xor o po1.v1trop6E
rouE r)rr elutpcrvi.o0rlrc.KotonLv itpLrlrc p4
ptryvlrLoprivooi64po pe 6ropcivrra, c),ld o
oit\rqpog6w ondxrloe po.yvr1rLop6. (O fxi),-
pnrpr q povrroevo xCivtrqurri ru aergdgu
rc wdnlov poptuprov).
f o o q p a v r r l o r l p o , r r i p c p dr o u 4 r u v
rtivo r(rrd ro otroio )a(rrooLrJco Irc(
11. Evtonloe rouE lo].vrllrl4ougr6i'ouE tlE
ogaipog xcr xotd6eLle6tr 116el"6vqprog
ruli6cg 6eiXvtLrqoE 6opp<ivov rofio0rrl-
Oeixorrci orqv enrqr;.vel<r curou 1ol oeo[-
Q[ro1J p(:tYvYlrrl.
Eltt).),o1, orov rono0illoe rqv 6el,6v1
iror nou vc pnopei vtr neprotpcrcpei xorox6-
pugo, qurrl ncqor-rolooetqv ),e"76pev1 pa-
yv4ttt1 lyxALo1,6qi"c6466eL1ve npog ro
'Orov
otbgc r4E ocpoipog. prtil,Lorcq 6eL6vr1
r(urooFrrll,rlxndv(l)uno rov pulv4rtxo no
i"o,66rr1ve to tfvrpo qE oqnlpcrg.(H pn-
7v4rtx4 iyx),ro4trqQarlQrl0nxryrc trQcirr rl
rl oQo or rlv I rrprrvl ro r 4g f 19 cno rivav
A11l.o 0c),cooo;rogo,rov P6pnept N6ppcrv
IRobenNonnan,1560-1,ro 1576).
Eror o Fxil";rlrpr xariLqll oro oupnt'-
Q.rolo orr 4 6c),ov1r4cnuEi6uqougleprgd.
prrcl pe curo rov tporo eneL6rlq i6ra q f4
eiv<rr6vogrepciorrogpc1v1r1g.

TYMMHPOMATIKA
OEQpixo!A lIE fa).},iag (rpdrlv Eqqino5 rlq Na6deQ(S) n'/Qt\ltE ro Zuiret\a rtE Nrilr46 ro 1598.
ro ojroio 6br!0Qio){rr|rrxl }roQic(orors orryevotor'E. or oproptvrg :r6),ergxcL xrogorri)\,EtE.
:rrlv lcnovi(., o XlvlrlL6oL (6)te:re1582):rieove to 1598.[QoE ro ffloE rlg 6co eitrgrou eile x<ivrL
Irc rQoond0r(rvo xcrraLd6rrI! Koeao, oD.a ararr,X.To l6U) t1r'tt ooyxoi'v (avdrrctoq orpcrrrorr'
xriq brorzqrrlg)o lyrdoou (teyasu,15431616).flpoepl6rcrv crrd trp orxolivrtn Toxouyxri6o,4 onofn
bLorrlg4orr1v 6Loxrr66pr1o1r15 ltirqog eri rperorigtor,nrdrve6.O lelcioou prirlrpe rqv npt'rrtr,ouocr
r1q Innovicrg crndro Krdro oro'Evro (ro olpeprv6 T6xLo).
O Irc).og qrri,6oogocT[opvr<ivo Mrqorvo (GiordanoBruno. 1548'f600) u;roorrlqrle 6tr unrirqlouv
xoli.anl.oi ?oollor. otL o xrirpoEtivor ci:reLpo5.6rr11fi1 xtveitnr zcr 6rL rl rr)rr1
orot),ritcr o116crtopro.
Or a:rotptrqtou rpcv ooorg dn(i xdOdrorlJl. o),I(i o Mreoivo o<ipnole<rvoLlrorolg ouvlrlplrrxoiE
rlq [noxr]q x(lL qQlrl04xevo unoloprioer 6r(v rov crri],1oov pt {)dv(tro.nioav orlv nuQdorrq 17O-
tiQorqQiouro1' 16LIlzcr o 0dvaroq ror nd1()orrl nrorlFovrrl :rp6o6o.rbLcitepcrorrq xceo).Lxg Xri'
QliS.

L603
OAEBIKE, BAABIAET roE cr6 ro oorQ[x6rqg. O pu0poEttov
exrrv<i(eo.rv
ivq! ouy1Qov!op6voE p rouE
Or yrotpol r1g eroplg lvtirpL(ov 6rr ro cigo nal.prouEr1g rnp6LciE,enoplvog ltov golc-
x r v l i r o r . . y r o r io r c v x o 6 r r o r p r c u p r 4 p i n ea'on ll xqoord t.ivqLUrq uvrtriq rou xrvri
ndt)Grrle.ir.ll qu{l1r tlri exriv<rf, rl rou rri pro ro aipn pioc oro odrpc.
t40 ISAAC ASIMOV

H xl'cor,*4 cvri,)rqrlrl nou enuxqcrouoe neploo6mpo Tv@or6EUTo e2ilqrrvro$ivo

exeivq rr;v eno14 xol nou ei,1exo0leg<uOei,
ano rov FoL1v6 (6Mne 180)4rcv 6rr ro ci.-
po ncpcontuilerar oro ouxcirrrxor ;rrrcq4-
Qrqr orqv xcp6r,ti, cn6 rrp onoi,o cvrLei-
xq! rrqoE rrE cgrrpieg ncr rrE gLe6eg,rcl
xotcvckji\rql orouE roroug.
H xcp6r<i cnorelreirqL oriorqortxd qno
6io cvt).ieg rou logilovrcr cn6 6vo no.pi
Uuixo me6gq, 6w rpcv optogepgcveg1La-
ri u:rtiglorv 6rio o.vr).ieE.O fc).1v6g ni-
oreue 6rr To puird Olcltopuorrxd orgcirpc
pdqel o16g, 16oo prrg6g drmr vc elvor q6-
OcreE.xq ort ro ci;rc mqv<i ;coo cn6 cu-
r6E. Mt curr; rqv elrry4oq. q lcgbLd pno-
qooocvo 0eogrlOei<rrE ewcic avrl'ic.
To 1603,6vqEIraL6g y.org6g, o Tllq6La-
pto<Dc;r:rqitol (Cirolamo Fabrici, 1,537-1619),
rou ovopq OalreirorouE ol,rlrAxouo:TevrG-
w (Fabriciusab Aquapendente),gliflpe rrE
qI.66eErlg xvrlpqq rcl rQ6oeE6rr rdrd
6tcorr;pcro g6gow pr.xqdE 6c1,6(6eg.
'Hrcrv gcrveg6
6rr, or 6c).6i0eg rrqQlflo-
6ilow rqv qoq ro! aiporos npoE tc n<iro.
H FUilrSxuvtqs,Exqrd ro 6d6rcpa rlm(ow
rrE pl66E xar qvqy?iri(ow ro clpc vo rr,vry
oei wpoEtc rdvar, cqo! or 6ql6i6eE 6evrolj
rnltg6rouv vo oroi'ono{oer r41, ovrioerrl
xtrret0wo4. Aur6 or]pcr,ve6rt ro qipq or[S
gLi6eE rrrrv no6rirv pnogei vo xuv40ei povo
rrqoErrp zoq6ri.
O <Dcpngitoroug6pog 6ev r6lplqe va
ovtrrporioer rtg crvrr,l,rl9er,E rou Fo).tvo6
lcn crqvrlO4xeva eEaydy& our6 ro ouprn6-
Qaopa.

TYMNAHPAMATIKA
O r|oorigvoE rls Efu,o<i6er,6ornxcgrou'EooE, xrLoory ro 1601per<i cr6 pua oouv4r.otc 6),cxrir
6l (ox6prl tia[ 1r' d.u[6v) o:t6rerqc vo rmoxrvriorr arov<iorcol H E],r.o<i6ern60crr ro 1603,oeot fio'
Q6grLvorov eedvo ni ocq<ivra n6vre 1q6vrc. H 6rclu66qvrpri rlE e(l)eiior ug6os I enlruy6oreg4
xls ayy),rxriEroroeiog. Try 61o6610ryco rog d6 Mogiog ltorloqr, khto6oE XT't4E XxtoricE (1566-
1625), o onoiog 6{.oilx1JooE Idro6oE A' rlg Ayyli.ag, r6qriowcE rov oino rov:touo.er.
To 1602,o AyyLoE 0ol,oooon6QoE Mrroex6l.opr,ou lxdm,olvr (Banholomewcosnold, roqve ro 1607)
e[eqerlv4oe to ropo].rd rIS B6erasAuer,xriE orrp mqLo l r4EoqprqlvrigN6cEAyy),icg.

1607
TzEir,DTAoyN
Metd t4v 4rrc rqg Ionavr.xrjgAgpd6cE
(6i,6tr1589),or A.yyi"ordxcvcv orveleiE
rrQoord0ewE1c rlv i6guoq urreQrl6vrrov
<lJror,rir,(i)v.
E[1av enlrqlel otrry N6o fq, o]"-
i.<i e[1crv anorulel oto P6ouvooux (Roa-
noke).
Xrl.g 24 Mciou rou 1607,Fra op<i6c A1-
yl,orv onoi,xrov, U mo E$(ov pri'oE rlE rov
Tlrov )pr.o (JohnSmith,nQlnou1580-1631),
aro6t6do0n)@! ora roQdlio' rnE o4p"eer-
vr]g nol"r.rei,ogBuqrfivra rrov HIIA. Or.
AlyLor, o.xo).ori0qocvrov norap6 Tl6r,pg
(:rou rov ov6paoov 6tor,rpoE upfv rou Ia-
xtir6ou A' rqE A11liog) xcr i,6pr-roovrqv
'Hrcv q
T(6rporcouv. np6q p6vrpq cyy)'.r.-
nrl cnolnio oto 66cgog r<ovo4prqrvtbv H-
vo[6vrov flo]'lrel6v.

TYMIUHPOMATIM
To 1604 (rv6r(ulav orrry Pooic ngo6i.rlpcto 6Lo6o1r1g,xoodrE 6ev lnriex xqlvds rodqoE pt o6ropqr-
o6riqro 6r.xoiropc orov 0q6vo. Anotrorioloov pepr.x<i1q6vrc cvoplia], nor o,rop6agr!(I,r nepto^o;
tav rapaytiv, xana ra ofioio l:oorpio ral I flo?r,coviorgorlloocrv o:16 ro 6uitr{d rio! g0qoav q(s66a
p6XQrirp M6oXo. H Prooio qcu.v6tov vc 6pioretcl otc np60ugo r1g 6rri)'uor;g.
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>TTIMONIKON ANAKAAYWEON 141

1608
THAE,KOIIO
Merd rqv enrv6rpq rou pr,xpooxonlotr(6Li-
:re 1590), 6ev r;rcv 6rloxoi',ovcr enuroloei
6vcg owbucopog qcrxdrvnou vo peye0uver
ro poxprvd crvrrxei,pevor; vc To l<tvel vcr
g<rivovrcl nro nowrvri.
H ovorcol"url.rrl6pve ruloic, ro 1608. O
XuvE AirrFQoxqij (Hans Lippershey. repi-
ror 1570-1619), 6vaEOlJ'cv66g onrlxog, ei.-
1e 6rcv 6oq06 o onoiog cvcxclurpe 6rr",
6rcv roircfe proc cn6 6uo qoxotg rono0e-
rqp6volg oe oplop6vr; an6oraoq percrltr
rouc. e6).eneivc paxprvo xtu6urvoorrioto
:rotrunlo xovluv6 ncl <rveorgoppevo
Anoprlpvog on6 ro qorv6pevo, ro eine
orov Ainrepoloii, o onoi,oEcvrlltlgOqxe
opdoorgrqv onol6cr6,rl-rcrrqg cvcxdlo-
+rlE. O AirrQoxqij ronoerlo xouE qo-
xoiE or ivcv ou-r)'r;vco onoioE roug iqrgvr
orqr xctrii"l.ql"q on6otooq petolrr rouE xar
ge rov rp6no qu-r6 xqr<rqrei<roero nqtbro
rpan6y o',ro t47eox6n to.
H Ol,i"ov6i,o nol"epouoe cx6pr1 pe r1v
Ionovi.o xor"o Ai.nnepolcij rcrdtrc6e 6rl ro
rll,eox6nlo Ocrftcrv dvo oqpovrrx6 nol.tpr-
xo 6nl"o. agoi pt curo 0c p:ropoior vc
6roxpi,veuxaveig rqv npoo61rylo4e10pr,tci.rv
n),oiov 11orpcrrer,rporov,nol"tr nqlv 1i,vel
cvrr,l,rl;rrf p^eyupv6 parr,. Elrlyqoe tr1v l,er,-
rouqylc tou tql,eononiouorov M<rupixro
rou Ncoociou (6ldre 1586),o onoiog ovtr-
).4q04xer41q4orp6r4rc rqg vicg ouoneu4c
r4qrrQoqfiderp vo rrlv Lear4oLpuortrrl.
H npoonc0elo rou, 6p<og,o#rtr1e. lprryo-
gcr or, qrlpeE 6lc660r1xnv xcl t1 ouoneurl
rFcv 16oo crnl,4 <irote rl, uv erlxol"o vc rqv
ncrqoxeudoeL xovei,g6aor,l6pevoEoe puc
orol1elrb6qneqllpcg4 rqE.
KEMTTEK
O fd),i"oE elepeuvr;rrlg)opr.r6i' vre 2c-
pn),oi,v(Samuelde Champlain,nepi,nor.r 1567-
1635) mlqe evrol"rl o]16 rov EQQixo A' rqE
foll,i,og vo eleperwr;oelto rprlpcrrIE 6oper,-
oopeqr,*ovr,xrlE rpei,pouoro onolo e[1ecp0cr-
oeuo Kcprr6 (6Mne 1535).Aglllowag cn6
ro 1603,eleger,wqoe rov norcp6 rou Ayi,otl
Aorpev, i,ouncOtbgncr Tcr ncp<i),t"otrlE ne-
qloxrlE nor-rrr[v6xqv cvopeoo otrlv N6c
lnorio xcr,oTo cxproTrlqr,o Kovr.
To 1608i6puoe plo crrolxio o'tov no, cp6
tor A{,ou Aorpevriou, 1 onoi,<rovoptro0q-
'Hrcv q nq6tl p6vr,p1
ze Kepn6x. 1c),l,r,ar1
qrrolxi,d orov Kovc6ti. Tov en6pelo 1g6vo
nqoltirprloe v6lra xat qvqxdtrur| rl l"ittvrl
nou oqpepc ovop<ifercl nqog tr,prlvtol 1/-
pvq Zap "aiv.
H 1cl,).rnr1 qnouricToo Kepn6x anel1e
960 1r"l.r6perpoon6 rrp c11Lr,xr1onolxio
rou T!6uporcouv. Or onorxi,eg6pog Eq-
atrdrvovrovyoqlo xar 6ev Ocrogloior vc
leoncoer,ovapeo<iroug puc orryxqot'o1nol
0o 6lcpxor-roe evcpr,flJq[6vo.

TYMIUHPQMATIKA
To 1608dqo(toylc rprirq gopc orrp lv6in 6vc c11trrx6nloio (ro lleclor), vav aLdvo ltginou gtro
roug Ilogrol<iloug. Exeivl rrlv erolri, otlv lv6io 6croil'ru o T!c1ov^f a (1569-1627), o onoiog ov661xe
orov opovo ro 1605,Brd'[ov odvcio lou:rctiqc rou Anpncrg. O Tfoxoraxip roQaxrQlot [fioQLxct
apov6pL<roror4 Alyl.ooE xcrr our6 ipcrv ro npcir-ropu.ltqo6rigcr rov e[e],ifeow nou 0o obryoiocrv gcocr
otolE en6pevoq 6uoproucrcirveg oTrry 6pe,crvr,xilxuplopli.n e:ti crorrigrrlEltipcrg.
 ISAAC ASIMOV
L609
IIAANHTIKET TPOXIE'
Eri 6ro 1,1,Lti6eg o1e6ov 1p6vuo.,o.n6 rrlv
fioxrl ro1| lll"orrovq (6Mm 387 r.X.), fir-
xQorodos 116e6al6rrgrc 6rr, ou n),ov4rlx6E
rpo1.6geircu nrrxl,r,x6g, 6oro r.{trLpoao r(r-
611o x{rt},ogei,vcr,1 or .ouocg4 poQe1 xo-
prul.IE xdr, enopdvorgn r[o <r{,opt}l> }cot,
<rccri"aio04r4".Ta ouq<ivlc oritpcrro6ev
rltor 6wotov vc <rlo),ou0ow xcpi,c <il.l.r1
poQ9qrirvrprlE.
Ot ,rl.o.v1rrxiExrv4orrE.olrtrrg.bev oup-
qovotrocv pe r4v 0ecrrpictrov o.n),titvxuxLr-
xdv 'vqolltirvxol or"'Ei"),qveg,
1xr vcrrlE e!r1-
y4oouv. t'i1ov trvcrytqoOi vo. xcratpuryow
ot ow6uco;roii< nixl.urv or onoior .livovtov
ol,o xol nlo fiol!filoror xn06E or nopc, l-
qrloelgTov n),ovrplxrirvnlvrloeotvcnoxrou-
oar pelol,utepqcxqi6eLc.
O Kon6gvr,xoEsi,Xexofio6rrloeLrov
'Hl"[o,
]iqr 61r,rqv Iq, oTo xivrqo rol )r'-
pnavtoE, ol.?"oeile 6Lcqqloer, rrE ruxLLrdE
rgoldg, pe aroril,opo ro orrorqpcrrol vc
olorrei xr quro rrotrrintroxous owbucopoug
(ov xor,61, 16oo roi,unl,onouE6oo tol 1eo-
xev, puxor ouotrlporog).
O Trlo Mnp<i1e(61dne1572)eile nopcr-
tqprqoel pe q2(Ql6rdrlv xi.v1o1 tou Ap1
orov oupcv6, npclpctolor6vrog rr,Erol"rl-
rQrEU,rQrlotE r[o! eixtra yivei 6g ror.
8o1106g rorr r<rTel,elroio 1p6vro tcuv no-
potqploeov rlrcv 6vcg feppo.v6Eoorqov6-
pog, o ItrlcivvlEKn),eq(Johannes Kepler,
1571-1630),nor pmc tov 0rivcrro rou Trryo
ro 1601,o Kdn)'ep lpoontiOloe vtr dvtlrq-
i"uger,pr,trpogq4 rpollog rrorrvo oupgtovi
p r r a 5 1 6 o g d v an o r rr i X r o u y x r v r q 6 o e to
Ttxo.
A o r i ,p o o e 6 L c c p o q egC n y r l o e rXg t o a i E
o.nori),eopc,cbonol ovoyndoOlxe vn e(etci-
oer,to o1e66vc6lcv6rpo ev6el6pevorov tr11
y,rx),rxd)\ rpolLcbv.Te),unri6pr1xet4v l,iotl
xoL ro 1609r1v 6lprooleuoeoe evc 6u6i,i,opre
ti,tLo Asttonomia Nova ("N6o qorQovo-
pric>).O K6n),eqrrroolrlQrE6tr or nlcv4-
teg llvouwru t'po on6 tov 'Hl"ro oe el,),el-
ntlndg rqo1r,6g.(H 6llerrprl eivcr 6vcE ne-
rl,otuotrrevogx{r},oE. TrE yeopetpr,x6gL6u6-
qreE rov el,Lri,rpetovtr,g eile prl,errloel nprb-
roE o'El,?,1vcrEp<r0npsrur.6gAnol.),tbvr,og,
rov npdrroartirvcn.X.). O Hfuog6piolltraL
otlv pio on6 rLE 6uo eori.egrqg 6)'),enpqg.
Me r|,Eei')'ernrr"x6g tpo1l6g,6ev rlrcrvnro
qfiqQciTqxoro[ ow6rloopoi rcovxrr.<].rov. H
oqpepr,vrlpaEela6v<r1c ro Hl,rox6 Xrotq-
pq (6lla6rl, rov 'H/"lo, Toug rd,crv4,eg rol
ro al.l.c otirpcrrcrro! rrQrg6eovror" ^/uec)
rorr) rcpnp6ver, orolooxLl(d 6ror,6n<ogrrlv
r[Qr6^/Qalr o K6n].rq ncru6ev nqo6].enero.r"
vo unrigler xcprd oqpovrLxrl qlla.yn olo
p6)"irov.
Ol el,l.ewrrlxlgrqolrdg onotel"ouvtov Lr-
16pevonpdrro v6po ror K6n1,ep.)ro 6r6l,io
rou o K6nl.ep ov6nrule nol 6vcv 6eurepo
vopo, o onolog reguypngeurry peto6o],11
t4E toprrpag torv nl,cvrl-r<irvoe o16oq pe
'H),r,o.
T'n!orrooroot rouEcno rov O Hl,r,og
6qlonercuorlv pio eori.atlg 6l"lenp4gxcn o
nl"avrltr6 xlvei,tcrlnlo yQnyoQaor exrivo ro
tpiprcrrqElpol"tiE tou notr 6pioxerct nLo
'Hi"ro
liovrd oxov rqcrrfito q01d oro rprlpa
nol eivcl nlo pcnplrt crn6our6v.
O TAAAEIAT
O fn)"oliag eivar,pro (6vr1 6r<ilurou opr-
6.ooi quroc. nou cxrfivrror orov ouedvo.
.4116r1v op1ol6r4rc ax6pr1, ei.lcrv 6o0ei,
noi"l.eEr[rlploerg yro rnv guol ror. Al],ol
eilov unootlpfiel otr eiv<rr1ti],o norr ertr-
vtrlOrpe o16 to on1Oogpr,cgOer:rg r<rr,ri)"l"ol
<irrtriv<rrUrcryitpugoroLrlp4orpolorot'vor
Oeoi,yr,ova tcrfr,6eiow ano tqv f4 orov ou
pov6 ncr ovtiotqogq. O Alp6z.errog (6M-
fi 440 Jr.X.) eile uoorqpi.ler orL o fc(l,<r-
licE eivo.r"evcg cpaotlog opL0p6Eoodgc,rv
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENI>THMONIKON ANAKA/\YVEON 143

oL onoiol ivdl 1600 ap!6Qoi tio, e vc pr;v
6ucngivovrcr pepovtopevo.Aur6 6ptoErpov
plo orLrl erxaoic.
To 1609,o fofuJ'ciog rixouoe ruE 6ro66-
oerEyrcrrqv enlvorpl ro! rltro?ioriorl olnv
Olri',cr6[c rov rporryoupevo1q6vo. An6 au-
rd ro! n)'4pogoq40r1ze,6ev ouoxol.tuorpt
vc xorcoxcu<iofr tva 6rx6 rou r4Ltoxonro.
pe To onoio rippoe vd fioeox1pi tov oued-
v6. 'Hrcrv 4 rqdrq goq<i rou 6vq xrllon6-
mo qrQQorqv't80s '.ov ouQovo.
'Orov
xoircle rov fcl.afio. ri6e orr ano-
rfloivrcv :rpalpartrti qrTo UuQrdbE qpu-
6p<idorgo.. H Ocqrpiqxou AIBolr.pirou rlrav
cn6?'wcr oororl.
'Onou
Al.i"ri 6ev rlrov p6vo crux6. xr. dv
6olpege ro rni.ox6n[o. 66),ere rp6o0etc
tiorpc nou 6ev goivovtov lopiE cur6. O
oopcv6grltol ppriroE aor6qrc.
EEAHNH
O lo),ri,aiog nnpcrrrlqrpeerlolg pe ro rql,e-
ox6nro 11 Xei.r1vq. Irlv enlpcvelc qg 6u6-
nqrrr npor4geE.6pqxcu oxorervtEntgLolig
nou nloterpe 6rl eivcl oti]'oooeE.Aur6E ot
oxo, ervdEneprol6Eovop<ilovrcl ax6pr10d-
Aaooeg.'Hran govep6 6rL q )eLfvq 6er
qruv prc oug<ivr,cArorervrqogaipa, ali'ti
6vcg rc6opognou 6prolcle pe rq fq. Aur6
rlrcv 6va rl,rJyp(l orrg (lvrrl"rll,rEro! AQr-
ororil.4. o onoioq eixr unoor4piEerort to
oupo.vto.orbpo.tc iXouv 6ogi1 6tcqopcrrxrl
<rrt6rry 6oprl116fqg.

TYMMHPOI\,IATIKA
O A. ,LoE0(rlaooon6gog EqqtaoEX<ivtoov (Henry Hudson,n60ovro 16ll) dva!{ toF1o tt}.oioxou
HaU Moon ro Boearo'lrrr6 ndQooFcr,oE $r<re[epeuv1o1 ro1r 'yrv6rdv p o],].clv6!xlt Xel$ato66qo4. To
1609eronl,oorov K6Ino xlE N6<rEY6pxr6, o onoioE eile dvardl'!9oi. ar6 xov BsQearodvo(6i.6'[
l53l). O Xdvroov pnrixe otov norcp6 rou ex6<i).leu otol x6lro (rol rror oriueoovol.ldlsrar rQoE rF
priv tou norcrp6gXtivroov) rcorrov 6ri:rlcuoe iog ro irpoEtou o4peqrvorir Olgncrvu,'1Lovn fu6sto0ei.
6ru be,rrivcr, 6vc<roqep6g aou o6rppi orov ErplvLx6 Oxecn6.Bcrot(dprevloe owlg rrg e[eqewrioerg,r1
OLl,ovltlxn Alporearic (q o:roia *eivo ro 6roElniyeorl, o1,ox(oxrlp xry loficvio) 6tex6inrloeop16-
repo r1v nepro1l1
H lorotio. ylq vd orloxLior rdo rseirrro]o4 op1orcorrxcirvotyxpoioecDv,tfebiole ot6 qv X6Qo
275.000MslelravotE (oroyo.rougtov poloolTrp<ivrov, nou eilcv xrprcpxrloer o1rp Iottcviq ytd roli
xs!Qd). M olrd xov rp6no q Ioncvicr ilctoe evc rol.wrpo-rpripa rou r}.r1O!opo{rlE xat eliontuoe r1v
owxrEotrvlnaeanprl rYlg.

L610
AIA' 6rcv tc xoLtnle xovlE p yr-rprvo p<irr,.
(AvxloTG,ro <iotpc n<rppavovxorocxi,6rE
Or r)'<rvrlcg nol lrcv lvooroi rig r6re ep- gulroE oxopq rcr oTov Tu aapurrporSor pe
qcvilovrcrv orov olpov6 ocv cporerv6E ro rrltrox6nIo).
xouxrci6egrcoL6Xr oov groteLv6gocpaipeE O n t r o v 4 r q EA i u g r i p x r o u r o g g o p g 4
onurEo Hfuog xct q Ic)'4vq. Orq.v optrl( o opqi.pag. En[ ri'6ov, rov Iorortipro ror-r
'1610,
f<r),r)"ni,ogrouE 6rqo pe ro r4l.rox6n16 o fcl,rl,qioE nopaolprpe r6ooeQonLo
rou, si6 6rr rltav pr,np6Eoc{'siQ,q.
flooq(I- crpu6pootbpcto xovrci orov Ai.cr.flcqcrxo-
vd-,grilcv oyxo. cLl'd 4ruv noLi puxp<iori-r- Lou0rilvraEr<r cn6 vulro oe vl1rc, brcni-
pora I roLr p<rxqLvd(rl xor rq 6110),p ottoor 6tr neprgripovtor,t'ptu qro tov Alcr,
ono16Leopcrvc poLcloov ge xouxxi.6eE. gl rov ibto rQono lrou 4lr].{v4 ntprrpepr-
144 ISAAC ASIMOV

rar 1riQo arr6 rl ry. Me l'i.1c ),6y.o, rlrcv
&satptg \opucptipor,r.oa Li,a.
Ot 6opug6qor atnoi rlrov rc rq6ra otir-
poro ./Lo xc onoio 6lonlot<il01xt oru exte-
i'ow replgopd Trpor cn6 6vcrvcitri.on}.cwr|-
q ncl 611rrp fr1, rp<iypc :rou cnorel'otoe
&a r,o1uq6enr,leiglpcr rcrd rou yeoxwrpu-
xorl ouorr]parog rou flrol,tpoiou. fr' cur6v
tov )'61o, q avoxri)"urp4 6uocp6orloe toq
0pqox6)"4nroug.Meglxol opv40qncv ra
xor,rdlow cn6 ro Tq)'eox6nro,yra vo Flv
6ow roug 6opog6qouE.K<inorogenro4pcrve
6rl, cpot or 0opug6pou bev cvcg6govrol
on6 tov Aploror6l.4, nqogcvtirE6ev undq-
xolrv.
O rcl'Ll'ciog ov6pcoe toug 6opug6porg
r(,)v Mebixcov", el'nilovrcrE vcr efc- 1 ruE.g<ioeLg.Ergoxerro 1ra plo nol'u Lolup4
"qqaqq
ogc)'[oeL r4v uoorrlprlq tol K6lLpon B'
(1590-1621)rqg ornoy6vercgrtDr Me6i,xov,
o onoiogTo 1609eile yivel p6ycg 6or-rxag
rqE TooxtivlE (pLcg Ltc).rxr1gryyrpovicg pr
nptoreuouoc rrp <Dl,orqevria). Euru16g, ro
ovopc auro bv xc0rEQ60llie. O Fre|ravog
o.orpov6poEZipov Mtiup (Simon Mayr,
1570-1624),yvtoor6g pe r4v ex)'crrvrop6vrl orr ndvor orov 6loxo rou HLiou un<iq1ow
pogg1 rou ovopar6g rou, Ilpov M<iqr,ouE ororer,vdE
(SimonMarius), el6e roug 6opug6qougl.[yo
petd rov lcl,rLcio xor rooE or6pooe (xord
orrpd ou!cv6pcvlg <rr6orcro4Eon6 rov
Aia) Icir,Euq6r1, fcvrprl61 xcr. KcLi'lordr,
on6 ng6o<ono r4E e)').ryuxr1EpuOoloyiog
nou eilcv orev{ o16oqpterov Aio.
O fci'r)'ciog wcrparr]pqoee:rioqE6T| ro
o11pc rou Aiq xqr rou KQovou6v ivql
cn6Lrlro ogcLpr,x6 (6roE oup6civeu pe ronv
'Hi'!o
Bqr trlv )el"4vq), c)')'<i n<imog e)')'el-
,tTuao.
AoPOAITH
O lc).u),ciog riplloe va ncgcrlgei r1v
Aqpo0ir4 ro 1610.Xrlpgovc F ro Troxe-
vrgrx6 orioqpc, q Aqqo6i.q 0c dnpenevc
6qiox.ercundvrcr oe gdo4 nor va rqE 6[vel
qlrjpc prryioxou. Awi0erc, xcrti ro 4.Lr,ont-
vrgur6 oirorqpc q Aggo6irrl 0c 6rpene vo
ncgououtilel 6ltE rug gtioeuErou flqqcrl-
poriwor xou or4v )el'"iryq.Me ng noqcqgrl-
oeLErolj, o fal'rl'cioE 6e6outir0qxe 611 4
Apqobitl nopouortiler npc'yporuxd 6)'eE
6vberl4 or6p rou 4Lronevtplxou ouor4pa-
IOE.
I{AIAKE2KHAIAE:!
O fclrLciog (6noE xcr. tiL).ornogcr4prpdg
rqv i6rc nepinou e;ropl) cvondl'urpeenioqg
r1),i6eg,or onoteEorlpnqcrovopti-
\ov,ol, Anx 6g x4A[6eE.
q
Arn6 ev61l'r;oe rlol! TouEorwr;q4tr,xor.rE
xcl 0grpx6)'4aroug rIE enoplg, 'yrati oeo-
pouoov tov'H).ro roEotp6o?'olou @ouxqr
nioreucv 6tl, cut6g rou)"<il,orov on6 6)'o
ra oupo.vttrodrpo.ro..0c6npere vc eivo.t16-
lroE.

tYMIUHPQIIATIM
O EeaixoE A't4g fnl),icrg 6ol.opovrlOlxsofld 6vov eqvcrr,l6 prrrpcroxcrOohx6, cqoi eile 6corl.erioeL
einoor6vcr1g6vLc.Tov 6rc6$q04xeoloE rou, nor 6ooibtroe rrrEAou5o6ircS If'(1601-1643).
O Eeeixoq Xawoov olw6XroErrlv 6ew(i xol' yLcrro Boqero6orLx6fl6qaopo, ourl 14 gopri pr cyyh-
xrl 1p1poro66r4o4,xcr rltcv o nqdrrognou parixeoq ptyil,l 6opeic 0olcrooro6xrao1 4 onoic olgrpc
ovopdleror nqog rtgilv rw K6^tog rou Xtiutoov. nQoX6eIo prlpr ro vor6reqo o1u:io rou lofurou,
:'or wopaletat K6),toq T1ryE, llpoE rtlrilv ro! Idrdr6o! A' rrE Ay/LioE, xnL exei ro d.rfpcupd Tol orc-
oido To 1611,(or rov dono vc 'Isodvr.
Or rinorxoL4tcv 6roLporvo elxorcrTr.eiryowt1v Tfflporoow, otcv ro 1610iqoooov vol.drflorxorror
erp66rop rov T6gcg foGor. 6cp6vo NrrTrcyou6oe(ThomasWest.BaronDe La Ware,1577-1618). O fou-
6or eile 6ropro0ei zu6epvrlrr6 xor. cpl6rega ro 6vogti rou 6601xe atov K6)no Nrd,ayotiap xat oro.'t
torap6 Nrtlayoriap.
 TO XPONIKO TON ENI'THMONIKAN
l6t2
NEOEAAMA THT ANAPOMEAAT
To 1612o ZiFov M<ir.rg(6Mne 1610)evt6nr.-
oe orov <roreprop6rrlE Av6Qop6EqE6vo
"eotro- erlllrvo oltrsio. Av six ro qqpE reqa, 0c nporcc ouoe pLo 6Lopo.1q4 onolo
nepiypoppc evog aorgcr,ai"l.d 6porc(e pe
pr}(Qoqxortlio gcorervoorjwego. ft' quto
TYMMHPAMATIKA
H ororrcic r1E Tlirgornow cn6xrloe -relrr<ioLnovopuxrl orc0ep6r4rc ncr rox6, pe r1v;ropc1t,rp xcr
efclco'yrixcrnvoi. H o.v<ino!1xnr 4 etqpepin r1E onorxi<rErycv na sEooeoko$vrl.
t6a4
AOfAPIOMOI
Or cpr0poi propouv va lgcrgouv pe exOetl-
'ExoL,
r.Yi Foagri. ro 2r ei.vor ioo pe
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 , 6 q l c b { 1 6 .T o 2 sr i v c r i o o ; r r
2 x2 x2 x2 x2, 61i'c64 32. Av noi'l.crni'q-
ortiooopero 2 ewuti gop6Epe tw eour6 Tou
(2q) noipvolpe ro 512. Agotr 76 x32=512,
propotpe ,ta no'i:pe6rt 2ax25= 2'q.Anha6t,
qvti vq JTol.l.qrTl.qorriloupe aqr0poug.ngo-
oOriroupeex06reE.Aur6 ano6ei,10qxe6ru
cnorehi 6vcv ^yevlxoncrv6vc. Me rov i6lo
rpono, avri v<r blarqo{pe aQr0pouE,pro-
pot;u vc cgcLpoupeex06reg.
Agou ro 16 eivcLioo F2al{cr ro 32 ivqr
ioo 1e 2'. rore ro 22 nQanrvc eivot ioo ;re
to 6uo urirop6vooe 6vcv en06t4nor 6pioxe-
rcl (lvdpo(rolo 4 xor ro 5. Av lxqp rouE
erc06reE yLo 6l,ouErorg opr0protEoryxe-
rrpogevoug oe 6vqv rlvqx<r, rore o wotrlq-
nl,aolcop6E 0o p:roponoevo ovolOti oe
rp6o0eol xar 4 6Loipeoqoe ogoi.peoq,r<irL
fiou 0(l qnoretrouoepelti]'q olxovopic 1q6-
vou r<rt x6nou,
O Intirrog pc04potrxoE1!ov Nirrrep r1
NfrQ (JohnNapier,1550-1617), pera aro
npoond0eLrElpovtov, cvdnnrfe po0lparL-
ANAKAAY\PEON 145
xor ovopoo0qxe NeEtlapa 146 Avdpopt-
6aE.
H avoxrii't,rl4 6ev oetopr1or1xe
oqpcwln4
exeivrlrqv eno1r1,c*ld, rpelg arcixegcp'y6-
0o o6qyorloeoe pLcex Oegei'itovv6o ovril'q-
rp1ylc ro )!pncv.
xoug runoug pe rouE onotoug d6ploxe rotrE
exOereglou crvrlororllouvoe 6t<i.qoqoug
cplOpouE.Toug ex06tegcuouE rouEovdtrrc-
ae ).oyapi0potq. To 1614 6qFooisuos rouE
npdrouE i'cryapropr,noug
nivtrnegxcr oLenr-
or1poveEtipllocv opeotogva roug lprplpto-
noloiv y,c xa0e ei6orE noLlnl,ottoug uno-
l,oyoporlE. Oo regvoriocv nctvo ono rpetg
cn6veEnporot epqcvuo0eiplc xcl,uregq p6-
0o6og.
METABOAIIMOE
To 1614o lro).6E yLorp6g)nvr6qLo )cw6-
qLo(SantorioSantorio.l56l-I636). negrooo-
repo yvtoorog gr r4v er<l.crrvloprvnFoQqrl
rou ovopcroE tol )ovxt6prorg (Sanctorius),
64pooieuoercr onorr)'iopcrc lerpop<ittlv
nou eile 6reloydyel orov cur6 ro!. EIX
xqraqxlqqr dvqv nol,unl"oxo pqlovlop6
!rr1lo$, Foo orov onoio pnopor.roe vc t<i-
0etaLouvrlolEevdr6rqur.ye,6nrve xct Grtd.
6crlrLeoup<rxcrr negrctbpctc. Arqriqrtrlqs
61161cve neproo6.repo6tigog an6 6oo 6r-
x<rrolo'yolocv p6vo ta cn66).qtc, npd'ypo
ro onoio ani6uroeor4v 6talvo4-.
"ci64L4
6ql,cbr1oqv 6xxpLo4L6ptirrc,o onofog elc-
146 ISAAC ASIMOV

rpi,leto.Lop6oo4, B (rfiordlop(rvq pnv yi,- oQxrf rrfE pl6rlg r,ou pera6oAr,opo6,'tUJv

vTcrcvlrl,qr1oE. 1 q prx r i r v p e r o 6 o i " r i r n
v ou ouvrel,orivrsr
Ta ncrpti;rora rou lcvxroqroug rircrv11 oroug f owrcrvori r,o'rouE.

tYMrlAHPQtt4ATlM
Oi P6oo[, ogoi 6r],!oqv [Otq p rouE Ilo)rcovorigxal roug Xotq6olE, 6omrlov rodpo rov Mlxolli! Po-
pq.v6e(15%-1645).H 0161}11600 16l,06orrry neio6o rov Toealdv ric! ryrorr',idoilowcoiid i('v
Popor,6q,1 oaoi.crotr x!6rqvotoe t4 Prlroiorli re6[Eo!6vE.Av rct o! P6oo0 olJotoliovrov vs xQo-
rrlootfv rLE6urrli6E rous encrqlirE (),oyoo 1aqq, xo 1614or :oul6oi roiE nlqav ro N66"/},iopovr), or e[e-
ptwqriE ror-rgnpolcoporjocv ovorolrx<i otrry lr6rpicr, rccLrilav neqdo& ri6l tov rorap6 levor6!.'Oxsv
dyrtlerodQogo Mr1driL,or Ptioor efegewl,6E rilcv q0doeLoe crr6orcrol 3.200Xnto[ileov cvqxo],lrq
qg Moox(tg.

t616
KOAIIO' TOY MTIAooIN
H 6peuvoy,o to BoQro6ox[?i6 I]iQoo&d ou-
ve1r.f6rov. To 1615,o A1"y),oge[epeuvryr4g
fouli'i'rcp Mn<iggrv (William Baffin, negl-
x,ou 1584-1622)6ni'eroe ropri),)'r;Lci pe rr1
6r.rrr,xrloxtrl rqE IgoL),avOi.agr4qt rqni!0
orrry 0cl.rioorcrixrco4 nou orlgQqovo$d-
\er,at,K6).roE Mtd.EEw. Miapt r,o 1616riax
qO<ioeroe 6opelo ri"titog 78 polq6v (cur6-
oroorl 1.400 1,1"lop6rgov ano rov B6pelo
II6i'o). @c rlsevouoo.v616pror or,drveg
tirqtrouvq rrllordoouv riLtroreEepeuvqriE
rQroo6rseootov n6)"o. O Mntiqqrv xcrt6-
)'4[r. opOri,oro ouprdgcrogo.ort 6ev un<ip-
Xrfi l60rpo Boero6rnr,x6Il6pcopc
rH ToY [YPox
O Ntpdlx eile 6er,O<il,oooov6ruo rlE fr;g
ro! fIu06E (6Lir 1578).Toa IqvouiQro rou
1616,o Ol.)"uv66g0<rLcooon6qoglcixopn
Ae Mcnp (JakobLe Maire, 1585-1616)6nleu-
or v6TLq10! !6rrou czpou r4g f1E rou llu-
p6g, 1r.el.tr6vroEl.tnrop"epdrE
ttg axttg, xan
on66elle 6ro16ru enqoxeuroylcr 6va vrlol pe
6xlaol 46.000rtrpcltuvrxtirv r i"ropirqtov
nQirlou.'Hrov rl vorr6reerl1Qoaio6xrooq
orrry onoi,c eile gedor o rlQoioroQrlt6Ed\,-
Op<onoE. T
To v6rlo <ixpo ou vrprou ovopti-
a0r4xEAltQ@'tielo Xopu, o,x6 ro 6vopo rrlE
o).i,av6rx49rol,4E Xopv. orqv onoio. cilr
yevvq0ei o nl,oi,oplog rou rl,oiou Bi)'l,ep
>Xaowv (Willem Comeliszoon Schouten,fie-
eiflou 1580-1625).

TYMTUHPOMATIM
To 1616,oetopvaqt).d fllE cvc(tohxrlg MovrloopicE oplavrir0lxav orQororu{(il rcr! dpxlocv plc x
o-rpc, eicr gr x1ryonoicr, peocroe eixoor rrevre:repirou Xp6vr,c,artxrlocrv rov d,eyXo 116 KivcrE.

4620
TAXYAPOMIKE> AMAEE> leE ror oupov, ov cn6 cil,oyo l(ql exxl.oi-
oov npoxoOoplopevq 6eopoloylq oE flrl,1i-
Exei,vl tqv eno11 dxovcv rqv epgavLorl xqlp,evegtbqeE-
torg or Tolu6poprundg
crp<rEeS,
6qlro6rqripc- Or, opoleg ou6E en6resrrov o 6oouE 6ev
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENDTHMONIKAN ANAKAAY\PEON 147

i.Ic1,oexsrd lerlgaro yro r,a o'yoQdoouv
ri),oyo lc percrnlvouvrqrnro yqrJyoqa<1116
6,-n 0c rouE en6,gene onolo6rlnore <i),).op6-
oo. Eildv.6i6qLq. xqr ro perovrxrrlpcr<i
roug. O enr6rirqg rlrov unolpeorpdvog vcr
r<rllbelel pe !6voug, oe drqegxcl 6qopoi,6-
ya nou rfun1grroioov rouE r6roxrrlteEr1g
tiprolog xoL 61r cncpcLtqrtoE rov i6ro.
Qot6oo, cno6ell0qrov ellrqpeaxeg, oqou
q povablttl eroi'l.cxtr,xrl i'rioq ylc 6vcrvra-
!rbrdrr4 lrav ro 6<i6topc r14 FrtcAoqd pr
rrry dpclc ev6gnegcorrxot crlp6rr;
H rcr1l6popr,x4<ipcrla rcrgdpeLvero rcr-
pnepo lepoci.o perogopln6 peoo (1lo rorg
olerrx<i groloug) url 6vc 6xiorqpc pelal,r-r-
teqo cn6 6ro or.tilveg.
vum Organum). O rir)'og crvaqdqtrur oro
'Opryanovrotr Aprcr,o 6L4, oto onoio 6roru-
rdrvorrqL or,vopor rqE )roylxlg (6Mnr 350
r.X., AoyLxrl).
O Mn6lxov' rroorrlqLfe 6rr, q nogu"6o1,-
xrl lo1lnl ei,voLrcor<i)'l.qi"q T,a 10 po0npa-
rr,ro, 61, 6poE xcl yro rrp enlorrlp4. Or v6-
pol qg enlor4p4g nqdner,vc owcryowcl pe
enololLxq loy,xq, 61lc611 vc e6pardrvo-
vrcr <oEyevrxeuoerE nou or4pilovtor or
dvcv pe'yoi'ocpr,opdorrynexqr,pdaoa rcqo-
rlgrloeuv. Aur4 4 popprl rreecpctrxi6 rnr-
orrlpqg 6qror6rov ri61 oe tgcppoyrl, o
Mr6Lxov 6p<ogrqg i6<ooe0etoprprx46cioq,
reryQdgovr(rgro qlJolIpq rou orlpeqo
<t"to palerrrn t n o n7p ot ufi p t 0o6oE.

ETITETHMONIKHMEEOAOT
To 1620, o A1y).og gu}'.oooqog@qtivorE
Mnerxov (FrancisBacon,1561-1626)6qpooi-
erroero oiry.ypoppo rou Nto Opyavo (No-
*
!-r.M.: yvuroroEorlv ),l.Ivrxrl 6r6ltoyeo-
gic xor pc ro elelllvLopevo 6vopri tou ogolxi-
oxoE B<ixorv.

TYMIUHPOIIATIM
Or oeloxl)lrl.roinolpor icaocoav orq,, xopdqooli rous ro 1618.Or ngoreordvreEr1g BorlFidEerldvd-
orcrrlocv ncro rorv pcup<tonc0oh.uir.rau6epvrpclvrou roog eilqv erir6dlr,xcrrexroqcOriproocv6io
n:ro cuouE. Ol l6veg owtiperg emve6locrvxcr o:r6lepog, rou orripxeorrprtivTcr1p6vrc (xoryf orn6
o'roprrio0lxr TpnxorruufiE l76lepo5), eprlproroerqv feppcvic.
Ot npdrrot M<rripor6orrl.o16q0<ronvorlv Brprlivra rqE Agtplxrlg ro 1619.Etot dQxrovo qllrnx6
rp66lqpra. noo rohcrrnopeirrE HvopevegflolLreis Fixer oritred.
Exar6 oTnparuoi (:rporeorrivreg ror' ll61,qvvc cttooxro0o{v svr}'rirg<r:rot4v Ay1),rxovrx1
ExxL4oio, Felroi an6 ro1.rE onoiouEeilav xatoeuyr oflW OLl.ov6r).riAlpoxeorio yro vo oroqlr/olrv
row broypoiE r@v Ay/i,(or) ovcxdrenoav ytn rrp Boqerc Agcqrxilpt rc nl,oLo Mayflou?r. Tov Axtp-
6elo tor' 1620lgodoqv oro Il),ripou,orlv neqLoll:rou orip:qc cnocki trJv noLreio rIE Moooxou
061116-rov HnA. xor i6puocv rqv apdrrl povLprlo.yy).rlrjorolnic oxrp N6o A1'yl.ia.

t62l
AIAEAATH
H 6ptiorl rrov gcrzrbv rltcr yv<lmq cn6 rql
<rq1<lorqra.O AOXrpnbng(6Mne 260 r.X.),
oripgtovo pe pLc ogqyqol cppi6o/.r6 elxo-
por4ruE.lp4orgoloi4oe gry<itroug qcxoug
1lc vo eorrdoer ro qi'Lcx6 goE novo o-rct
popaixd nl.oio nou notrropxoriocvtr.gIu-
qoxoloeE. OL cplclol yvtilpulov 6rr, or,gto-
teLv6Etrnti,veExdpnrov-rcl ncrrd Trp 6l6hu-
orl roug 6r<i piool rov gcxcirv.
O nQd,rognou pr)'ir1oc pe po0q;rorLxo
rp6no ro gcrv6pevo rlrcv o 0)')'o1669 pc-
0lporlxog Bii.i"epnpopvt >vL (Willebrord
Snel,1580-1626).
'Hrav
l v u r o r o n u r go r c v l r a g t r . l r r v n
148 ISAAC ASIMOV

q?irivc ero6elro.ron6 rov d6Qqo 6v(r ru-
xv6reeo Uroo. 6rtoE eivcr 1.x. ro vrpo 4 to
yucltl, zor ouvcvtrt t4v enlgovelo rou nu-
xv6repou pioou ur6 yovicr, rdpnrercl :rqoE
r4v xriOero.O flro),rpci,oE(6)'ene140)ulro-
orrlplle 6rr, q ytovi,cr:rpoorrdoetog (q .yawic
IlE ,rQooninrouoqE e@rrvrtEoxrivcg pe
rqv xd0ero orqv Or,clorplorlrtrlenrgdlelo)
61er plo oro0eq1 o16oq pe tp 1ovi.c 6r,c-
O1.<ioetog (rqv lovio qE 6ro0l.drg"evqg
crxri,-
vdE Ullv rq0ro),
O )vei, on66erle 6rr r; orooegrl o1or1
rolnl o1Lavtipeoc oruE[6rErrE .foaieEo].-
)'<i cv<ipeocrorc qpirovo rtrrv lurvldrv. O
Iltokpcrlog elle x<iver]'riOog,pcri, yro pL-
xOiS yoviE. rq 4Filovq eivo.ro;e6ov cv<i-
i'o'Ytrpe rrE i6uE ug lcovieE.

TYMMHPQIVATIM
To 1621,o P6prrQxMndQrov (RobeftBunon.1577-1640) E66(oo
xo 6r6l'io TheAnatomyof Melancholt
("H avaroFio rK petroy;o).iaE"),ptc rcrprxr] lgclpcrrricr ya ta qiirq riqr flJv egonic r1E prelqlqo-
li<rg, rou uneloiprle, cr oproEr<oroe nolLoft <iLl"ougrogeiE.

a
1622
AOTAPIoMIKOI KANONEI orov dll,o rlrav 6rlvar6v vcr yivow pe rrlv
6orl0eicror )'oyop[0prrratrnoi.qytopoixqrd
Merd r4v crvcxril'vrp1 rov ),oycpiOpol clro prrycrvln6rg6no,
lov N6nep(6Mne 1614),6ev<iqyqora yivsr To 6p1ovo au, 6, rqononollp6vo rcl 6e).-
'EvcE
1 pqlcvoroirpr] torg. Ayy),oE pc01 rltoptvo, 6y,r,eo l,oycpr,0put6Erov6vcg nou
porrx6E, o louiLLrcp Aotrlrg4vr (William eilov owelbE pofi toug ouerlorfpoveg xar
Oughtred,1574-1660),xaraonericoe6rio xo- or prflqvlxoi, dronou<rvrrrcroorri04xe cn6
v6veE(ldpaxeg) lcvor otoug onolo4 unrlq- touEunoLolLord.E todug, tpelorlplou cutbveg
1cl uno, r-rnop6veE )'cryopr,0pr,xdg
r lpqxg. qQYorQo.
Me rqv grrcrxlvrp4 rou ev6gxo.v6vc Olnl,o
TYMTU|IPOILATIKA
O nl.louopoE rrc Brerlivra eile qo<ioerrc 1.500dropa, dJ.d I 0vlorg6rrpa cl6 trg co06vereE
xor rrg
enr06oelgrov lvbrrivurv rirol geytl)'r1

L624
AEPIA r6r,6trprE on6 crl',),or4qr1rotE, o].ld xar qn6
rov cpo. Ol 6lagoq6g rlrcv 16oo pey<iLrg
'E).l,rpeE
Ol Oeorqouocvtov o6pc 6va cno drore pnopouocv vc e!q140ow pdvo [ qv
ta rtaoepa ototTeia flou qrorlouv qa D. nopo6o11 6rt or orpoi, <rlroi eivcr,6logoqe-
I-t,' curoug, o.i'l,ri xor, 1lo rouE B1cryaor6- rrrcE ouoirE.Kctsl.4!e oro oupl6qaoga ort.
QouE,oJroroobtrrorenarp6E>rircv plc 1.rog- 6ntoE undplow 0uoqoqerrna ei.6quyptitv
91 oQo. xcl orepetbv,6rol nq6nervo rncplow xcl
O @l'crpov66gyr,orq6Efi,crv Bav X6)"povr 6rcqoptrrxti tid4 aiga. Tc rib4 aur<t olo-
(Jan Bapiista van Helmont, 1579-16l.4) txorl p<loO4ncrv crdpucr otirpcrroi; arLbE, atprc.
lrtp<ipcro l. -qr[oug> xcr 6lcniqroJor or! O 6qoE 6ev 61Lw6txr6E cprorlg. cqy6tepc
tlOtxoi orFoi ilow evrrl.ri.rgbtogoperrxdg 6pog ro0Lepdr0rpex<rlonpQcra adQta0-
 TO XPONIKO TON ENI:THMONIKON ANAKA/\YVEON t49

(oQor|vrarFio ur[6 rrE rQ[Er.cdroordolE or4 6rcpnelcrtov orroi@vo Xilpovx Eer,Xve

rrc iilqg. (Or til.lrE brio rivqt rq uyQd xcr oro lcbpc povo veg6, to 6<iqogrol 6dr6qoo
Iq oleQc). si.XqOdor r,a 74 a,X6, evtb to 6opoE rou
O Xil.provrpcMr4or r6roirepc ro aipro bdgouEiXlr[to0lFovo rard 6l xrld.
'Ero[
fiou 'l(rqdyrcr <rro rry xauoq rot' Eulou 66./0l ro ouprnipcoprcorr ro vep6
xcl to ovopcoega.rsyA'esrrr("fi,r),<r6qro"). cgo;rordrvercr an6 ro 66adpo. Auorultirg,
flp6xcrro.ryro ro lvtooro 6rolei6rorou riv- 6ev 6i.<r6eul' orr'rvrou ro yelovoEolr o q6-
0Qqxa. Enlorg, 4rcv o 6etnrgog ;rerd rov pcg 6pron6tcv oe owe1rl elcq4 pe ro 6v-
Ecvnt6prouE (6?.ene1614)nor 6rcoveoqtrrc- 6po. To vep6 elvol oqpcvrrxo ylcr rrla eQ6-
vrlx6E noootrxiE pTQ'rlo[E oe cry6ol p 6ao. p1 rou 66v6pou.tfioou o4pcvrrx6optuEei-
6r.oloyLx6rp66l.qpd. @rrreqe6vo 6v6po vcrl r.{rLro 6lolei6lo roo <ivOquxc nou
(trrri) oe Ftq. (uyroprivqJrooorlro x6Fqrog untiplel otov adpo, ro odpro nou eile ptl.e-
rccLon66eu!e6ru, percr cr6 r6vre 1povr,o, lrlosr o [6[oEo XdLpovr.
{
TYMIUHPOMANM
H Ol).dvb0xriAlLrorcaodc urooerorioepLcr610 nct|,fito fiLorrrlilcorcgr.xrl
no],ttr,nri.To 1623or OD'av-
6oi ox6roosv pnprxoriEAyJloog orqv Apn6Lvc, dvcrpLxqov4oi trlg Iv6ov4oicrE,xct e[ebito[cw touE
Ayy),orgon6 lrg Avctofurcg lv6i9.Tqv i6to lpovr<i, OLl,ovboi ibpuoav orlv Agserx4 ptc crnorxiooro
vloi MovXdrrav xor <iqllocrvvc ovonMouv rouEnorcrpoig Xrivroov xor Kowaxrrrtrr. H mqtopl ovo-
prio0lxe N6c Oll,crv6ic xcL, xcr0<irE
6qLox6rcv ovdpeoctortq crllllrcg crrorlieg qg NeaEAyylioE rq!
116Brprlivra, 6rlprouQyrlonxav r[eoijrooioeLg'yro 1ni.i'ovtrxrgouylqouoeLg.

t627
IIAANHTIKOI IIINAKE'
Av or ill'urxl#E rr),cv4urcg rpo1r,eg,6loE
[I uroorqQiEro Kirle (6Mne 1609),
qrov nro oxpr6eigcrn6rrg nuxLrxigrqol#g
tou fkol,tpciotr ).cr rou Kor[6Qv!xo!, r6re
0o dnpenevd ivqi brwdxrl q ouwcr[4 6ei"-
ruopevorv n)'crvqrlatilr :rr,vrixtov pe 6o.oq ou-
16grlg e),),twrrlxcgrpolteE.
O KenLepqedqtoo pQ[xcXQ6vraornv
qfar(lErl v6(l)! rlacl.ov !r 6ooq rrE ri.].eu-
nrLxig rpoluig, lgrlolponoldrvro.Eroug ),o-
yaei.0pouErou N6neg (6Mre 1614).Aurrt
rlttw 1 ng6r4 orlpavrr,xr]enLorqpovLxrl 1q4-
oq rqg v6<rgtelvlxrlg. Or,ri,voxeE64pooLeu-
04xcr ro 1627pr rov rirl,o Po667gtor ni.
var.t;, arq pv1pq rou Po66l,cpouB' (Rudolf
II. 1552-1612). o onoioEFiI yivetcuroxpti-
ropqErl( Aling Purgotx4gAuroxqcropicg
ro 1576xcr eile unoorrlqifer tov Kdn)'eq.
'Hrcrv
ngclpcux<i or ro)ttrreQorrrivo?.sE
nl'cvlrr,xtirv xlvqoetovnoo eilav owrcloei
69 t6te. To 6r,6l"LorQrci\op6oveniorlElo-
lcpr0plroug nlvorcE xcr,6vcv corpr,xo1o.p-
rl 6ootoFevooro ieyo tou Trryo.to onoio o
K6ni.epeile []iriv! p rrp rqooO4xq 1r,-
l,itrrvrcr nLiov v6ov cor6etrrv.
BOY' O IIPATOTENHT
Tc excrovrtibeg excropprlplc 6ooerbrlnou
lndplolv orov x6opo ntn pcg nop6lotv
xp6cg,1<ilrcr,6outlgo, tupi riq[ 66Qpq0eo-
Qei,rar61r rcrdTovroL dt 6 r,o,tBou rov
ne@toyei (orc cyyl,lzd, xolvtig, aurochs),
6vo pe1dl,o,po.upoltlo nou eip urfog 1,80
prirpc orouEtirpouExor pcxpra xietrrc rrou
xcp;n-rl.ovcv rrQoErcr prrqoE.Kcr0rilgrc
ElpQop6vo6ooer64noLl'<rrLoor,dlovtov,
o cpL0p6Erov npcoroyev6v6orirv perov6-
rcv, dronouon6p.erve p6vo drrnxoirabr or4v
llol"tovi,a.To gele0oErou xonc0lorr elcxo-
 150 ISAAC ASIMOV

l.ouootoe vc lqrr6vrdr", @afiov ao 1,62'1 6og our6 efovrtir0r;xeeml6r1,cnl,orrororc,

r60ovs 1.icrr
ro rel,rlrqi.o!cbo. E6ri 6Mlou- 6ev un4g1e lipog y,c vn !r1oer,.O lrbpoE
F r[6so r'xolo Eivor vo Edgqvlooo{"v16- rlrq.vqnoeairr'lros oroug r!4pcqurgrlvouE
tora pTol,qrqr pe^/di!6fiQr[q lrio. To ei- oroy6voug rou.

TYMTUHPOI
ATIKA
To 1626.o Ol),ov6o5 olr,(r)pcror-ryoEIlerep Mi.vourr(peler Minuir, 1580-1638) o,y6Qooro vnoi Mol,Adr,
r(rv ono ious lv6ldvoug :rou no-rolxoioov exi,8ivovrdErolE oro)r.i6tonou, xcrn rov opilo, tilr(cv ei-
xooLr6ooeqc 6o),.tiqrc.(Aur6 ro noo6 pnopi vcrovrtneooorrjLpepLxiglr.lLrdbeE olprqLv<i6o),cipn).
TrW i6[a Xeovld, o! f<i)J"oLiopuocv onorxia ot1vrioo Mcr6cryoor<<ip1, no.,,rdotc vorr,oo.voro],.rnti
no-
Odl,la qg AqelzilE.
To 1627o Mol"y6loE 1'npdvoE rqg Iv6tcrET[c1ov1ziq neoa"v,e xcr, rov 6r.c66101xe o yLoErou,:oX
TEaXdv (ShahJahen,1592-1666).H !ya),orre6rrorIS q!Lr1E(ai"l"d 6XLorcQdrrrir(Dqxqr ro! Icoi)
6q0croeeni rqg erorlE rou oro Lvio,drav 8trofe vcrxotooxer.rcoosio Oe6i,oErou nayovlo{. O Op6
vog 4rcv xol"upBvogoro fiol,irrUo1jE),iooosxcL 4 xotcoxeoil-rol 6riero rrd XeovLo_

1:628

KYKAoooPIA mY AIMATOE H ril,),1 cwl,,i,c elulrrperei, rrp xuxl,oqopio

H drrolrn rou fdl.nvot (6l.6ne 180) 6rr 11
x(rQ6[d ivor, p[(r vroi,o cvr]'i.crnou 6.rl
t'rrdexolv fi6Qor oro l-l1Jix6roil(l)po fio!
X(oe[Eouvrlv 6elr,crot6 rlv oQrolQrl1{'or-
l"io 6ev eile ylver Oexrrl arr6 6],ouE.
'fo
1242 (.vaEAqc6crg enr,orr]povcg,o
Iprv trv-Nogig (n60overo 1288),eile 1pd-
rpeL6vc 616),i,ooro onoi,o unootrlplle 6tt, r1
6e(Ld xar, rl oplorQn ro(l"io 6v rLXoLvo-
vouv. >upqtltvs pe r1v 0eogic ror, to ai.pc
rlQoooi,Tdrono rqv 6elr,ti xoLl,i.<r otr,Eng-
rIQieE olJ ooqyorrvsrouE rlvipovE.Exei,
or dprlpiCXoQiqovrqlo o),ordt lrrxQoTt-
pa otFogopocyyeiq..$foo orq oroiq ro di-
pc ngooi,cp6cver,oEuf6vo dfi6 rouE nveu-
[ovcE.:rl owi1no rq q]"yioourd rtqrc-
i'41orw oe 6l,o ral peloilr-neqc <rl?i,o oul-
l"o14E,ro onoio encvdqlovro.l otrp <rglote-
prl rcli'ia, srt6 6nou ro o.[po o6r17eh<ru oro
urol,orro q{iltrcr.
Me qur6 rov rp6no elqyei,rol rl ).[xouQ-
1i,arqg 6r,nl"r;g
cvt),i<rE.H pic cvt),i,c lperd-
Itror yro vcr6rolcrrurr ro cigo mouErrvct-
poveg,onou li,vercl n rQ6o].IVI oEul6vo1J.
rou undl"otnouocirpcrog.O crv-NoqiEr-i1e
ovoxcl,rger nyt ),ay6pev1ptxptj ,fi nreupo-
vr,xtj xuxToqopia. To 6r,6),i,orou 6pog 6ev
6yr,ve1.voor6orlv 6rro11 ncpd p6vo to 1924,
xc[ 61016v enqqdooerr,Eper6nelro.ele],i-
qEtq.
To 1533o Ionovdg lrcrp6E Mr.pr)' Xep-
66ro (Migtrel Serveto,1511-1553),lvroot6E
tog Mr1a4), Eep66roug(MichaelServerus),
rlibooe ivo.616triooro onoio neprlpcgr
xol o.u,6grqv plrprj lcur)'ogoplo. A),i"ri,
oro pe1ol'uregop6qogrotr 6r,6?ri.ou
rou, el6-
OeterlE Oeol.ol,xdgan6ler,E tou, ou oroi,eg
r;Tcv ouvl-roploxg.O )ep66toug 6xcve ro
),ri0oEvc tolL66per orqv feveuq, 6wou mr-
qr,oplotroeo OavdorpLoEe10g6grou, o Ito<iv-
v1g Kol.6[vog (6Mne 1541).Exei Tov quv6-
l,o6o.vxql r60ave oqv nrg<i.
Xrrlv ow61elc o Kol"6i,voErlQoofld0no
vq r(trsorQ6rl,ro),c Tc qvritunc ro! 6[6),i-
ou ror Xep66rouEro.L o1e66vro ro.1690o-
o. MeQrtd ovrlrur[c nou 6rnotb0rytcvcvo-
roLrrgorpov ro 1694.
'Evcg
Ito.l,6Envor6pog, o Pe< ,vto Ko),6-
Uno ( R e aldo C o l o m b ol.5 l 6 : - 1 5 5 9 )r.l r o u o
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENIXTHMONIKON ANAKAAYIPEON 151

rQLroErlou rorav6loE, ovEderlrq dr[o
rolJgrQoovqgQodvrE, roa prD(qvrop6rrK
prxQrlErttrtl.opoeiog, ro 1559.To 6pyo roo
rFcv ro npdrro nor,r6^ylveyvcoor6 orouE y,c-
rqouE. En[ nMov, rFcv no]'r.rnlo i'enropte-
pig xcl ngooeyp6vocn6 ereivoTtov 66o
nporryougrvrov, pe cnotel:opa 4 <rvcxd)'u-
rp4owf vc ono6i,6etcrorov Kol'6p:ro.
O rnopevoEnou oolo)"1O1xepe ro 06pc
rlrcrv o Ayyi'og lrarq6E fou[i'].Lcp X<iq6ei)
(Williarn Harvey, 15'78-165'7). O X<ip6eil pr-
)'6r4oe gt rpoool1 n1v xop6r<i xcL np6oele
orr qe xd0e d.tupd rqg un<iq1ow ftr)'6i6eg,
nou enltq6now oto clpo vo euoeglercuorq
6tio xor,l,i,ego'i'l,d 6ev rou trrrxQdlroxv vo
e!61.0e1,rcp<i p6vo 6rd p6oou rolv cr0r4-
Qrdv.
O X<ip6enl.vripLle tqv trnoplq 6ci"6i.6tov
orlg pl,66eg,cgou eile onou6ooerxovtti
orov Ocrpngirot(6Mm 1603).nou rrE eile
avoxol.uper.flelpcpcrio0rpa pc ltircr,66vo-
vrag pro glt6a 4 grc cqrlqic. xot ntrpcrrl-
pqoe otr orrE pev cprqpleg to oipo ouooro-
pe{etcr oro rprlpu nou 6pionerar ngog to
rcQoErns xop6r,<tg,orr,E6e gl,66egouooro-
perbtor oxrlv cvti.oeq d',4ri.
To 1628!I ouyrcwqtboel 6i'a rq 6e6o-
p6vo nou 1per,o(6rov xoL tldbooe orlv
O)J,ar6ia 6vq 6L6l.io e66o/prnra 6r!o oei.i,-
btrv pe rir).o De Moru Cordis et Saneuinis
("Ilepi ttov xlvrloeorvqg xcpbuig ncl tou
c[pcrog"). )ro 616]'locur6 ncpouoio(e ro
euprlpcr<iroo oleTtx<i pe qv nux)'ogoplc
rou ci;rctog xcrt to oupnipcopo. oro onoio
eile xorol'rlleL: ro alpo el6glerar cn6 qv
6elrd rorl'io, o641eiror otouE nveigoveg
xcl enuorp6qerorrp cglorepl ror'[o. Alro
exei o6ryyeitor,oe ol.6xl'qpo ro od)po rcl
xcrolrlv enrorp6gel or4v 6efld xoli'lc 1t,c
1o cplioel rov xuxl'o roo cn6 qv cp1r|.
To 616)"i,ocplun<i 6ev6yrve0exr6 pe Oerr-
n6 rp6no on6 roug llorporrg, o Xoa6en
opulE6[1oe crpxtrd 1lc v<rlo 6er ro cvc-
lvrugl(ercL. To oiryyqappa quro qnote]ci
oqpeio cpeqpioE qE mryapovr6 guoroi'o-
Yi.qs

TYMIUHPOAtATIKA
H fdd,icr 6prox6rov r6qo u:r6 rov i).e1ao ror Aqgtiv-Zcv vrrr Ilkooi (Armand-Jeandu Plessis),xoq6r-
va).iouxaL 6orixc rou Prosl,a (Richelieu,1585-1642), o onoiog r/rve npoounor4.yogrorJAo!6o6i.rolj If'
ro 1624.>xor[6E rou P!oJ,,! rlrov vq Ev6o!rrp fc],],ic, lcrcorptqovrog rr,Eldicrg ral ropor6],erE
nou xo Ardroypo rIE N<ivqg (6Mre 1600)i.Xodoruro rov 6k^pgot(ov orrysvdrrrrv.To 1628,n gova6[-
xri 1614 nou eile urogciwl orc 16qlo rcovouyev6rov rirov I Ao PoodL,rl orioic 6s16rov xnv etiOeo4 trlg
fcli.ioE. O unougl6E tori Kcrp6trou A r4E Ayylicg T(u4rl BiLlcqE,6ouxog rou Mrrdxr!(ap (ceorge
Villirs.Dukeof Buckingham, 1592-1628),neoon<ioloep<irota vc 6oq0rloeltrJv n6).4,clfui 6oloqovr104-
x ro 1628xol I Aa Poo6?,. 6neoeorcr 16prc rrov fti],],ov. Or ou6v6rot 6ev 4rov nrcr ptc orgcrrr,orrrx46ri-
vapq or4v fcl,i.icr, oordoo qvnUr(Drilowqv rMov gr ovexrrx6rpo, xor<i n<inorol rpono.
Or Ayy)"oteloxoLouorloqvvo Ecr),6vovio! oilv Na AW),ia. To 1628r6Q{01rc io >d},.p ilE Mo'
o(rxouorr15.

L633
cvorlld trE cn6rpelgrou, yroti n PoFoLoxo-
EII'THMH KAI OPH'KEIA Ooi'lxrl Exx)'qola rlrcv lolr-rg1orlv Ircr)'ic
ricl ro p6vo coreovoplx6 ouowlpc nou en6-
O fol,ri'oiog ei,Ieqno6X0ri on6 xcrup6ro rQFnro QUrUqronqooi',txo b6ygu erciv4 rrlv
ql'uolevtptxo ri'crvqtr,x6 ouolrlpo IoU Ko- eno1rlr;rav ro ptorcvrp11{6.
n 6 p v l x o l , o n 6 g s u . / 6 p o E v o e x g p t i o e L O Oup6cvogH' ( 1568- 1644)rilc yivcrrd-
1.52 ISAAC ASIMOV

J\sSao 1623xsl o fai![]ra[oE roa oEoeorios
'Er,ot
ei,Lo rou. r,o 1632 Olqxrv6uveuoevq
en6tirqel6vc 6r6l'io 1rr to,t r,L-tloluiAoyog
zep[ tav 66o xuqiot xooptxtitv oootr1pri-
rror.* O 6r,tii.oyogeile rqicr np6oonc: 6vcv
unoor4pr,xulrou Ilro).epci,ou,6vcv unoo, 4-
q[?.(rtrou Kondpvr,xouxor 6vc ot66lepo
ritopo, nou fqrouoe rllneogoaiE.
To 6r6i'io 64ptoupy4oeovcrcpolrl, 6u6-
tr,, np6tov, rpcrv.ypqppivo ora rrol,rxd xq[
61r orc l,c-rlvtxri, lrop6v@E6ev oreu0w6-
rov p6vo oroug l"oyioug.c).i,ri UrroQolio vq
6lq6oo0ei xcL ort6 ro euquzolv6. Kcrr,0eit-
reqov,o fcl'r,Lclog eile owou6oi,omryyqogl-
n6 roldvro, pr 6vrovq rl,i.o1 r[QoEroy ocQ-
xcrop6, roa ofloio lenorponorouoe or].61e-
po er,E6<ipoErou ouor1pctog rou fllol-
poi,ou.Eni fllioa, rlrav rr,iol,ovq reioow
xdrrot,ol ro1, ndfiq 6rr rl qdr[ga [s 6dQoE
*
!.r.M.: O crxgL6rlg ritlnog rou 6q1ouroo fa-
Jtttraioueivor: Dialo?o soprot dui mussimisistemi
del mondo,tolemaicoe copernicanolcl,n).oyoE nt-
pi rov 6rlo xupriorvouotrlgritrrrv rou x6opou, aro-
lFoirori to! torlevLniouo ],
rou rlnoo, qqlx, rl rou fhol"epcriou elle 1uo
o161or1E rov i6Lorov ndnc ngoo<orlxd.
'Etor,,
o fol'Ll.cloE 6rrdqglx qn6 trry I-
p<tE!6rcoq. H 6(x4 clrrl rlrcrv ! rrro elpr-
opdvl ou'frQooon cv<ipeoc oqv enLoTl]pr|
xar rqv Oprpxric, :rQrvarr6 rl 6ropox4 nou
l6oncoe orov al6vc pcg olrr?id pe rnv
6uoi.ol.xri el6)"r.14.
lrE 22 lowlou rou 1633,u6 qv anef'r]
(olJ,ri 611rcr rrJv lqrloq) 6cocvr.mqpi.rov,o
Fc),rJ,ciogcvcpr<io04rc va cnorrprifel 6leE
tou tuEcg16Enou 6logtovouoov p-ero leoxe-
vrplx6 ouorqpcr. O lcLt)'crloE 61er xcrrryo-
pqOci cno oplqgivoug lrcr rqv unoldrq4orl
oufil, 0o ttQ6r[e[6poE vc enr,olptivoupe 6r,
rivl arp rcrlm ipav e66opilvrcr er<irvxcu,
6rr eile un'6rpuv rol rlv JrOirroon ro!
Mrpowo (6Mre 1600),fiou ei.1exotcOrxc-
oOioe 0dvaro an6 qv IAd Eqdraol.
Qor6qo, n v[x4 rqg Exxi.4oinE nrav Xtrl-
elE o4pcrqicr.H 1lro?vrQurif OotoelcreEaro-
?'ouOrpevo xepbilel d6ogoEovrip"eoooroug
eirlotrlpoveg olJ,ri xol Toug nor,voig cv0g<il-
,IOUE.

TYMIUHPOA4ATIM
Or trqotoroviE ouyv6tor eilav 4rtq0ei or4v foLlio. EfrilJ'ou, o n6Trrpognou polvorcv eni 6exon6-
vxXe6v[o orrp fepcvi,c eErlLoo6rav oEowrgmrrxri ri, rcr 1c rouEsrriJrQorsor(ivrg.
To 1630,6Fog,
o fol|orqioE B'A06i.9og (GustavusII, Adolphus,1594-1632), o onoi.oErtav ),or0r1qov6gxor 6aoil.ar
otqv 2ou46io ono to 16l I , oro6r66o0ry 1reorpcr6 orqv feppovia xcL ovr6orperper4v ef6),.u!qrou no-
Lepou.2xot<bOr;uot4v brtigrcuorqg rqirqE rr,x196pcrgpci11grou, al,),<io ooo46rxogorqordg nop6ya-
ve orqv Feppovic, o rqocorcrwrop6E 6r.oo<irerylrro! o TerorowqfiiE ndLrpos owXio01xe 1c <i c
6txonivu 1p6vtc, rtto oupat4p<iEncpti norr.
To 16306e0oo orlv N6o ATIli,o pro Faydll opr<i6oAn )rov nouqrrcrvdrv.T6c u6qri01xeq t6i,4 r1g
Bofi6vl6 ra! 6Ip@!pyi04t<ov or.ngrircg cnorxieEot4v nrqrLoll rol o4p.eqrvori Nr,ooXcporirg.

l-635

MAINHTIKH AIIOKAI'H rrrel p xov 66gero proyqc9lz6 r6i\o, ?ia[

To mieopa gt ro onoio o fxil,preqr cne-
Oerle 6t q fq elvor 6voE pcl"vrlrlg (6'"6ne
1600) pnopouoe vc elrryr]oel x<u,ro yyoa6E
orL 4 6el'ovq lqE rluEi6aE6ev 6eilver ovc-
yxqorrl<d rov nqcypcrr,x6 6opp<i.Av o 66-
per,ogpoyvrpr"xoErr6iloE 116 fr6 6w oupli-
av q 6el.6vnrqE rruEi6dgOeixvrrov 66qero
poyvnrtx6 n6lo, r6rc quoLxri dei, 0o beilvet
rov ngolpcrux6 6opqd. Eln).}'ou, crv o pc-
p4T|,}(6E6oqpdE6pi,oxttcr on6T rp nLeopti
rou 66peroupurlqagrnou l6l.ou nou xrirct
ngoETov Ar)'<rvrrx6,r6te, roOti4 6v<rrLoio
6r,oqgileLtov Ar).avrrd an6 ovarolrrl npoE
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIIDTHMONIKAN ANAKA,\Y\YEAN 153

6loq, or4v <rq1r1 rou rrllr6rou 4 6ei,6v1rqE
nuli,6cE 0o 6ei,1ver6ur"r<i Tou 6opp<i,evtb
oro ri).oE rou 0cr bFiXvrLqvcrol.txd. rou
6oqpa, 6rcog ei,1e6rc.nuor6oero Kol,6p6oE
(6Mm 1492,Mcyvrpuxrl Anor),uo1).
Ev toltorE, o fxi.l.paepr ni.qteue6tu oe
xd0e olpeio 16e1.6v4tqE nrll6og 6eilveL
nciwote rqog r1v [6rq xcffu0wol1.
O p o r E ,o A y y L o E o o t p o v 6 p o E X 6 v p u
frcdl.l"lpnpovt (Henry Gellibrand, 1597-1,636)
<rnibelle ort o.u,6 6ev roluel. flcpcnol,ou-
O?loerqv xoter'0woq r1E poyvrputrlE6e1"6-
vqEoro Aov6ivo, ge 6do4 16oorlg 6r,#Etou
fioQ(IlqQnosrE6oo xcr noporqprloerg <i)'-
l,rov, xcl to 16358rlpooi.euoero. slJerlpoxd
ro!: ri liqls!0wol rqE popr;runrlg 6e),,6vqg
eile petc61,10ei. ltcrro 7 polQEp.6ocorc re-
l.euoi,c nevrlvto. 1povr,o.Au6 rircv pr,cr6v-
6er[r1otu or ptryvrylxoi,n6].ou61up6vo pno-
Qrvo lrrlv oupfiLftxouvl_rrouE Y(|)YQ(i9L-
xo!E, cr),lcrotr, pnoqel srlonE vo q],ldEow
06oq.

TYMMHPOMATIKA
O:oil'rcE Kci).6epr,i'6p6og ror M:rc .rrpop (CcciliusCalven,Lord Baltimore,1605-1675),6)'o6e <i6eLcr
aro tov KdeoLo A' rlg AIT),iqE vo L6prioer, -r1EBr,prlivLoor4 86-
<rlorxio oro 66pero rorv <rnorxlcirv
ero ApQrrn. H crnorxic cufli, nor L6erOIxEro 1634.ovopdoolx MaiQU),cvI(Maryland).rpoE ruprlv
r4g Eqptimag McgicrE(1609'1669),ooqr,yo]J rox KaQolou A'.:ro p-raEii,nolJQlrovoi.ord ilv Mooo-
Xouo6rrqi6quocv p6vtpouEorxropo{g or4v reqroXrlrou olpeprvot Kowtxrr.xnr. To 1635,or otxrogot
cutof ouvior4oov lelcoqroli anorxic.
txov Kavd6d, or qEQew4tlEowdrlcrv r4v nogei,otoug npoErc 6orrxri. O Zcv Nr,xole(JeanNicolet,
1598-1642){tov o :rp6loE Euporoiog nou icp0ooeorqv ?ripvqMioLyrov.

1637

ANAAYTIKH TEaMETPIA el)oeiGE, 16r liaoe olpeio rou rlfi66ou [o1,

oqilolv ol rl0iEprroQlvc carLfiQoocr)-
'lo
1637,o ftiM,og pc0qpctLx6E Pev6 Nc- nerOeio16 6uo cpr,0poug,6vcrvnol 0c biveu
tttipt (Ren6Descartes,1596-1650),W<ror6q rqv 06oqrou otov oprl6vtlo tilovo xol 6vov
eni,olErogKop#oloE (Canesius),el6tooero nou 0o 6ivrl r4v 0iorl rou orov xdroxoeueo
616),i.oror Discoursde la nethode (<L6\oE c[ova. (@o proQofoop vc npoo06ooupe
rsQ[ rIE p066oD), oro orolo e!6tole r1v xol 6vov Tpi,ro dlovo, xcOero oxo fii,nedo
ovo(r1tqo4 r1g enlorqpovur4Eqilnoerog p rolv <il,l,rov6tro, nqr vq oQiool]pl.[IQLE
t1v op0r11pr1o4 r1g l,oyLxrlg. oQrgpolJE rde qIUio rol )tpn(rvrog).
Ie 6vo noptiptqpro exo.t6 oel.i.6ov nor Me 6aoq crw6 ro ouorqpc a!6vov, or,eu-
unrlqle oro 6r,6)"io,o Kcpror,ogouv6ucoe Oei.eEr<rr or raprlkq yQopugpnoQouvvc
t1v cl,1e6pa pr r4v pcopetpi,a.Errorlpove exggco0orrvog ol,1e6plx6Eelrociroelg, ol
6rL ov 11optiloupe6lo er0ei,eE xt!0ereg pero- onoi,eg0c npooblopLlouv xdg orlpi,oiIE
!r toug, oqpeltilootrpoxo onpio rol.lrlETouE rloeloEn rtE r.iop'[1!],ngoe o16o1 pe torE
to 0 xcl loqi.ooupe rr,geu0ei,eg oe eu0rryqcp- 6uo <i!oveg.Au6g o ow6uropog, fiou oao-
prcrgrlgcro ioa gr rr1povdbc.Ortuptivro.g pcta9rlxruvu)urrxf yr o4crglu. evioXuoe
orr,ol 0err,xo[crpr,Opoi,
6pionovror,oro 6elu6 xcl ro4 6uo po0rlpcrLnorrE nl"c6ouE.Tc p-
p6poEr1E opr(6vtrcg xoL oro dvo pepogrqg operqr,n<ifiQo6i!4pcrrq proQouoqv fii!6ov
ncroroguqqg eu0ei.ag,ercirol crpvq-ruxoi, va ),uOouvpt o),1,e6ptzr1 p60o6oxor or otrye-
6pi,orovrcl olo oplorep6 prpog r1g opll6- 6puxdge!Lo6oeLgpnopodocv vG dJrLXovL-
vloE xtrr oro xciro prpog rrlc rcrrcuogurprlc o0oirr'yoFIQu.(x.
 ISAAC ASIMOV

H cvc)'urlr4 prrrgerqicr qror6loe e'[i- ro ti0qoropa rov r6rcrp, orv 6wdge<bv roug
o4g ro 0epi)'lo y,c rrry cv<i:rtrlq qg pc01- vc eivol ioo ;re rrp r6tcprq 6uvcp1 ev6g
pcruxrlEavtil'ooqE,4 onoic elvcl ououoo,u- reirou qo[0po!;
x<i 4 egappol4 tlE tii.p6pag oe opc)'cirgge- O Oeppd eile lqd4rer oro nepr06groev6g
rq6qLl'6[va py60q fiou l.moqoriv vc cner- 6r6)'iou 6116ev ur<ip1ow r6tolor, ogr,0poi,
*ovr,o0ouvcl.ye6prrd trn6 0u<igoqeg xopnu- 6tr, q oppl awil w1'&r,p6voyoTc retgd-
hg. yovo. 'Elgcge enio4g6n eile 6ger prc w6-
polq an66erl4 yr' (rur6 ro oetirgqlio,ai.)"ti
TOTEAEYTAIO EEOPHMA 6ev unrlple ldrqog oto nrpr0tbgro lucr vcr rrl
TOYOEPMA ygd{eu.
Iulvri. o Oeqpd av6peqeoe yqcrr<i rou
O fcltrl.og pc0qpaox6g IIap <Degp<i
(Pierre 6rr, ei,1e6qer,tlv cr66er,l1 xdnorcE ouyx.e -
de Fermat.l60l-1665) rile r4v xcxrl owrl- npr,p"evqE np6tco1g, xal oe 6ltg rrE :reqr-
oer,cvc pqv 6q;roocrbl rlE ovcro).urperg rou, n.rtboergor, c:ro6eIf erE cvcrrcr]'6g0qxcv,
oil)d vc yqdqeu6lcroundEoqpru<iroelE oe ne- ox6pq xol 6rov o <DeqpoOev66lrc 11 6r,*11
qr0tipLc 6r6l,iov r; vc rLEcvc$per oe yqrip- tol cn66eulr1.Xe 6Leg rr,Enegrn,6oelg
pcra nou 1poge oe gil.oog rou. To oro16- ext6g cn6 pic. H :rg6tcoq rou rpocv6gepc
lcop<r eival 6rl, cv xct, eile xcrcvorloeu rqv eivcl q rekurcic ng6rcoq rou Oeppti nou
crvcri',urln{ letrrpetqicr nguv an6 rov Koqr6- 6ev 61erono0er,10ei,. Iu' qur6 xol olop<ile-
olo, OevTou cvcryvtopilercu 1 cvcx<ilurpr1. r,crt"Td"euraio 0edq4pa tou @tppd. Av
Nq xcl xdT|, dL)'o nou rov opopri. enqdnrrro yrr onolov64no, e dl0ov, 0o. xa-
Eivqr 6rrvqr6v vc 1oope6io opr,Opoug rc).irycpe oro oupn6goopc 6tl 6xcrc ).<i0oE.
r[ou ro ooQoropc ro]v rrQc16v('v rolE vq O <Deqpd6p@gnrqv 16oo xol.6g po04pctr.-
T
elvcl o rerptiyrovo ev6E rqltor-r cgr,0;ror-r: r6E tbom elvcr brioxol'o va 6e10or!grxdTt
n.y,3'z+ 42= 5'z,i'19+ 16 = 25. Yrdelr dmt- rdroro. IldvrorE, xcveig ;ro0qpcrrtt6E Oev
qoE cql0p6g r6ror<ovnegun,<iroeov,Apoye 61er6peurqv or66er,lq. "fo TeLtutaio 9ttit-
6porEurtiqlow 6uo apl0poi nol ro d0qol- Qqpa rou Qeqpd. eLtat ro nlo g4plop6vo
opc r<ovxu6tov ror4 va eivcr loo pe rov nr.r- <i?'wonq66l'4pc rov pgo4pcruxdrv.
6o ev6g rqitou cqL0Foi 4 6uo opL0poi rou [>.r.M.:B]".o1.763-764,1cq hio4 rou.]

tYMMHP0I\IATIKA
O Ayy)'og r|lrcrx6s P&Lee foui,i,.l,[opE(Roger Williams, 1603;1683) 6e4r{ roUEonoi,ior5 rls Mooolou-
o61119efcrp,etuxri puooll66olor6. Etor, toli.depe v6rlo, oldgooe y1 o16 rouE Ivbr<ivoug xco i6quoe
rrry cnor,xic rou flg66rvrevE (Providence) ro 1636.H drlorrda auirl ofloraloe lov fllerwo rou Poowr
Allovr (RhodeIsland), oro onoio o foui?r,],r,opgr]rcv o ngti:toE nou xcor.tp<ooer1v or6]rur1 oerpm1Jrlx4
e).!uooia.
To 1637,P6oor youvptopror ei6o! pc rq<irrl goqri ot6 to ovoroLxd noqridra rqE lr6rpicE tov Er-
plvrx6 Oxaav6.

1.640
KOK
Tc 6rioq r4g Ayy)'iog onoprpvtirvol,rqv ou-
ve1<ilgncL yr,' cut6 or Ayylor <ip1g,oovoro-
6tqxd vo lp4oLponoloriv <rrgxcriorpo rov
lor,tivopcxa (ldp6owo), nop' 6l'o nou nc-
qcyel evollqrr,x6E xcruov0ullelv6E cvcOu-
prrtioeuglcn xcrnv6.
To lr-rLo6prog elcnol'ouOor.toevc elr,cr
cnaqclrqro yla rrp lcpcloyl lu),cvOqd-
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENI>THMONIKON ANAKAAYVEON 155

r(l)v (6)rlE 1000r[.X.), rouE oroiouE XQnor-
pofioroioc,, Y[q Inv rrlEl rou o!6rlQou.Or
T0[dv0QakEpr[opoiqdv vq qvrrrqT(rorrl-
oo1J!ro Eulo or4v 06epc!oq r(r)v onLrL(bv,
6ev pnopoiocv o;rorgvo avrtncroorrloow
otq perol"l"oup1i,o.
rollEElJl,avoQoxg
Av o ycndv0paxaE uro6iln0i orqv i6r,c
orelrl rouoq nou trno6d)"letc( to lni',o .yr,c
rry nopcrlco'y4lu),riv0qanc, xcl1owcr 6i'c
rc cl,trc olorcTLro roo rol onop6vel o1e-
66v ro0crp6g <ivOpcrcrg.Auro ro ra0trpo
oaoeal4rl(our[6]rppo noU ]'op6ovetor cno
r1v crel.1 xcrlo4 tou lcr,tiv0goxa ovopd[E-
tat xox (1tta l.ilq <iprootqE npo6i'euo4g).
To xox iotognopcoxeudo04xe'yrorpti-,r4
eoQd ro 1603,<rtrL<iro 1640rqtov oiyoupo
1vcoot6.
To nox poltileL rol,u p rov ycrcrv0pcxcr
ncr 0o ;rnoporiorvc Aovci 1p1or;roorqv t4-
14 rou ot6ripou.rg6oov dvdnruooorov yl
xo.rc0J.fl.4pr0oboEyro'rn XQloq ro-.

YMn HPQtllATlM
H Xetorfvo rnE >oul6iog (f626-1689),rro! 6p,e 6ooi),roooro 1632.66oroeevtoi"rivc npclgoronoLq0ei
pto arootolfl Eeivlorg tor', ogelxovrrtcilv nxrcirv. Mro opd6c Xouprirv, pe earxrgo).riE rov ll6teq
Mivouw (PeterMinuit, 6l-r 1627),i.6Quoqvrrlv cnolria rrE NlaS.tou4dlag. orrry neptolrl r4g o4grpr-
v{g ro},Ltei.ogNre},c'youoe rov HflA.
To 1638.o Al,yloG xhprx6E T6rovXtiq6cqvr (JohnHarvard.1607-1638) ,Ieo66rrlo t4v 6r6l'to0rixrl
rou xor 11 grov]nrgLoroia rou oe ivcr rol,.Mytono! iX[6err0i6l]0 Xe6vrqvoeirEQc oro o4preprr,6 Kci-
gnpLrf r4g Mcoclouo6rr4E. To no),Ml.o ovotldo8nlt: Xde6qevi npog rr,prlvrou xor rivcr ro nqrlordrr-
eo r(I)vHvol#vov notllxrdv.
>qv:fiDria ovornlooovtcv 6),,onol:rlo ivrowE elovomcrrxlg 6L<r06oerg,loyo Oq4oxeurtx<irv6rcr'
qoe6v p tT', Ayylia. O KdQoIoE A' r1E An i.loE avunogovorioevo enL6ri),rtrrry r<i[4 otryv lxtoric,
'Ero!
lla vo ro xdver oF(l)6our6lqelo(6rcv 1pr]trrclc. owrcd],roero xor,vo6oolrcyrcrnpdrrq gop<i gtrri
o:16 ev6exo lp6vrcr Tcr pitrI too xorvo6or.r),io! 6pL|)ErtlaaLl&lxor rrlv lxst,Qia ylc vq xeedoow
11 6rocg6oxer<irouExcr lpiryopo <ipXroeprc oo6crqr]xor rrrxiv6w4 6rcpri14.

1.64A
ETAYPONHMA
Ta qLeoaonr,<re[1cv o.plioeLvo XQIorpo-
n o r o u v r d r a l o t t g c q 1 6 <r o u q t o v c . o r
oorpov6por,6ptoEefcxol"ouOotoovvc exrr-
louv t[Qoo]1rorr].r,<i xat pe ppv6 pdtl rLg
cnoorooLgovdpeoo otc riorqc. To rrf'e-
oxonlo 66er1veneqroootepc dorpa xcL 6l-
4iqw TrTvqr[6oroo1 ovdg.eo<itolE, c].]"ri 11
orpi.6era qE p6rQlonE qurrlE 116 crr6orq-
olE noQpEv JrQroQrouvrl.
O A11).oEcotpovopoE Fouii"),Lcpfxri-
oxotv (WilfiamGascoigne, 1612;1644)enr
rorpe puc ori.n ).uo1y,o rc np66l"4po au-
16. To 1641roro06rrloe 6v<rhlro orcog6-
vrl[d oro onpio sorioorlE r1E erx6voE.
'Erol pnopor-roe
vq rvrorli.orl 6vq oqxexQ[-
p6vo olg-ei.o,vc to rono0et4oeuoto olpelo
roprlErow v4ptiror xcr Krr6J[rv va orQ6ver
ro r4kon6nlo oe 6vc .prtovlr6 dorgo xcl
vo trrQnoer,pe plo eL6r,xrl
6lrirofiq, r4v yto-
vicr zcrd rqv orroia EiXorQcreelro rqle"
qx6firo.
Me clr6 to or.rorqpo,to Tql'tox6nlo 6no-
Vr vo ivcr dlToxtfroTrxd xcr p6vo onrrxo
'Op<og,
6glcrvo xcrr 1lve 6p.yovo cxgl6e[o.9.
o fndoxorjv oxordr0qxeoe pclq nqorou
tlQol,d6rro trvcrnrulel tql ovoxrii"urpl
rou.'Eror.0c nrqvoiocv t .).o eixoorlpo-
vld TLdvo cvolcl.tg0ei xcr nti),,rro qrq!-
p6v4po.xal vcr yevlreu0ei,I XQrlorlrou orc
r4Lol.io'[rc.
156 ISAAC ASIMOV

IYMmHPQlvlATlM
Tc npo6).1para rou Kae6l'o1,A'n).rioalvov ouvX65.O fie(l)0urouq165rou. TopcE fouivryotcpo, rd-
FIs io!:ledpeoevi (Thomasweffwonh, Earl of Slrafford,1593-1641).coxorioenr6oerEyrc n6lFo r,|ald
t4g X*orri.oE nor roqdrQrws rov Kaeol.o A' vo npo6ei oe Srdqoqeg 6eonorlxiE r[OdEerE.oL ottoiE E6e-
yloav rov 1,a6.To 1641o foGvryol,eqo 6rx<io0rprecn6 xorvo6oulewrr@riE F rlv raflJyoeio rlg rieo6o-
oio6 r,or o KdQolos avayr{aoerP. vo 6exeei.r1v exrd}.eori tou. o cq enioxonoE rolJ Kcvt6epnoue!,
fouilLrotr A(ovr (william Laud,1573-1645),rou unoorrielqsr! qur66 tov K<igolo oqv ngoor<i8erdrou
vc xu6eqvrjoeL awcrqlLxri q lipo, gulcnio0lrc oiov f[deyo iou Aovbivou ro 1641rrrl cteyoreoxx-
1600nx.

1642
KININH
'hxq
Or lqqortlororouocrv rov 9),o16ev6E
6v6pou,trlg ny16v4E, ylc xl Oeeamia rlE
eilovoql(rE.To vey6 ouorcrrud tou q]',olou
61ne teLr,x<iyvoor6 p 1,o 6voltcLi4lvivq. H
Euprirrrl r?'qqogoqrlO4xe1rc rre6ryl qoQd
rqv tr[qQgrlrou ro 1642xcu eni rpelEcnirveg
lrqQiprvero povcbrx6 qdeFar.o Tf autnv
rqv 6ra6e6op.&qoo06vra.XoQiE rrlv rrvi-
vq, i,1,oropgi6olo cv or, Euqonclou Ocr
pnopouocv vq err,lrloow 'yr,arol,r! oro rpo-
nLrc<ixl,i,potcr.
AEPOIETIKHMHXANH
To 1642,o ftiL)'oE pq0qpqttr6g Mttl.Enq-
oxci' (BlaisePascal,1623-1662) nrvorloEUtq
urotrsyrqru{ri pl1qvt, nou e}iteiloioe ow6-
para xrE nSdE.ErnE rQ6oeoqE xal rlE
qgalQorE. EiI rQolioxouE, rldvo ornv m-
Qrg6q[crr@v orrolo! rirqv onp ltrltrivor or
qe[0g.oi,dr6To 16<oE ro 10. Otcv o 6ell6E
TQolioxog,rlou qvrureoodtrs! rrg povc6E,
ixcve ;rtc Jti.llQrlIQrqIQoQl. t(voio tov
rpoliono oto cprotep<i rou, o oroioE qvrr-
neoo6rr rrE 6exd6eE,rQoloQ6ar(rE rov
xard pla e6oq.
le puc r6ror,c pqlcvrl Oevunrlple nr,0av6-
rlra ogdluaros (|rf rrlv rrQoijrTooon vq i-
1cv er,oc10eioroord or oppxoi cql0poi, tqg
'[adEqE).
O IlcoxdL rcriqe6ill,opa uporrelviqE
ro 1649, oi')'d I ouolurl ro! orl6rux eprro-
qlxd. H uprl rqg rpov no),r.rurpq)"r|xcL or
mproo6rtpor <iv0gconorEqroLou0rpq! vcr
ndvouv ngoo06oelExql cgqrp6oelE Fr xo
6d1ru)'d toug, gt <i6crcg11oe 1cpri.
NOTIOf, EIPHNIKOE
'ELlrrpeg
Or ap1<rior nioreucv dtr oto v6Tro
qploqolqr,o untipleu pra p.e1dl'1{nergog, 4
onoicr elloopqonel rrg 1eeda[Epdleg rou
66peuouqplogclpior,r. Aur6 4rov xoOoprj
elxqoiq, ql,Ld ol Elptonclol 6ncrpvov otc
oo6og<i rlE erxcoleErov ELlqvorv,
T600 I N6rra AFQtxr1 6oo xcu q Aqglxrl
?irivovrcr&qL fio v6uo lpr,oqcipr,o,c.trl'ti
curiE or 4nerporg<i).lov6ev n)'4poriocvtrg
npoiino06oeug.@c 6npere v<rwdgler pla
rlnerpog nou vc 6piox.eral ef o).ox)'rlpou oro
v6tlo qlluogcipr,o.O Elpryvlx6gQxtcrvdEei-
vcr clovrlE xcr xc]'inttr oyt6ov r4v ptorl
rrr,gdver.crrlg o6qo1e[ou.An6 rore nou rov
eile 6raoliuer o Molel.dvog (6?'6re 1523),
6ev ei,1ecrvcxclrugoeixapL<ioxpr<ipe oq-
pcvrlxrl 6xrooq, :rpdypc Auolx6 toot6oo,
agori povo 6vc nol,o pr,xp6 p6pogrou elle
elepeuvrpei.
Tc vrpr,d qg Iv6ov4oi,cg,rcr onolc 6pi-
oxovrcr oTo r.nlogrou loqpeplvou,rpov plc
rci"rl cqeqqlo yrc pro tdtorc crnooto)'r1.
To 1606,o loncv6E 0ci.oooor6poE Aour,g
Rieo 6e T6ggeg (Luis Vaezde Torres,neei-
nou 1606),6ncverov nepi,nLourlE N6aE
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENI>THMONIKON ANAKA YWEON 157

foulv6og xol cn66er,!e6rr, 6w onorel.ei ;rc- py'ryrou ^yevr,xou

qog x<rpl<ignJr[Qoa[r{tE6zroo49. H N6cr
foulv6c cnobeilor;rc ro 6eu[eo trsya]rur-
go vqoi tol x6opou xo'l o orevog nopep6E
rou 6QioxTar or<rvortc rou vqorouovo;r<i-
oOr1xttlt'p9p<ig ldpgeE. rpoc rr;r4v rou
lorcvorr eleqewqrrl.
Orcv oL Ol'l,ov6oi xupl<ip11ocvoro vq-
oL<irr;g lv6ov4oiog, o OlJ"cv66gyevr,x6g6u-
orxrFrl( Awovu B(r! Nrrlpv (Anthony van
Diemen.1593-1645) opltivroocpro rlrprw4-
rl]irl qroorotrrl pe JrrxegolrlErov Apne],
fl<ivoov Toopov (Abel JanszoonTasman,
1603;-1659).
>r[g 14 Au/o[oro! ro! 1641,o Tcopcv
or6nhuoe on6 Tqv I<i6c rol eni,66xo prlveg
rqE[6! orov Elqqvlx6. Avcrx<i],lrye6r<r
vloi, ro! ov6pdoe lq Bav Ntfipev, npog "tt-
6r"oLrr1tr1,
o4peqc 6progei,-
vcruyvoro,6 @STaopartd, npog tlplv rou.
Ava14o),!VeniolE ro vorl6repo vqoi, T4g
oqgeguvrlg NdcrgZ4i,cvbiog,
To cniolelro eivor rols otts o ToQQsE
orlr o Tqopav xor6Q0rrrooavo dvcxdlf-
rlrow rqv A!oaQq),i.q,prq IsQoqiq pd(q iorl
pt rqv 6xrco4 rrov HvroptvorvfloLrrerdrv.H
N6q fouLviq crileu p6vo 1601t)'roperqc
tr[6 rry 6oesrocvdxolrxi ArorQalia ?carrl
Taopcvi.c p6vo 370 1,l.l6perpc (116llv vo-
floovcrolr&ti Alorpoi'i,a, cLLd xcrti nve-
EtyrFo rQ6r[oEv?ior6Q0ooqaao rrp ovq-
xqtrWolrv.
To 1644o T<io;ro.vcvronroere).lxd iva
rpr]po tqg ororpal,rcvrlg o.xtrlgzou ro ov6-
pqo Nid O)J.av6ia, cl.)'<i 6ev ro efieqeuv4-
oe.

tYMtl HPQlvATlKA
To 1642,I xeiol orlv An ).ic efelil04xe or epgritrron6Lepro. 6rcv o K<ipoLogA'6ocrl: ta orporeripo-
t(i iou ricrd to! ,olvo6ooleurrxtir. To 66qeLoxor ro 6wrx6 rprlpa r1g ltirpag unootriprS rov 6aod,rd.
ro v6rro )ior 10 olrctollx6 unoolrfpule-ro xolvo6or!),1o. 'O],r6ep
O orogcororlr6E rldedyovroE ircv o
Kgoplorel, (Oliver Cromwell,1599-1658), o oroioE dro6i10it Ecrpetun6E orpcr4yoE.
:rov Kavaod !6ei0l*e 1 '16),1rou M6vrpeaL. Or f<i),l,orere[6reulov pr rol quopd ro e6dgl iouE
oil! B6QraApOlti, olld 4 nrprolri nou ei1c.r rrn6 rov d),ey16toug eile cqor6 1ci'l'rxo r).18uop6.
eilov xcrrtrxhrort t4 N6o Ayylio, orlv onoic excivqr1v enol{ (orioov
Ano r1v c J4 rlLeugti,or Ayy)r.or,
16.000drlo[xo[.

'-643
BAPOMETPO
Ol pqlcvw.oi xov oeu1iolv,di.),d r{trr,d}"-
).o1,lgo6l,qporllowdv qrl6 ro lyoloE or,
or oulieg 6ev pnopor.rvvo ol'e6<ioow ro ve-
q6 oe urpogLreyql{xQoqro 10 g.erpcntivro
cr6 rq ordOp1 116 0<ii'ooooE.OL cvri"ieg
6rlgtouqlow ptprxo xevo xot ro vepo rtivrr
vo ro yepioer'goivrrcr oprugorr aurrl n rd-
o1 61eLto 6pLdrqE. O kcl6g ploLx6E E6o-
vrlrLiorcr Togp!ro6i.i"r (EvangelistaTorri-
celli, 1608-1647)rlrcv 6oq06grou lcLll.oi,or
orc rrklrqio 1p6vro 14; frlrlg rou rlrot4-
pova. O faLrlaiog rp6rerve orov 6oq06
rol lo. 6lepeuvrlorro rlQo6l4[o rtov
qvrl[6v.
O Toqprro6i'i'r ox6q0nx 6rr ro vep6
up6vror cn6 T1v ovr)'ic 61, ener,6rldLrce-
l(rr cJr6 10 rcv6, a),?',afi[6rlooEir(r[ q'I6
rqv nieoq rou o6po. Aql,c6rl, p6oc orlv
cvrLi,c ur<iq1er,plxgr] p6vo ni,eoq,pe onor6-
Lroptoo odpaEdEtuano rqv cvrl,ic vo ooxri
prlcLtnepq dfqoq.
To 1643.o ToQQrrq6l.L lg4orpoloirpe rov
u6ptigl.upo 1,c vc ei'6'y!errry Oeogic ror.r.
Agou q nrr<vorqrc rou u6gaqliqou rivcr
158 ISAAC ASIMOV

13,5qop6g peyqtrurQq (rfio rou vepou,o tr6- Iltivo an6 rov r.rbpdpyuqo,p6oo otov
QoE eq rQiru vc uyrirver rov u60dpyleo oveo, pcpp6vo otolrjvc, eile 6lproupy4Oel
oto 1/13,5ro! dlPolJEoao onoio uv6vr ro 6vo nev6 (ov elclp6ootrtrrcprq prxQrlrooo-
veg6,61l"c6r1oro 76 rqtoox6pred. O rr;rc orgdrv ubqcpyupou).'Hrovro trpdro
Topprro6l.l'r'y6pr.oepe u8edeyuQodaov yud- nrv6 rou 6q;rrouq1404xe pr rcxvqrd pioa
l,lvo orol,rlvu pqxouE 1,80 pirqorv, 6x)'etqeto xor ovop<ioOrlxeropqr.xtMer,oxtuti.
oropr,o, ov6orperperov otrllqvq Tono0etdr- O ToQQrao6,'lrnopotrlpqoe 6rl ro urpog
vroE ro 0T6pro p6ocroe pr,a ?"exnvqpe rqg orrll"qg 16pop^ydqou<ii.),ale el'otppc
uOgdQyrleo,ogaipeoe to rtd)po xqr 6roni- cr6 g.eqcoe pipc xol nor6i.4le oro ouprd-
oroo 6r[ 6va p6QoE rou u6poplupou <t6er,c- poopc 6Tl 4 orpoogauqlrrl ni,eoqprerc6<il,-
oE on6 rov oro?'r1va. H oxtill rrieoeydeou lerol pe rqv rogo6o rou 1q6votr.E[1e eqei-
Jror,or6[rv iIe r4roE 76 r,oroor6p1Qo, qel ro nqrbro 6ap6gerpo.
rQdyFq nou Fnr6160itUoF r rJvutroeonxou.

TYMMHPOMATIKA
To 1643fiOor,eo Ao!6o6i.rog lf' xo! rov 6tc6!x01xe o rcvt<ilqovog yLoErou, rou 6ooil:loe og Ao16o'
6froqIA'(1638-1715).

1645
r{laouvrc! pe plixrl 6rwopq ncl rlrav crgyrl,
AEPANTAIEX
c),l"ti Lrr"touplouoe.
Apori o Topprro6l,lr si16qprouQ'yrloer xa6 O fxcprnr laqriyc'ye xtvo os cprccr<ipr-
<rg4vovrcE rov u6q<ipyupo vc c6ercioet cno yrii.oug 61xoug,6ore vo eivcu6wcrr1 4 6le-
'Erou
6vcv or.oi,rlvo(6Mwe 16a3),<ii,lol epeuvrlt6E lcrytolrl ner,qopcttov. cr66el!e 6tr, plc
oxiqoqxcv orr ro xevo 0c gloporjor iooc ncpncvo nou ltlwc pio<roe xevo o6pog6ev
vo noqclOel pe nlo tipeoo rQorlo.'IooJE oxouyeror,enu6e6crdrvov, cg 14 Oeorpi<r rou
qtcrv 6wor6v, pe trry xtrrtitrl'qi'r1 ovr)"icr, vo. Aprorordlr4 6tl o rl1oE6ev 6rcr6i6etql oto
rlclOei o odpcrgaro onor,o6rlnote6o1elo, xev6.An66er!eenio4g6tL ro xepr,o6ev tai-
on6re 0o pnogorrocv ro 6qplouplq0olv lovror rql ro (tin 6ev pwogouv vo lrloouv
6ytou xevou peyal.rrreporan6 nlrouE nou o Ltvo cQoE.
'Evq
eile nopoyoler,o Topgrro6triu. crl,)"oneipopc nou 6xcrverltav vo.
'EvoE
feqpcv6g quoux6E,o Orro gov furyi,oer, gerol,),rxr1ogoipc nqr,vxor p.t-
plo
Ix6pune (Otto von Guericke,1602-1686), nr- ra rqv otpcri,peolrou c6qc nor nepwile. H
T
vorpe qv ngdrrl onoborlrrl cep,cvr)'[<rto pr"nprlpei,tuoq6ripor-rgovtlngoorirr[llJleo-
1645-ArrouQ'fouoe6nog xcr 11l6pavrl,icr qcvrirEro 6ripog rou <r6pcnou un4p1t piocr
ro eloqrrlpcrti tqg eq<iqpolov xo}'<i
o)'"1"o orrp oqci,pcr.An6 ow6 To otorlelo rcorTov
perall roug, riore vo pJroeouvvq.XcrQqrlrl- 6po rou c6qcrpn6peoevo xdver rrp npcbrl
prooorrv olerlrcd oepoorelrl. H creqovrl.i,o pergrpq 116nu<v6trpoErou c6pcr.

TYMTUHPOMATIM
:rllv Kivo, I bl'vaorio rov Mr1ryxqoqooto dl"og'[IE ro 1644ncl ot.Mcvtfouptcvoi. irou ixcv td]'
rlv Kivo tri
po tov a}'rip4 6)'111orlg lripng, ibploo.r trp 61'vooriaTo'!v^/r(,tlonoio 0o m-r6epvorioe
6u6olol' (rrd)vc.
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII:THMONIKON ANAKAAYWEAN 159

o oin6e Ke6p1o!)' trirul Irry trQ6q pyd)"I vir.rlIou orov oy'l,h.l6 epq{fu.onokpo, oro Mtip-
orov Moue, orrE 2 Ioll},io! ro! 1644.H er6pevl vixl rou, orrp Mrixn tor N6ropnu,orLE14 Iotlviou rotl
1fl5, oror"dofl"rdnroqedy[osqv rFra r(l)v 6<roLhx<iw6wcpeov-
x[6]cpo p-eT1vBeve-ric,yld rr]! tu-
To 1645I OoopovrlcrlAl'roxgoropio oplroe ir,,ov l-r(r).tQoxQ6vto
qLcrqlio116 KgrF4. Kcr rcr 6io xgdq rirGv orriE l(|)v nol',ioxreov oulor.(QoroQ[(iv rou tiqQd,B6vloE
xal o fi6].poEarx6E nioruoErrp rrcQdxpl xcl ttov 6tro.

1648

ATMOIoAIPIKH IIIETH ox6pq nou oe ou-rr1vlqv neglntrooq,rprer

KAI YIVOMETPO
Ar n o1d,n u6qqQyiqou oro 6op6pctpo Tor
ToppLrod),}.r(6lene 1643) otryllQorelrcr o
ourrl rq 06o11 on6 rrp qlpoogolQrxrl fliol,
r6re, <rvcve6orrgeoe pelol"tnepolg6perqo,
ro rrrpog1160rr1lr4g[Qdr[[v(t plogei,oQou
0o undpler,lr^y6cpog adQoqarlo nriv<u,64-
),c6r1prxp6repqcrrpooqorQrxtfiiqn.
fr<r rcr eleyfel cur] r1v un60eoq,o IIo-
ox<il. (6l.6ne \612) 6or,etl,xo 6vo.xovrlv6
6ouvo ivqv o q,yevfl rou. epo6Loopivopr
6uo 6apoperpo.'Orov exeivogripOooeoe
Wog 1.500petpov reqinou, 6Lani,orooe6rr
oL orrii"egu6pcpppor eilov xar6l0er qno
ra 76 rxcrooroperQa or(r b8 tr(qrofiTolla-
TQA.
Aw6 cm0eLle oogtbE 6rr"4 orp6ogcr.go
np6nervc 61ernenepcropdvo !r1og.Mritrlorc,
cv e[1eoe 6].11qg r1v 6xroo4 rqv nuxv6r4-
ro nol 61erotq orcr0pl xlE 0o.l.ooodg,xo
urpogr1g 0o rlrcv p6l.r,E8 ll.r,6perpcr
Qorooo. 4rcv lro gcrvep6orr 4 nunvo14-
ro ror-rc6pn peudlverc[cvtii"olc pe ro urpog,
<igaq ctp6ogcrpc Ocr6npenevo enteiverol
rotrrr nqvto crr6 rq 811)"r6pergo.Al"l.o,
vo rrr<ip1erxdnoro 6pr,o.Xe urlroE160Xti,ro-
perptor repinor-r,o cdpcrg0a eivql T6qo
opru6g ciro,e vo rooOwopleio1e66vpe ro xe-
v6. To i6Lo Ocrroy,tl xol po 6Lr1r1v un6:
?lorn1on6o, ool cw6 rnv f4 pdlgr rtl )e),n-
v4 q t<r ai"l,a or-rq<ivr,o
odrpoto.
Mnopoupevc notpe 6rL nelpcporo 6nog
clrd Too Toppl, o6l,?'u xcr rou flqox<itr loo-
6wcpouv pe r4r crvaxdtruq4tou \notijpa-
roq.
YAPOITATIKH IIIEIH
fuQo oro 1648,o [ooxni" peMrqoetrry nie-
oq rtov rryptirv, ooxdrv, og nbo4 ntivor otqv
urgrivrrc rou vepoi xcr efrrcr(ovrcgnd4
pero6i6erol currl 1 nieoq orc torl6poto
evocxkrorori bopiou. Kcritrrlle oro oupn6-
eoopa rroE, 6Tcv q.qxei,tqlnieoq oe 6vo
rryg6 nor 6pioxetor oe x)'eloro 6oXLo,n
nieorl pe-ro6l6etorapeiotq oe 6]"1qv 6rro-
oq rol t1,qouxol :rr6!el xcioera 6).egrlg enl-
qcver,egge trE onoieg ro llgo 6gletaL oe
enogrl. Aw6 ovopriagqxeuQXi xov llaoxdl
rs[ orot].i trry 6tior1rou u6pol],rrot wre-
orqpi,ol.

TYMIUHPOMATIKA
O Teraxovr(}filEI1o1,pog mrs 24 O?iro6eiou rorJ1648.H A./io Popoixrl Alrorpcr-ropicreixe
1l.icDos
Eoo0v1lor o rQdolro 6cr0p6xcrL4 feqgcvic eile lrioer peltilo gepogtot r).1O!opoi rIE. H Oll.av-
6rxr1Arlpoxpcricr ei.xeclotnioer. enrtei.otrgt1v ave[nqr4oio rqg cfi6IIv Iofiovic. H follio ritov tcbqct
I roxlQ6rerl otporrtorrxl 6r-r"rnpqorlv El'prln4 xcr 0c 6rorqporoe r1v xlqucplio t1E neproo6repo
aro 6io d!ci)vg. Tdrt6xqovcr, dpog, r1fol.l"icr eixeelco0evloel nr6 Fr,oel61eqo4tov euytvclv t1g. oL
onoior 06).4ocrvvcr expra7"luoouv fil prlxpriqhxio rou veorr6qortrrdkrt qv dvrtrcroerc nou lr1pXe
yrcrro.r npo0unoupy6Tou,rov Tloil,ro Mo(oQivr (Giulio lvlazarini,16021661,ttro yvoor,j pe-rlv rrl,),r-
x4 propqriror ovopcr6E-rou.Zu), Mnlcgiv IJulesMazalin]).
160 ISAAC ASIMOV

o on )*x6E epqul.rogn6l.epogcrvcr(ronupcbO1rc xor<i 1acir64Fc J,ov re6rio, ev6 o KQ6pyolel arro-

xtorioe 6Io xsr pre^lcd.irepq
6wcpq. Anc)"la1qxe mr6 rouE nowo6otrleurrxouEnou 6ev oupncOotioe,
",,6xpcio]Joq!),crrop6vo rov i6!o tov KdQoLoA'.
To 1647,o 0Qnox1)r!r6E plqQelioprotligTlcuqt[ @ol (GeorgeFox.1624-1691)i6QUorlv trq@e/.I
tav qilav t4q oliqe!aE. ts pQrxdXeovlo r(r pr].1r1E 6yvcv.lvrlora ag Kottixtpot.

1650
AIIIAOI ATTEPET pelpr o{pepc).
H Bi,6l,oE6ev 6iver,ropln ouyxerqr,p6vrl
To 1650,o I-ro169<rolQo!6poET[<rvpncrlri- lqovo).oyqo4ylq rlv dQXrxrltqg roropio.
oro PlTooLr,fciambanistaRiccioli, 1598- ov 6ptog <rpli,ooupeow6 'vqv 6<rouleiqrou
l67l) rtrpor4p4oe F ro rlloxorro olr o Iaou)' n(Ir nsoxuQrlooulrFnprogrc niour
Mtl<iq. ro procio <iorpo rrlE "ouQdE.rIC XQnqrponol6vrqEoqr,op6veg evbei,felgnor
Meyrl,rlg Apxrol, lvdl orrry npalparLxo- wriplorw oro rrQ6To roroQrlid InE lplpa-
Tnro 6uo aor6QET600 l.iovrd o 6vqEoroa Iq, i!q[ 6wqr6v vcr nqooblopi.oolpenorc
til.]"o drorevo gdivovrdl oov vo ivol 6voE, 1rroeei vd ei,vcur; 6r6],r,ar1 npQoprlviornE
6rcrv naparqqoivrcrL pe yupvo pcitl. Au6g 6qprouqlicE.
rlrov o np6toE 6rnl,6gcor6pog nou cvox<r- To 1650,o T[6upEAooqp (JamesUssher,
]tt'cp0Irc. 1581-1656),ivcg c1y)"r.xcrv6g eni.oxonoE,
urlol6yro pe tov rp6ro crr6 rry nptpo[I-
H HAIKIA TH' fH' vio r4g 64prolp1i,oExor lr,or6llEe oro ou-
pn6Qqopq6rl owd6q to 4004n.X. Tdooepo
An6 6lo to xei;revorou elxov oq 6r,tr0eor1 1p6vr.oaqy6repo.,o Ary)rog oeoi,o1ogT[orv
tolg ou Euq<onciorereivq trp eropl, 4 Bi- Adrrqort (John Lightfoot, 1602-1675) 'cqv
6l"oErlrov ro povobrx6 nou lnoorrlprle 6rl tlrcve nLo ouyrerQlp6vn:9 n.p. "cr1g 26qg
6iver rrlv toropia rlE fnq arTorlv rl[pq. Oxro6piou rou 4004n.X.
'Olo[ Alxrl I XQovoi'oyrloqrrlg 61pr,or-rqyioE
rqE 8qplouQyla-c rnE. lvurd o! firoxrl-
poveg trlv 661ovrov roEtov 6yxupo l.oyo rou 6ev 61er.xopr"d 6pupt 6doq, oor6oo 61er
@eor,r xar q crvrll,rypl cur4 0<rouvdlule vcr enlpecroervrovoT1v xolvrl lvrilpq p61pr,
un<ip1erpo 6uo trx6p4 ordrveg.(frc nol,- rqv eno l pag.
l"ouEav0pcbnouE,elaxol,orOei vc utigler

TYMTUHPOMATIKA
>r!E 30Iavouoeiou rou 1649,o Kdaolog A' ororcqol.io0ry.. O'O),L6epKp6pr"youe)r ow6tQrri'l.r!orrc-
vdo-rooq-rcovIp).ov6drvxnr en66c).eI1v on i'Lxr]xupLaplic oe d),I xlv IQl.ov6ia. TdQq ixs tlrl6 rov
fl,eyXorou 6lo. ra 6prercvrxdvnolci.
O na./'i6o[roE ]rlnguopdg ritcv yipro oro 500 sxarop[iQro. H Aw].icr iXr],I6rop6 5 exorogpu-
oio,r'fioiro!, ro ov6ivo 350.000npiflou.

1651
ONOMAEIA IIEPIoxaN Aor6peE)el66ooe ro 6QyorolJ Almagestum
TID EEAHNID Noyr.an(<N6o Al.pcfotl"). O rirl.og avc-
gqercruoto nql"ql6 6r6),i.oror lltol.epolou
To 1651. o Prto6l"r (6l.ene 1650. Arrl.oi. (6l6ne 140), x.t' nor 6ev eivnu rulcrlo.
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>THMONIKON ANAKA Y\PEON 161

flqcypcrLx<i, o Prro6fu cndgplnte ro qi,,lo- oq;rric r4g enlgdveloEr<rrvouprivr,orvo<opti-

xvrQ[2i6oliol4pa r{q[ srdpvo prd Jor{-
vlgrr.4 oorQovoFid. 6vcv o)'orLr;po ord)va
Frd trry 61600l rotl 6pyou rou Konipvrxor.
To 6r6l,io rou Prro6l.u,6pog, rrQreldp6qvs
xar fvov 1<igr4 rqE Irl,rry4g. qrov oroio ri-
1e 66orr ovopo.r<roe br<igopougxpcr4qrg.
O Prro6?'Lxo0#q<ooerqv ouvrlOelc,nou
e:rrxporei xcu oqpepc, va 6ivorp.eor6pc.rc
YV(0OTU.T!qotQOVOF(r)V OTA IqQqXTr|Qt mrrd
rtoa. IIoLId o16 rc or6pc, c nou 66tooeo
PrrooLr elaxolou0ouv vo lgqolponolou-
vrcr[ q2(dFqxcl or;pega. @uornd,ov6pooe
rov nro epgcv1 xparrlpa qE )eLriv4g Zri1o,
crpoi Oqupa( n<ipa ro).rl rorr Trryo Mnp<i-
'Evcrv
Xs. dL),o peyo.)"o
xpcoiq<r rov ov6po-
oe lkolepaio. O Koztpvmog eivcr opaero.
eu6urixplroExar, o Ktnleq ei,vcuxl our6g
aQxrd lrydi.og.

tYM|UHPQttUTIM
O'yroE rou Kap6l,ou A', o onoiog eile ouroxllOei KdQoi.oEB'(Ctartes It, 1630-1685), r066cr;.
orr1v
A1'y),iceLailovrog vc xep6ioeLto orippc, ol,).<i4rrriorytean6 rov KqdpyoUelorrE 3 Xerx&6eio! ro!
1651,orrl pdxn rou foi,oreq, xcr crv<ryx<ioo4xe
vc xcrogiryrr ndL oro q(ote!16.

L6s3
AEMOAffEIA xcr xc[ pro.g6eorrvto buc9cl6g r6cp6 pe-
qoEror cipcrog, o1 ),ipEo.ft' artr6 ovotrd-
Ol cp),66eEncL oL crprqpieg 4rav yvroordg o9qxav kpEayytia i1fupEtxd ayytrtt.
ono rqv ero11 rov <rp1c[tr.lvE)'],4vtov,ro H i.tggoE cvcl.ntilercr vo c!il.0er clo to
1653opoE nvoxoi"ljqor|xedvc rpi.to 6innro grxporrpoorpogopoqy'],icxor vc leqrioet
o1yiov. O Xorq66E guoLo6ielE 'Olog orov lcilqo 'ydpo <rn6to rurrogo, olqpcti-
Poljv,pnea (Olof Rudbeck,1630-1702)o,tr.L- qoaroE xo uyp6 to.tutort6t. To rr1Qoqtrro
6eLlr tqv lnoplr] rorg oe 6vcv qxlilo. Avo- qrroorQal'yilsror ora ]rpgcryJ,ric ncl enc-
lci),rnpr6rL cur<rr<r16o al"yeic potcr[otrvpe v6pletcu :rc?'l oro crpocp6qccryleia, oe 6r"d-
rrE gM6cq. c),i"ri ilow nto Lrnr<i rorltirpo. gopo.olpelo rol oripntoE.

TYMMHPQMATIM
H AT/).io lroL q OlLl,cv6rxriAlFo{earic. x!'graexolocv oro oo},<iooroepn6qro xcL {rav guoLx6 vc
undQxsrFsydlog di,,xcr"1ovrog6g gercl{ rouE.To 1652Eioroo o npdxoEcn6 prc oetqri q1}.o-o}J.ov6!-
x6v vowtx6v noLiFtov.
O[ O),],qv6oiorw6lloqv ro evicilx6 rle6'yQcppa64proup1io.E uegndvnov c:rorxrdrv.To 1652i6e!-
oov ro K6lrrcow (Capetown)oTovorL6reqo<i4o rqg AgpLxriE.
H avoeydlvoq navdotco4 aou f6oncroeoqv fcL).io (rl oroia ovotldoOryrfrzrdc,
"}pev66vp),
xororwiynr io 1653.Frd (1116 r#vr Xp6vrcqxcrLo Mcr(op!.r (6).ene1648)rile ror:rcl,r,614 TT1vlclqc
uno rov 61.e116io!. >rrry Ail).io, o KQ6FyorE),avoxlQq(en,r
"A6e6o6 llQoot<itrS, xu! E!I! xr auioE
srdh'rn eEoljoia.

'-6s4
GDEOPIA
TAN IIIEANOTHMN ylq as xrrpoirv rrry nlOcv6rrlttr opropdvtr.rv
xcrcordoruJv.tirorr vo.clogcoilouv ndrE
Or, civ0ponor rrou rraiEor/vnryeqci nar,pi.- npdrel vc. nui.lorw xcr rooo lq4pcra vc
bLo6qi,oxow owr10o4 nErcxrrxotrgtp6noug ororX4gcrioow.Av 6evaxol,ouOowgrcrri-
 162 ISAAC ASIMOV
rorq Ui0o6o, 0a Xdoow yQi.lyoQa ra lQnpq-
' Id rouE drr6 nlvorg Jro! rrp cll@loueouv.
'Evag
fcil.l,oE laqronalrrqg, o )e6c]'d
vae MQ (Chevalierde Mere, 1610-1685),6rv
trJloQouoeva x<rrql,d6eryrcrri 61qv o!v-
169 oe 6vo nal1vi0r pt EdQUq., qro onoio rrl-
oreu 6r! 0q 6nprne vo rcpoi.leL. To 1654
oup6ouLetOrperov flaqxdl' (6Lixe 1642)
1' cw6 to 06po, o oloi,og ;rt rrry oeip<i tor.r
oup6ou)'eu0qrcrov OQpd(6l-ene1637).O
floontii. xqt o Oeqpri ovdrrulo.v oproptvtg
pc0lpotLxig relvuiE pr rugonoirg pnogori-
pt vo xqivou;ren6oo nL0avrlcivor q rpq<tvr-
oq oglop6vov cnrv6r.roop<irv oro (pq vo0eu-
p6vc) ltiqucr. Me qur6v rov rqono 60eo<rv
tc 0eptLuct4E 0erogiagtav nt0avotfitav.
H xrieuoLtrrqupyia tqg Oetuqicgeivcuvo
eler<i!er peldl,o cqu0p6 oup6dvrorv, ra
onoic prpovtug.evc61ouv rrryoio lcpcxr4-
pc, ol.Lti oto orwoi.6 torg elvur,rpo6Mrpu-
po. Me rrp n<iqo6o rol 1p6vou, 4 Oeorpio
Turv nr0ovorr1vtovcrno6e[104xecvexrlprpr1
y,o rqv cndrrul4 rqg enrorlp4E.
ATMOToAIPIKH IIIETH
O fx6plxe, cqori enLv6qoer4v crepovrl,ia
(6line 1645),14 lpqorponoi,qoepa vc 6ei-
!er, t4v 6uvopq r1g orpooqclqlnrlg n[eo4E,
pr[ledpara rou dQlro ro 1654.
Ilcpc6eil;roroE 1<igrv,d&or dvc olorvi
1656
AAKTYAIOI ToY KPoNoY
To 1612o fcr),li.aiogncpatrlprpe rov Kp6-
vo pe to tqlrox6nr6 rou xcrr rq6oele rdrr
ropofievo. O nl,ovr]tr6 6polcrleva 61eulpo-
eEolig oe xctoenl'eupdrou. Arv;rnopouoc
vo 6r,oxpivelxcr),<it[ crxqu66grlrov xcl, pe-
r<i qn6 vcr6rnorqpc, or,nqoelol6g elcgo-
vi.oO1xcv.To leyov6E clr6 ev61l.r1oerov
ld'r'cio. Ol crvrlrqloi rol rov eilcrv xcr4-
oe 6vc 6p6oi,o nar 66al,e neviryro tiv6peg vo
rqcr6ouv ro o1our,[,evdrex.ei,voE 6qploog'yoo-
gtoo
oe or1<tor1<i nev6 oTov xu).lv6po o't6
rryv til,)'q ni,ruqd rou ep66l'ou. H crrpoogol-
prxq :rieoq olootoe ro 6p6oi'o peoo orov xu-
l,lvOpo,nopd 16 npoonti0eueE rov revqvrc
crbpdrv va ro ouprqarrloow.
Ee dvc di.).o nei,pcpo,xatcore{ooe 6uo
perc)')rlxri lprogai,qucrnou dxl"ervcvcepo-
ore16Epr rrry 6o{0er,apr,aEyqcocqropev4g
ocq<ivqE. (Arnd ovoptioOrpcot1prlEaipn
rcu Muy\ry6oipyou, yrcri o l-n6qLxerlrav
6 r t p q p t o Sr o u M c r l 6 e p 6 o u p l o o ) . ' O r o v
6xLtr,oero qpr,opoiquoxcu cqoi,peoerov c6-
po cno ro courtrprxoror5. awd ncqi;rrvav
evor;rivcr,ox6pq ror 6lqv o lxrplxe 66eoe
pla op<i6a c)'6y<uvoe x<i0er;progaiqLoxcr,
66cl,etc <iLoycvc rpc6ouv npoE cvri0etcE
zcreu0uvoerg.Avrierq, 6rav ewdrqegeva
er,ol,Oeu adqcg oto eotlr,epux6rlE gercr)'i',1-
xrlE oqcipcg. rc qprogcigLc rivorlcv cno
povc rouE.
Tqv eni,6eilq nopcno)'ot0rpe o @ep6lvdv-
6og f'(1608-1657), o onolog e[1eo,v6)'0er
orov 0p6r,o qg A{cg PtopcixrlE Ar.rtoxpc-
roglaE ro 1637.O a1)ro)iQdroeqEvruur-
oldo0qxr 16oo no)'rl, drore bdrule vcr 1qc-
golv xcr vc 6o0ouv orq 61poor,6r1tc ro
cnoreMopcrcT covne4cpor<ovroo Fxdglxe.
yogrloel 6rr ro rq),toxono rou bqplolqyei
og0cri'panareg aor owr] r; nepinrool 66er-
'Etol,
1ve6rl pnopri,vo eilov 6i.nLo. Oevno-
pcrrlp4oe la1,o rov Kp6vo pe ro r4).eox6-
t[[o.
To 1655,optog,o Ol,),cv66Ecotpov6pog
Kpiorrcv XouXvE(ChristiaanHuygens,
1629-1695), praq 6or10ercr
tou Oi"l.cv6oupL-
)"oo6gouxc(t on, rxou Mndvev,rxr )nwola
(BenedictSpinoza,1,632-167'7),emvorpe pro
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII>THMONIKON ANAKA,\YTVEAN t63

viq xq[ xo].!rQl L[60o6o].oraollsrrtE ecl- nor ei1o.vnepropr,opdvqaliQi6r<r(6oqol-

xtbv. Toro06rrloe rolg 6ei"tr,cop6volgqc-
xoig or rvc rll.roxcirnrop4xouc 7 pirgt-rv
xcr. ro 1656,roQ(rrrlqrpe p orn6 tov Kp6-
Korcti,a6e crp6ocoE ri eile rqo6l.lpctioer,
ro fctrrlaio. O Kp6vog nepL6ol.l6rov ow6
ivcv ).rnro xcr nl,ard 6oxri).to. o onoiog
6ev dlyrle oe xqv6lc oqpeio rov nl,ovrp1.
Kcviva dl,),oouqrivroodrgo.6rvFpt rooo
ncrpcr!,evq 6opr1xcl, elcrdog olton tou 6c-
x r u l . i o u o. K p o v o c0 e o p e i t a rl c v r n d t o
ropol6reqoouqclto orbpcr.
Eri nMov, o X6rlevg ovcxdlupe 6rr o
KpovoEipr ivcrv6opuqopo.rov onoio ovo-
p"aaxTn<iurt (ener6r1,orlv ei,i"1vr,xr1 pu0o-
)"o"yi,o, o Kp6vog eivcr,o crq1rry6E tov TrTti-
vorv).
To i6ro droE, o X6ulevg <rvaxcrtruye6rr
ro peocrionotpo rol rou Qpi,tovo
"lipoug>
6evelrcrr do, po ol.)d 6vo v6gog nou cnore-
)"eiror on6 qorerv<i <r6qlc.x4pepn eivaL
y,ttttor,6aE wEtlapa tou Qpitouct.
POAOI ME EKKPEMET
M61gr exeivq qv eno1r1,lprpuponorouvrov
axoprl rc peoclorvlx<ipn1aallid Qolo'ylc,
lov xorti 6vc pelciLowqog rIE 6gcg).
H ovaxdl,Lrr*r4 rff cpxnc rou mxprpolE
cn6 rov l<ri"lLcrio 6ev epopp6o0lxe op6-
oroE,y,oti 6vo ouvl0uop6voezxpep6gorto-
peirol r<rra 16lo mx)"ou, pe crot6k:opo vc
pqv 61el otcrOeprlnepio6o. (H lepio6og pt-
lol.tbveu6rov pe^yo),6veL zcr ro rofo).
Av to enxpep6g,xorci r1v or,6qrp1 rou,
oxol"ou0or.roe yua xuxToet6l xoprul,4 (1
orolo polci(el nol,u pe tov xlxl,o, 6tqv to
t6!o ei,vorl.rLxpo),r6re q neqio66g too 0o
nopdpere orcrOeqrl.O X6ulevg (6)"6m ncr-
pcrrivto) cvoxcil.uryedvov rp6no pe rov
oloio ixovc rrlv ctriQrlol rou rxxqr;lougva
crxol.ouOci xuxl.orr6r1xc glt ri),4.: r I ouvi-
lero ow66eoero enxqegcgpe 6vo 6apl6uxa-
TdT6Torotp6no cirorero exxpep6g vo eM1-
rov pl0po ntcboqg Tor 6dpoug, 6lcrr1-
1er,
prirvtcgrov rqnlporrxo oTo0epo.
To 1656o X6rryevExorooneuooero nptb-
'Hr,an to nq6to po-
r,o poA6Lpe exxpepiE.
l.or nou i6rvt rqv tirpcrpe axpi6crctrrnrori4
ncr. pel<rl'lxtp1 rar rFov uriolE o rqdlrog
prqlovr"op6E rol e[6ouEnol rltcv opnetci
oxp16rlg6ore vq crno6eilprlolpog orolrg
enlorrlpoveE.

TYMMHPOMATIM
Or OD,qv6oi Eaxo)"ot64ocrv vcrenezreivouv-rrE!:reqrdvtreg ntnolgro!E. To 1655o flre tr6r6oa,,,t
(PeterStuyvesant, rrseirrou16101672),rrouri-ravru6epvrFlE 116NecrgO)rl.cr,6i.og cr6 ro 7647,x(Jxa6t
q No:o!n6td, nol prioctorc tlexae:rrcilpovlo r1g urcgljg r4g eile 6X0sildxtorouE v6o!g oroi'
cn6 ro Kow6xrr,xc-rp6-
rcrgd)r.Lc
xoq. T<i.rpc,4 Nec O).l.nvbia eile trr6 rov 6)re1x6r1E rcr cpeplrccrvtxri
ro Nle).r:ryorrecp eile
xcrr. cp6doer oro r4g axpilg xcL -r4geulpeiagqs.
xpr fevfO
lrov Ivbrxo Qzrsv6. or O).1'dv6oi[IlQov an6 toq floproyci).org-roKol6Ftro rIE Ksijldvl(.

1657

IITsllHToNEaMAmN neiqopc pe crv,Lxei,pevo.

O fn),r,Lci.oErlrcrv 666<rLog6tL 6),o to otir-
pcrcr n6cptor-'v
pe tqv i6lc rop.rr4r<r,ep6oov
bevurnplsr q ovrioroo4 rou cipa. 11onoio
replnl"6zel rn npcrlpntn. Av llvdrcrv 6va
nou nqrow oe xe-
v6 c6poE,6ev 0o un1p1ecvriolcro1 xor- 0o
pnoqotoe vc 6uqn[ot0]0eitiLpeooq e1tup6-
rrpo r1E 0eopi,oE,ovri v<rorqpi(etcr oe )'o-
Yrr0 o!pfir0qo[rdra.
O Awl,og tpuorx6gP6pnept Xoln (Ro-
164 ISAAC ASIMOV

bert Hooke, 1635-1701)enrv6qoeprc cepa- leio xcrutigrpe vcr ndoow crn6 ro l<ivco pd-
vrl,io nou rpcv nuocnoreLroporuxrlncu ruo poEtorr 6o1e[or6vo grep6 xcn 6vtr v6plopo
'ypr11oq1 on6 eneirqvTor-rfx6qlxe (6l6ne rcrur6lpovo. IlQdypqrl, rcr 61ioqvtuxelpevc
1645).'Eror, roprlyoye xev6 p.6ocoe 6vo 6o- 6neoovpe rqv i6uo tclurrpo.

IYIvIUHPAIATIM
To 1657o KQ6pyor'L6r6re!rorols E6edior)gvo em.orqerloworlv A11l'i.c.Or E6qaior eilcrv ex6ro-
Iei ori6 r1v X6eq on6 rov E6o!de6o A', rpelo{pr.oucuiveg nprv.

r.658

EPYOPA AIMOXOAIPIA oe pe To prrqoox6nro 6vTopcr xcu ouvilele

rper,g1l),rti6egnepinou ei6q. fr' ol, 6 0eo-
To pntpoox6nrc eilov ecpeupe0ei proo rQi- peiror ncrripog r4E or,qlpov4g evropo),o-
nor-rqLd)vq nqlv, 6ev rl, ov oprog ro)"ri oro- yidE.
retreo;rorrx<i.
H u.y0wolr(ounriy1qvqv Alir<i 4 nlo cpqplop6vqcroxd),up1 too
rpcrv eldluorl xcu olvl0rog 6ev eoticlav X6<ippeqvropnpolporonolrl0lxe to L658,
Kqrd Tlv bexoe,i.c rou 1650,ro pr"-
r6?'er,q. 6rov 6#xprve pe ro prxpoox6nlo rc epu0p<i
xpooxolrc 6cl,rrcbO4xcv oqxcrd rirorevo. aupoogcigucr,rc ot.rpoti6lcr nou urdqlouv
pnoqouv vc lq4olponolqOolv ot4 pei.6tr1 xctc 6rorrtcroppuprcoro cigo xcr prrogi-
prxpooaonrxdlv rplqp<irov rorv (r.,rv,cvtirv qor-rvo1 14plrr1 oloio q oroio onoppoqo
ogyouopdrv. olv1,6voan6 rov cdp<rnou ero6qlercrroToug
O OLl,<rv66grpuoro6lqqgfrcrv )6dppep- nveupoveg.(Arno ovcxa?lriq0qxerol,r-rop-
vrqp (JanSwammerdam, 1637-1680)p"ei.etl- YorQd).

TYMMHPOMATIM
O O).r6eKQ6$yoL)"
r66av orrE3 tnxsp6eio! rou 1658.

L6s9

MEIAAHIYPTH O Aq4g, o cp6oorgnovtlvo, epog nldvrl-

Xcrel oro tql.eox6nlo, or crotpovopor61.e-
nov ror.rgn),avfreg ocv prxg6gogolpeEncl,
eni nliov, proqouocv vcr Orcrxgi.vowlapo-
xrlErrorlnciolprio oe peqr"xorig
on6 ouorrg.
H Agpo6i,rq, q onoic rcr<i 6rcor4pora
ri"rpr,nlel q Iq neqLoo6teqocn6 xrioe rii"l.o
r),nvr1rr;,ncp6peve<ipoqg4 lrcrrl gcuv6rnv
vo xcl"rrrterol cn6 mr,tv6orpcbpovetprbv.
rqg, qrov 6r,nrpoperrx6g. To 1659,o X6uIvE
(6lem 1656,O AorruluoE ror Kp6vou) 6d-
nplve vo oxougo rpllrovlxo o4p<i6r,orqv
enlpdvelc ror-rn?lcvr1tr1xol ro ovopooe Me-
y 4 2{pr4. Bi6aro. 6ev 4rov :rpalgorrx4
otprq, 6:ro9 rar ou rqg Xei"rlvqg
"o<iLcooeg"
6ev ltov npolporr,rdE Oril"oooeE,ol"l.<iro
ovol,r(lfiqQpfla.
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>THMONIKON ANAKAAYU'EAN 165

TYMMHPQM\NM
Merd rov orivcro tou Kp6g'yorctr lprryoqcr enr.nq<irrpeldog ot4v A1y),txri Kor.volol,Lreto roL 6yrv eo-
vrq6 6114 <rnoxcrdorcovlr4c govcpliag rirav OiUaXeovou.
H folJricr xcL 1 loncvio elcxo),ou0r1ocw vo no)r:pouv $rd ro r6loE rou TelaxovxoxoogfloMpou.
To 1659ur[6yQcnlro,,, reiv1 !r afi6lurcr n].eortxrLxoiq 6qougyrc qv fcr].],ic. H loacrvicr6ev
rrlrErloug
0a dnorfr nord fav<i rov Q6i,otrlE pydi,nE6rruaUIE.

1-660
TPIXOEIAHAffEIA
H 0etuplc rou Follll.rap XdQ6i, po rlv
ruxl'ogopi.o rou oi,pqxog(6lsns 1628)eprre-
gri16a(rolpawrx6 {v6. O XdQ6eij uro-
orler(r 6tt ro qipq reqvd o16 tqv xcrp6r<i
oxrEqprlQiE, oflo r[E qQqQ[EoI[E gh6E
x'a[ ot[6 lrg e)ua6E stlrorQ6erorrlv ,l,qebro.
Al).cr rtirE fiQvdro o.lpo 0r[6 rrE oQrqQiE
orrE gU6E; Aev urnp1e xqprd oQorrl ou\,-
6eo4 xcl o Xdp6eii o6l1n0ryr clvtryrqqxl-
rti oro oupn6qcropcr orr n 6161,!04 clrl
J[Qc'ypclorrorlrqr6r,<ip6oor or,pop6pov
oTyi(l)vno! ivdr 16oo plnqc drore6evqoi-
vor,Tcr 6ri lupvou ogOalpo!.
Oporg ro plxqooxorlro eile 1iv[ flra orf
pcvtrxo epyclci,oxcu 6vcg crn6TouEnpolo-
rloQot.rE rou rop6o rlrov o Itol'6E quolol'6-
1og Mcqro6D.o Ma),ni,yxr-(Marcello Mal-
pighi, 1628-1694).OL Lenr6Epep6ptiveErov
prepdrv r4g vulreplb<rg nepdlow 6vcr 6t-
Orcrotc,o 6ixtuo cr,poq6prrrvoy'/si,ov.O
Mci'ri1xl 10 l.li\irlor pe ro lrtrQoox6nro
to 1660xqr Fi6c olr or no prl(Qooxollk6q
aQrnQiExcr, 9l.66egouv66ovtcr perolri
rouE 1rt olario rooo prxpd nou 6ev gcivo-
vrar lorp[g prrqoox6nLo.Tc ov6gaoerqLyo-
eL6f ayyeia (capillaliesorc oyy)"lxti,cn6 T4
Lrrw'zil li\r1 capillans,nou onpcivtr <reilr-
voE", erer,6r;eivoL noi'6 l,e-
"rgr,1oer,6r1E")
nro. H otopio, l'oLn6v, rou Xciq6eil oiro-
rci'qqdrOqxe pe t4v eplcoi,a lou Mal.r[iTr.r,
ai','a o Xda6eij 6ev 6!qoe yrc va 6er rqv
rrol'4oeuo4 r4g. Eile reo<ivernqtv cno
T8[(rXQOVTC.
ETAI.IKO' HAEKTPIEMOI
Orcrv o @ni.r|g(6l.ere 585 r.X.) p)'roto
xrEpq).v4nrag r6[0rrlrsErou pql'vylrirn. pF-
}lrrpe enioqExol to rlLexrpo(xe1pr,pndqr,),
ro onoio. orqv tgLq0ei..6i,xcr).qeQdqvn-
xei;revc. Evrir o pcyvlrirqg 6)'ntL;rovo tov
oi6qpo, ro rjkrtqo 6i"xer" nol'1.6gor,cqogerr.-
lteso!or,ss.
O fouli.trrcrpfx[l'.pnQr,rro! ar66LE 6rr
1fq ei.vur pcp{rqg (6}"ere 1600),6rcri-
or(r)otor( 4 oQioxprioro).1'oE xcr 6rdgopor
rol.iflpoL i'iOourcporor,<i(orw qv i,6r,oel'-
xr[?in 6uv<rpl 6rav rplgOouv. O fxll,pnepr
ovdpcoe ourdg ug oooirE 4lexqtxiE (an6
rq Mlq f,trzrpo). tvtir ro gcrvo;rrvo ovogri-
ogr1xe4),utptop6E Ener64 o 4lel.(rQrop6E
rov rll.exrpr,xtirvul.uxrirv6ev prq6dllrqr
IoQiE E(l)rQrxn rqQep6(ron, ovop<iooqxe
opy6teprr or aux6 g fl,txt ptoptj E.
O nQqrroElTouqrTfbFlE r4v nopouoi<r
aou qxdr,xo! ll2.rgr,opol oe pe1<i),q x),i,po-
xa trav o fr6pr,xe, o ololoE rile e!Qe!
rqv cegcrvr),,ic (61'nrc M45). To gcn6;rtvo
rou r;)cntpLopolrncpcry6tcrvpc t4v tpL6r1.
'Erol,
ro 1660,o f?riprxo xcrrqoxriooprq
oeoi,eo ar6 oe[o, 4 onoia IleOroreg6rov
p.erqv 6or10er,c ev6ElelBootqoqdlrou (pcvu-
661'cg).Av, xcorirg 4 oqolpo nepLorpeq6-
rav, rqv dyyrle l{oviE l.rro X6Or,ouooo-
peuo,cv prc JToi\!l.lydll rooorrFq orqr[-
,(ou q}.xrQropo!.Eile 14 6ovat6qrc owe-
ltilv popri,oecovrtqr crroeoQriqtrlv xor o
fxiprxt gnogouoe F ourfu vo 64grouqyrl-
oeLonLv0rgpeE.
166 ISAAC ASIMOV

IYMmHPQI4ATIM
>rrs 8 Mqiou rou 1660,o KdaoloE B' (Cha es II) ovil,oe mov ayy),rxo 0p6vo, 6v6exc 1p6vrc per<i rov
or[oxedhsp6 ro! Kae6lou A'. M6oo oroug 6excnivre or.cbwgr1E dyytrlxriE roroQiaE. aur6 eivcr ro po-
vo6ur6 ortiorlpo oro oroio I AT/lio il.rrr x(l)eig 6ao ,0d.

L66l

XHMIKA>TOIXEIA 6ev pnopei vq cvoLuoei oe xdtr on)'ouore-

Eilov rep<ioel1tJeo oro 6uo 1,1,r,<i6eg 1q6-
v[q c'I6 16r ][o! o AQrororilqE eile pr,i,4-
qr yrq rq dooeqcr orouleiu (yl, vQo,qdQq
noL gor,<i) nou m.rpteorouv rlv fn, 'tcr 6vo
n6grro (rov at06go), nou ouprgori ro ou-
q<ivrc o<bpcrc. Aot4 nop6gcver; xrpioplq
Oeoqlc, cv xor,peplxol ql1nprcl6E [Iqv e-
(1)Q4or[oE r[olu orlpoarrxo 06poro roa
!6qdQyuQo,ro oio xql ro qldrr.
ALl'<i q rnol1 rlE qlllgria( iXErrQq-
qeu.To 1661, o Ayy).oE ('yewqp6vog orqv
IqLav8ia) quorziolnpn6E P6pirepr Mn6u)'
(Robert Boyle, 162'7-1691) el66ooe 6vc 6r.-
6l"io pe titl'o The SkepticalChymisr("O oxe-
rlrrxrorrlE XnprornEr), pe cnor6l'eopc ro
'tbto
r,o 6,ro1ttra),y4pLariE (alchemisl) \a W-
rcreqrrl o )Cnporie (chemist), 6qlcbri 1t
plr6g. H nopdLer,rpqtou:rpo06potog a,l.-,
'Iou riv(rr ro cgc6tx6 tiqopo. cvrrnqootir-
J[urcrd rdfioro 186r[0 1o r6].oErqE pe-
ocrrovrx{E erolrlg orov ropec r4E 14peicrE.
Xro 6r6i.io rou, o Mrr6ul 6rc16proe q 1r;
pria o16 rrp r,crqr,xrlxcrr rrp rcorep<ooeoE
cvelriprrp4 ernorrlpq.
To o4povrrn6tepo efiirr'yFo tou Mnou].
lrov orr tir04or rq 14pric nqog r4v ncteu-
Ouvoq r4g firecrpqrrrnE r[lornplE. O
Mr6rl?' rlOe)evo rlqoo6roQiEovxar, rq 1lp[-
xd ororlla u ro rleiQapa xar 6xr p oo].Lo-
Yrcpo1JE.
Enr,orlpcve6tr, ororleio rqdreu va 0eopry
Oeix<iOeqrl'6 olorcrrrro rnE frlE ro oroio
Qo. EJroUivoE.rde ouoia lou 6ev plogri
va ovql.u0ei,oe on]'olocqeE ti,vol 6vc otor,-
1eio, ev6 or,ouoieErou m66xoarqrpro' 16-
'Erou,
rolcr clcl).uoq 6e! eivcruo-ror1ei,c. o
p6voE rg6nog pe rov onoi.o pnopoupe vo
6ronrortbool;c crv pt,c ouolc eivcrr oTorlelo
r1611ei,vorvo npooncOrlooupcvo rlv cvc-
llooup o qfitroiorQcrquorcrr[xd.
OEEOBA'IKH I'OPPOIIIA
O Innorp<ir1E (6Mne 420 r.X.) uromrlpLlt
6u q tryeicrelaqrdroL cfi6 rqv ocoorl [ooe-
Qoric rtrlv xoodQov1l;lirv (tou cigo.rog.
tou gi',elpcrog, tqg lcvoqg 1ol'r|Exor, t4E
pt).cr.vcg1o)'4g).Arnrl 4 r66a 6l4oe 6to 1r-
l,r<i6eE1p6vlo, 6norExcr rc rooeQcroror-
X[aro! AQlorortrq.
O Oi')'ov66g yr.orp6g <DgcvrENre tre
Mnoe (FranzDe le Boe, 1614-1612),nou aL-
v0[ r[eQroooTeQo yvrootoE pe To xlolLvl-
opvo 6vopc 6polxioxog Xul"6roug
(FranciscusSylvius),aroxneuE qv Oetogio
Tov roodQovIUUdv ro l66l xar urroouler-
Eeort 4 vyeicrefaqrtirot cno rqv tooqporio
of6tov xol 6doetov p6oo orov op1ovr,op6.
'Hrcv
onuro6llore prc 6rl.tiu-ro1oc o1iorl
u rrJv rlqlqr6rgl dfior{,q.
O }ilr6uoug g"eLeqoeenioqg Ic lrrrrrric!
uypd, 6rr<oEtr.1. rov oletro,riqr urroorrierEe
6rr q nirpq eilor lqputrl 6lcblrcoio (lupto-
o4) xcr 61r p41cvr.xr1(tilreoq). )e qut6 ro
oqy,eioe[1eow6i'wo 6lrro.

TYMMHPOMATIM
O Kdeo)'o5 B' en6oLoe 6loug rolE xllpLzorg, rou6 eroipolg xollelirov rcr. ror4 6ooxri),ouE rcov cr1o-
 TO XPONIKO TcIN EIII>THMONIKON
li(ov vo 6X0ouvro a.'/\tjxrlvw6 Kotv.j lleooeuxoMy@ (Book of CommonPrayer). Ot x[QoxordvrEtlolj
aQvrle4xor,' ovopdoolxav 6roqovoivrE (Nonconformists).
:rnv fol'l"io, o Maqoeiv n60avxa! o AouSo6ixoElA', noo nrov nlo ixoo! rer6v r6v, ov6lo6
:tpootonrx<it4 6toxu6ipvrlol rIE ltirqog.
L662
NOMOTTOYMIIOVA
O Mroul, enelbrlrelqopcrtr,lorqv F ro rt-
v6, l4rrpe on6 ror P6pneqt Xow vcrxctc-
oxrucoel prcr 6etrrtog6vqcepavti"io (6Mnt
l6s7).
H crpcvrLic cnor6l,rot cpoppr4 tlore o
Mn6ul rq ev6lcrgeg0eiyu<rrc c6plo lor ro
1662cvox<il.uprort o orpcg groqei vc ou-
purro01. To xcr6qOooe lploLponolrbwcg
6vav yudl.rvo oro)'lvcr pr]xotrg5 pdtgrov pe
a1rlpc J. To prxq6 ox!)'oE rou o<oh'1vorltov
xleror6 n(rr 6r(rv o Mr6oi' 6pLfeotov otoi'r1-
vcro6pripy.upo,pLcnoo6rqtc crlpa ncll6eu-
01xt oro prxgo oxi)'og.
Kct6nrv 6Lo.nioroqnog, 6rov eloiryap
prcrlgoo0rr4 nooot4ro u6qopyipou olo
ro cvor.1r6 ot6puo tou otu)'r|v<r,ro 6dqoE
tqE orpnleoe cxopq negloo6repoxov ndyl-
6elgevo cdqc xcr peiuroerov 61xo rou. O
Mrou)" cvanriLurpeou o 6yxog rou oeglou
eivor ovrrotp6gurg cvn).oyog r1E nieo4E
nou ugi.orcrnr ro c6gro. A4),a64, otcv 6r-
a ) . < r o i c r lr o 6 d e o g r o u u b p a q y i p o u . o
6ynogrou oepi,or.r luvotov o puooEtou crqll-
'OTcv
r<ou. r p L r i ' c r o L c r ( reo 6 < i p o Er o u
u6pcrpllpou, o 6yxoE yrvorov to 6vo tpi,to
tol cppxoul.or ouro xc0elrqg.Arto to
q<lv6p.evoovopd(erat v6pogtou Mtt6uA.
To o4p<rvrr.xorepo orpn6pcopo ourori
tou nerp<ipcroErlrcv 6tL o crigcExot, 0e<r.l-
prlrLxc, ra di')'o adpro, 61ouvoroplx4 6opq
xcr ott rc <irogd rouE 6gioxowcrr or pry<i-
)rrEcnooroorrg prtolu roug. Mr rlv nieol,
tc dropc nv<ryxcrlov'vor vcrntrqorcroowre-
ploo6,epo, pe onor6l.eopcvc prxp<rivero
61xog.
Ta uypo lcr ro oreped 6ev gnopouv vc
ANAKAAYWEQN 167
ouplreoOorlv pe r4v i,6la uxollq, qrlro
6po.rg6ev olpciver cvclxoorrxd 6rr 6ev
anorel,ouvrauqno qtopc. Xq bLr4 ror-rE nt-
pi.nroo1, ro <iropc pnopei vcr 6gioxorrcr
1161oe encarl gtrelu ror4.
H LE6or4g cropLxrlg 6opr1Err;g ul.ry 6ev
evrel'69ar6 qv rro1qlou Anpo-
eile 1crOei
xqlrorl (6Mne ,140lr.X.). Ynrlplov novtore
orolcordE nou 661ov,cv tqv uncplr1 rolv
o.r6ptov.'Op.o.rg,rc nerp<iporo rorl Mroll'
rlrov q Lolup6rep46v6el!1 nou eile ncpor-
oroo0ei p61pr enelv4 t1v ero1rl yr,o rqv
elxr-rq6rqrcrrqE OeopioE xct o [6ro9 o
Mroul. rqv rroOirloe. Qotooo. 0o regvori-
oe ev<tplou oltitvcg crnopq dronou vc elr-
rqot4oer evtei.dlgq cropLx4 0eorpior1E
uhs.
BAIIAIKH ETAIPEIA
A.116rc p6oc lou 16ol <ru6vc,rlQqyptrxo-
'IOLO1JaIOV OUVOVtrlOerE er[LollpO1r(DV OtO
Aov6ivo xo.r q ow10elo ourrl e6poLtb0lxe
crx6prl reproo6tepo p.errrr,ryvlldlv6p0onr1
rou Kopohol B'.
O Kcpohog, 6ro.tgxcu noi"l"oi <iLl'or po-
vdpleg rqg enolqg rou, fiQoordr! rLEsn[-
otrlpeEener,61npoo66u6crv 16119ootrp 16-
ecr rcrr roD'68 goeig nQoofgepov ul"lrd
og6i.q.'Eror, ro 1662,ibpooe11 BaoAmq
Etatgtta. fLo no].}'d 1g6vrcr,ro p6)'4 trlE
trclpei,og onord.otocv ro ^<rpnp6tgo ou-
voLo enro-rqp6vorv :ror eile epgcvloOeiono
r1v enolq qE cxprlErqE Ai.eldv6qercE.
Ou eroipor,T6oo cn6 tqv Aryi"i,c 6oo xol
on6 ro eltoteplx6, doretrvcrv^yqcnr6gcvo-
xotv6oerg otrp erclqelo. Eni,o4g,npoypo-
ronorouvtov orr/xelrQdotEoTrg onoleEol
168 ISAAC ASIMOV

riqor Evq[Qdvovrqvyrq ro 6eyo r@v ou- philosophical(eLXoaogtx6E)eile q qqpqqi,o

vd66)rgtrrvrouE. EniolE, l erarQeiae66[6
vo neprobrx6 pe ti.rl,o Philosophical
Transactions ("@r,i',ooogr,x6g6l(rrpr66Er),
oto onofo ol trciqor pfioQofoa! vo 6qpooL-
eiooov tc oloretr6opcrc nergcp<i,trrvxcr
ovcxa)'ur,Lrerg.Exeivq rqv enoXri, q L6El
<lrroqpovlx6C>.Ol MIeLEscieae (e:rLor4-
pq) rtcr[sci?ntirt(enlorrlpovcg)6ev eilov
err,voloei,c'(6p1.
Merd rqv enttullc rqg Bcoli"txrlg Etol-
peiog, xcl dlfug 16qeEl6pr.rocv:top6powE
enuorlpovrxiEeroqeieE.

IYMMHPOIMTIM
O KdQoloEB' rraQo1drp4oe oqv onorxicroo Kowrtrlrict10 6ltcicopoptogouotoorrxrictre[<tpr4r1g
64porcqonxfE6tcxr,66pv4o4g. Aur6 66tooeotols crloiriougIlE pto ttoedbool qvEoerrpio!, trou 0d
64prougyoi.oe enovcororrxlg 6rc06oerg, I Ayfllct tleootldrpevo enr6<ifuL
6to.,r,6vcvor<iwoog'ydtep<r.
trp elouoio tr1Eorg crorxieg.

t664
MEIAAH EPYaPA KHAIAA qpa n1).i6a. Eiae x6xxvto,(Qdrpqxqr rea-
orrEbrqoadqErs. 0116 .rp1 q 110c loqou-
To 1664 o Xoux (61-em1657) noqorrlpqoe o Focrmnv Qu0Qdrql'i6u, loqlE vo oyyi.-
plq Uyql1 ooer,6qnq],16cofip t[rgdvlc leu rrp nepi,ptpo rqg.
roo Ai.c, 4 onoia ovopdoOnrcpeydLtl epu-

TYII UHPOA|ATIKA
M61pr.exeivrlr4v enol{, rpcv 6rloxo}.o'yrc rLgc1y}.r#g onotxie6va elcrn}"cogodv vorLo16 olpregrlriE
BlQrlivra,lldri or r,onavr,rdg olplolqlotocrv neptn)"ox6E.
6rerbrxrioerE H loncrvi.a opoE6pr,oxotov oe
noqoxpr],g.eanoril'eopcvc prp,p:roqeiva eMyletrtg rcq'<ixtreg neptol6g66peLc r1g@I6prvtc.'Erol,
ro 1663.o KdeoLosB' rrc Ay),)'ioErdeox6qloe oeoxttir olJkzorig,rou eilov 6o10{oeLorrtv ro}'tv6Q-
6oorirou,ro 6rxoiarpavcrr6prioowonorxiegoic ncedlrc v6tt,ctlE Brqrfivro.Merov rp6ro cwo 64-
pl.oueyrlIraqv
or drlolxi.rgr1EB6geroExor N6r[aEKaeo],ivoE.
N6E XoeofieaEiE silov oqlioet avrigrocorlv A}'y),ioxar q! Ollovou,oiAlpo'ieari.o.Mio otro
rLEnp6rq oweneeElrav orr 011627 ALyouororr 10! 1664,pta aT/l.Lr{fvoutr"rripoiQaavdyrooxoug
vc ncpc6rioow q N6oO)'lcvbic, t1v onoic eilcv uno tov itrqrx6rou6eni pro6vcrrcbvo.
Oi"l"crv6orig H
neproxr]t4E N6ogOLl,cv6idgovoFdqolxNia Ydqxl xcrl11a6lr1rou N6ooAForeQvrcpovopoooltt
r6lq qE N6cgY6px1s.or Awlor idrea,iareilov ro rrqQdhqqg B6percE Agrptx{6cr6 rrJvB6pero
rar N6rro Kapol,ivoF.6Xer to M6!v,l!o06E,iqt tlv N6o fl. Qor6oo,e[crxo],ou0orlocv vcruntiplow
Lontrvr,n6g
cnor,xiegorovv6ro xot yo),ILx6E otov 6oQed.

1'6s
KYTTAPO
H 1qr1or1rou prxpooxonlou 6rc6r66rcv pt
'EvaE
lopyo gu0p6. an6 rouE xdlrlreQouE
eelvlrdg Jrou xo Ieqolponolrlodv nrav o
Xourc(6Mne 1657).To 1665e!66ooe to 6r.-
6l,Lo Miuographia ("Mtttpo1qcAi,o") rot-t
rrereygqgs rqv eeyqqiq xou oxov rop6c(.
flepLelle pepr,nriofi6 rcr xql,urQa o16rq-
yedpporo pIxqoqxofirx6v rrqQqxlQnqe@v
nou 61ow {ver nor6.
H oqptcvtlx6cgl ovalcdluqrn rou Xoori
(o.vxar q oqpcoio rqg oiyolJQq6evqvotvo-
pio0rpe exelv4tqv efto1l) crqoQouoe rq 60-
p4 tou ge),}'ori.MeMtqoe pt ro [rxeooxo-
rlro 6aa lJ[16 1pdllo eei\trot x(r[ qv(trolu-
 TO XPONIKO TON ENI>THMONIKON
{, orl qrorei\i,ral or[6 pLxpooxorlxaEoe-
0oyrirvttEorig. or onobg ovoprio04xcv xir'
xqeq (ar6 r4v lEl nou oqpci.-
"mrroqog",
vsr <xt'V6l.rt
rqE xrprleQ0E>).
Td xurrcrQcrrrou raQqrlQ4o o Xoux
rlrav xevd, eneL6rlo lo16g orov ololo 6pi-
oxovrol r1ro.vvexQ6g.Ontlrg ivql ].voor6,
rcr mrrogo rtov L@vrovd)alor6v 6ev elvol
rcvri). Qor6oo, 4 ovopcoic ncp6gerrc.
fIEPIOAAEH TOY OOTox
Exelvq tqv eno1rl nepinou, cglloe vc ri0e-
ror ro rQdrlFc (ra ro goE 6X[r(uporrk4 rl
o<oporlbr<rnrj guo4,6vc eg6r4pcr nor-r0c
q1I(tolololjo rouE r(rorrlpovEy!o rroi!!
xcr,p6.
Tn xupcrra rrolJrrxnparlLowor olla n-
govlo rou vepoi lrcv ro xriqlo un66eL1po
{uporrxou gorvopuvor rlorl i1qv qrlv 6rd-
0to4 touE or t(orrlpovE.Oruv ro nupcrc
on[d fieedoorw6i.n]'cron6 6vcrepr66r,o,la-
pcrrpeircl xoprlrqrlE roQlqgro!g, p aro-
r6lopo va 6lo6i6ovrcL, xcr<i 6vov 6c0p6,
xcrunioto <rn6to epr66lo. Auo propei. va
0tr.lrpr10tilcqcxrqpLqrrxo ol.tlrv rurv xutrlri-
rov. T6rolo xripqq 6ev noqctrlpeircr ot4v
nivrpq rcrrvoorpcrrr6iorv orcrv 6teplovrar 6i,-
'[l,a a'[6 Ft[66[o. To oropcti6lo ei,m npo-
oxgouow :tdvo oto epr66[o xar aa<lnl6ouv
(cvarl,rirrrcr,) ir 6ev ro ayyi.louv, or6re
owelilow eu0r,"ypcp,pc qv noqei,<rror-rg.
O ryoE cilr Octup40rixuportxo rpcuv6pr-
vo, emr6r1cxpr6riE :rogorou<ifeLxdprpq qg
nopricg rou orov neovci6[r],c oro tgno-
6lc. Aro rqv <il,),4n}roqd, ogotr ro grogp[-
XvetoxriE pr oogig nrpilpcppc. rircv er6-
trrevovc Oeroprl0ei6Tr <rnore)',eircrcn6 pt-
xpooxo:rlncioropori6r,<r.
'EvcE
[ra]'6g quolx6E, o Ogcrvrodolo
fxqLpc 'vru (Francesco Maria Grimaldi,1618-
1663),erave pLa roponlpqo4 4 ololcr 64-
pooLeo0qxe 6uo lpovlcr prd lov 0d!o'16
rou, ro 1665.O frplpd),vrl o.qqoepLcrgcr.r-
rervrl cnrivc vc lepdoeL peoa cr6 buo 01-
ANAKAAYIYEON 169
v6g ol,opeg rono0erqpevegn piq rrloo slr6
Kct6nlv, 4 oxti,vc dreqte oe prc
r4r, <t),1,1.
LcunilrnLq,tivrro. O Fxprptiirvtr brcniotroqe
6rt 4 qorterv4ltbvl n<ivo ot4 Ltun{ entgd-
vero r]rov l.i.yon?.oturrpl ono tr,g or,opcg.
'Eror
xcr6).11eoro oupmiqoopo 6tr, q cxri,-
vc e[1exapgOei e],crgQdoro dxQo rtrlv o1r-
oprcbv, 6vc qcrLv6pevonou ov6paaettepi9).a-
o4. Auro rlrcrv plc 6vber,l4o-rt ro gtoEilar
14upGrr1ao gcrvopvo.
OptoE,q xciprl.r4t1g nopei.crg ev6Exupo-
roE nor.rnepvd 6inl'o ort6 6va epn66lo
sEaQrdla[ cr6 10 oxerrr,6 pip0oE rotr xr.r-
Farog rccr tol ep,no6iol. o)'cr ra x]-pcrc
q.vcxld)vrcr ov ro t;rn66ro tivcr o11rovrrnri
;rrlal.rjtego cno ro xi;rc. (flcpo6ci1;rcrog
lcrprv, rcr xlpqrq vQo! caqxir6vrsr 0116
toug rupcro0pcr-rotgxar ra rlgxlnd ]rupq-
rcr qvartl,6v[cl crr6 ro roi1opo ev6Elxqe-
po!). Aqou rc q(l)r[vd liljporo ova]a].6-
vtor or6p4 xcr cno grxqit cvrrxrlpevc xcr
:rcporroLclouv el'<i1,or1 repi0).oo1, o64-
youpaor oro oupn6paopo 6tl, ov to qog
ipr xupcrLnolcqaxrrlgcr, rcr xupo.rtirou
0c rpdner vo eivol no?'upr,rcqou prlxoug.
Qor6oo, or dpervegrol frQr.trdl.vrro^/vo-
ri04xavoe yevtxrg'yqopprExcr 16r,apd11r1
olvelioOryceeri evdprou ar6vc popig nc-
pln ovaqopci oto 6pyo rol.
IIEPITTPOaH TaN IIAANHTON
OL corqovopoLei1o.v6LaxpiverXoOoxrler-
orrx<i o4geia rtivtu orqv entgtivero.ptptxrirv
n),o.v4rtJvnor. ncpor4pdrvrcE6vov o.nocu-
roug cno vupo oe vi1rc. e6i'encv rcr oq'
pei<rvcreggcvifovtct orqv cnrg<ivtrtirou.
vo lcivovrcr, orlv nloor rtl.-euq<t
tou xcrrno-
r6nlv vo enovepqcvi.lovtor,,xc06g o drc-
vrlr1g reqlorpeqorav yuQtrrcrn6 rov olov<i
rou. Av ouvi1r!,qvruglcp<rr4p4oetgcuric
ri oQ14ro 6laor4pa rol 6roleoxodv rov
lpovo nou eile nep<ioelpe rov oplOpo rov
JrQ[orQoe6a,pJloQotooa vc xoro.].4louv
oe plo nxp16rlexrip4oq tr;g ralnrpoE ;repr,-
t70 ISAAC ASIMOV

qrQoptE ro! [2!avnrn. orp6qov,ol "ytpol on6 tov dlov<i roog,

Me curov rov reoJro, ro 1665,o Frilr),og
oorgovopog (pwlyevog orqv Ir(r)'i(r) TEqv
Nrogevtxo KaooivL (Cian DomenicoCassini,
1625-1712)oroloyrq ot o Aqqg erre)'e[
pla nepLotqog1yuqo crr6 Tov dfovd rou oe
24 d.rqtExcr 40 l*nrd. rvtir 1 ntqrotqoqrj roo
Aic brcpxei 9 tirqeExqr 56 trrwd.
To p1or,6g 6rl cru,oi ol nl'cvr;teE nepr-
6ncog4 f4, tol.rg 6xcve vc polrtfow ox6prl
rreQroo6Teeo ! Tov rllovnrn poE. Or, orwe-
leiE corqovopr,x6g qvcrxqllrl,e[E 66rlvqv
6)'o xor repr,oo6reqo6Tt 1 fn 6ev croreL.el
[Orq[rQnfiQlrwoq1crvdprooorolg n],cvr1-
reE.To p6vo nou r4v [e1togi,[el cn6 dir],ouE
eivcl ro leyov6g 6rL e;rei.goup6oi,vel vc lou-
p! o' (rudlv.

tYM|UHPQ|qUTIM
To Aoll6ivo rl,rffI on6 ory nov<ir)r1xcr or. ow6nemg rirov rprolrrdE. Or pLooi.0'16 alilfvolJE riou 6v
F roQoioov vc .yxoxckirlow rry :r6i.q leoovov. Al,)d I rav6l,rl 6ev gci,vetcL vc oropaid rov n6I-
'Eror,
[ro. rnv i6ro Niv41povr.<itiqllocv ovorxi6E s'xoeoreaEieg qvdBoa orlv ATy],i,o xcL rrry O].],ov-
6i0.
>rlv loravio, o Otl"Lnr.oEA'(1605'1665) reov. Tov 60a0X0lko yloE rolJ, KdAol'oSB'(1661-
1700),o onoiog rirov p6),"r.9 reoocqrover6v xor 1600 eriudoOvog 60r ,iavig6v tei.[ve6tl 0o enufri-
oeu.EmL6rl 6ev lnrlqlcv <il,),ordg.eoou 6rd6oxo!,ro Q6rnpo yld ro ndrEOcrru6eqvq0o0vol req<iorrcE
r,o;tcvr.r<!gxr{oerg tiqlLo va anaoxo}i 6}.1 r4v Elqrirn4 lor eloxololioloe vq irlv onooxoli, lcp' 6lo
rou o Kdeorlog B' xor6q0tooe vc noqcgriver lurwov6E eni rql<ivro l6we 1p6vrc Urd irlv oi6vrl iou.
EneL6rl6).o owo ro 6r.tior4ua rirav <ippooroE xor 6v orrfilo rote 6d6oxo, ! dvioorl Ealoi,or?p
ouiorn.
>rlv BoQraAperr{ri,!6ei'0i'' I arorxia rou Nror.rT169or.

1666
OAEMATOYOATOE
To 1665rql ro 1666,o Ayyi'og errorrlpovcrg
Iqqdx Neurov (Isaac Newton, 1642-1'727)
6xcve plo oelg<i oqpcvrlxdrv nerpcptirtrrv
F epq ro qtoE.> e,vqqro q!Id, pta gto-
rrvq ot(rivc nevorioecn6 6vc nqiopo (6vcr
rqryorvrx6xopp<irt,yucri'i)rar xor6nrv npo-
oenwrreoe vcrvkw6 roi1o.
fltiv@ qrov roilo r6re epgcvll6rav plcr
qtQdXQopdrov. To rpripo. rou gtot6E nou
iNutroori 11 pLrcporcpqxdprpq 4tcv to
epuOqoxor, crrolou0ouocrv xcrtcr oelpcr To
rroQro2io],[,To xi,Ter,vo,
ro npoolvo, ro nuo-
vo xq[ ro [66E.>rtE brclorprorrr6E nepro-
16g cv<ipeoa orcr Era6oluid lQ6ptrro, ro
xdO le6pa percrpen6rov orqOrqrd oro
en6g.evo.
Mrln<rrE rc lpdrpcra eilcv rcpol0el cno
ro yuo).i; OXr, ylcd 6tcv to qtog ro! EQ-
lorcrv cn6 ro rre{irTorQioFo repvouoe cn6
6vo btrirepo npi,opo tono0e14trrdvoqvti,-
oTQO9a,rO AJrOTiLOFO rlrOVLeUxogo)E.
Tc lpdrpcra e[1cv evtrl0slrdr rdi\r.
Aur6 orlparve 6rl to q<og61el evrel,cirg
6uqoqerrx6 1qQqxlnQq qfi6 6,rl !6pr!a!
ol enlo,rlpoveg.fI<ivtore enlnporouoe 4
ql.rii'r .'l 6ar ro )ua6 gorg eivcrt <ra0qQ6>
xcl oxl ro Xptirgc epgcvilercl pr tqv eni-
6pooq nor.raoxotv 6rdgopo uilrrtri otirpotc
rdv(o oro eoE.
To nerp<ipotc tou Neur@vqxqr60rEqv
otu ro lpdrpo eivar, plcr ey,1'evi6l6l6rrpc rou
g@r6E xor 6ru ro l,eun6 g(,g ei,vor,lri,yl,rd
oloqoqerlx6v IQ@pdr@v.H uirq errpetiler
ro gog p6vo pe qv onopp6q4ol oQroUi-
vtor,lptopdrtrrv rcr tlv p1d6ool n qvd !q-
oq dl}.ov.
Kovtig 6pog 6w Wtbqu(ecx6;r1 ti rivaL
cw6 nou ndver ro qtug vc ncrlgver 6ragoge-
ruid ,(Qd)palo.
 TO XPONIKO TON ENDTHMONIKON ANAKAAYiPEAN t7l

TYMTUHPOMATIM
To Aovbivo, crqor uliorn rr1vxorooreoqi rIE r[crv6[Is, rl4yq xot6nrv ofio ptcrFld].rl filrexaTlo. I
o*oicr f6oncoe ortE 2 >firF6eiourox 1666.H q(,)rLc pqrv6tov eri rooQtqnFaQ(xot vrJxrg,xoro-
orq6qovroEo1e66vo)roxllpto-rrx<iro aclcrL6repnrpripcra t1E rol.4g.

1668

AIATHPHTH THT OPMH' xoreoOwol (r1v Oetr,xr1), trv 6v<rtil,),o pegog

To! o'Qxiorvo rtlvirtrl npog tqv avti,0el1
Ol pefuireExlvoupv(r,vocoporcovelIov 66- (rqv opvqrrnrl).Av or bio opprigcivor iorg
oeuerbei,ler,g 6ru 1 rivqoq 6ev 6qpLouppiror rou <rvri,oe, eg, crnuprirvotrvq pic r4v o),),r1
rur6 to pq66v.Av 6vo rcurolpevoovrlriu- &qr ro orrvolo xIE oAprlEnopopever,pq66v.
vo lpooxpouort of ivc qxiv4ro. pnoqri vo Ilaoouoituc.cv 6uo ocbgurcowcrvrr]0ouv
totr percbcboer6vc p6poEt1E xivqorlE torr 6lowcrg i.oqxcr nvriOerl opprl (orvolo op-
(x<irr,rou rp<ri,ve-rnu euxglvrirgoto pnL).loq- prlE 1r166v),pr[oQorivlt vq qvqn].co0ouv
6o). A}'ki pra peyoi'4 xi,vloqg xo 6aq rqao qxo dl.i"o, ovtol,l.dooovroE cilg
"noo6r1to"
or evo e),crrppo <rvrurrigrvolqoo6i6rr prxqrl 6vcv 6o0p6 r1v Oerlnrllal crqvrpuxrloppl
xivloqg oe 6vo 6oprr ovrlxei,pe- ro!E, iIe rcr nogcrpelvot'voxivrlro xol o
"noo6rrpn"
vo. (4.r-116prropotprevo ro ovtl)'r1p0or-rpe snogl (onorr ro owol.o r4g opg49noQcp:'
roi"u euxol"o,ov xl,oror;ooupeFr(I px(r),fu,- veLp166v).
'Evcg rdrorog v6poE 6torrlpqolg elqyei.
n11pndl.c ral"ououxovovlol).
Av, 6pog, nol"),onl"colcoolpErq pdqa nol.i'c cpnuv6pevc tnE 'tivlorjE, ro o]rolo o]"-
rou cvrLxelpavo! pe r1v rolurlr<i rou, 0c l.Lrbg 0c nopcpevov orl:rravoqro. O vopoE
61oupe6v<rlrvopevo nor,r,urr6 oglspdvsE rqg blorrlpr1oqgrnE oqpng rlrav o nptbroE
rQotlroe6oLE, rqgcrpeveuota0ep6. To 1,v6- v6poE6ucrrqqrplgnotr rcrcvorl0rpe, op16-
pevo t4E prilcrg eni r1v tcprtqtc ovopdle- rQc 6p0rg0q qxol.o!0oloov xol oi"l.ou.Or,
trrt opptj. O Ayllog po0lpqrrxog TEov v6por auroi eivor,0pLLd)6[g yrq xlv ,(oro-
fourbi"),rE (John Wallis, 1616-i703)nrclv o vo4o4 r4E 6op4g xar r4g l,crroupyio< rou
rq<irtog nou urootlqLle, to 1668,orl 4 otr- Xlplovrog.
v o ) . r r 4 o p p i l r v o E x l . r r o r o r io u o r r l U q r o (
(ev6golor4pr,otoEoto onoio 6ev eloiqlercr ABIOTENEIH
orne efdglercr oQp1 crfio xcrr,rrQoEro ]reL-
6otri'ov1noqcgivcr orcorpq. Auro ovopr<i- f l d v r o r e u r 4 p 1 r q c v r i l ' 4 r 1 4o r r p e p r n f c
o9ryt v6pogo1g6tatiertonE xrlEoQpiE. popcp6g (ror1EprloQollvvo epcpcrvtoOouv cu-
H ogpl pnopei vo peraeQel<rnovq royrvriE cno ro ti6to u),txo. Aut<i iolur
peqoErol ouotlpcroE oe 6vo cii,l.o, a),}.o p o p q r gt o r l < .
r b i u r gy r c rr r g a v s n t 0 u p 4 r r E
6rv propri orire vc 64prtouq14Oei ourc vq 6norgro lrldvr,o nor,ro. evo1l,,qrr,nd ftouqla.
xalaorQcei. EfiLor6, 4 oqprl eivcl 6warov or lprlorpeE poaadELong lqeLdfovrcL pe-
rc 61er,6lo 6lvnreg xcrel0rrvoeLE(pnopol- ycrl,qqpovri6<r,evcbo[ dXQIoreEroL or,rL-
p r v o X o p o x r 4 p i o o u g rt 1 1p r i <0r t t t x 4 l o r 6l.o6ei.Eeu6oxLporrvncp<i tr,Engoon<iOemg
rqv ril"l"q a.ovqrLxrl).Av ogli,oorpe pe 6vo rlou xGrs6dltrl o dvoqonog .|/tovo rLEe!a-
nl,eLor6ouorrlpa oro orrolo 6aurqexrr xd- l.eirper.Ei,vouer-rrotro rc nlor6rpeuxcrvei.g 6tr
06l"ou opprl,6vo p6pog ror ouorrlLrorog outri tcr evol)"4rr.xri lroupLc 6qpuoupyou-
pnopri vo GQXior vo xrvcircr nqog 14 pio vTor on6 r1v i6rc rrlv dlruxn rrl,rl.EEdlLort,
172 ISAAC ASIMOV

qlro 8i1vouvrc qq[v6pvq. Ilop<r6el1po-

KATOnTPIKA THAE'KOIIIA
rog 1<iplv, 6rcv ro np6aEupiotcrtcu o4rp4,
epgovilovrcr oroulrlxlc. To xg6ageivar ve- To t4Leol<6nLo,fiou 6Qrox6rav oe 1p4o4
xpo. o).}'<igoivtror vc noptiltL lorvrcv<i q64 eri elrrytc 1p6vrc, lerroup.youoe pt 6ri-
onoul,rlxrc. H aircyivtotl poldler vo eivor qrl rouE gaxoiE. To gog rlou reevd paoq
6vo.c6r,crpgr,o6qqroye1ov6g. cno 6vcv gcrr6 xdprwerq[ ].ogQd,]ao0d)E
To 1668,o lroLoE.yLcrg6E Ogrcvrodoxo Or,q0)"drq[,rqu orrd[rqr. Me cur6v rov
P6vr, (Francesco Redi, 1626-1697)aroqaor- rQ6ro, ro po.tt, 6l'iml trlv eln6vo tou Tql.e-
oe vcr el,rylel firQqpqrrttd r4v op06tryc oxonior ruo qotelvrl xcr, pyer-lp6aq. Tcr
t,,
aurng qg ovril.qvlE. llkoxotrra dutci rltav 6ra ,uatad i16ro-
Toro06rqoe 6udqoqc ei64 xp6crog oe ttrgtxti t47toxt5rta.
oxttb 6o1elc. Tc tiooega rcr oqp<i1loexal AuontI6E, 6ptog,or qonoi 6r,c01'ouvoe
ro dlJ.c t6ooepc ro ciqrpe cvoulrti. Ol pl- 6tcgoperuxo6c0p6 rc 6ragoqerrx<i1pri.r-
pg ;noqouocv vcr xa0ioow p6vo ndlto oro poro, pe cnodkopa vc o11pcri,(ercn 6vcr
xpioE rov cvorltdrv 6opiov xcrt p6vo or XQopqrLr6 gdopa.'Eror, or rL!6veEr(l)v
cr-rrdTc xopp<irro xp6<rrogepqavioOqrcv 6tool.aorrxtirvr4)'eoxoniurv0cUndrvow nci-
onoul,rlxlo. To ).p6ag oro r<.),elotdOo1ei,c vaor qfto QUeQouE li rucrvodE6qrrul,iolE
nopouoicoe or1pq.onorg xcr ro xpEcErurv QgpatpatmrjExxeori). To np66l.qpo aor6
cvorlrtirv 6o1cirov.cl,l'ti lurqig va xdvow neQroQiLrar, qv XQlo[pororq0ip6ao ro
rqv epgdvlo1 roug oxoulixlc. xev, go Tou gcxot xcr crv enlrp6rpoupe oro
flcr vc ElcnLo'[droelcv 4 epg<ivro4r<rrv p<oEvc eotlcoOeiorcrOrcxdror oe olpcrv, r-
oxou)'r;xr<irvoger.).otov oxrp crnouoicrxcroc- xrl qlr6orqon ar[6 rov gox6. Aur6 or;pci,ver,
pot cdpo, o Pdvrr enqv6l,q6era rrrpdpqrq 6p<4 6tt, rc rlLox6ttro nor enlruyl<ivouv
lurpiE vcr ogqc{oer }r,qv6vodr6 to Oo1ei,c, gry<i)"4pe160uvoq0c 61ouv crvo.ylaortxd
o)"l.<ixcl,r,rnrovrcg 16oqgq'qr6 aurq ps $ydLoF,nroExor 0q i1,or6uoxQrpro.
1<ilo.'EtoL o cdpag 6pnouve ora 6o1ei,c,6ev O Neirov, 1<iq1oro rrqdFcrq nou ixd-
6pncrvcv 6ptogor,p{ryeg.Kcl rldlr, orq 0o- v p ro qtoE(6Mre 1666),rordi'o6 61r e[-
Iiq qlJId 6ev rpgcvioorlrcv oxorjlrlxro. vo't,o6rivqrov vd on<tpler,gcx6E rou vo p4v
('Hrov 1 n96rl c6rapgro6r1r4rrl rrpirto- npono)'rt lqoporuxl eo)'(,)q tr6 er,xovcE.
'Eror
aqapipaag eAtyyav oe 6lo)'cryr,x6nei,gapc). ox6e0nlte pro qlll luol. Xrq 06o4
O P6vrr ouvqyqy To oupn6pcropo 6tr to xov riuQr(iv eqxdv proQouv vtr ?(glorpo-
oxoul.rlxlc 6ev rcpriyovtcr. U o6royvorl ro[noouv ]@i]raxotontpo, to oroid oxrd-
o)').ri ono ro q61d nou lcvvouv oL puryeg. low ro gtrrg p avdxlool xcl 61l pe 6r,<i-
q6yd rou iaor roLt plrgd xot 6ev qolvo- olrcoq. Aur6 0a 6lrw ro tre66),npa,a9o! rl
vroL eunol,tr.Tcr relgcrpcrro rou P6vt 6v o.vdxl.oor;6evncpalel lptoporLx6 q<iopo.
oroOelxvr.lolv 6rL q o6lol6veoq ei.vcLo6l- To 1668.o Nsut<ovxqtqorcttroe ro npdl-
vcrrl oro ouvoLo rov nrgrnrcirosurv,per<i To xqtonrerxi i1ava .aotu6 t4).tox6nrc
rrp 6ue(cryo1r1rouE opog rlrav 66oxo)'o lc licl on6 x6r or corpov6pol eilcv oq 6ri-
yi,ver,6enrq q dnorfl 6rr, opluvr,opol ctprcrd Oeorlroug 66o e[6qrtlLoxonitrrv.
peld)'or,rioc vc elvcl oporol pe yupv6 pdrr
pnopouvva bqplouQyn0ouvlrd6rolvrol.

TYMIUHPOIIIATIKA
'EvoE:r6lupog
6rripxrtcrg6exarqr.<irv
ettirv ov(ipoq orlv P@oidxar r1v floLorvio 6i'1fe gr rqv rcordLry
 TO XPONIKO TON ENI'THMONIKAN ANAKAAYq'EAN 173

l,rl xor >poMvox xor ro! Kd6o! crfioxol|q Pr,toouE.

4:16 tote, x<rr.perc ord pr.oovordrvo lolupriE nc-
pouoicrgorlv Elqrbn4, dqlLoel aoqaxpl tlE flol.o.rvicE.

4669
AIEIPOTTIKOI AOTITMOE
o Ntro! (6tr'
Kcr<i rrry 6reti.a1665-1666,
n 1666)6pvoro dye6xxlpo tqE prp6poE
rou. yld vd cnoquyrr r4v ncvtirl.4 lou cilc
'Eva
evoxrlperoro Aov6ivo. 6p<i6r ei.6e6vc
prli,o vcro6grer cn6 6vc 66v6po,evo rcrno-
Xpovo q lr).4v4 eLcgrreorov ouqcvo. xar
ovcp<ltr10r1xe ^ylori 6ev n6grer xor !el"r1-
1
vq. Xrc6q0qrce6rL pnoqei vc liqtel, <rl,l,rt
1olroxQovc v0. x[veiror, xor ot opr,lovtr,o
nctelOworl, pr ono, dl.eopcvc n6qreLx<i0e
orulprl 16oo oxpr6tbg6oo lper,cileror1Lovo
xcl"urpeLrqv rapfiutr6xnrc rnE flg. 'Eror rl
Ir).r1v4 rrtprer brcrgxti,g.d).).ri ro povo nou
xcropO<.irvel ei,vor,vo xlvei,tol yupo on6 trlv
fq oxol.ol0tbwoE p|cro.n6tLg el"),eigeLg rou
Krr),Q.
O Netrrtovoqrdpooe nol.tr 196vo orqv
tlQoorooero vo tdro]"d6er,ntbEproei I fI
vcr 6l,xel rqv )ei,r1vqpe lor i,6rorp6no nol
i).xrr iva prl).oxcr pr norc rcrlfrqtc pnopri
vcr niptel q :),nal. Aev rpo.v 6pcoEu,cvo-
ror,lp6vog on6 rolg urol.oyr,opougTol xcrr
oropri,rpe rrlv qew<r.Meqlxol uroorqpi-
(orv orr,6ev pnoporroevo rpolroploeu,
ffr6t xiv! rnv fio1rl6vrJr[tQIa]tQr6llE 1La rov til.),o xor, 64l.rltqqi,coerlv efilqrq-
nqoodroquopogrou py60ouE lng fr1E.Ai\tror
trrve6116ev rlfepe pe noLovrp6no vc l,<i6eL
un'or1rv rou ro lcrlovogoru x<iOexopg<irr
t4g lrlg 6Lxer,rqv )el.r1vqcn6 i'i,yo6lcgope-
tlxrl ar6orcoq xor ytovi.c.Xpelcrlorov plo
via gcO4gcrrxrlFf,0o6orou vc roL,rnlrei-
rpelvc Ltroer,ro :rpo6l,qpo.
To 1669 <iqlloe rr,gngoono0eleE1r,crrqv
tnrvoloq prcrgT6Torag [0660r'. Aut1 q po-
04gorrx4 rrlvrxrl ovopcoOrlxcrpyorrpc
untr.p<tutLx6g 7oyrcp6g. Eile elpurareE
erpoppoy6g xor onobeilO4xelcotLx661po
Yro rqa psr6rerrc 16)'r,htr;g enr,oqpqg.O
qnrQoolrxoq).oytogoE4r<rv 4 on<rp14ruv
antbrepan pa04pat r,xr1tv.
T4v i6Lo neqirou eno11 eqlol6rov oro
06pc rou oreupoo,rxot loyropou zo[ 6voE
feppcwog pqerlporlx6g, o fnorgplvr Adl-
FrrvrxE(Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646-
1716).O Nrrroaror o AcrpnvrrE enrv61-
otrv Trryi,6r.op60o6o-o Nux0lviq(l)gli.'yo
vorgirepc- aLtra o AdrprwlrE rar6l,qEs o
6vov nro euXploro oup6ol.Lopo.
Auo 6ev elvcn <rowqOloro. Iloltr6g qo-
p6E,6lo err,otrlpovegnorr eq^1cilov,crr cwe-
lriprqro 6pioxow rrryi6rc l.rio4ot ivc rpo-
6tr4po trcrt.otlvri. 4 cvtrrtt).uy4 ovsl.vrrQi-
fetcl ncu otoog 6tro. Meqlx6g eoQEEopoE
l'fidg1ow bucrpcuvieg oE JrQoEro Jlo[oEq]r6
Tot'q6uo nrav o rQ6ToE,6rngovieg ouonoi-
eg pnopei,vc ncroLrlfow crr6p4 xcl oe xcr-
yrc nvetrpotr,xrlxl"onrl.
trryoEri,eg
Aur6 6yr,ver(or orl or,"lixe?.Q[p6vqneqi-
fixool. Mrd rqv enr,vo4oq10! crfiLQoor[-
xor-r loylopod, !6onooe ovcipeoo oe
Ayyl.olE xcrr,Fegpcrvongenuorlpoveg plcr
ou4qtliriFd1q. I onoic nr6srvovorovqrr6
rlg eovlxdg r[QorqrolrlvsLE rou evog i'cou
polrxt xoLv6rlro .fro IQ6vro, XtoQi,g vo 6L-
euxpuvloOel 1 vo cno6ell0ei no, tlnor<r.
>npQsI avcxal,urlrrlloo anelpoouxoi l,o-
Ylopoi ono6i6rror rooo orov Nrururvaooo
ncl otov Acupnru-rg.
oaxooPox
Or ogXciorlvtiprlcv rvvio ororlrio: rnrri
petc)")"o.(tov XQ!o6, rov ngpqo, rov 1a)'-
x6, rov 'ioooixeo,rov oi6qgo, tov p6l,l66o
xoL tov l6gcrgluqo) xol 6uo pq petcl,Llrri
174 ISAAC ASIMOV

oxol1ia (rov dv0eoxq rqt xo 0eio). Tiooe-
po cx6pq otolleia rlrcv ncro ndoq r!Oq-
v6trpc yvcoororol nepr,.lpdqrlxcrv on6 rolE
otrppLot6E tol Meoqiovq: ro oeovlli,6,ro
cvrupovlo, To 6ropouoro xol o rpeo6<iq1tr-
pog. Aev l"vropi(olpe norog ovoxdl"rrpecru-
r<i ro oTolrcic ncrunore.
H xoroo, c.oq d),),crle6rcrv o feQpov6E
11pr,noEXwLv1x Mfieq.vr (Hennig Brand,
n60cve nepi ro 1692)dp1roevo ovolqr<t
puc oooi,o nol 0c rol enitqene v<r nopo-
oxru<ioet1puoo. fio xdnorov ).o1o.rrioreue
orr 0d rl 6pel orcr orlpo. Aev pn6qeoe,6e-
6tri<oE,vo nopooxeldq! XQ!o6,2.or6e0oo
optog,io<ogafi6 '.o L669xr6),crg,vq cnopo,
vcboer,pro ).rrxr1x1Q66l otroio, nou 6l.opne
el.agpd otov a6pc rtu nou, 1,r"'orr6v ro ),6-
yo, rrlv ovopooe EaoEdpo (axo IIE E],llvr-
xtg M\xug Eog xol ElA.d). H op!6arl ldppr)
rou ogel),6rcrv orqv oo-royev4xorol rou
9(ooqoQouorov qQ(r.
f r e r o . e v e v 4 v r on e p i , r o uo r o r l e i c l o u
cwcx<r),tcp01xov per<iro 1669,ei,vo.r,
rroLogxdt nore rcr cvcxriLurpe.H ovoxtil.u-
qrq xo! gooqoeo! ofio rov MfiQcvltlrcv I
nqci.irq1ln Trp oroi,o dloupe oudg rlE lrl,q-
poqoqi.eE.
AIIOAIOAMATA
A no)i0upu ovoUdqrGrxoOt avrrxriprvo
fio! EdyroLc:r6 ro 66crqoE)io[ rrou, cv
xcr rpr .ncrptlb4olorao4. pord!,rrpr uno-
),etppc lrortcvou opynvropou (r,6iotgpe
o o r o x o l 6 6 v r l c ) . O A l n p l r o ] , o ( 6 ] " 6 n e oTov negr6otgeqerov xgrroro.D,o,r; pi.oon6
1556)rip o1o).r<ioer ourcilrc ovrrxriprvc
avav rrQi,rou(rrdv(t retv.
Ynrlplov 6l<iqoqegOeotpi,eg 1rc rc
0ri.lpctc. OpLop6vegunootrlqLfcrvorr, crlo-
tel"or-rvnproondOeueg rou @eot vcr 0qploup-
11oeL(tovrcvolg opyovr,oporig.A)"l.rEuno-
orrlgr!ov ort rISoxflror 1rc onorul4pevec to tptoE,<.botevc 1i.veL6rrvcrol 4 ely'ry1oqrrlE
npoonc0eleETou 2orqvd vc tr-uplq0eiTov 6rri"r1g6r.ci0),aoqE.
Oeo. Meqr-xoinc}'t, nloretrov 6rl eivcL trao-
hi,ppcrc l6ov fio! e[XGanvr"yeiorov Kc-
lox.i!!op6 rou N6.
To 1669,optug,o Acrv6gpol.6yoE Nrxo-
l.ciorrgX16ro (NicolausSteno,1636-1686)
uwoorrlpr,le6rr eivcrlrrnol,elpporaE6tov
nou si1ov (riotr ngrv clro lo).uv rcrrpo xnu
To onoic ei,1cvolro],r0to0i,,6q],c0r1eilcl
petorqcnel otq6uoxri or 116rgo,. Auxrl n
<inopq enlap<trrloeoryri or,yrixol Tc cnol,r-
0tirploro 0o o.rrorrl"olJoqvr[E trlo lTUJlto-
oLox6E(cr),),<t61u rcr povo6rx6E)ev6e[lerE
1ro rlv elxr4oT rpc rqE 0eoqi<rEr1g 6tol"o-
ynrrtEEdlrlng.
AITIAHAIAOAA'H
Mepux6EgopE,pr"lrdvdr(d),rrvl l.{r[oQivo
sivdr 1600 rqQdEq tbo-reor enlor4proveg
<rvoyxtilovror, vo rrlv alvorloow, rlo6rol 11
sfirornpl rQoo6euoeloqxero cbo,e vc pro-
qdoelvc 6riroer,puoely'ryrpq.
'Erot,
to 1669,o Aqv6E yrarp6E 'Eeo-
yvtoot6 opog Mndgro),r,v (ErasmusBartholin,1625-
1698) nap<roxeutroe 6vo ei,6oEx-oror<il.),ou,
rou ei,6oq nou orlprqcrovop<iferor,lo;toldr-
xq xptotd.)"oq. O Mn<iqrol,lv 6rqfiio.rcrroe
nog rc cvrrnei,pevonor-rraqo.r4goloe piocr
cr6 rov xguor<rLl,ogci,vovrov 6r,nl.d.@a
6i'e1ez<rvei,E6rr, o xprorc)'i"og 6lcr0),otoe
evo p6pogrol grotog x,clrd[[c ytovi,oxol ro
uno).ornon<rr<id)J.4.6rapoprrrxq yuvia.
'ET
ou,ro qaLvop,evo ovotrrrio0rpre
6m7fi 6d.-
0Laoq.
O Mn<iproi"r"vno.pctrlpqoe eni,oqEnog,
Trg ern6vegropapev ora0Qrl,evtir q cil"l,r1
neqlotpegorov prqro crro t1v npcbrl.
oroll- To gctvopevo our6 6ev pnoponoevc elrryq-
0ti oJrr ano rov Mnnpro),uvoureond xo.vt-
vnv cil.),o.@o nepvorioeevriproucrL<itvag pr-
vq otry]1vrQo0olv oerr6E 'yvtboeLgy,c
XQI
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENETHMONIKON ANAKAAYII'EAN 175

TO XPAMA TOy AIMATO! loaqvr A6o1Ee (RichardLower, 1631-1691).

'Hrcrv
ocg6E6rrlo oipc OrolererbrcuorouE
nver-rpoveE 1Lc vo npoo),<i6erc6qo xcl
ufi1Q1en apu6el ox6pn 6xt qwri I 6weya-
oic nepf,crp6<iver,
x<inoLalqpLxrl prro6oLr]
rou oipcroE- O:rp6rog ror 6Lo6epi,c o1e-
rLrrl v6erl1 lrcv o Ayll'og yrqrQ6EPi-
To 1669,nogat4pqo 6rr ro oloueo eh6r-
x6 clpc n<rlplel6vc Lopnep6x6rxuvo lgtb-
pa 6rcr 6l'0er,
oe encgr] pr rov c6pc. Qor6-
qo, OcrrQvoloe <il,i'og6vcg cudvcE <bonou
vcr.yivolv yvcuordEou i.enrop6qeLegcur4g
rqg Frtc6ol'4g.

TYMMHPOAUTIKA
H O6or[qvwl Awoxparopicr vix4oe orov poxpolpovr.on6].Forcld tlg BvErioExor r{qx6lo6r4v
Kgrir4 H Beverio6:rcrl'trtq vc onor)i orlpavrrxri6wopr; o:rd trJv<il.l'1rL-eupd6gurgI Ooortrdvrrri
Awoxporoqiceile n)t4qdrolcxqr6<it1vix4 qq.
Ettriwlrlv eno11,otlv lv6ic r!6evouoo A).npyxrplAtamgrr.1618.t707), yvoor6Enio4gcogAou-
edvyrq6Fr(Aurangzeb), o oroioEro 1658yrro 6xxoEryep6vcg16 ;royyoLrxrjg 6wcoteicg.'Hrcv o
ELuroiosroXUe6E Fn Eugro:roioE rryeprovcgr4g Iv6icrg.

1670
AIABHTHT
M1qr,exeivq r4v eno1rl ei1<rvnepLlpoqei.
xot 6rogoponor40ei loL),ti ).orptirbqvoo4-
pqrq. YrdQXow optogxol v6ool notr 6evei,-
vnu),orpti6eLg(6ql,c6ri, prc6orlnrg). Aurdg
ogei)'ovtcl oe x).rlpovoplnri 6uoLrLroup.yio
rou oqyovropoi. q onoic truropeiva yivet rp-
govrlEon6 tqv 1dwrp4 q rol nro cp1ti.
Aro ro pq percoorr,xdvooqpolo, ro oo-
6<rqoreporivcr o brc64r49. pic br<rtopcX4
eftrlrioE rr;EonoicE o oplovr.op6gTol co0e-
roug 6ev propei.vc mEQyoo0ei tu a6*7o-
eq.'Elor. nur<i ouootupruovrcrtoro cipc
xol x(ivouv r4v eggovrorl rouE tq.l orc ou-
Qo.
Meqrzoi <rg1<r[or y,orpoi iotog vc yv6qr-
ltrv 6tL ro oupc rtov 6r,c64rLxdrv 1ow .y)"u-
xt<i 1tricr4,xirr nou 6ev oup6<r[ver,pe rc Au-
ololoyrrtc olied. Mnoqei rrp nq6r1 olerr,rr1
6v0ellq vc i6oroe ro p1ov6E 6tl oro otpc
rov 6lc6ryr,rdlv orryrcvrpdvovro.l 1LiryeE.
O AyyloE yr.orq6E T6pcrg IouiL).LE
(ThomasWillis. 162l-1675\ rircrv o nptirrog
oiFplpovog.yr,orqogfiou, ro 1670,enrorlpove
outrl rrry l6u6rrpc roJv orleoJvrtov 6lc6r1rr-
xd.nr.@uolxri,o vxorrrcpoErcl 4 xcrov6q-
orl x<ovoupnropdr<ov ploE ao06vacrEcno-
re).ei6vc 6qpc rpog rrp crvcrxctl,upq xdnol-
qg 0sQcrfilcrE. Qor6oo, orr;v lrepin, oroqrol
6Lc6rp4,4 0eqcreurrx4 o yrulrl epqovi.oOq-
xe p6vo pcrd cn6 ev<ipr.olorriva.

t67L
OI AOPYoOPOIToY KPoNoY
M1qr,t6te rlrov lvo.roroi d(r 6oprlg6pol:
*ooserE rou Ai.c (16, Eup<irn4,fcrvuprldqg
xcL K<rlJ'rortl), &<rErou Kp6vou (TrtnvaE)
nnr, cpuouttt,6vcEtr6 fnE Gi'llvl). O X6u-
'1656),
levE (6ltrr oe pLaoowrl0lor4 1r' cu-
rov orry;r4 puollxtopou, olt6g0rpe 6rl or,6fl
Ooqugopouo.vrlorollorw oroug 6lr" n),avr1-
rtg (EpgrlE.A9pobirn. f4, Aqr1g.AioE xor
Kpovog). Erou un<ip1elroopponi.oxcl eno-
p6vorE6evnp6nelvcrcvcpevovrcr cvcnc).1-
176 ISAAC ASIMOV

lprgdl.I(l)v 6oQleoQ(l)v. P6c, r4v Aldrvq xol qv Tq0l. (To ov6pctc

O Kqoqivu (6fne 1665) xordeerlre fllv
<inorlq cvr{ ro 1671,6rav crvqxd}r4e 6vqv
0eurepo 6oqup6po rou Kp6vou, Tov onoio
ov6pcroelcrner6. Moq qtc en6p"evo. 0exc-
rqic 1p6vr,c cvond).urperperE ox6p4: rqv
cr.rrd eivcr ov6pcro Trr<ivtr.rv'vqgellrrpuxrlg
prgoi.cryiog.>uyr{rQrFva,o lofiroE rlrav
c6e?rg6grou Kq6vou, evtb q P6c, 1 Ar.riwrl
xcr 1 Tq0r-rErpov a6el'q6g rou).

TYMTUHPOMATIM
'Ev<rEPriroog
loprxog, o Xrivxc P<ilrv (Stenlc Razin,rd0ov ro 1671),oQ'ydroopro pytiL1el6pqorl
xcrrri 116 g<oorxriEcgroror.edridE xcr ro 16?0ararqo'Fa i.ra 6rdornrd rov 6lsfxo r(|)v nEeroldlv yu-
pro an6lov norcp6 B6L'ya.O AMEToEA'Mr1c1l,o6Ltg (Alexis I Michaylovich,1629-1676), o 6u[aoE
rotigog tqg 6lvcoreioE 1(ovPopcv6e, ro! i,1eove6eioro 0q6vo ro 1645,60rr.1,raqrd r0J1,rovclorc-
r<irvrov orenl6 -rou,nou ei1rrrcl6el8oi ono dulnoriE nouei.1eonor, rioerneiqc ono rolE vrxlqdqortE
no)'6pougrorri qE llo?r.ovioExoL rr1E!or46ioq. O Pd(rr rFtti0ryi., o iOlos orwlrlgel, ptt{tg6eolr{c
orp Moolo xcrrerlMooTx ox[E16 Iouvimr ro! 1671.

1672

H ATIOITAXH TOY APH Ka.ydv r4E lalJ,lrrlE foulcrcg, oto 66gero

Aexqevvdq crrirvegnplv, o'Inrraplog tilc
uno),oytoerrrp cn6orcro4 rqg )elrivqg (61!-
ne 150 n.X.). An6 t6re, 6ev eile nqoo6rogl-
o0ei q ar6otcoq xcvevdg <il,l,ol ouqtivr,ou
odrpctog. OL nopcl.l,rile lE rtrrv d)'l"rovo<o-
prirrrrv rlrcv nol"u pLxp6g'yr,ova gtrp4ootlv
pe yupv6 p<irr rcr rcr rql.eox6nrc 6ev rlrcrv
cpxer<i angl61 6ore vc idroorw to onopci,-
rrF(r ororxeiq.
OprlE, or,el,?'tr,nrr,x!g
tqoludExal ol tqelg
r6pou r1g ll',cvrpuxrlE xi,v4o4gtor K6nLtg
cilcv enurqdrycL rq 6r,cpopgoroqcv6Epow6-
)'ou rou H)'roxou )uorrigctoE oc ourorig
avcLoyieg.Av npoobrogrforov q an6maorl
ev6gonorou6qnoc ni,<rv4rq,0<rpnopolocv
Tote vo uno)"oyrooorivol anootcoerg 6Lov
rov <itrLor,.
To 6pyo cw6 ro cv0'c6e o Kcoolvr (6ld-
nr 1665).)x6p01xc orr ro r4Ltoronro tou
pnopei vc eile r4v cnapatr4rq arp[6ela,
crv ncrgorpouoe pe or,'16 tov Apq cr;ro 6lo
gip4 pe pe1<i)'4cloorool geroli roug.
'Eror,
6orerLt 6vav di.Lo f<i}')'o corgov6po,
tov Zqv Prq6 (JeanRicher, 1630-1696)oto
ncrg<i},lcrlg N6rucEApeglxrlE.
"fo 1672o Ko.ooivr,npoo6loqtoe q 06o4
rou Apl oe oldor; pt ra dolQa rTaQorylQd-
vro.grov cn6 to flcgiol. Xqrplponortirvrog
our6 To ororleio oe ow6lcop6 pe r1v 06o11
rou Apq 6nog gcive, cl cno ro Kc'yuiv,
'EroL pn6-
6pr]xr rqv ragdl.)'cr[q rou Apq.
peoevcr uno).o'yioel rr;v cn6orcoq ovtigtoc
orov AQrl xqr qrlv fI xor on6 crrqv vc
r-rnol.cryi,oelrlv cn6orcol tov <il'l'cov ni'cr-
vrprbv rou Hlrrcrxori)uorlpcrroE.
'H)',log
Or unoi.oyuopoirou 66eular 6rl o
crdler 140.000.0001r.trr.6perqcrcn6 14 Iq, oe
avriOeoq pt rqv c:r6orcoq rov 8.000.000p-
l.ropmtptuvrrou Fip llroLoyiorr o Apiorcg-
1oE (6).!ne 280 n.X.). H extiprpl rou Kco-
oivt rlrov Frxgoreq4rqg npcypcrrnrlg rlp4g
xcrrd 7olo.oLLc roEnptirrl npoontiOtLc{rov
rol.t xoLr1.
frc :rgtirrq goptl o dvOgto:rogcn6xrqoe
plo u66c rou rpcypctr,xou pe160orErotr
HLr,cxouXr.ror4potoE.Ax6pq xcrrUlnv pr-
nporeq4 tlglrl nou eile unoLoyioero Kcooi-
lu, :rpodxunre6rr q tqolld ror Kp6vou, rou
rpov o :tr.o onopolielopal,oE yvooroE rla-
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>THMONIKON ANAKAAYWEC'N 177

vrlrlE, i1e6r.<iperqo<ivtorov 2.560.000.000 roug cvOqdrnorgvc cwLl,4cp0ouv 1a,cnpdrrrl

Xrhopre(l)v.
E!ti)'l,ol, 4 an6orcro4 rtov cordptrw np6-
rrl vq lrqv oxop4 pe1cl,6repq.KcveiE 6ev
r1(epeon6p4 n6oo pcrrpL<ip:ropei.vo 6gi.-
oxovrqr or uorepcE.oLLri o Koqoivr ixqvr
qogri nooo plllpoi. ei.pooreepetgxoL o x6-
o$oS paE oe oXdo4pr ro Xupnav. 'Hlca ro
npdlro ano plo oer,pci;rcq6portuv oon nou
0q cro)"o!0orioov.

TYMIUHPOMATIM
O Aou6o6ixos IA'rjrcv clogooro[evoE vq xrs1{'rivr q otpcrLorrxri xlpLoalid qS fd,l|qE o 6].rl
t1v Eupdrnq. E1ovrqg rov Fyo),irOoxcL xd,urspo orpcrrd aou riXe epgovto0si qn6 r4v
etopoixrl
ero1ri (ro! a1owoE nic1E orqv 6rd0oi ro! noeo6oLrx6,ro o:roio 6ev eilov or popaior), erot6c?r.e
orry O ,crv6rx{ AlpoxQario to 1672.HyiqE r<rrvO},},cv6rirvereivl rrlv ero11 rirov o fl6xqv vft Brx
(Johande Wifl, 1625-1672), o oroioq xu6eQvorioe tr;v ldrp<ron6 ro 1653,FqEi Fxov a6),q6rou, Kopv6_
).rEvre BLr (Comelisde wirr, 1623-1672). 'EvaE
6xLos O),Lqv66v, ,ravrro6),lF6vogcr6 rry rpo6l,corl
rtov fdMrov, onotooe roug cbe),<poig vre Brr rcr, xd),ror orrl B6o4tolJErov rolh,e)rpo f,, flpiyxLnc r1g
OAdyynS(William III, Princeof Orange,1650-l?02),noo irev 6Lod11ovo5 rou fou)r.r6l,uorrou lLconl_
Lori.
H neplolr] nol rclpcr ovoudqerql Olxpcvic, orcr 6oQstcrrIE Matal|g Od).ooooE,''irci,, plo 6xrcorl
lol 6rex6rr<o{ocvao}.l.oi..'Hrqv dl'v(')oro cv ocrr4v nu6epvorocvove[tiqrrpo or Kofcino!,rou irrv xo-
rorxoiocrv rj ov 0n 6nqrEorc X6Q!crlg flo).<oviag,qE prrroing{ r4E O6ropovrxriEAuroxQoroei(S. Or
or,"yxpodoerg rircv oweleiE xol, r.o 1612,E6onrror6LFog yrc rlv xuelcQxia trlE ,rsQlo1rlEqvapoq
orlv flo),(ovia xqr filv OBtuprovrxrj
Arrroxpnropio.

t67S
H TAXYTHTAToY OaTox
Exeivrl rqv e;ro14,lrdviE6ev Tv6Qresn6qo
yQ/I/oeq xrairor ro qtoE.O fc),r.),aiog(6Le-
re 1581)iXrQooraorlqr vd prQrlor p
roxirqxa lou pe 6vq reie(tpcr. >rdon?ie o
i6rog or4v xoeuqt ev6E l,69ou xcr. d6ol.e
dv<rvgi),o rou vo o1q0i,ofilv xoQuq1 Evog
ci),i'ol l,6cpou.Kor, ol 6uo rporor_rocvgcvri-
Qrd p"poueropvcrldplo droteva p4v q61-
yolrv. O aa),!).aiog qnondl.urre 14 giro1o.
rou govcpr,ou Tou ?{orx6re o qi.i,,ogrol
inpcne vc qroxol"iqt cpdoog 14 g).oya
lou 6rxou rou. O IQ6voE rou 0o fiQvouor
qrro 1! oxt./prl nou o lcLL),ci.og0c 6ore).re
ro qtpo rorr d)orou vq 6s! ro g(t)Erou dl.Iou
qcvoqi,ou, 0o rlrcv o XQoaoEnor.'XQrolo-
rov To 9oc yrq va nqhhJsr cur4v rrry alo-
olool <pI' ItotQo9rlE". Altr<t, ro IQorLr6
tiLaor4g.crlrov ndvrc ro i,6ro,6qo Fydl4
n[ cv 4rqv rl cn6qr<ro1cv<ipeoooroug 6uo
l,ogoug. O fci"r,l,oiog ror<ii,a6e 6u, or4v
npq.yuqrrnorrlro. grrpouoe tov lpovo cvri-
bQaonErou qll,ou rot ral eyrcrdl,eLqe qv
rQoorrq0[G. Ilpogovrirg, 1 rcp_rtqra rol
gtotog rlrcv nol.u pe1<i),q
yLc vc perprlOei.
pe
qurov rov rqolo. (Ynriqlov liqr oeLopvor
ro1-rriqrl'dv ox! r1tolurpc rou goroE i.-
vq[ oJrr"Qqr.
To 1675,oplrlE,6vogAov6E corpovdpog,
o Ol.douEPrptp (OlausRoemet 1644-"t7'1,0),
ncpcrrpouoe pe lpoooll trg xlvr;oetE-rorv
6opuq6gov rol A[o on6 ro Aorepotrzonei.o
tou flcprorori. xcrcyprirpovrcg 11 lpovrx4
orrlprl orrry onoicror,6oqug6qor,nepvoloov
ri,oor aro rov Ai.q xc! lltivovrav (rrp orly-
pr1,64?'o64,lou lLv6rav q 6xicurplrou xct0e
6opu96por-r).O KaoolvL (6).6re 1665) eile
)(Qoaogxenoer owdg l,E xlv4oelg 1rr[eoqo-
1t1 xoL o P6pcp l.ey1eto 6e6op6vctou Kno-
oivr. Ilpog pelcii'r1vtou 6xrl"r1!4, o Pipeq
qvcxdl.ut orr or xl.rirpeLEowd6oLvcv 6l,o
178 ISAAC ASIMOV

x r[o aoQiETq brqqxrlpqxqxo! eroljEr{,o- OI AAKTYAIOI TOY KPONOY

r(i rd oJloic n fl. voripsvrl orlv roolrd
rlE, rtrrlordErrQog xov Aio, xdr o).o xoL
Juo oeyd 6rcv r1 Fq oropcxpiveror crno
TovAt(l.
O Piprg oxiqO1xt orr cut6 gnopei vc
oup6oi,ver, enrl6r; r1ralu'rr1rc rol 9<o16g6ev
eivcr tiner,qqxcr eno;rivrogto prog lper,rile-
rcr neproo6zepo1p6vo yr,o.va xcl,trpel rlv
crnoorcoq Ai,c-I49,6tov q fq 6pioxeror
nro pcnpuo (611c6r16rov 6gloxeror oTlv
cvri,oerq <rn6 rov Aio n)"euqtirou Hl,ior.r)
xcrt ]\lyoreqo 1q6vo 6Tcv 6pioxtrcr nlo no-
vr<i (6ror, 4 fq ncr o Aicg 6gi.orovrol orrlv
i6ro nltuqd tou H?"ior). Me 6<ior;o1169rr,E
lpovr,xdq6rc9ogdc. o P[o ur[otroyro.orl
ro qcugrq6neu vo xr,vti,xolpe rolur4rc
225.000lrtrr6prQa ro 6eu,ep6Lerrro.Ei,vor,
ro rqic rfrcrqrc ncqinol r4E npolprcrrxrlg
rc1wlrcg, ai"i"d ylo plo npcirr4 enripqorl
6evrpav xoxrl.
O Koooir,r (6l.6ne1665),petrettbv,cgtov
6ox, ul.ro rou Kp6vou ro 1675,ncpcrrqprpr
pucoxoiqc lpcrplpr]nou 6polo(e vo ltopi,ler,
tov 6qx, Ul.Looe dvo elorcpr,x6 rprlpc, nou
ipov otev6 xor go, elv6, aor 6vo eoo, egrx6,
nol r1ro.vn),<rruxol etTexa.l,og plnq6teprl
l.opnp6qrc. Meplrol oorqovopor unootrl-
qllcv 6rl o 6cxnll"r,ogeivcr 6vo evl<riotrvtr-
xeipevope pl<rolotqcr lpcrpprl oro eo<ocpl-
x6 rou, oirlr<ior neploo6,eqol nio, erov 6rr
rtn<iq1ow 6no 6r,oqopetrxoi baxnlLuou,!e-
loploroi perclu rouE- H tinorp4 rqg nl"euo-
v6r4rag onobei.l0qxeoroorrl. H orotqc
lpopprl ovopd(eror \r.atqeoqKaooivt ptapt
rcr orlpepc, xcl ovogep6paore o-rolg 6<r-
xrutriotrErou Kp6vol, pll"6vtcE oTov nl.1-
ouvr116.

TYMIUHPOMATIM
O fotrll6lpoE qE OQdyy4g60<110 rorE O)'l"ov6odEavoilovtag tolg r,6qoqErixrtgturv gpnyprrirov xor
rilnppl)eiEo1,raE xrlv X{beoxo 1673.
'Hrov
To 1674,o I(l)dwnEl' >oFn!or[ (Sobieski,16291696)sEI-in 6oollldE 14Eno]'ovaoE. o rlu-
ro! eq i1s I flo),ovic, crl"l.d crx6p4 xcrr ow6E 6ev tct6p0<ooe vcr 6rilrr ttifl
rcioE roxup6g 6cror,),r,<iE
oro 1<iogx<rrvc orcparrloer t1v noqoxpl t1E ldrqr<rg.
To 1675,o! loqlviEAprqrxcvoi r1g N6<rgAyyliag, cneklopevor cno rry ot'rt14 xctc:rcrr1o1 rtov
acqcbv ro1lEori6 xolg EoqoncriolE cnoixous, Esfi6luoo1, rriool vcvxi.ov rors l]tlo xlv Tyoi,s ro!
Mroxopr, nou ipcrv yvoor6g ororg Euporoioug cugBcorl'xig Oil'|'ItroE (King Philip, 1639:-1676).O
II6).epoE tou Baor.)tr.dibJ.imto\ 6no; anox)'rl0ryrr, cxoi'oiorp trp :rogeicr norj crxol.ou0ouos.',6lo0
outoi or,n6lepor..O[ r.cleveiEAgegrxtrvoi 6xovov pr,ooer,p<i cr.gr,lbrcoxrrdrvs7rl06o(l)v
rol o]ioroodv
ppLxorig onoixouE.Or,<hrouxornorren6grlocvn6gcroovotrry ovrtni0eol, vixlo<rv toug r.0cpvelgApreqr_
xcrvotgxcrL<iplroov va-rougelovrdrvow ouot4pnrLxri,crvefriqrrpacn6 ll"lzin xor gri)ro.

1:676
MIKPOOPIANITMOI
Elxoor neplnor 1p6vla npuv, roi'],o[ epel-
vrpiE lq4orpo;roLouocrvto puxpoox6nloyr,o
vo noporqp1oow plxpd rprlpotcr ldlvttrrv
oplcrvLoptirv.O r,xov6,epogo16 6i'oug rlrcv
o Aoa6E Avlo!! 6cv A66evlorrx (Antony
vanLeeuwenhoek, 1632-1723).
Evrir ol d)',),olegeuvqrdglplor,ponouo{-
ocv orv6ucopoiE goxtbv, o A66ev1or,z1pr1-
orpo:rorotroeprnqoug cvelriprlrouE tpo-
notE, rouE onoioug xcrc.oxeucrlepe peyo)'t|
npoool4 xcrLol onolol pnopouoov vq. pl-
Orwow ;r1pr nar 200 qopig. Xrq brcpnelc
 TO XPONIKO TON EI]I>THMONIKON
1q< p0l..Q6xQovrlE
E(l)rlElou x(txqorlJ(ro
q!!ol[)rd 419 <pcxouE, naq'6]'o no! eile
46q:rep<ioelTc ocp<ivro oruv <ipr.ocvc
coloLeiror pe rrry prrQoor(ofliq <oE16trru.
To 1676rrqQqrrlqlo Fr ro Fr)rpooxoflro
ivo beilpcr vepoucn6 l,ipvq xcr brcniortooe
orr nrprriXr ltovrcvouE oqyavrogorig rooo
FrrQouEdroreva ;rrlv elvo.uopcroi trrtlugvo
TYMTUHPQMATIM
To 1676!6Air1x 6-\,<r
omrpooxoneio oro fxprJvouLrE.iva nporiorlo rox Aovbivorr. O Ayylog aoleo\,6-
gogTtov OkipmrJvr (JohnFlamsteed, 16461719)ronoofirlolx rrLxegcli6rou <rmepooxolriou.gr rov
ritlr.o tol 6aaiuoi ameovtitttnt.
'.'78
TA A'TPA
TOY NOTIOY HMITOAIPIOY
Ir o)'1 rq 6t<iputa 116 roroeiqs, oro rlv
erolq torv Eoopepiov on6pr1,4 LtnroptqrlE
corpovoplxrl rcrqcrrnQrp4ei,1enegroqloOei
oro 66per,oqproqoi,ero.O 66Qerogoueovros
r6i\oE goi.verar 1rd,<i orov ouqcv6 cn6 rp,
Elqdrrq ncr, rqv M6ol Avcrrol,q xcrl ro
riorgo nou 6pioxovrcr xovr<i rou 6rv xpu-
6ovrqr ro16 xdro, qno rov oeiEovlq.
An6 rqv dl,Lq n).eup<i,o v6ruoE ouptivrog
ro),o9. xc0drExqr Iq xovrlvd rou tiorp<r.
6ev uptirvovrcr nor6 n<ivcoo116rov opilo-
uc 6rov 6gr,oxopoors p EuQ6fin.
To crnor6),eoparlrcv 6rl ro vorlo rprlp<r
T O 1 JO 1 J Q O V O Ue i l e nApOpeiVel trlVtrrO',rO
oroug Eupono.iougoorpovopouEtironou<ip-
'Orcv
I[o rl Erlox4 r<ol Eleqelvrloet.rv. o '[to 6vloaq-
MoyeLdvoE6plox6rcrv otc vorla rrup<i)'rc
r1E N6rr,og ApepLx4E,or vouxeEi6trv 6uo
0ol,c verpe),rirpo.ro rto! 6polcEoa p cro-
orcopivo rplpcrr<r lou fqld[iq. Arn<i ovo-
p,a\ovcat NtE4 tou Mayd,<ivou p61pr xal
o q p r q o . A v i g e g o v n i o I Er l v n c e o u o i c
rvog l.<rgnporio.orrgroporj.rou Irouqoi rou
N6ror.
ANAKA YVEAN 119
pdru. TooE o"tbpr:,oxanimalcules(pr,xpooxo-
rlr?id E(l)6erq), olt.rQ(r6poE rouE qvopd-
\oupe pLxpoop,yavrcpori5.Me rry cvaxcltru-
q,rt quli, o r\66a1oux crnorcd).u{ 6vov
oL6d.4po pLr,r,Qoo'.onrr6 <Eorol,cryudxrino"
ora 6xr).nx1o p<irla r4g qv0q(ofi6rlxqE.
(To 1677evr6nloe rcr orlqpqxoEo]dQrq qro
ordQpq).
Qorooo, 6ev e[1eliver xaplcr olorlpcrr[-
x4 <rorpovoplx4 rrcrqqrrlQlqrl rou v6rrou
rpripcrog rolj oueovou,6onoo o A1y)'oE
crorqovopog'Evr[.ovr X<illen (Edmond
Halley,1656-1742) nfye oro vrpi rrc Ayiag
El,6vqE,orov v6rl,o At)'qvrLx6 Qxeav6.
'Eperve
exei,66o 1p6vlc xal nopa uE xarig
xorQ[x6Eo!a0r]xE,rrou fiQ[oQrqqvonpq-
vrlxd ruE6wcrr6rrpeg crorpovopunrjE nopc-
xrlerpqE,rdoxeqrero 1678liar 6npooiuo
6vav nor<i)"o1ope 341 dorpcr rou v6Trou
qproqarQiouyro r(I orroio or cotgovopor.
6evyvtbpL(cvri.rorcr Fdlpr x6x.
OSTTEINAKYMATA
H 6r,ap<i1qo;errxd pe q guoq rou g<or6E
(orrrporLbLcnrlf xupcrrxq) y,v6rcv 6)"oncr,
O Nrirorv (6linr 1666)niortut 6rL ro
goE onorrl,iror ono or.'-rpari6to, xupirrrg
enerbrl avdpeoc orov'Hlro xcrr orn Frl
urcrpler, xev6, xqr O@Qorrq 6rr, 6va xupo
6ev pnoqei vc 6roolioel our6v ro 16qo,
ccpouoro rcev66ev ul<ip1er xiroxd rolj vc
"rrpori,fer.,,.
O X6rryevE(61'6re 1656), ar6 rrp, dlll
 i80 ISAAC ASIMOV

fttruQd,en6pv6tl ro cptogsnore].eirol oxordln), I dno.plq rol ofioio! 6ev proQei

olo xupcrrcrou i6rour6nou p ra 414rrx<i.
(Tcrq1r;rrxti xupora xL,tar, 6npln7, npoyprl
rou orlpoiver oru ro p6oo oto onoi.o 6Lq6[-
6 e T c r T ox t p o
" i l p c r i l e r , , r Q o El l v i , 6 r o
xo, eoOwoq lpoE T4v oaoi.c 6lc6i6erqu ro
xrrpo). Ooo ytq xo ri, rupori!r, o X6qsvg
rlorr, orr oro xer6 tou 6loor4poroE nq6-
rer vc rndqleu iva o6l6poro peuor6 (nou
ovoprio0rpreo.L06poE, on6 tov 6qo rou Apr,-
vo evtonro0ei,pr nov6vov owr10r,op6vo rq6-
Jlo.
Oute ro ocopcrlbu<r rotl Nerrtova oure tq
6Lcprlxqalpcra ror X6llevg 6er pnopor-
oov vo elqlrloolv rr1 6r"n),r16r,<i0?,"co1
nou
elle noqotlp4oel o MrdQrol.ra nprv cn6
ew6a 1p6vlo, o.i"l.tiomo ro orollei,o o1vorl-
0r1xcxcr 4 6rcp<i14owXio0qxrpr cgriu-'rr1
6vTcoq.

TYMMHPOTIATIKA
Or rporeor<i.rwEorlv Ayy),i,a{Tcv 16oo rqopoxEroqp6vorciore drcrv,ro 1678,o Al /},oSTi-rotrg'OorE
(Titus Oates,1649-1705)earr'61or To gdoo prng qrrooliorol'o or4 ocpcrlll
"nonlxris ouvtlpooicg' ro!
rolv nQorsorovrd)v, rdpa noi').oi rov niorejov. To-rer; A^11).icStril"epia repio6o enra errirv nou
6por,olen<ipcrno),i pe t1v aepio6o rou pcxnQoropol orlE HvoFivE noltrsiS (6lre 1950xo! 1954).

XYTPEI TAXYTHTAE
Aexclr, artirveEpet<i rql enlv6qo4 ror
crrpoorpo6l),oucn6 tov 'Hqovc (6).tne50),
npoyporonolrlOrlre r1 npdltq nqcxrr,xrl
qqQpo),rlrouorpo!.
To 16'19o lcil.),oE qrror.r6g Nrevi, Ilon6v
(DenisPapin. 1647-1112)cqeipe r4 Xr.irpa
tayir4tag,6va oxetog Fs oeeoorey6E
l.uppq. M ro 6Qaop6 vepor p6ocror4 1r.r-
1'79
Tqo oulxevrptovorcv orp6E,
I fiion ro!
onoi,ol cvurp<ove ro oqpei,o6po.opo!rorr ve-
gorr.)e <rlrr; rrry r,rp$,6teq1oeppoxpooi,c,
rc x6xcl,o pcl.tixrovcv url ro nqdag66qo!e
nr,oypiryoga. To orctog rlrov epodLcopevo
l-rpra 6oi!6i6d oorpo),ei.cg,yrc r4v lepi-
r[r(l)on fiou rl fiieol xor orpoi yr,vorcv no].u
uqrl),r1. O nandv gclciprqr tpc.14rope 14
r.rd- XtrQo ror, ylo t4v Bcror,l,r,x4 Erolpei,c xcL
naqoorelooe 6vc lelpo y,o tov Kcrgo),oB'.

TYMMHPOMATIKA
:rI B6e[oApQr]ol,or fd]J,or eEqxo),ox0o{oovvc elegewot'v r1v neqrolrl rov Me1<iltorALpvdrv.

1680
MYEIKATOTTA opoq) xo.t exei,vougnou 661ovrav 6u undg-
1el 6ro otrvoi,o puor,xrbr vopotv or, ofioi,ol
H grl,6rq rrov 6r,o?',o1,x6v cp<rrvopdvtov 1o- 6r6norrvro n<ivto, t6oo rolE dp6uolEoQt/o-
p c x r 4 p r l o r c v o l o g r a o u v r 1 4 6 r < r t r r d 1 4 vropoiE ooo ncl rc <i6rocvrrxeip,evc.)e ye-
ovdpoo o rxeivorrEfio! fiiqrsuov 6r[ oL vlreE yQq.pp6E, ol avcrxcl,rrrpelg
rov rql6v
ItbvreE opl,ovLopo| 6rogipor.rv 0epei.lond xl,euroitov crtivov dlouv 6lxor6oer t4v
ano rq ti6tq. cvrtxci;rrvc xcr u,toroiow oe ber.rteq4
op<i6n.
6rcrtpoperrxouE qlq!xotg t6p,otg (6na7L- To 1680,xrxi"ogogqoe 6va 6r.6l"i,o rou
 TO XPONIKO TON ENI>THMONIKON ANAKAAYWEE'N 181

IrcrLou quoro16'youTlo6rivvr. Mnop6i.l.r 1l.ouEuoltrow nnl 1[c rG ooortpqrq oortrrv-

(ciovanni Alfonso Borelli, 1608-1679),6vav
1g6vo perd rov 0dvat6 rou. Eile rirl,o De
NlutuAninalium (-IIeqi rtrv ltorxd-,vxtvrloc-
uv".1xar rfqlouor urruldrg rrg guirrExrvrl-
oerEoe pqlotx1 6<ioq,nepryp<igovrogrouE
plJE1{or ro oord orErivc ouor4po po1},rilv.
Or ropor nor-rloloow ylo toug o6roug po-
purirvnoo rndplor-rv otov oqycvrop6 pcg.
(tDuorxo,or llvloelg oorrirv-pucbv elvol pro
cn6 rrE onlorrocpeE n).eup6gt1g ltrrtlg.Tc
npri.yporcr6lLvcrvnol"ri nlo 6loxol.c, 6tov
or clrorqgovrErpoono04oavvo FEtyr1oouv
ng nro nol.tnl,oxeEex6lLciroerg rqg [or1g).

1681-

AIAa ocv cgeoog vq ororcbvow our6 to tixcxo

H Nrloog tol Mcruprxiol 6pi,oretol orov
Iv6[ro f)xeqv6, 800 1r.?"u6perqc ovato]"rxo
rqE Mc6c'yoox<ipqg.To 1598 or Ol)'qv6oi
Trlv crfioixrqcrv xcrl 116 66ooov c.ur6 to 6vo-
po, npoE rLpriv ror Mouprniou rou Nsood-
or-r(6Mne 1586).Ot Ol),av6ol Epervor oTo
v1oi, gr1pl ro 1710,g.eoqropevc evbrcgeoc
6rootrlpoTo cnouoiog.
)to v4oi ort6 r-rnrlp1ov (tbc nol eilcv
ele),r1Oeioe x<rrdotcroq c;top6vroorlEcn6
tov uno)"ornox6opo xoL 6Ldpepovoro xa-
0e d),),r1popqrl lorr1g.IlopcbeilporoE 1d-
g r v . u n q p X e4 d r 6 o . 6 v ne i 6 o gn c p t o r e p r o r i cnel.nrop6vovo drcoriroolv rc ei6r1rol
peyalrutegocn6 1ol'ono!i"o, no! eile repo-
'Hrcv
orro "/opQ6 QdpgoErqr 6ev fietoloe.
c6l,c66gxol oqo6o, opori 6ev ro onrr)'orioe <rv0gcbolvou
rqv6va qfi6 I<r q6o rou vrpror-r.
Al"Ld. or dnornor xor ro tdra rouq <ip1r
nor-rl'i.H not<io,no4 owe1ioOr1re, 6onor to
1680,Xdorl,{r,or q c)"ernoi,o 6rbdr.IIcg6-
poro nouLt<irou ua4plov on xqvrtvd v4ou(i
efovtdrOrpcvxor ornd.
)r1geqc, p<iEelval 6rq'rol"o vs nuot6rpor-
pe 6rl plc 16oo oouv1Olorq xnr ev6rcg6-
qouoo popqrl turrqgtlovtLir0qxe;reritotc
obroqopic, yrrqi,gvc 'yi,vern<rpld nqoond-
0rra vc brcourOoivpeptx<idropc rol ei-
6o19. To i,6r,onqcypo, 6ptog, 61er,orp6ei,
noilMEgop6g.'Evo cn6 ro gtoterv6teqcoq-
116ng6ogcr4E lotoplog elvor ro ^ye1o-
pei,<r
vog oru or dv0gu-rlorrpoono0oiv rti-rptr
qner)'ouvtorg,aqcvLopo-pol"ovott, ov l"ti-
6oup lJn' 6rpr,vpoE rqv owe1rl <rtfrpq rol
rl,qOropol rcorror-r16pou nor-t
xoroLnp6riveu, q npoon<iOercrqrlxi eivor
oulv<i xcrtcblrcopevrl oe onorrrrli,c.

TYMIUHPQMATIKA
O KdQo)"oEB'66oroEo-rovfooilJ,LoprIIev (William Penn,1@4-1718)to bLncriopcrvcr Lbqrrolpto ofior,-
xio o-rqv B6per,oApreprLxri.Aurj rirov 4 o:rcgri tqg anoLxicrgqE nvotll'6ovioE. O nev rjrcrv xorrcrxe-
eoExoL unoo-rrlerqe rlv ovEroQIokia,rlg oqv{g exlo'y6gxtrr ro orrfiiprlro xor,vo6ot},1o.Aur6, goor-
xd. eile oE orotikopro vcrlcpcrxtrlqrooei orgenLnivouvog pLloondorlg.

1]682
AM@IIONIA zTA OYTA opol pe trlv [6lo 6wolo nou eivcr Tc lrirc.
Ksrd Inv 6r6)'uxt1nepllqcqrl rqE 61pr,o!p-
lI<rLcr6reqa, enrxqqroloe q avti.l"qrprl6rr 1iog. rc qutd o.vonrtiooovtqt opiorrg grrci
Ta gurd 6ev eivor,
1v1or,ollcbvreEopy<rvr,- rrlv egq<ivro4 rIE EIadE.Anorr)"ouv. }(ord
182 ISAAC ASIMOV

?idfiorcv rQ6ro, pepog tqg xar, 61ow rog pro-
vcrbln6toog oxol6 vcrlgqor,prtorw toErpo-
qrl yto rq !rbo. Arri0ero, rqv rdpnrq zct
rqv 6xrq r;p6po, o @e6Enegllp<igero.r,vo
bqplouppi. er,6rxrirq E6o xor va tor4 6iveu
evro},4 vo nolJ,qnl,cro[qo0o0v. (Ax6pq rcl
orlpQa,oi puroqriyol Eqlrrivouv6rr,6ev
tp6ve !<olxeg reoeis errdri qycrfiouv 14d0
(ovtcrv6 oqyovr,op6.Qorooo. rc glrc nou
rp6ve eivor,elioou lowrcvd pr to. ltiro).
'Evc p.eqog
aurrlE qE neplqp6vrp4g yla
tqv qurr,xrl lo1 ror6qqeooe ro 1682 XdQI
otrE dpeweE rou Ayyi',oo 6oravol'6^pu Nee-
p<ir.ofxpou (Nehemiahcrc\ ,1641-1712),o
onoi,og on60er,le6T|,r(l gwd nol.i',o.nl'oor,ti-
(ovrct ;re opprlovr,no tg6lo, 61 6rq0drouv
6qlcrvc noL)'onLcotoopou n(rr 6rr or n6rc-
xol tqg yr3pqgeivcrrTo cvrio, ollo Trrrvyev-
v4trndlv zrr-rripov rov (6ov.

TYMIUHPOMATIKA
O f<id)'oE elegew4rrjg Perr-Popl6p Ko6el'rd vte Ac Xc). (Ren6-RobertCavelier de La Sa-Ue,1643-1687)
nor6:rlr,ajm rov rorop6 Mr.or,ornrj,on6 rc dvro rpripc tou grxqr. rr,Eex6ol.eEtou, go<ivowaE oro1, K6lfio
rou MErrcorj0r[6 9 Arrel],iorl to! 1682. Hrcw o rle6roE ElQoroioE (iorrrg xor o ng<irtogdveetrrrlog) r[oo
xa#r .euoerov Mrolorn{. O Ac >a}, 62.6ixrpe o),6d,nel rI }..8r,<iv1anoorgcylLo4E lou Muor,orrri .yrc
lopercqpo i$ folJ,i.og r.or.ovopcroetry neE"oa'\ Aott(r.dva, npog tpriv rou Aou6o6ixou IA'.
!q P<roio.eyrr,etoriaoE o tI6rQoEA' (Piotr I,1672-1725).'Hxo.vp6vo ew6c lpovriw, dJd yarryoad
0o .yrv6rcv 1'vuror6gor 6i"o xov r6opo oE Mlyag ll&pog.

1683

BAKTHPIA vc dlcxgivel pe roog qcnoug rou, dr[ore].i

To 1683 o ,4.66vlou?r(6Ltne 1676) 4xcrlle
rqv nlo o.!l6loy1 ovcrr<il'uprl tou. Xgrplpo-
notrirvtcE 6vcv cno toug trrtxpoiEqoxorig
Tor-r,6#nglve ?rdfiorouEoplovr,opoug aol,t
ptxqorQouEcr[o rd animalcules. Beloro-
vrcv oro 6pro rou grli0ouq nou pnopouoe
6e cn66ell4 rqg re)..er6,qrcE ornr.irvtrov pcr-
xriv ro leyov6g 6r ei6e rdrl nor.rrovelg dl'-
).og6ev 0o.rar6q0ovc vc bloxqivet nporol
rTQdor dillog ivoE cLtirvcg.Iriprpa yvopi-
loupt 6n or, oqycrvlopol flou si,XEo1,orlo],i-
lrcr o 466v1oulr.lrovro 6o.ntrlqrc.

TYMMHPOMATIM
ErcivI rl Xeovrd,voEoXe66v[elcogevog eg|,qlqg pqdviool) or4v Euprlnrl irpoepl6pevogon6 r1v

To 1676,dvcrg6eoorlpr,oE6eli,p1g,o Meqlreovl,or, KaQd Mouorapd naod (MerzifonluKara Mustafa

Pasha,1634-1683)cnexqoe pe.y<,1 6{'vopq or4v Oo<rrpolr,rcl1 Auroxpcrropic. XorltrivoE rircv r6re o
trvioxljeoEM@dFoA' (1641-1691), r@u iXr ovi),oe1mov 0q6vo io l&8. To 1683o KcrQdMouoroed
rQo{Ioo F iov rooexr.x6 orp<rto lord r1E BL6w4g xcu.orr,g 17 lou},ior' fllv rlolr6Qxlo. H Barruq 6pruE
dvxEetor. o E 12 >enrep6piorr,no?,.covr,x6E orgcr6E un6 rov lco<iw1f'XopnLroxr (6Mre 1675)arr,re-
Orlxexorri rov Toipmuv lcr 6Ld)ruoe r1v nol"toQxia.'Hrav I telurcia ovtrl,cpntlr4E O0toprovlxriE Au
roxQoroeiag.Ary6 rote, xcr,.yro6u6plou clrirtg ol6p4, lcprixpae owXdrg.
O[ TotQ)cor qr4,ovrs5 ryxor6),er.r1ovon6poug xog xr,6-ror.1 Xprioq rou loqe 6r,o660rp: otov Sorlxo
nooFo.
 TO XPONIKO TON ENI>THMONIKC'NANAKAAYVEAN 183

1684
MEIEoOI THx TTD
O rpoo6loprop6E tqE neqr,p6rqootqE lqg
qrro rov Eearoo06q (61m 240 r.X.) 6.r,
eile 6el.tlo0el, qv xal il rQdqer plq X[-
l,uetlqon6 t6re.
To 1684,6prog.6qpoouu04xcv ogto;rrwE
fi(rQallQloErs ro! Fd).i'oucorpov6pou Zov
Iluc<ip (JeanPicard.1620-1682).6r!o lgovtcr
prd rov odvard rou. O Egcroo06vqEelle
,(Qqqrponolno[rqv cnoor<roq rou Hillou
o16 to levi.O(ro oqptio rou ouQqvourlou
6qioxtror xcrcxoquga ntivor o.no ivcv 16-
ro) oe blcpoqeruxd peqqtqg fqg. Trp on6-
o[qoq qurn rlv etle uro],o1i,oer,UrO6aroE
'Hl.log
rq onr<inou pilvel o oe ow<i rc p,e-
gq. O llr,rtiq, ovri0ero, ;rirpqoe rqv on6-
oraon v6Edorpou ard ro Evi0oe 6rqpo-
gerlxd gtq4 rlg fqg. Eneibf rdrgo unrlqlav
rl}:ox6ma, awn nrav 11nlo oxgr,64gp60o-
6oE. O fl,xcp unoi"6yuoe6rr, q reqiperqoE
rng f4C lvqr 40.025,(!i!r6$rQqli(r 4 6rdU-
tq6g rry 12.7111tl,l6perqa, rLpegrou 6p[-
oxovlor,rohi lovrd orrE onUQrvdE.

'YMMHPON4ATIM
To 1684,o K6rrov M6r6e(CottonMather,1663-172),6vagteoxrieuxcEpwlpdvoE mqv Bootrirvl, ov6-
Fao rouE Eueorloiolg cnoixor6 rov cryyLxdrv cnor,xldrv Apeprxcvoug. Aurll io<o6va savcrr1 nq6rn
6vrur4 1grio4 r4g M[46.

168s
OANTAETIKOI APIaMOI xoug nqog tu cguo,eqti, p,6)'o rc ll"<iopo-
xc( xcrLxolrg <ipgrpor4 cpr,OporiEroroOerl-
Ot pa0qpurlxoi yvtbplfcv 6rl o JrolilofiIa- p61,ouEofi,E o(l)or6ErouE 06oelEcvdpeo<r
or,cop6E6uo opvrprxtirv cpr,0p6v 6iver,Oerr- orolE q?Q(rioug.41'[6g ei;voto afotaE uo!
n6 pv6ptvo.'Ero[, 6I[ p6vo +1 x 11 = 11, npaypatm<bv apfiptit.
ql'i'd xq[ -1 x -1 = +1. T6c, 6pog, noloE Kor6nlv 1cp<ilre puo elOei,cx<i0etr1
cqr0p6E ro).l"crlrcorq[66voE tr rov quro lrQoErrry rlQolYouuv4, nou vc r4v owcrw<i
'H,
rou paE6lvr -1; o}'LttbE,noro elvor 4 te- oro oqpri,oprp6v. llpr6qxr 6lous rolE e-
rgaytrrvlxrlqila rou -1 ; rlrous ecl,xcorlr(ougcql0potlEi (i,2i,3i,
Or pc0rlgarrloi enrvoqocv rov o.rcgci- rar otr(l) ?.oonE)JrQoEro rldvo rar 6ilouE
rlro opr0p6, Tov oJroio ov6pooan rpanta- ror-rgcpvrplxoug govtco'nxori oqrOpor4 i
onxd ap0prj xcr rov oup6o).roqvp i. q;To rrQoqrq zidr<o,pt 6la ra gcvrcocr<i x?'d-
to op1rx6 lqdppa rnE ^iElS imaginary,no1.J olloTo ri,oLrouE oqp4rotrE qcvrcoruxolE
oqpoivtr <qcvtcotr.x6g>.flc rov aql0p6 or[E ooor6E rous oeoeK.Aw6E elvor o dEo-
qur6 rq(tr +i x ti = -1. Eni,or6,-i -i = -1. voE rtov eova<rqxlrlbvcql0priv. T6re, xdOe
"
O forxbhtrrg(6lere 1668)6proe rouE po- oIF[o xou err.r66oupnoqei vo r[eoo6loQi-
woorrouE cprpori ro 1685. oOeipn rqv i6ta pi0o6o nou lgqorponoirpe
Oqvrqq0elre pro oQrl6vrra euOid.>n- o Kcp16olog orqv ovoLutlnrl lerrrperpio
gtltbore oe 6vc oqpeio tr1g to prp6v xcL pe- (6Mrc 1637).
r<i qovrco0eirr rouE OTrxoigaqt0goug vo Kcl0e olpelo a r(dlco oro1, <ifovc rtov
enreilovrcr npog rc 6efiti xcl roug aQvrFr- ngaypouxtirv qQr0p6v ylvxar a + 0i, r(d0
184 ISAAC ASIMOV

onpLob fiov(,) qrov dEovq T(,v eovrqoal- Au1 1 6rcrcl4 ono6ei,l0rperolt Xe?i-
x6v qQLep6vyi,aerdr, 0 + bi xcrLrtioe olpei,o orpl TrqrouEpcOqpcrr,xotg,
tougguolxoug
rou s[rt[66ou Jrou 6v (rvri?iro kov6vov pqlcrvlxoug.
xcl tor-rg
ar6 xol6 dEovS(xor cvxrneoocrflr]l6vqv
plya6.x6 aeL0p6)Iivr(rl a+ bi.

TYMMHPOA4ANM
XrLg6 <De6qoucrqiou to! 1685,o Kdeol.ogB' xlE AlllioE rr60avror,,eneL6ri6el eile v6prForJs
yrous,ro /
6la6t10rpc orov 0p6vo o vdieoE o6l,e6E tou, lolJ ritcl/ Qcoporo).c0o),tx6s,xol 6qoiluoe orEI<ixro-
6oEB'(1633-1701).>rrg 18 Orto6piou rou 1685,o Aou6o6irioEIA'clcxrileoe ro Ar.<irolpaxIE NdvirlE
(6).iat 1600), ro oroio eile ez6droero na:rlouE rou ul6p rov or4ev6rov. T6 roLl,oi otrfv6roL dqvycv
ca6 q ldrgc yrc rqv An l"i<r,t1v flqtooic rl ox6p4 xat rrp Alrerxri, orEedvidg dn6 r1v fdrJ,ic ro
twripc ,iqt fllv Eeyooic rouE.Eai n),tov, onou nr]yor,vovpecpepov dvo 6a0t pioo6 xo.rd rIE lal),icE.
H ov<idr.rp4-rou6ror<ilpcrog exole negr,oo6reQo xox6 oxov Aou6o6ixo IA' xor oq fc ncpri ororrg
"ic
olryv6rols.

1686

METEAPOAOIIKO2 XAPTHT 6ptrrEvo cllyrloer,rq Eurr,xrlrcrelr0uvoq rou

OL xlvr;oelExou qvpou eqivol,rdt vrd'd)E
orrQo6lrrE.Qor6oo, or6pq xar,or,o.p1ai-
o[ Po]pqior rllepcv 6tu urdQxou! avepor
fiou ylq 6r p4vegrviolv ar6 rlv Aggtx.rl
rIQoEIrP Iv6lo nql ylq dliloug dlr p4veg
neog TIv qvTi,0rl r(orslJouvol. Aurol or
erovalroi tiv epoL olopoaotlx(lv povobv eg,
qJr6 pra aeo'6rrrl lrf4 rou o4pc.[ver,
"eno-
Xrlr. YrdQXow eniolE or,orcOepoi ol,rryei,g
dvegot,nou 6oqcrc rou rollrQrvoinv6ouv
nqoE rc vorlo6wuxct xcrrv6-rrc rou roqp.epr-
vou r{QoEro 6oQero6uxtr(d.
O npdrrog ftou rpoond0lor 1,o r[QulQd-
Ver xrE rrvrlqlE T(r)vo.v6p(,v oe nqyx6qprq
taLlpcrxarlrov o Xti]r]reii (6Mne 1678),rou
ro 16866yeo.V6vq 616l.lon<ivtooro 06pc.
To 6t6l,io nepre).<ipt6cvc dvcv ncyxoo;rto
,(dQrrl, o oroios ncpouoicle rouE cv6por4
rou errtxQqToivoroug rqontxotig urxtavouE,
.roug pouocbvegzcr rortg d.nyeis qvepooE.O
Xcli')'el,6poE, 6ev pn6geoevo 6drqeuxq-
trii"l,qlreg el4yrloer,g1Lc tr"g xr,vqoelETov
'Hlepe
crvdp<ov. 6rL 4 nivloq rolE ogeri.6-
rcv orryv crvurp<oo1r<ov o.6pltov pcftilv :rou
orppcrivovrcrcno rov {}'ro.6ev groporloe
cv6por.ror4v rponLx4ldrvq.
TAEINOMHEH TAN OYTAN
Or,o.voptrrnolnor oolol,ouvrcu pe rq guor,a4
Lotoqio 61ow prcrrdol va toluvopouv lrbu
xcr qotri. O Aproror6i'qg (6Mn 350 n.X.,
Talr.v6p4o1 rrrrv Z<irrov)rcluv6prpe ro. l6c
xcr o Oe6gqootog (61,irc.320n.X.) tclw6-
p4oe ro qur<i. Or cglclor, 6ptrlE,yv<irpr(cv
dvq prx.Q6p6vo rcQoErou x6oporl.
O r[Q6roErou nedTpotonoiqoe plo rclu-
v6p1o4 oe m1';govo enimbo {ral o Ayy}"og
guolo6iqlE T(ov P6o (John Ray, 1627-
1705). An6 ro 1686dqluoe vcr ?i6i6er6!o'
Fp'yo.nou ri\rxd 0o ol.ox).qprlvorcv oe
tqelg 16poug ?{cLoro oJroio ru[rvopouoe
18.600 6r.oqogerr,ntiei,64 gurrbv. B66cr.o,
6vq r6rolo 691o por,<i(er[o<oE:reqLoo6rego
Uf ivq.v qtTi"olotd)'oyo ttuv 6rcp6pow el-
'Oprog,q
6rirv. 6doq r.qgraErv6p4oqgdrror-
rci geyri),4enrvo4rrxor1rcxcr, oe.yevrxeg
yaopp6E, I rcrlr,v6pqor;rou Pdu rlraa otrl-
or4. To iglc qurori xou ribouE cilov tuE
qroaalopo va eo'lvetcrl no]'u n!0ev6 ro ev-
6e16prvor4E 6lo)royu.rlgeE6lrEns.
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII'THMONIKON ANAKAAYWEAN 185

TYMIUHPOIIIATIM
H naQoxpri rlE O0rrpcvr.t{rigAuroxeoroQioE6YtvrQoQcrvrlE,6rqvsrrotQrdxdorQcrlupaloEq:r6}'u
oav ovr7lioorlU-rdrnv fio],loexicl rlE BLwIg ra[, ro 1686,!o4).0ovorrl Boo6on6or1.Flo fi614 t[o!
dvylxro rIv OtluFaMxri A uroxQoroQic fni rvdurouardvo.
H 6!-rr,x4Euptirn4,on6 r4v < rlq rlerrqa, e[crxo]"o!0rpevc elcrnfuirvtrcL.H fcr?rli,a:rqoodQrnorrl
Mcbc^yaoxtipqro 1686,sv6 orqv Iv6io rl aYY)'LXri ExcrrQioArdrotrllurv lv6d)v, rrou ot otiro{ot 61cl
xcrrgryo),irep1 ro1u,eY}.qrooxdolxoe 6vo vloi ortE r.6oMSrol' fdYYl, YtQo ofi6 ro oroio 0o ava
firuooordv I fi6ll flK KorllioufiqE.

t6a7
OI NoMoI THx KINHTHT 1a ro p61e0ogtry I4E (6Line 1684) ncr. 4
<rrqi6euooe clr6 to oqpelo rpov onopcirq-
M6oo orc oybowo ox66v 1p6vro nou ei- Tr1po ror-rgunolrollopolE Tor.r.
Iov fiQdoL trn6 16r rou o K6rtre ei1en- O Nuxov 1qer,rioOr1xe 6erqo?.r6 FrlvsE
qr,1qtir1rer,rr,gi\1,urrrx6E tqol#E t<ov nLo- y,o vo lgdrper ro 616)'ioxor,,to 1687,to el-
vlrdrv (6i"6ne1609),ou enlorrlpovegnpo- 6cuoepr rfrl.o PhilosophiaeNaturalis Pt'inci'
o n c o o u o q vv a r l 4 l 4 o o u v r i e l v q t c k t i v o pia Mathematica("MoO1pcu#g op16EtqE
nou ouprgcrri rouEnl,cv4teEoF qurrE rE guorx4gpr).ooogio.g-). nou or41vdavoq6pe
rqol#g xot y,oti or,rQo1[6g 6Xo!./ o14pq 6i\- rcr. cni'tirE o4 Principia ((AAX6g").'Hx(rv
'Hroa qqvq6
LLlirrlE. 6tt o'H).log oonel 61.- lpopfvo oro trcrrrvrxrixor 6evxuatrotp6pq-
lq oto4 nlovrlreE, ai.Ld ri, elvor otlt4 t16)t- oe oro cyyhxn ncpd povo ro 1729.@eopei-
Tol,
lq lcu rd4 l.er,tor-rppi,; levrr<i, ro o4pov, uxoreqo6r6l"io @uol-
Oplogivor, s[rolllpovE fi]"noidoov '[ol! xr]gnor-rypcgqne rot6.
'Evcrg on6 Il<rq<t tq onou6ou6rqro rou 6r,6l.iou,o
orlv eE{ynq ror-rgorvopdvol.
rolE xuQr6reorjErltcv o Xorx (6i"6ne Nerrrtov6uoxotre!01xevc to exbr.boel. O
1657), o onoloE rlrcrv pe^yo.l"og e10q6g rou Xoux eile evov, ltrrOei,otlv 6x6ooq xal 11
'Orov EtoLqelo 6ev 40e)wvc epnl"otel
Nerirrovc (6line 1666). o Xoux ?(crlJ- Boor"i,,r,xrl
1r10rpe otov Xtil.Lcii (6line 1678), nor.r rltor otrl 6r.opo1q. Eurul6g, o Xd),^ti iXx)"n-
orev6E gi,l"og rou Neuxova, or[ [I 6Q[ r4v poroprloel prc oqportrtttl regtoooLo lo
i"uoq, o Xcil,),eij qrcuei"r'oqr, otov Neur(l)- 1684,6rav o ncrt6qcEror 6o).oqovr101xe
va, y,c vc eLcyler,to l{rqp<r. O Nertov tov cno a1.v,iroroug.'EroL av6),q6ro i6roErqv
rd,qqog6qrpe 6tr e[1e6geu11 i"uoq on6 ro enlgeLrr,otou 6r6l,iou xal ro el66rooepe 6r-
1666(61r 1669,Anergooflx6g Aoyop6g), xq ro! xQlporc.
ol,l,c 6ev trlv eile 6qpoor,erloer,. O XtiLi"l"eij, Ero 6l6l-io roo, o Neutc'rvxrootxonololoe
ev0ouou<rog.6rog, tov ncrp6,qr-rveva rqv 6q- rc ruprlpcrc rou fol.r),oiouoxertxc pr tqv
pooreloer. nttiorl trov otrrp<tttov(6),6re 1589), 6rcrl-
O Netrrolv pnogor-roenllor vq. qvcxorv6- ntirvov-rcEroug TqerEvtjpouEtqE xiu4o4g.
oer,rqv crvoxdl"uprl rou pe no)tu pleloi"r,'reprl O nQ6ros v6poEengpcr(erqv op11 tqE
'Evo
otyouqrtiano oreivqvnou rip nptv cno eL a6qrl.ver.aE. 06pq nor 6qLoxe,cruoe
xoor lqovt<r. tlqdrrc npdrrc. rri.'gaeile or4 lpepi,o raq<rpeveloe rpepi,o x<rr6vcrotirpcr
6r,n0eor1ror tov owelpootlt6 l"o1r,op6,o rolJ rr.vcirdLelorol,ol0ei vrr.xLveixoLlr
o:roioE 6uelx6)"oveopuop6vougunoloyr- oro0epl tcrlurlro xcl xorer-tOwo4,eg6oov
opoug nou 0o frcrv buoxoi,ol yopi,Eour6v. 6ev enl6pour fidv0] ror elotegux6g 6lvti-
AeuT eprov, eile ro o:roreliopcrct lou fftxtip p[g-
186 ISAAC ASIMOV
O 6er.rrepog v6pog qE rcivqorg oqi,fer,trl
6uvopl tog ro yrv6pvo rqg pdlcg eni r4v
'Hrav
ercrr<i1woq. 4 np6q ocprjg Ou<irplorl
cv<ip.eocot1 pdla ev6g o<irpcrog (nou arrc-
tlQooo)'IlEr rrp <rvrioto.on rolj orrlv [.rd-
Xl'vql) x(r[ qro 6dqoE rou (ro! cvrlrrQoo(o-
muer,rov 6c0p6 orov o:roi,o 6)',x.erc[crn6 rrl
6wopq 1166cpwrltcg).
O rpltog v6poE tqg xiv4oqg oQi!r 6rr
yl(r rdo 6Qdonuldpler pio ioq xcr.cvri0e-
rq awi,6pco4.
Auroi or vopor rlg xialoqE ovrroxorxouv
qrq qEr6para xqr rc trrrrlpcro' orc orotcr
tile Oepr).Ldroel rr1 ye<opetpicro Euxli6r6.
An6 rc ptlp,etgr,x<iqEr6porc' rol arrrlpo-
lo pnopei,vc owolOei 6vcgcqtiorrog oqlO-
p6E0@Qlpdr@!,lrol ro xc06vo.orqqlleror,
os rlQolloupevc oeogrlparo. Mr tov i.ouo
tporo, crtr6 rouE v6pouE rqE xivlo4E pro-
poupc va owcytl'youpe 6vcv req<iorlo crpr,0-
p6 prrycvrntirv gcLvop.evov.
IIAfKOEMIA EAEH
Me 6<io4 rouE v6pouE r4g xi,v4or6, o Neuttov
rltav oe 06oq vcr onoi'o/lor rqv ei'&tlxi 66-
vqp{ rou (roxlr(l|, q\rdgoc orl fn rar rrl
!ei'r;vq. And0eLle6rL 4 6uvcpq qlrt ivqr
ovrii"cryq ngoE ro lLv6pevo r@'t,po'!6a rtov
6uo otlprit<ov tar, ovrtorp6grrrg o.vd)'op|
npog to rtg<iytrrvo rqg cr6orco4E avdptoc
orcr niv, pc rorg. H o16o4cvcl'oylog progel
vc pe,crpcrnel o ol6on [o6rqraE, ov eroo-
1<iyoup.eprc. orcOeqti. Me cii.J,cr?'.6yrcr:
f = gmm,/d2
6nou g. eivcl q orcr0QdrqE rq1"ldopr<rE6l-
\qE, m xol m' eivat or ptileE qg lqg xcl r4g
Ie).r|vr;E.ovriororlq, d sivo'rl cnoorool
cvcproc oTc xivrqc roug rcl F eivcLq 6ri-
voprl rIE 6opurLx4g il"!4E lou croxeirct
avcpoq ro!E.
To o4pcvtx6reqo an' 6i"o.eivor 6rr, oup-
etoao F rI 0erogia rou Nerittovcr,cur6g o
vopog rqE 6cpwrxrlE il'l4E roXtrr oXr p6vo
cvripeoc o'vq fq xau 14 )ei,r|vq, ci,i,<i xcrr
cv<i;r.eocoe 6uo ororo6rprore o(bpoxo oro
Xrlpncv. Aev pd'orio qrll6E ylq d]"Er] q].]'d
^1r,crayx6opn ,[11.Me <i]'].c ]'6y,c, o Neri-
rorv u:rootrlprle otr or v6por r4g grioqE ri-
vcr ncvrori i6toL.Auro 4rov ro roluportqo
rrLrlypa nou e[Xe6q(0e[ cbgt6ie 4 dnorprl 61t
to ouqtivra q6pqrtr 6r6fiovrqr crrr6guo[-
noug v6poug 6rcrqogerlxodgqfi6 EivorE
no1-rro1irolw oal fq.
Ano qurov tov priLl.ov qrTlo vol..o rlE
rolx6oprcrE 61"1ry propow vc orwal0ouv
6)'or or r,6porrou K6nltp ror neprlptigow
rrg xrv4oerErtrrv rllqvrlrdrv. O i6ro9 vopog
rlrryei 6Lrg rrg cvropcl'icErrrrv rlcv4rrxdn
xtv4oeorvnou 4rav ln,ooreg tqv eno1rl rou
Ncirtovc. (OL ovtoBolitErou Jroeorrleou-
vtor, orlv xi.vqoqTol xd0e rl.ovrlq ogeillo-
vtdl orrlv nosouoic rrov ti)').<.ov:r).ovrpdrv.
'HLrog
MoLor,6u o elr,trrro xuplcp1o 6].xo1
o6p(t rou Hhtclrou Xuorrlp(lroE, rido r[]ta-
vr]rqE 661ercL,exr6g cn6 qv 6L!q rou Hli-
ou, ncr oplop6veg plxqocpeE ei"xr"xiE 6wti-
p[Eqr6 rouE cl]']'ougn]'cvrlreg. Or, 6ovri-
perEautdg lnqOiTEeql nqoro)'oriv plrpdg
av(l)Fqli,egoulv rpolr<i rou, or oroleg 6ev
0c un4plcv av o rrLovrlr4Ebelorcv ;rovo
tqv 6ltq rou Hlri,ou).
Exrlvo :rol 6xcve o Nerirov r]rcv 6u, re-
ereyeot rqxd tov pqlovr,op6 tou 26pnc-
v r o E x o ! 6 6 e t l e 6 r r . o u o r q o r r r { d , i v o r
on)'69. Mo)'ov6tl orlpepc yvtopi,foupexcl
tii').tE 6w<iper,gnr6qacn6 q 6oprft4rc rcot,
I vur6vrc r[QryQaerlrlE 6oQurrlroE6Xe[
6el.ror6ei qrr6 161,yeyov6gnaqcgrvel 6rl
q 6cprit4rc elvcl q xuplaplq 6tvap4 nou
6wrcr ro }ip:rcv mo ;rcxpoxooprx6 enirc-
bo rcr 6t I rrQryQcrqrlqo lE rrc bwcrprc
cn6 rov Nrrirorvc eivcr cxpr6rlg 6tcv or
or[oordoelE xcl oL Torrr4teE 6ev ei,voLnoi.tr
pydlE.
>XHMA THT TTTE
2ro 6r,6l,iorw Princ'ipia,o Nerrrtrrvcvcpe-
 TO XPONIKO TC2N ENI'THMONIKON ANAKAAYVEAN ta7

Q6rov ornv (rfioqroli rou Pro6 qro Kqy|,v
rIE Fal,Lrr.rlEfour,<ivcE,;re trlv onoic lqoo-
6roqio0qxe 1 ncg<i)")'clq rou Aqq (6Mne
1672).Ooo rlrav xri, o Prodbrqrliororo6rr
or, tc)"cvvtioelg er,6Eexxpepoug elvor nlo
oqy6Eo16 6,ru oro flapior, pe rrrtodhopa
6vo po),6rnol nryo.iverocrrordoro llcrqlol,
vc 1<iwr, 6u6pr,ou l-ent<i to 24rrrpooro Ko-
yra!.
O Nrurov nnror]povcorr curo ;rnopti vo
oup6ei crvq 6rivaptl r1g 6crgurqrcEeivcl pr-
r<.porrgqoro Kcyrcv cn6 o.rr oro llcqior 1
ov ro Kcytev 6gi,oxerol nro pcnprd on6 to
xdvrpo rrlg fqg oe o16oq pe ro flcpior.
Agou, 16oo ro Koydv 6oo xcr, to flcqiol
6qioxovral orq or<iOpqrlg Oti2.croocg, o6ry
yor.rpcoteoto orpn6poopc 611 4 i6tc r1
ortiopn rqg otilrooooEnpdrel vc 6qi,oxeror
nro p4i"ti oto Kcyrrv cn6 o.rr oro flcplor.
O Nturov crdbrrlt otr av 6vo otirpo rrt-
prorq6gercr, plc Auyoxtvrgog 6uvcrp4owr-
ortt6pi,ltL, or oqrop6vo6o0p6, rqv 6cqurq-
ra. Aurrl n bivcp4 0c ipr pq6wrxrl rrprq
oroug n6irougxcrt 0c grlc dwer 6oo anopo-
xguv6pooc on6 cutorlE, rironou vc ndger
rq pelroq op1 r1g orov roqfelvo. M d].-
Lo L6ylc, r; quy6revtqog 6wcpq 0c 6qpr-
ouglrloer pro |tatfuitul'o4 t4q f4E otov
rc4peptv6, pe anor6i,eopc 4 yrjlrq 6r,tipe-
rqoE oro ugog rou roq;r.eplvou vo elvcr ].iyo
peyc)'urep4cn6 rq Eutiperqoqn6 r6Lo oe
rolo.
O Aicrg xcL o Kp6vog, rlou ivol noLri F-
lcrl,weqol qro rrl fn, negr,orgdgovtcl no).u
nro lpdryopoy6po cn6 rov dlov<i toug xor,
eri n]'6ov, ilor,rv prrp6reqq nlrv6rqro.
'Erot.
q btcl)'crrworl orov uo4p.cptvo curtirv
ttov nLcv4rtirv eivqr tooo pt1til,4 tirre to
mgilqapp<i roug vo 61eloaqrirEe)')r.elnrlx6
cpipo xoL 6p xunl,Lx6.To nepiyqopp<rqg
fqE 61el ento4E ei',oqqdrge)',l.er,rrr,x6op]pc,
ov ncr out6 6evllvetou avrltrqnr6 g.ero pcr-
rr,. )tpqrovc p.erouE ooi',lroylopooEtou Ne!-
rurvc, q fq 6ev 61el to o;e66v dltr,o ogcl-
prx6 op]pc tou HLiou ncr 116)eL{vqg, c}'-
l,<i eivcr, 6vcrterAatuop6vo oqaLpotdiE.
(<hnx<i. 4 Oetoqiacurrl 0c inpene x<inote
vo etrey1oripr rrExottii"l'ql'r6 ptrprlotrg).

IYM|UHPQ|vATIKA
'EvaE v6og
n6L:goE eile [eontioeL cvrig.eoa orqv O0orgdvlxil Autoreatoeio tial rl Bvslio xot or B]'
roi x<rr6p0<ooovvo xorc?r,<t6ow npoooprv<i q 16rrc Ei'l'd6q rrar tqv Ae{vo. Ot O0rrrpavoi Torrpxor
lxcvnv r<.drl ro epl.1parr,n6: cnoofrcwov rlieirloo pioo orov flce0v6va, rov va6 rls A0rryd6 rlou
Eixsxirooei rcrd rov Xe!o6 Ad)vo ro! nQ[xMouE.Ol Beveroi,cno qv nkuqri rouE,dxovcv x<ttr,efi-
oor.lyx).Ipatl,ri6r6op6de6[oov rlv AriQ'6rotrr1H nuginocr,tpuoLxct, efepptiyl xor o Ilopoevdrvcgprtc-
rporrltte oe epeimo-

1688
YAAOTIINAKET
E6dr xcl crdrveg,to 6ropcv6Eyucr)'icnoc-
]'ouoe ei6oE nol.weLclag. XL'y<ior,1ooptoE
cvonrulO4xr 4 telvLxrl rqE enc!tpycoio.c
rorr 1rucl,loupe nieo4 4 pe xqirounl<r,641.c-
611pla p60oboEnou 6ev 6aorl6rcv orqv ep-
qooqorl xcu endtqenetrlv xcroox-euriuolo-
ntvrix@v.Ir4v cp1r1.or. ua).olivcuq rirav
nol.ri prxpol. c).)"<iprlgr ro 1688cilov cpli-
oer vc xo, ooxeu<i(ovroLorrl fcL)'i,a pe1<i-
tror uqlonivqxeE, nou lqqolporolrl0qncv
orlv xorooxturl xoronrporv xtrr orcr ncgd-
Ouparov cpcldrr,.
Auro or]pcnve 6rl ro yuc)"i llvdtcv 61'o
xcu,rlo q0rry6, pe ono#l,co;rc va 6rc6o0ei
nolrt q 1prloq roo. Or ucrl',onivoxeg en6rge-
rrdv oro gtrrgvc prciver oro 6<opcrtcr,xqcr-
r6vrcg l<otov dvepr.oncu,q 6po1r1.
 188 ISAAC ASIMOV

TYMNAHPOI\IATIM
ttrE 10 Iowiou rou 1688,I Maeio xnE M6vrva (Mary of Modena,1658171g),6ooi;,!ooa rlE Ayyl.iog,
yawloe 6vov"yr,o.H ATyLi.oi1eovXeirov l{iro6o B,ni rQio
XQ6vra,urer,6ri6},ornepiprvcv 6rr Oa
rov 6!o6ex0iI x6el rou Mopic (Mary. 1662-1694), nou r{tov 6Lopap-rop6ger,q.Trigo opa4 br,d6o1og
rou 0Q6vouylv6rav o Q(I)palokooolt]roE y!o6 ro!| Iox66o! B,]cat ou A1,y]"or,6ev
rircrv6r,ox6rprvol
vd
ovXoouvpro 6woori.a Qopsl,o*o0oL&drv6(!0 ,ov.,Erot, 6xovov dxr<i"4o1 orov foui"r6l"poqE OQdy,
'ylg, on(uyo rlg MoeioE, xql orlE 5 Nop6Qiou
o foui"r.e]rpoE
cno6r6doolr orlv A^f/].io. O l<ixro6o6B,,
elxoroTr.e)cr.p;rrvoE
cn6 6),orrE,xor6grryeoq ldl),io orrg 23 AriF6eiorr.Errt6rixo ,[Qaqtr6rrlpcrr!_
trle loprig olpcvtr,xri oLpctoluoio, ovoprioOqxe.Avcipolrrl Enovdolool,, oe cvrr,brcroto),fg.etov
epqri),Lon6Lepronor ei,1e06oeldl"og ot4 6oorli.crou KaQ6lou A,, lor6pc rou Iax<ir6ou8,.

169l

TAEINOMH'H TaN ZoaN onME,oto. 66vrlo xot oro 6d1r!l,o xcovrro-

6r,tirvrov lcirov, 6ro olorqpc rrou, o o0!-
O P6l, noo eile rcllvop4oel 1,),r,ri6eE
ei.64 o p r v a o q g . i q r o o . X g l o r U o l T o l s i r dUtd X Q I
e!r6v (6).n1686),tipluoe pr(r rrqQ6Forq xq[ otpeQq,Or oo6qQ6E xq[ ordg rQr,Tpd-
TcErvoulorlru)v
Edtuv.H rcErvo!norl rou eg roo oarlrtqxaorloqv ro JrQixXvo lJeoE
i,Xs),oyrt<,rl
6<ior1xcl otqqL!6rov orrg roo P(l)pq[o! olrfyQap6dfll,rvi,o!.

TYMMHPOTIATIKA
To 1689o lou).rLpogrnE OaoWnEor6poqlr6ooLLL<iE r1g AyyLiog rogfou),r,6),pogf,xar xu6ipv4m pc(i,
p lv o{Euy6rou, rlv Moeid B'. KriQlosoxon6Er4g [to{E rou
{rov vcrvr,xrjoerrov Aor6o6iro IA, }rc!
6ev biorcoe vc Xqrpr,pronolrloer, c1.y?u,x6E6wdper,Eyrtr vo rov enrrdaet. O Aoo6o6ilroE IA,, an6 rqv nl:u
pci rol, u:roorriplfe rov lcrrcco6oB' lcr rirdv rle60upog vq rot!prioeL qv Ayyl,i.cr. To caodltopa
riror
ou., ro 1689,n A.y-yl,iaxol I fa].].|o dexroav prc oer.prino),spov noo ocr ouveli(ovruv yr.u exolov alraoo!
nivr 1e6vro. (Kord xdr:ror,otqono, enq6rerro .7r.cr ivo.v 6rdrrpo Excrovrcerrl llo?r.epoc,rcigoo ora 6{0
xQqq).
O r[oIEpoEov<ipeooorlv A11].i.c xcrr q fo].i,ia nxrd0ryrsxor orlv B6e!o Ape!?.rl,6r[0rJor
A11)ror,<inoLxortov ov6pao(lv ll6)-epo rou 6aoi,r.ri fod,t ,pov. ELTe<ogonor6l,oFo e66opr]vrcr
Xe6vlo
ou"yxgorioeovgroo ora Sdol rrE B6Q!0EAp:pr,x{g cvrigeoo otolE A11}.ouS,ca[ ro!,E fti]"].orrE (xcocbg
l<.q!ov(i[od ortE cvrioror,legcrnorxieEroog lcr, rouE lv8r<ivougouppriloug roug). O II6kpoE rou 6dot_
},r,<ilolLl6),pou titcv cwoQ.ydvoroEro! rlric'roe logig nov6vcrorr.yxexqtger,oclori)reopo.
>q P(t)oia,o IIireoE A'dexro vo xu6evoovsqdQrwo ro 1689.EiXec,olioerri64 va rov war.ogdper
rl valJnl1,tx4 1l,q!I 6orwi Ixvoloyio rcc! rirov crtogoor.ouivog vc sxolr/Xeovioe! fll pooio. Xro ptrclri,
or4l' Ar[or Avololrl, PtirooLelepeuvqr6gowrivrrpov xLve(lxiE6trvc&!Sorov rorop6 Apo q, nor ono
Iki p6QoSr(,v 66ero)vow6e(ov rlg MovrEoueiog.M rr t!,vorlz4 rol Nsqroivox, pooia avayr{d,
4
ooe vo sgrloL rov xrirco Apoiq orouE Kr.ve(oug.
>qv lv6io, ro 1690r6ei0rl) an6 rlv Ero.teioAvarol.rx6v lv6!6v 16),1qE Kdrxotntag_
1

4693

YIIOA0TI'TIKEI MHXANET 1r4p4xov4 UFyqhlreE6uvor6rqreg o16

El.ceivlvrorJ Ilcrorri), (6),611 1642). Elv,on
To 1693,o A<tr.pnvrrg(6Mne 1669,Aner.po- trqxoarl rorl lloordl, 6nove p6!o rrQ6o0o1
oxr?i6gAoyrop6g) enrv6rloeprc r-rnol,oyr,orr- xar ogqaQeol,rl prllovi rou Adtpfivr"rE6ro-
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>THMONIKAN ANAKA YTIJEC'N 189

ve nqr roll,qrl,col(rop6, rava].dp6dvo- ].eloe otoruorrnl c!r,o]"oy|o1varooo yevl-

vlcg curopldrd rrry nqoo0eoq,nor Olcigeoq
erovoi'op6tivovrag cw6pcro rrp c9aipe-
oq. O ActtpnvlrE enr"v6qoe enlo4g pro 6oq-
0rltrxr] pqlavlxrl 6ltiralq 1uc rov unol.oyr-
ol.rorQryovoptrprtdrv xor crorgovoptxrilv
rr,vrix<ov.
Aw6 crlr66efeno)'t nuonaOcp<icn6 6,tr
q ouoxeurlrou Ilcoxd). 6rr, oL cpr,Oprprxdg
:rptileLE oxol,ouOouvcrw),oogxov6veE ncr
6ev <rncrrrouvrr1 6qploupllxr; qavrooic 11
r1 ).oyLxrltou cvogdrnrvou elzrg< .ou.
IIINAKEI @NH21MOTIilA!
Kcvei,gtbEr6re 6ev eile oxegOeivc uno6o-
x6 rcn 6uo<iqeorogalv6ptero 6oo elvo.r,o
'Op<og,
o<ivcroE. ro 1693,o Xd)"leii (6tr6ne
1678)owdrcrle rouE ngcilrougnlvcxeg ovr;-
orp6r4rcE, otor4 onoi.or4ouo16u!e rq 0vq-
olp6rrpcr pe rrp r;i'rr[o. Mnopei vc qo.i.ve-
rcrunp664)ro norE6oc peycir6vel q 4)'lxio
cul<ivovrcr, cvriotorlc, xcr ot :lr0crv6rrlreE
0ovtirou, eivau6porEndvrc nro lprlorpo lo
pc0ollor-rpe xd,r xdvo',,roEnopcrqq4oerg
xar orryxrvtqtilvovrcrg orollei.c, napd pe
rcpc6o16g xar ouprregtiopo, o (6oo lcryuxti
xr cv tivcr). ALLtlort. or oororoi nivcxtg
evnqup6rrpog lourE66er1vcvopropteva1c-
QoxrlQrotrd rou 0ovcrotr nou 6ev 0o rltov
ctot6kopcr qg qllrciag.

TYfuTUHPQA4ATIKA
To 1692 6yr! or1 Xxrrrria q nepuivvp"n Zqayij tou fxlevx6ot;. H nc1prc rorv Ma}( Nrdvai.ar
(MacDonald)eile 6ql<iroer:rimq otov foulle).[o f', o],ld I n]'leogopio ar,trj eile cror<pu6eion6npo.
Mto ogri6c otqotLo:r<irv 6e10ryn q gr,l,olevi.c tov Mqt{ Nr6rdlvr ncr xnr6nrv rorg ened0q q vrlgto.
rvdrxorpoi'wcv. orcottirvortoErqrdwo rlr rirogc.
'Evog
reoxrleuxc(E oro :d).F rIE MaooxolJoeriqg,o XriprorrL nireers (SamuelPanis. 1653-1720),
lcgcoup0lrc al6 14 pcrvicrxcrrcr6io[4E rov gcyrootiv nou o<iptlr'r xiq rrlv Erlo;i rry Er,Q6r[1 ror,
ro 1692,tattry6Qip l.re!?.orka06or{ raroixorrg rou Xril.ep orr eivor Fdyol. H rloreia Eai]'601ri riar
Foqoro ot6F,',o6uo 1g6vro 6*crew6c <iropc crncylovio0lxov nor lvo rxreMo0lxe pe our0)'Lgqo16
peyci'o 6dqoE. (Kcvivc 6ev xdrpr).To 1tyovdra qllrd 6ev eivo[ ]roli oo6cpd oe orrylgr,o4pe tii.].eg
avdLolegrop6rrpeg,oorooo or Ap.eprxcvoiro 0eo4o0vivo peiucvdoqpcior1g r.oropicEror'E.

r.698

0 "Otrtol 1645). Xx690qxe l'orn6v 6tu 0a pnogouoe

TOYANAPAKOPYXOY"
H Ayyl,iu, 6lovroE n<ivrore6tri\rliilq6lov,
otqtg6rcl 6l,o rcr neproo6cpo orouETor,-
dv0QoxeE. Opcr.lE,ro !yQ6 xi\ipq rrlE
Ay.yi'i,q.E
[I og aror6treopd vo ysliEow ro
ovOpoxtoguleic pe veg6, ro ofioio 6nqsre
vo oropor{Quvxql pe cvr}.ieg,2{qrr fiou
qflc[Touoe troLMs 6etE eplcoicg ar6 cv-
OpdrnouE ncrr.ltira.
'Evcg
Ayyi'og prp1orlr6E,o T6pog )6r6e-
Qu (ThomasSavery,1650;1715),yvtipufe to
nerpdpcrcr rou fx6qr?i ge ro xev6 (6)'rre
r,cr6nprouQ1rloer xoveig xtv6, cv yeplle 6va
6o1eiope arpo rot trrd ro 61ULr(.61016ors
o cr;r6g vc ;rctctpcnei or pepLndg orcyoveg
veqo! nor ocr nara)'tip6avav IdI[oro
o1xo. Av ro 6o1eiocur6 crw6e6tav pe evov
q@li1vqo ofioioE0<rxqx6trnyoro veQ6rrou
rlrrlpxe qrov Jrrr0pvarorr oQuxtlo!, ro veQ6
Ocrcvurporv6rovxorri 10 p6rgo, ),610rrou
xrvori (6Mrr 1643).>rrl qw6lrq. ro vse6
proeouo vo aro6lq0ei. pt pLc wc euoayot-
y4 trrpoi, o orroioE0q ydpl[ ro 6olio xtr[
0a rpql6rcl xcr ntil'r, yrc va ovaqQog4oer
rrJven6pevr;roodqrc vcpou.
190 ISAAC ASIMOV

O l6u6epu ?rctooxelooe tirorg nvrl.ieE oxon6Trlv elege{v4oq, rqv cnoixlo4 4 to

To 1698xor, rrg ovopcoe @ "eErcu an4pa-
xaqiyou E),aytategcn6 ortdg 1q4or,ponor,-
r1Orpcv.To np66/"qpc rpav orr Lelrouplou-
oov pe crp6 ur,trr;irrlg
n#oeorgxol q mlvo),o-
yi.o rlE enoxrlE6ev pnoporioevo 1er.qr.o0ei
p oogdLerc{ol,6vTov qrp6. Erri,n].6ov,
lpelcrl6rov pe1<.q roo6qrc .1<rr<rv0prizrov
1rc r<r 6pooer ro vep6 xct va o1r1parloOei,
o f698, 6pog, wpcyporonolrlO1xeylcr r[Qd)rn
trropoitqrog qxp6g. 'Exor, ro pe.yoi"ureqo
pepogro.rv1cr,o.v0p<ixorvnou eloqdooov,ov
pe tq 6orl0elc xrfg ouoxeuliErcdTqvql,(bvo-
vr<rvT,o q )'elroup.yiorqE.
f)or6oo, q ovrl.io rou )dr6equ dxoveno).-
i.ouEouvcr66),goug ror vc oplioouv ro oxi-
nrovrcl t4 1prloq tol cTpori xcl q u66cor-
rrl 0o o6rlyoriooEoqpcvrr,x6gelr),ileLg.
E1IXT11MO111KA TAEIAIA
Tc rali,6lo Jlou lrQcypqxo(orodvroa
pfi6Qro o6rlyorroov peQtxEeoe6g xor o
enloolpovlx6g cvazcrl,trpeuE, 6rcog orw664,
fiagq6iyporog 1cplv, 6rcv o Ko],,6pr6og
:rcporrlpqoe oto nptirro rou ro!i6r, Tr1pc-
I'vqrrri crr6xl.rorl(6\irc 1492)^i16r,tw xoto-
rov nepin],ol rqE I4E naporqgrl04rcv .rc
N6pq rou Ma1el,<ivou (6l,6re 1678). To
cpopri6vc Ool.<ioolorcr(t6r,nou eile yr,o.po-
vo6lx6T ou onon6 rqv emorr;povln46qewa.
To:rl.oio r]rov to ParamourPink xan tntxa-
eql,tE rqE orroorol.rlgrlrav o Xril,kil (6lele
1678)-O Xdi'i'i., rali.6eue eri 6uo 1p6tcr.
M6rpqoe rrg pqyvrFr.rcScnoxluioelgoe 6).o
ror n6opo 2(orolw6ToEE rov npti.rroncyxo-
opuo1dprr1nor 66er1verr,gyqcpp,.goLonoi-
eE orv66olv rcr oqpic i,o1gon6x)"roqg.
flQoono0lo enioqg rc nQoo6roeiosr p
qrQi6!o rr,E1eo.1pogr,xdgor,rvre rcy pl6veg
p rov ),ltrrcrvlti.lv
on6 ro onoic ndpcoe.

TYMTUHPOIATIKA
Ittg 27 Iorhior rou 1694L6gi4xe4 Tprimlo rIE AW),iaE.To aw).r.16xpdroEpnopoooexrMo",, ",,o60-
vel(etollplporo x<rrriolor4porlr<otp6ao xar vo 1erpi.(*crL ivo e0.rr,r<.6
1p6oE,ovri vcrovcryxrileL rov
nl'10ttop6vc d,qqriweLrrE6cn<ivegpol,rEow6g.yivovrcv.Aut6 pe 11 oerprilol oripcrre6r q A11},io
{tov oe06o11vo 6iverrnr,loprprloelgoeri}J,cxqcrrl xor vo 6r,elapr,
ro).ipor4pqiE orxoloplxiEcrri_r-
^ereE,evrirq fcri.Li.o,noo lrcv pelcl.rnegoxrn rd.olol6repoxpciroE,6qLon6rovouvelci4oro lpdupn
rls XQororrloE.
To 1696l Pooia virinoious Oocrl|avorqTorpxougxcr 90ooeorrry ALoqr?.i Odl,oooa.Try i6ro
Xeovlc!,orlv Ar(D Avaro),l, 1Pcooioxor6).a6e 14 1epo6.qooKnpr1otirxc, 66qercrr1EIqrovioE. To
1697,o Ilfrpog A' r4g PooioEroEiollo ollv 6orr,.(ri
Ere6rq rv){dyvrro (cv xcrr6}.orrllepcrvnor.og ei-
vcr) ylo 1,cpdOerono aqclro1ipr,rrp 6urLx1relvoloytn.Tov i6ro1p6vo,niOor.eo Kriqo),oE IA' qE
:olJrpi.aE(1655-1697) xcr.ro,r 6r,o66101xe
o 6excterprrilpovoE 1r,ogrou, Kciqo),ogIB'(1682,1718), r@
oloiou q noErria 6pd"Le vo 6lcroro1jpo0eiger1v ropeic -ror.r
fl6-rpo1'
A'.
Me-rdcnd oxr<ir1pd.ruo no),ipol,o Aol6o6inogIA'ovcryxcio01xr vd crvoyvolQio!io! for'1,!6),Fof'
(l)E6oorlrd qE A'y"yl,ioE.

t699
OTKOI KAI OEPMOKPAUA roo fcl"r.),olou(6Lene1592).To Oepp6pergo
TAN AEPIAN rou Agovrov prrqolor rq 0rqgoxgo.oicgr
6cio414 prrc6o),4Tnsnrrorulgrou oreiou
O fdl"),oE guor.n6EfxLlLrirp Apovr6v (Guil- rccl 6p rr1 pTa6oi,qro! 61xor rou. Me lo
laumeAmontons,1663-1705) enrv6qoe6vo 0epp6petpo crr6 cndbelle 6rr,6vc u^yp6
0rppoprrgo c6Qocnou 6riqrgc c:ro eleivo (onoE ro vepo)6pcler novro orqv i6rc 0ep-
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII'THMONIKAN ANAKA Yq'EAN 191

poxeqoia. 'Eror, 4 oeQpoxqqoi(t 6qaqpou cruldvercr,r; 0eppoxpcoic xal pel6veraugt

xou veeo{ proQotqe vq lQlq|,l.[ofiorq0i (t)E
qlpi.oqvq.goQdE.
Me ro v6o Oegpopetpo,o Apoar6v p6-
tqrpe rov oyxo nou xcrc)'cp6<iveuplcrorc-
0epr1roo6qrc ceqiou oe Olcrgogerlxrg 0eq-
p o x p < r o i e xg c L , r o 1 6 9 9 ,c n 6 6 e u l e6 r u o
oyxog aul<ivercr pe orc0rg6 pu0po 6tcv
rov i6lo otc0eq6 gu0p6 6rav perdrve,or 11
Oeqporpcroio,An66er,leeni,olg xtitu rol,rj
rro or;;rcvrrxo. otr 1 percr6ol,rlrou oynou
owagrrloel r1g OeqpoxpaoicE4rov i,0uo.ylo
6Lc rc o6qrc nou peLlrrpe. Arote}ti, 6ql,c-
6tl, pr,o.yevr,xr]u6r6trlro 6)rov rov creqirlv.

TYT1IUHPQI6ATIKA
O t6lpoE AuotQi,oE-O0toparlxlEAuroreqroefqE, nou ile oQxioergc rrry nohoqdo tqE Btewr6, r-
)ciooe gt olorclrpxotrxrl rpro rtov Toripnor. H O0oFdil.r(rl Arrxor.qcroqio ovcyndoOryc vc ndedxtrr-
gtjoer ol,6xlrp1 rry Ouyyceio otouE Auore[crorig. Or Touqrxol 6cv 0o oner],orloov ao, d rna q twl*li
Er.rp<ir:rq.
lrrJv Bqtlivlo, 4 T(drporcow xoroorp<ig4xe cn6 nuglol<i, evevlwa 1p6vrc petri rqv i6pr,crl xr6,
xqr I nq(l)rrJoroq FrqgdeE {r oro fouil}.0opotlrloue.yx, 10 Xd,r6pcrqc 6opel6repo. H Tlirporoovv 6ev
qavo1rio0rpa11016-
H Poroic, r; Ilol.rrwic, q Aovio ,.at I >qfolia oupgtirrpcv pr-rotrrrdvo poreaoeouv l.tclri rorrg tc
oor.q6rt<i e6<ig4 rtirqcr noo 6oo ,r,tigrqE Xor46iog rircr evo nor6i. Ar-rorqldrg1' cureg, 6ev 1.vrilpr,(cv6rl
o Kripolog IB'r4E Xor46i.og rirov 1npooornrl6cpo rou oirylqovo'u x6opol nol, rcproodteeo ar6 xdO
dl,l,[ prroei vo oufxerei p rov Meto Al,6Eav6eo.

L700
AYAAIKOEYRHMA
To oriorlpo. rou 0eorcrrot oup6o).lopori ro.n
cpr0ptiv nou lp4orporror,oripe6coi(erar
oro 66tta, ovopgi6o)lc enel64 61ougr 66ra
6d1rul,ct orc 6uo pcg 1dgrc. Qo16oo, o
ctgu0p6g10 6ev 61er,rinoro ro pqyrr6. To
rlrlgicr rou 6rq6rrcou cruor4pcrog cwLnpo-
oulnlbw, afi6 6eE[drrQoEogr,arepd,povti-
6eg,6erti6eE,exorovrdbE(10 x 10), 1Ll'xi-
6eS(10 x 10 x 10), xol orh<oxc0elr]g. ADd,
qwl yrc ro 6exo6r,xooriot4po, ecr lrroQou-
ocpe nd).).r,ora vc lg4ouponourjooupe ro
oxrcEu1a6, oro onoio rc rprlgi,qtou cgr,opou
cvrmpooorneuow, cn6 6ell<i neog rq qpr-
oreqo, povcr6eg,oxrti6eg, elqwo.rerpd0eE
(8 8), nevro.xooLo6to8extibeE (8 x 8 ,, 8),
"
lol oiro lc0e[r1E.'HTo nevrc6rx6, qto
onoio rq rlrqgia rou opr,0poucvr[Jreooo-
netow. cno belLti rpog r<rcptorQd. [ovd-
6eE,nevrtr6eg,erxoornew<i6eE (5 x 5), exc-
rqvrxoorrlrd6E(5 ' 5 , 5) rcr outo xq-
Oelr1g.fevr,xti, 0c p:roporiocpe va ndeoupt
tlg 6tioq rou or-rorrlpo'r6EpaE ororov6rlfiote
<tl,l'ovaql0p6, 6oo peydl,o4 prxq6 06).oupre.
A!x6 nrolpavOnx c116Tov Acrr,prvr,tE
(6MJr 1669,Arrreoorrx6E Ao.pop6g) 16po
oro 1700.Mepuxeg6doelE0eolcxot oup6o-
).ropou elv<n firo eEln4esxrx6gcl6 dLleE.
To 12 xol ro 8, ruE6rioeq, 61ow p.eqrx<i nle-
ovxxlfqrq os qxsorl Uro 10.O Adrplwrrs
qtr66ErE rrioqE 6t to 6uabtx<jotor1pa.
:tou 61er,o4 6do4 to 2, 61er,xcruaur6 rr,g7gg4-
qrg aou. T(r lrlgiq rol 6uc0r,xou ouorr]pc-
Tog ovnnpoooneiiow povd6E,6uti6eE,re-
1Od6E,oxrd6g, 6excefii6eg x.).lr., xcl rc
povcor,xtioup6oi'a nou oncu, odwrcr,1lo trl
ypcq1 tov cql0p<il eivq ro 0 xcr ro 1. To
6ua6r?i6otornpc oro6ril0lx XQnoup6rq-
ro orouE oilplpovorg qknrpovr,xori lnolo-
Yrqr6(.
1,92 ISAAC ASIMOV

TYMMHPQMATIM
Ot ltirpeEY|rp<o crrd q :oul8io r[oad,uoav eriosol ev&vriovrr]E.(qlilovrcE ivcv ,16],B0 no! 0(r ovo-
V(ri6r(I! Mtydloq B6ptrcE 176),t4og. Alt]'a o bDioot{rdxeovog Kdreo}'oEIB'66er(e apiotos rrs orecrrwr
xfE rou rxcv6-r1reg.flptira enrr601xecmQorlrcrioxord qE Acr,,iaErqr'!lv a6yql on6 rov n6).tgo ge
6vo 1rrin1po. K<rronrvrccr6mprrpeo)rox)"4qotx<i6vnv qoorno otpcr6 ortnn).<iolo cr[6 rov 6!x6 rou.
Ai,h<io Ktiqo)roEuneqriploe rrry crlio <ruqg rnE vir4E xou lii i4g Prooicgrtc! 4(do roll<i Xp6vLcxtp
6i[owoE 6rc6o1lx6gvfrg orrTvflo].rl.l,,,ic, e,,,6o EEoQylopdvoE n6reoE A' rriEoi,,MrlrarouEP6oouE,
06),ovrogvc roug oqlqv6o[ 6ore vc FnoQorlvvo no].eg1oowq Eoul6ic pe i.ooug6poug.
:ro petoEri,otrlv Iona,',io, o Kdeol'oE B'rr60dte X(DQiE ra agriort 6ra661oq. Alld, o Aou6o6i.rog
IA'116 fcrtrl,iag efle novrpeuei qv ieooqLrl o6i'q4 rou Kcp6).ou B'. q Moeio Oleoia (Mdria
Theresa,1638-1683). O y'yovoEro1JE. o @i;,!'tnog.6n pnogorloexc},).roro rq o(l)Qloio rLrp#meoE
oufyevrlEro! Koe6).o! B'xor 6v ougnsQLl.op6<rv6tcv orJv dpeo4yQoFpil6!o6oX{Syro xor 0p6vo r1E
foi.l,iog. Ilgoroi neo<iver,o K<iqoLog B' neioo4xe vn acprioerto 6coi)r6 to! orol, Tyo1,6rou Aoo6o6i-
nou. rov <DiLrnnoE' (1683-1?46). O Ao!6o6ixoE unoox60lxdrl or FovqQxig rls fo)')'iog x(lr qg Ioro-
viag 6sv 0q vdlvovravuno xov i6!o 6qor,!d oe ropic :repi:rrcoo1. frc 6vo 6rtiorlpc, 69(l)g.o Aou6o6i,
xoE 6Qroxdrcvoxo l0vi0 r4g bwcprrjgtou r<.cL 1 lolo.vio.,pro[i pn 6IcE rLEunegn6vruErrnolE xnE,ilqv
unoxter6ror'. An6 rnv dlJ,q rrllpd, I fc),).io eixeoLxovopLxiE 6loxoirieE,ev6 16oo4 AoorQio 600 xal
o foul#].Fos f'rIE Ayy),iog (o oroioE 6ooille [ovog ro! |rid rov ocivoro-116Mopicg B'io 1694)6sv
ocr561ovrovxcgio cnr[rp4 rrlE torrog rol Ao!6o6iNou IA'. To arorti*opc rlrav orL 1lc].],io ov,rgr
rtirnrle r1v crred,rlno).egou.
To Aovbivo er6(qoe cr6 Trryncvdri.l lat rlv nue1{c'yrdrcr, io 1700,eil rQiro! 550.000lioroixot'g'
lrov q pey lregrl n6).q r4E Eup<irl4g.OL ory}'taig cnoLnirEorl B6erdAFlprxrii1av owohx6 r ,1
0ur[6 262.(Xnrqroi&olg. Or pyclrrieQesno],ergrpav 1 Boordrvrlxtrr I Orlo6!],qsro, no1'ixav rr].nOlr'
oF6 12.UX)r4oroix(Dvneirlo! l raoFrd.

O Arorunr
rHr norKHr
(170r - 1780)

An6irq opxdqIou 6dKolou 6y6oouor6vo,n enroriprl elxe6roxoproTei on6rq 0eolo-

yio Korn 6peuvo, ro neipouo Korrl ovoKdluqJnirov orrlvnpepnoto 6tdro(n.
H xorvc.rvio
eixe Kololneoelon6 eueopio,rnv onoioyevvo6oen oxe66vKoeoNKn eunroroouvn
olqv enrolrlpovrKrl
Udeo6o, nourouTiornKe Uernv np6o6orou ov0p6nou. To ev6r0e6-
povlou Korvori yrorn yv6onqrov16oodvrovoi6n on6ro Ueoorou or6vo,6fle vo
KolooteiEuvorin dK6oorl rrlq EyKuKlonoi6erogrou NreviNtwepo- rnq np6rnqoUV-
xpovlqeyKuKlonoi6eroq nou e(iloze lov K6oUoKordrp6noonolfioq loyrx6.O oxe-
6roop6qlov nelpopdrov v6 Korq yl6ooq Uerqv onoloeKepdzovrov
re^eronorierlx,
I0 enrolrlliovrKd
ouUnepdouolo 6yrveneproodrepo oKpr0iq.Meyo^Urepn 0opUTnro 66erl-
Ke ornv enr0e|Joloon on6 ove(dprnrouq epeuvrlrdq,ev6 rl e(dnloonrov entornpovr-
Kdv erorper6v, nouepeoviorrtKov yro npdinqopdrov odKoro dKrootdvo,evloxuoov
rn 6nUooleuon rov enrorrlpovrKdv ouunepoopdlov Korrov npoyuoretdv Kot,yevtKd, no-
peixovunoorrlpr(rlornvepeuvqrKn epyoolorov Ue^6vrouq.fro rrq epyooieq rou,or
onoleqKoli6er(ovIn onUooio rov nooouxd)v perprloe0rv,o Awoudv-Aopdv Aol3ouozr6
0eopehor nordpoq rqq ouyxpovqq xnpeioq.Irn 6eroerio rou 1770,o AoDouozrd, xpqor-
Uonor6woq ro nopiouoro rou Tz6zeq np|ior^u,npoo6r6proe 6I| ro o(uy6vo, ro odpto
noueixellyo evopirepoonopovoeel, nrov6vo on6 ro 600 [JootKd ouorouK6 rnq 0rU6-
oeorpoqKorro [Joorx6 ororxeio ornvKooorl.0Tz6zeeMnloxonop6v0oe ro u6poy6-
vo Kor0nd6er(o 6Ir eixeno^0xoUn^n nuKv6rnro.To dl^o ororxelo nouovoKo^UeenKov
Tnvneplooo oulnelvorIo Ko0dll|o, o ^euKdxpuooq, ro vrxNo, ro poyydvro,ro xldpro
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIIETHMONIKON ANAKA-.\YIVEON 193

Kolro polup66vro. 0 KdpoloqArwoioq6qpooieuoe ro 6pyotou fumrTporo v7qQAoqq,

oro onoloro(rv6lnoequrri(ror,oe peldnerro ex66oerq,ztilo)Uer6on pe0o6rrdr4ro xor
enrpdlero, 6ore 6lKoroovo1rtlor4xe nordpoqrnq o0yxpovnq ro(rv6Unonq. O fepUov6q
0orovo^6yoq fr6zeq fK6wlrlpnKoxlpoiirepe(iynoe,yro np6rqqopd, ro gorv6pevo
rrlqenrKovloonq rov eur6v ro 1763,evcilo 0llov66qrorp6qKornerpoporrorqq frov
'lvyrevxouq qoroorlvoeon
ovoKd^uqre rn ro 1779.To 1729,o Ayyloq nerpotrooornq
ft4l3evl-xp6u,nou eixe Koro^rl(er oro ouUndpooljo 6u o ntrexrprop6q elvorpeuor6,
on66er(e 6rr o n^eKrprou6q unopeivo uero0rFoorel udoooprou6vov u^rK6v, 6noqel
vorro yuo^i,o ondyyoqxor dMoroyoyoi.0r nerpoporror6q cuervovKUpro^eKUKd Kord-
nlrlKror6r0v ipoeov6r o rlleKrprop6q pnopelvo onoerlxeuoei orrl ouoKeuinoueivol
yvoorrloq louy6ouvrKi ldyqvoq.To 1752,o Bevroplv QpoyKlivoq ovd\trooc cvovxop-
roer6orrl 6rdpreroxororyi6oq xor ond6er(e 6r o quorK6q qleKrpro!6q Kor o nlexrpr-
op6qnou nopoyOrov on6 rn louybouvrKrl ldyrlvo(rov novo1ror6runor. Or rexvoloyrxdq
np6o6ornou onuer60nKov rqv neploooournnpounvuov rn BrolqxovrKrl Enovdoroon. H
rnrdpev4 ooiro,nou enrvoilO4xe ro 1769,endrpeqie ev udperrnv unxovonolnon rnq
Ueovonq KoroU(rloeorlpowrKd rrlv nopoyoYrK6rnro rov epYor6vrnq uqovroupYloq.
'Orov pqxovqro 1769,
o Ayyloq eeeupdrnq PiroopvrApKpoirenrv6noe rnv xtrr^rorrxrl
ox6pr1xoror over6lxeuror epydreq unoporioov vo ueolvouv noNjnro ypnyopo. To 1709,
'Erpnpoxolr
dvoqBpetovdq 6reu0uwqq xurnplou,o Nrdppnu, xprlorponolnoe Vronp6rn
eopd !e enrruxlorrlv rexvrKrl rrc rrl(rK or6npoprolleriporog oe rNpdvouqnou oep-
uolvowovue KoK.To 1764,o TzeruqBor fje^riooernv oruopnxovn rou Nroux6pev, r1
onololxe egeupeOei ro 1712,KorooKeudzovroq dvo o0orrllo6110 goldpov.Aur6qrov
ro np6ro 0r1uoyro rnv xorooxeu(uroqoxelrKdono6ouK(q oruopnxovnq. Qol6oo,n
enOuevn [3Irioon r4qorpop4xovfq rou Nrouxdpev on6rov Tzdrpq Borrlrovexeivqnou
o6nynoe rqv roroplooe uronpoYuouKo vdoqool.

1705
OI TPOXIET TaN KOMHTON
Er[ 6vqv cndlvcr,r'1xcr nequoo6reqo,or
ootpovopor.npoonc0orocv vc npoo6ropi-
qorrvrrg lQoI[Er(ov tro!.nr6v. 'Hrdv qcv-
po orr 6ev iporolav xoooi'ou ;rt rrE rpo dg
rtov n)',crv4rdrv. MeqLxoi corqor6poL ri-
orruuv orr ot rop4reg 6tdplovrcr p.eoc<rro
t o H ) " r o r 6 X r r o r l p o o e e u 0 e l cl p c p p r j .
A)"Lornioreuqv orL qno)"ouoouvnopc6ol"r-
14 rpolrci. npdypa nou o4gcivetotr etoip-
lovtou on6 ro poxplv6 dloorqpo, ni"qor,o-
lowlov'H),ro xcl xcr6nrv el6plolrcl cn6
ro Hllcxo )r-rorrlpcr1rc novro.
A),)d, 6rqv ea6604xero 616)"ioror Neu-
rrJ],\tq
Principia (6Lene1687),nol.i,oi eqewl'
rg oxtgOrpcv 6rL ol noprlteE0c npdrer vc
rrqlotcvr<n elxrLx6g 6w<iperg omog ncrr oL
ni'or4teg.
O Xdlrlreij (6lem 1678),oE prq nQoord-
Oeuovo onobeller qv 0ecopi,o our4, <ip1,oe
vo oqnevrg6vel otouleicry,o roq loprlreE.
Kar6yeollr ruE nlvrloerg eixoor teoodptrrv
xopqtdrv x<rrt6re broniqrtrroetrp opol6rrl-
rc rou unrlple cv<ipeoc orrp rpolL<i rotr
xog4r4 roi 1682(rov oroio eile ncqarqg4-
oel o i6log) xot otr,g rqol#E tcrrvnogrl, drv
ror eilcv eppcvroOelro 1607,ro 1531l,t'trL
ro 1456.Or,aotrrqteE cwoi ei.1avepqovuoOei
xor<i 6roorlporc 75 f 76 el'rJt't'ral o Xd)'-
l,ei1orc6cp0lxe6rr, pnoqei,vo. eivor, o i.6loE
xoprpqE nor urrorp6qeuoe roxrd lpovln<i
6lnor4parcr.
Xe cur4 rqv nepirrtooq, ri tpolLd tou ro-
g4r4 Otrrgdrcr v<rriv<rte).i'ttntrx4.onoE
xcL tr6 f4g, ol.),<ino),o enLprprlE.Xro 6vo
<ixgo rqg rgolr<ig ror, o xoprlr4E 0c nll-
'HLLo,
oitr(e rov ev<iroro ctL).o0c cnopo-
 194 ISAAC ASIMOV

ziQuv6rovfiolu n6eq qfi6 rov KO6vo, rov

Fo'l4Qrvo1eeo yv(l)ol6 n?'cvrlrq.
Ie &c 6r,6)'io:rou eypaqJro 1705,o Xdl-
)ii rAo6L4rs 6u o i6rog xop4qE 0o ur6-
otgege yugto oro 1758xal 0o.qxolou0ouoe
rqv i6n rpolrd rou ei,I 0tcryQdllerrq.r ro
1682.EnrorlpavEni.o4g6tu 4 6cgwurrl 61.14
'rov nl,cv4rdw plopei vc prrcr6<ileu
xdnog
rr;v rpoluri tou r(q[ roy 1g6vo rr;E epgtivl-
orlEtou.
Or cotqov6por 0ev n4pov ora oo6oQd
rov Lolupropo rou X<il,l,et.4 0roqic rou
6ptog 04proup14oepeyclrwego ev6r,c9dpov
YrGTO1Eriol,t4Tes.
OPEVHmNOYTaN
To 1705,o Ayylrog guolo6i,qlg )trl6ev X6-
d"E(StephenHales, 1671-1761)d.pawe tta xrt-
vel neuqtiporo pe gur<i. H nuo o4puvrr,xrl
qaqxdlqli rou ritov 6n o o.6paEouvrel,ei
rcrl qur6E oq 0pdp4 rtov qrntirv. Mr curov
Tov rg6no 61690oor ro ogd).pc
rou X6),-
povr (6Lere 7624), nou niotew 6rl l6vo ro
vQ6nqi,Lre6i"o.
O Xdr).9 enlv6rloe tq yvtoouj p"e0o6oou),-
)roy4gceplorv, otqv onoic crg{votpe gwc},-
),lbeg rou arpiou vc mpdoow g.doocn6 ve-
e6 xq[ rrg nc.pOeiioupeoe 6va oveorgopp.e-
vo 6o1eio.

TYMTUHPQI\ATIKA
H Ayyl.ic, 4 Ol"l,ov6rxr{ Arporpcrrio rcol 1 Auorgi,c o1,pp<i1r;ocvxcr xlpllov tw n6lepo xcrd r1g
fcrl,l,iag,yc vc onopaxqwoei o f<idLognqiyxrrog Oih,rrroE E,dJ16.rov uoro.vrx6gp6,ro.O n6l.epoE
olJroE ovopdo0lr lT.iltpog t4E lozavtxrig .41@dopig.O fo!}lrlpo5 l, ,rieov orrE g MaQriou ro! 1702,
cMri ror, 6Lo&10rpte 4 rowrri6o rou, Awo (1665-l?14), fio! rltcv nio1s 6ropqQrue6peq, xo! o ,16l,
poE ovelio0lxr. (!r4 B6peLcrApeprxrl eile leon<toer uriolE n6l_epogovriproo orlg cyyllriE xcrr rrg
'yal.lrxg crlrorxiE,o oroiog ovoprio0rpa ll6)tpog
r1E Baoi),ooa6 Ayvaq). Ext tapoJlilErolv or,fFa1r_
xdrv 6w<iprrov lrav o Tltov Todrproulr,6ovnag roo M<iql.pnop<o(JohnChurchill, D'|ke of Marlborough). O
MdQl,proeo rirov elciqeroE otgcrqy6g ncr vix4oe roug cryrrporE drEtdte f<ilJ,oq oq pd14 tou
Mr;.f!r(otF, ons 13 Auyorioro! rou 1704.
>ro' Meydlo B6erc IloLtro. o KdAol,os IB' t1E 2or46i.crEe!@<otoroloe vo vrx<i oe 6leg rlE p<i1eE,
gevowos rn, IloLovic oe cneLnorxr; xo.r<iotco4 C)ordoo, o fI6xQoEA, r1|! poroidg 6v eile oron6
va unorrrq4oer,.To 1702,n#fowcg cr'eM1ro rorg lnrpcdor.rgtou, ixrloe rrp Alio llergorino),4 oe nrpro,
XI roo riro.r ooq6rnri- A!r{ 0o ritcv ro nrtced0ue6 ro! rieog 14 Ariorp. Eyror6)LeLrpeq Mdolo xcu.
6xcv rrlv Ayid nreorlnol1 np<ocrloroc rou npdroug rou. H n6lq orn{ 0c ncrqrptw leorxeuolocr
E
ProoicE ari 6r.onoor.ompirou 1p6vro.

1706

ANAPTHEH EAATHPIaN <ipolegel,clipro, tc onoic crnoqgogouocv

ITII AMAEEI
Ol en6<ireg 6l,ov r<ov pero.gopr,xtirvg.eoov,
crr6 rrE o6wmg (leuqoprrcgep6perrgxopd-
x)'eg-qogeic) p61gurr.g dpcleE, rcl.qrno-
poiwrcrv o.n6 rlE avor46r1oelgr{c! Tc req-
vrdypo.ro nou nqoxo),oloe xdoe plxqt n
peld).q crvopcr)'i.crou 6popou. Mo),r,gto
1706 riglLoov vc lprlolpo:tolorivlnr o.vrg
6ao pdqoErrov xqc6coptirv. OnooOrlnore,
ro. el'"orr;prcnpoxc),ouoov evoll.rprxrE ro-
LcvreuoelE.nou 4tov 6pog nporrporrpeE
aro ra owrll rgcvr<i1pcro. H rrlvo4oq
nuo onoreLrol.torlxdrve),culpicovrro! I ?iq-
rcoxeurl opo)'ocprov 6q6ptor nepr,oqrce rrry
aqlcrroeicr rtov Xeoci.tov
gtrogop<itv.
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII:THMONIKAN ANAKAAYWEAN 795

ETATIKOT HAEKTPIEMOI repinou1666-1713)

xcrcrorctaoetrrlo1rutih-
al ogarQo Jrou rrQloxQe9oTdvlre xerQo-
H oe<rigcrqfi6 eb fio! iI xqaqq2ieudor orq69o)',o (puvl66l"<r)zoL, pe trp tp164,
o fx6prx.e(6Ltne 1660)6ev rpcv nol,t cno- or.roo6peuepelol'rireqo 4Lexrprx6 gop, io
rel.eopctlxrl <oEfiQog rqv rapuyory1 orcu- on6 rq oqcipc 0elou. H eqeiipeol ei,1eog
x,ou ql'exrpr"opori. To 1706, o Ayyl"oE grrr,- cnordl.eopo vo 1i,vow noi"l"<i v6o nelpopo-
t<69@p<ivorEX6ropwq (FrancisHauksbee, tc. peTov oTcrux6 4l'exrProp6.

'|707

PoAoI'oYTMoY To 1707,o Ayyl,oE 1.o196g Tlov @)'<iyep

Me rqv cv<inru!4 roo qololr,ou pe exxqepreg
on6 rov X6qlevE (6Mne 1656)xcL rou rQL-
1oer,6ofE ei"crrlpiouo16 rov XoUx, ro qol.6-
1lo 66el1vcrv tqv drqc pe cnqi6elcr lcrrou.
M1qr,rc t6l"q rou 17ou c(iwo, rc qol.6.yr,a
ror roilou, oLL<ixol rc qoqrpd, eilov oro-
xrrloer )'enro6eixreg. Or 6eueqol,enro6ei-
nreg 6ev ei.1ovx<iver,<rr<.6pqxlv pqdvrof
TO1JE.
(John Floyer, 1@9-1734) enw6qoe tva pd,6r.
ogtrypoi, r,o onoi,o,ogou xoup0r,f6rov,trel-
rouq^youoe en[ 6vq ]'en16cxgr6tbE.'Eror
pnopouoe vo perpqoel xovrig pe oxpi,6er,o
rov crpr0p6rurv lopbrcrxdrvratrptirv orrl
bLopxrlo ev6g l.entorr. To qol"6l opqpor!
1rov ro npdrro 6pyovo nou elle opxerrl
o.rpi6elc 6ore rc elval lprjolpo olorlE y[c-
rpoug.

TYMMHPAMATIM
H An ).io xor q lxcorla ei1a.r tov i6r,o 11tp6vd rri dvo.r'd!6vd, ooprprr<ti 6p<ogonoreloiocr 6!cgoe-
rlx<i 60.q, pr fellplor<i zor,vo6ori),r,o.Tlv 1rl Mciou ro! 1707, owevri0lxcv o11poilo.rrcrg ro Hvcu1lt-
vo Bcoilero r4E Mryril,1E Bq*crvicrE. An6 r6re 6ev p ope y,cr rrry A11),icr xor rq Exorio lrrgrmd, o),fui
'yr,o-q Me'y<il1 Bgetavio, evcl or,A1.y),ol xol or,Xxtbtor, pcfi ovopd(ovrol Bpe-rovoi.
o Mon 6).oEowoxqorogcg Alopl'xrp niBcl oIlE 3 MdQrio! rou 1707.Me ro.r 0d.,,or6rou I It6id
6ldordo0lx o XoQrxaperclt totrEtpriparo, pe crordleol.rc,rc a1,oiqro 6e6poE'yrarl BQrcvic rc!
'y!a xrEd).lE tieoJrdtns 8wdprE ro!
40lcv vc 06oow 1Jri6xo,,,6l1io rolls ro 6dgl ,q! 10! rloriro
xrK Xdeog.

t709

KOK KAI IIAIIPO' vov, ov olro xcl neqlooo,eqo. H nopoytolrl

An6 t1v erolq nou eile cg1i,oel1 eneleqyo-
oi,o ror or,6r]pou,nprv crn6 rpelg y,l.r,dbeE
lpovr.o (6),tne 1000r.X.), 4 rrllq rorv o16r;
pople,o/"l.elp<i,<ovcnol, ouoe rrE rr1ql,6E
Oegpoxqcoiegrotr xo16pevoulul,<iv0qoxe.
Irqv A1a?'ic,6ptog,11rr"prlrou lultivOqoxc
eile cve6ei.orc r-npq,xc0<bgrc 6<iorl pexir-
xox eile cplioet e6drxcr, nev4lro. repinou
lqovro. a).i,c 6ev eip 6pr0ri uxop4 rqonog
^1,t,cr
vo xQrprpororl0el orlv :ropoyoy1 oL-
611potr.
To 1709,6voEBqercv6g 6Letr0wr4E1wq-
q[ou, o 'Eupnqalop Nrctpprnu(Abraham
Darby,1618-1117),lprlor.ponoi.qoe y.a np6-
rl poQq ps sfilTu1ic ro xox orrlv erelep'yo-
196 ISAAC ASIMOV

oia rou or6lQou. O NrdQprn' 6Loniorrrloe qog xol"i'reqqgnouor4rcg.

orl ro xoppqrrcr rou xox i,vq[nlo ox]'qp<i
on6 Tc xopp<i, rc Tou ltr)'<iv0qcro., ;re cno-
dLtopc vc propdw vc orrpilow !'yc)'t-
'Eror
reqo gogrio orb4qoptrcrltrrupotoE. o opou. Kcl erer,6r1 o oibqpog aivol ov0e irl-
oi64gog pnopoioe vc nupcloel oe pelcr]'r!-
rrQrE JToqorlrcExqr p rqXureQoQue[o,
Eg6oov, ttilpc, r; r<ipr.voEpropoloe va yi-
ver ;nyc/'rirepq, ro peipcr odgc rftcv r,o1uq6-
IQo xcr[ n got<i eile urpl]'orep4 Oegpo-
xgcoic, pt orot6l:opo vo rop<iyetaLoi6q-
Me i'i1a i'61u4,4 Meldi'4 Bpetcvi.c na-
prlye r<irpc nororLx6E o.v<ilreqooiOrpo xol q
ncpc1to11 rqg 1rcv 4 pt1crl'urep1rou x6-
n6Excn g0qv6g, pnoponoerc lqqorponol4-
0e[ orrry ncraorcul pqlcvqprirov n<i0eei-
6ouE.'Etol, otq Me1<il.q Bperovi,c tivorye o
Dg6pog yrcr r1v 6.,tqe!l r4g trt'y6peqg Bro-
pq yaunfi E Ettataot ao4g.

TYMMHPOI'MTIKA
O K<ipoLo6IB'ero66cl: or4 Prrroicp.ep.r1<il,o oxeox6 xo 1708,olul,<i4tcr.rnr"olol.i cp1d. O nixeoE A'
ipcrv r]6q epnerqon6tregoE xar ei.1eoplcvriroerevov rrcov6orqord. >rtE 8 lod.iolr lou 1709,oqv rlo)'id-
6n, o IIdrpoE zcdno'ye pr.c ouvrqrnlrxr1 vixq, 1dp1 mrry onoic ovoprioOrpe M61og ll6tqog. O Kdeol.o6
IB', pcli pr ;cpr.xorjEciv6peE-rol,ovolx<io01xevc xcrroqiryelv6r!o, orrp O0opovrxr] Awoxqoropicr,
v(i) I wovo iou rrlg v6o! Mydlou Al,Edvbpou eile rcroppeioeryrc n<ivro. An6 rrry riLl,1 nltlqd, 11
Ptooio dQxlova rci[! rov Q6Io F-e"ydlrc 6r.wop46,pol.o nor 6rar4pei on6 r6te.
)rov ndLepor1g loncvrxrlg Arc6oXr]E,o Mrip).pnopo owdp(e rlE vixrgTor, owrgi6ovro6 roug frii"-
louE oro Owcl,tioqw (Oudenaarde) o1rE11 lo!),iol' xo! 1708xo! oxo Md.r),o# (Malplaquer)0r[6 11
Xencp6qiou rou 1709.H follia 6eroxorov otc nq60ugo r4E lxxog, oL;d or p<ileg.yivovrovdlo ror
nto otgctrlpdg'xcrt or4 Mey<iL1Bqacvio rircrvnolJ.oi eneivoraou onXodvowcv tov Mde).Uroe(|),0e-
(DQOVTOElov <XOO(rnl>,

'-Tro
TOYAEKI ou/'6cvLog. (2rqv ngcypcruxo, qro 6ev
rpo.v OLl,o.vboicrl.),aFeppavoi gernv<i-
Av XaQaX0oiv onelpoer,6eig orrl"orcriroelg oTg).
oro eotrrreqrx6t4g x<iwqg ev6g 6n)!ou, 11 To roucp6xl<ruxoIQ[qEorqv 6lni'<ioro
ogclqc elalcyxd(ero! vc rprorecqsi, F 1p6vo o.ro o.rr ro pouoxiro yrc vc ycpioer.
aror6lqpq q 60l'rl acr 61el noLt peloi'ure- aL]'d sils 6r-ro6o19rperEqoe6g p.yohireeo
Ql axQi6r(r.'Oltrage r6roregGulaxdorE 6e),4vexiExa[ Jro]rupyalulel o?iQi6erq.
rilcv 464 6oxLgoo0ri.o)'l.d ancrrouoav ge- Ol orgotutbcE nol nol.epouocvpe porox6-
1ol,6rep1 6uvapq yr,c tr;v npotb0qoq rqE rc ritav urolqer-'-,pivorva 6rar4por,"vlcp<i-
qq(riQqEUiqa orrp rdwq rar ow6 oqpc[ve roEl oe sloslo .yQapp{xcr, vn JruQo6oilouv
6rr, 6npenevc 61ouv ncLtrepq xcrcoxeurl. 6)"ol pcli nqog r1 pvux4 xqruolrvql ro!
Eni nMov, 6vn t6Toro 6n?'o ye;rileror nro e10gor-r,e}'ni,fovrog6rL an6 rrilq xcl p6vo
6uoxo).cr.le yvunrE 1qo.gp.6g. or LtieEeou.r- pQrr6EogaiQE0o 66qronov rov or6Io
repr,xcixdweg T<ovpouoxrov fiQoq6gQqv roug. Av crvrupercbnllcvrtrgealog6poug,ro
r[eIqo6rQ<rrlole]ir1parc. rouq6xlc pnoporioov vo Tor.,Eortord)oouv
Fuptooro I710.oproE,r1)'iyo cp16tepc, ngLv crn6pq qOtroorw oe oxdvq 6oltg acr.lv
q16udo0lxr ro l-yopvotuEtxlo tqs nE - pouoruir(,v.
oddaviag nn6 rouE O)')'trv6ouEr1E IIev-
 TO XPONIKO TON EIIDTHMONIKON ANAKA/\Y(yECIN I97

TYMMHPOMATIM
>rq ME1d1"4 Berovio, ro UlI rou x6Fparog rcDvO1Jty(ov, rou lJr[ooxriQrLov rov fiol,Forng Iorov0xriE
ALc6o1{g xnL tov Mcp).pnopo, xororylqi.oe4xcv lcl orrlv tu6evlorl ove6rlxro x6prporo.rvTdprr,
ro1' vovrrov6rov orol, rolpo xo't rirov efiior6 xcrrd rorr Mtiptr ploQ@. 'Hrov rl ,[pci)rn ee4vrlil c]J.oyri
xu66pvrp4g oq Mela),r1 Bpe1cvia xor"on6 r6re ol nr-r6epv4oer,g 1llE lcbpcrgevcD,riooovraL eLqrpr,lri.
>x{ BoQ[aA$Q[xrl,o n6].epoEr1g Bnoi.].uoocg AwaE enlgepepLcrovarar(tvopri rov 6oe6v, dtdv
oLBpercrvoi,rordr(r1oov r4v Arcc6i.cr(Acadia)ro 1710'i,o! dlJ,aEovro 6vop<irqg oe Nec Xx(,}rio (Nova
Scotia).6voprorou rroQ6pLv cr.o r6t. flo vo 6tdor1pc, or Bqeravoi 6ev ev6ll.rpcv roug frii")"oug
0fiolxouEflE nQroxls.

17t2

ATMOMHXANH NIOYKOMEN 6p6oiro.Ener8qo o.tp6gei.1e wi"eo1,

H 1prloqxox otq oLdqQouQyia (6Lre 1709)
au[qot 14 [4r4oq rou yorrivoErorc.ono rov
o'Ioio ndeoolrFudqFTqtTo ]tox. Kar<i ouvc-
rcrc. i'ytveaxoUI nlo dnogoirlrl r(dnolq
ouo'.url Jro! vq (larl.i xcr v0. ofiopoxQuvEl
TOVeQOdJrOrq qveQ(r1{'oQulei,o. H pl1ovr|
rou >6r6eQu6v eiXErxqvofiollx[xn ofi66o-
or1nol rltov enlrdv6wq.
Ta 1712,o Ayyi'oE prryo.vLn6E Topag Nr
out(opv (Thomas Newcomen, 1663-1729)
Errrv6rp6ao v6o i,6oEorpopqlcrvrlg.H p4-
Xov4 rou Nror-rxogev. qvri0rro Fr rr{ri.v4v
To! >6[6Ee!, XQr]o[poJrorot'oe ouv40r,o;revo
arp6 Xspl),rlEri,olE, o ofioi.oEoeolo 6va
1op4),r1
6ev rlrcv o.ncqcirrlrn n ril,ero eoapo./1
trov e;r6o),orvrlct. cJTiJTMov.I Flxqvrl rlrav
l,r"y6tepornr,ltiv6wq.
Ol crpopllavdE Nrour6pevyvtirpr,ocvpe-
1<i),q6r.d6oo4,ol),<i xqr qureE6eallroa lta-
06lotr aao6orrx6E. To pelci,itepo p6poE
tqg 0eqp6rqroEnou ncprl^yeto nouolpo xcr-
rdvol.@v6rqv yl(r rn 06Qpovol'lrou oa],ti-
pou 6ofiou ro !ee6 vc 6po.oer,vc perorpo-
ri, o orp6 xol vo o0rloel to dp6o)',o.Kcr6-
nlv o oci)"crpog rpu1oloa,y[o vo pnop6oelro
ig6olo va xrv40ri npoE ra nfoor. Irrl owi-
I!a, o 0dlcpoE 6npenevo lovc.yeploer pe
vep6 xcl vc Oeppcrv0ei. fio.vri,rirorevc E6oer
v6o tb0rpq oro 6p6o),o.

IYM1AHPAti/tATlM
To 1711o MdQ)+rroeo orrdlldxonx an6 xa rcorixovtd rou <rn6r1v elogrxr] xu66qvqoqr(DvT6eu riol
o 6gercrvLx6g orpot6E cplLoe opiocogvcr1<iver,p<i1eg. O Aou6o6ixoEIA'o6rp{ xct o fiolepog:r}.ryio-
(e 1161oro r),ogrot.
O fI6iQoEA' qE Pcooiag,ilovroE cnoxrrioeronep6olr.LrlcrrnoaenoiO4orl pret<i11 vixl rou orlv [Iol-
rd6a, filt0rye rsrd rc'rv O0<opav6v Toriertov. lr1 p<i1q 6pog riqrpe rov e1q6 vc tov neprxudrdroeL
xoLcvclxtio4ae vo rwolporpeLeLg1v4g.egrlove*trxorlEoqougmls 21 Ioul'iou rolj 1711.
To l7l I. ro Aq'favLorov cyrvt cvrfi<ip14roxprirog.

a713
EMBOAIA'MOI KATA oel tegco, loug fii\q0lopoug oro re),elJrqio
THE EYAOflAE Ulo6 rou 14o! cr,cirvo(6Mne 1346),epgcvr,-
l6rav on6p4, crl.),clp6vo oe prepovrrrpdvc
H euLol<i lrcv 11tqopeq6repq v6ooE exe[- onpeia xct yrc oovropa 6loorrlpcrro. Aev
v4gr1g ero1r1g.H no.vtirl"q,
rou elle elovrci.r- elle lovoncgeL rto# rlg n<rl,u!EqE rloa64-
198 ISAAC ASIMOV

OrqsxdoeLE,
l-r,Lx6 locrrgenel6r1ou civ0pconor
ei,1ovonontrloel pe^yol.tnegq ovooi,o.H eu-
i"o.1Lo,6porE,gerc6L66tcv owelcbgxcL ngo-
xa),ouo1reldlo rQ6po 6Xr pr6voewer,61 ol-
lvti rlrcrv 0cvoqq6qo al")"rieneL6r1, cr6p4
xol 6rcv 6ev r]tav, nopcp6pqtove ro Orrpc-
rd rnE, oqrlvovroEpelol.o nor,6uopopqo
onpd6r(t.
Av 6ptogndnor,ogenr(ouoean6 rqv erLo-
pd, rpov cogcl,4g cn6 pro beurepl npo-
o6otrrl.Kdee dropo pooqouoero. nqoo6Lq-
Oelp6vo pLarpogcr.Eri. nMov, peplnd nequ-
otorlxti {tov pd},},ovrprlo. Aev ox6ttovov
rov cogev4 lot rrQorctroiocv ],ogQdpovo
ncpopopptooq, o)'l"n Toltolgrovo Tou nqo-
o6geqav avoolo advrLq o pro 6!rQn
r[e006o],n,elioou cnorei'eopotLxo pe ro
oo6qQd rrQrorqll<ti. Enoprvu-rg.ro dropro
nor unlorroe cn6 prc t6torc rlnLc ngoo6o-
l,r1rlrov oe nl.eovexrlxq 06oq oe o16o11pe
xcinorovnou 6evei,1er[Qoo6],n0i fior6.
'Eror,
nol.l"oi,n)"4oi.o!ov tiropo nor ei-
1cv npoo6i'q0ei qfto tfirq poQqrl lJloy[dE,
pe t1v ei',ni,6<rvo npoo6l,q0oiv nr, <rltol
otov i.6uorlnro 6o0p6.
H Ay1).i,6cnor4tpr.cr),oi6q Maipu forreg-
rl,u MowoyxLou (Mary Wortley Montagu,
l68q-1762) rlrcv oifu.log rou Bqcrcvounqr-
o6etrtl orlv Torpxi,c xar 6lr1oe poli rou
el.ei,.'Orovsr[6orQeVorl Bpetovi,o, to
1713,rlnQoq6Qnoe roug Bperavotg 6rr.
orrlv Torrprl<r 6rovov ep6o],LcopolEpe
nriov an6 rlE g),trxrclveg or6pov pe 4nr,c
trropg4eu).oyu<ig. tiore vo nqoo67',40ei
o eg-
6o1'Lc(6pevog. Qot6oo, q pe0o6ogaurrl 6er
rltov novta ootpcl"rlg.Mnoqel o 66r1E ror-r
rliou vo FiXrQoo6),q0rioro ylnroIoQq4.
ci"l.<io ep6o)"Lc(6pevog vo ncpouoiole tqv
rdOrpn o oo6oQ1n rar 0ornrqp6q<r pog-
pr1.H p.e0o6oE prepco-
ourl 6por,o(erctinrrrE
orxn Qoljliro.
Ev routorg, o qo6og r4g !l.o^/rdE4rdv
t6oo peltii'og drote, enl o166v,o nepi,nor
XQ6vro,fiol,l.oi, uro6dl,ilovrov '4o6oLooe
t6rouoep6oLroopo.

TYMMHPOTIATIKA
To Bqcwfup6orrqp (Brandenburg) rlrdv prcrncrplic r1E 6opeLocrvcrrol,"rrrlg
feqpavicrgnol6ev eile ncri
Esrxo,,,6vcorlpovrftd eolo orqv eue(orotxi LoroQiouEXeL rrE oplfE r1E oiryxgov$ aro1lE. O lto<iwr1g
Xr,yr,opow6og (JohnSigismund,1572-1619) yLveexlexroprcErou BQaviep6or'eyouro 1608rol rot$,o6e
1()6o!t{(iro tnE flel')oiog, ro orroio 6Qlox6tav Elto on6 ra o,-rvopcr4g AyioE P{l)lLoirrigAurotQotogioE
xcr crnocl.ouoenqo4loriFevogpr.rpog t4q no)"oviaE. To 1701,rMxtoqcrgtou Bgnvbrp6otqyou rircv o
O0r6Qixog f' (Friedrich1II, 165?-1713), nou aoroovoFdroerpr OperbQi1{og A', 6oor)"rdgrnE Ilqooicg.
Tov tDpeL6epino 6La6!104xeo lLoq rou, @geLbegixoE foold).poE A' (Friedrichwilhelm I, 1688-1740), o
onoioE6yw 6cor7,.rrig rnE IlerooicrEro 1713xnr r4v pr.et6rqerl.re
oe otqonrorrx6 xprirog, xrirL nou Otreile
rarafieoqrx6g ol'v6firEyro rrry Ere6xq 6!o cr.c'rvsgoqlotepc.
O r6ltproE rqg Iorcvrxllg Aro6oX{E6}.1[eorlE 11 ArQlIio! rou 1713,Uq:uv0rix1 fllE OurpdlrlE.
O @i},r,:rnoE E'ropiprerve orov 0povo, c ,l.ciq fol),io eiXenllyei 16oo no),rion6-rov n6lcprotirorerirov
rMov orieovo vo evoOeipe r1v Iolovi.<r1o. vo a:re rrioer,r1v Elptirrl. To rlog rou :roMpou 6prixt tr1
BQEraviafioL11roXDe6Qnorko,r'oFrx(r, ,,/6n fdllia xor n lorcvio ixav Eoooe!1lo1.

t7L4
YAPAPTYPIKO OEPMOMETPO
Epooov to Oeppopr.srpa 4rcv ovorlr<i orov
q6Q<r,6r@Esri,vo.1o! fol,ll,niou (6l,ene
1592)xol rou Apovr6v (61em 1699),enqpe-
ttlovrcw crnorqv arLloogorQrr1r[ieonr..orrl
axQi6LdrolE lrov novro neglogr,ogrvl.0
rptbrog nor cnlv6loe 6vc xl"er,or6oeppdpe-
rqo lrov o <Deq6r,vciv6ogB' rorv Mebiaorv
(FerdinandoII de Medici, 1610-1670),ro
1.654.
)r1v op11, ro oeQoyrop6vaOepp6perpc
 TO XPONIKO TON ENDTHMONIKAN ANAKAAYTYECIN 1.99

rq[elxq! ve6 ri ow6nveupc r] pi,ypccurtirl p,erQd)ior 1erprpoJrorilarg-e1plrcr, orlpe-

rtov 6uo. A),)r<i, arlrd ra uyed roQ4yov l.n-
oc orov oro),4vcrou Orp;roprrqou crpoig.
or onoior 6qproupyoroov ni.eo4xnl enqpic-
lcv ruEev6ei,ler.g.Eltil"l.ou, q 6r.coroi',r1xcrr
ouotol'r1 ror vepo{ ovri}'o1o pe rq 0eqpo-
liQooio 6v qtcv opou6popg4, gr cnodlr-
opd vd U,rdrvrror l o.rqi6crc rou 0epgoy,e-
rpou, evdrro olvonvelpct eile no)'r-rlopq)"6
oqpeio6qaopot.
O IepycvoE quorroE Nrdvrl, Odpevair
(DanielGabrielFahrcnheit,1686-1736)lqlor-
ponoroioe orlv aQ1rl Oeqgoprrgo pr ouvo-
nvupc,ro 17146p,oErrQayparoroi,qoe6vd
rglolpo 611pc,1qlor,ponor,6wog orq 06o4
tou olvorvetrporoEubq<iqppo. O u6ptiq.yo-
gog 61er,roi',! XaF.rll.6oripio rrlle<og ncu
rolu ulrrf\6 olpei.o 6poopori, noedlr ei!a-
XrorouEorlrouExdr noqouordlel opc],rj 6r,o-
oro)'r1xou ouorol{ owdQrrloer,r4g 0eppo-
npooi,og.Ei,vou6vc u6cvrr6 r,ryq6T,o 0eqp6-
pc 1t' cr-r,6v To onon6.
O @dpevoi, 6xovexcr' ptcrdi\lrl orlp<rwr-
xrl rq6o6o, J[ol ceoeouo tov nqoo6loql-
op6 oplopevrovtunr,ldlv Oeqpolqcolr.bv. To-
ltoOrqosro 0cpp6prrqo oe 6vo piygo rri-
T
1Ol, veqou xar liloQr,ouxou opproviou, o
oroio noprllo'ye rq lcrprli'6repr1 6uvorri
Oeppoaqoolc nou pnopouoe vo enlreul0ei
tei,vrl rnv eno1r1,o4g.ei,tooe 10 urpos TIE
r6gop1.ugr,rr1E or4i'4Erol 0e6g1oe6rr our6
ro rhpogov'nororyei,oroug 0 6c0poriE.Enl-
sqE,fiQooor6Qroe oxouE32 6a0pougrq oeq-
poxqqoiq v6Epiltlorog ndlor xor vepot,
o:rore q Oeppoxpooia 6qcoprot Tou vQou
'ig,av 212 6cr0poi,.Aur;\ eivat xlipaxa @d-
n
pevair, q onoi,a efcxoi"orOei,vq XQnorpo-
;tolckcu o16 HvtogrvEnolrreiE.
To Orqpoprrqo OtiQvqir rlrqv ro ned,ro
nou el1c dQxrxn cxgi6erc tirorevc ei.vcr
xqnolpo orolJEerllornpovE.

TYMMHPAT4ATIM
H 6aoiJ!|oooAwd 1Ig Me.yc)r4E Bqeravi.aEneoaverqv ll Auyorioxouxou 1714.'Hrov rl ft?reurqioex-
;rq6oo:toE rou oi,xou rco.,,>ro oer. O nl,IototepoE nqocordvr4g oryyrvriE qE Awog {rav o ledrpyr,og
(Georee, 1660-1727), exMxrogoE ro! Avo66Qou (pr,cg encrqling qg 5urr,ni1gfeepovi,oE). O fe<irqyrog
oro6r,6do04xe oqv A1"y}"i.oo10E18 >erlsp6Qiou rou 1714xcrr ordqorpe 6oor.h,<iEge ro 6vopa lerirgy,oE
A', l6priovrog6ror.q dwaoteiatov Avodipoo.
Av rirav 6100 o pqovor. g-erq o164rr;rorr. Exeivq r1v erropl (orioe ax6p4 6vcg pog rol Ioxti6oo B'
xdt tlg Moeids qE Mdvrvo, o ld,io6oE @eolrtiorog E6or-rdpSoglrori<rpr (JamesFrancisEdward Stuart,
1688-1766), o otoioE, 6rav r#oovE o nordpcg rou ro 1701,suroo ',olrdooaxeldxaqoE f. >11 Mydilrl
Bpernvia ritcv enio4E1'voor6EroEIleo6iilepoEMvrprrlpog (rou 0e6aournE BecldvicE). H npootrrvu-
pia aurrl rot 660rpe ener5qopldrepo orintloe 6vov yr,o,rov Kdpo)"o E6ourip0o lroioet (Charles
Edward Stuart, 1720-1788),o orioi.oE rrovopdoolxe Netirrepog MvlorleaE. Kcr, or, 6rio lrorlogr eilov
urooxlQrnr6g fiIv My<tlr1Bperovio.
O fedrg'yr,ogA' ipov 6voE6apr,g,oxo0qorr6sdvoeonoE rror v0loqep6rcv p6vo yr,oro Av66eqo.Aev
pJ'o6oe o'yylrrd, 6v fipoond01m nore vc to pri8el xor, 6ev 6x<rvr*av tov x6no vc xu6epvrioeuq 16pc,
nqorLp<irwoEvc agriver 14 Sr.cxu6eqvrpq oio! reor0or[o1Jey6.H oupnepLgoq<itor-roOr]y1omlv rcoeF
vq popqri 6uor<t66grqolg rrlE M'ydIIg Berovicg, orlv ono|o o povrigl4g eivnr. crn),6Eevd 6Lol.oot IlL-
xo nQooo'lo.
Mr.o ourdner,c r1g ow0r1x4E rry Owp61t6 r]rcv vo roqcry4rioel I lonovi.d orqv Alorqio tr,Extrl-
olg rIS orlv Ixcrli(t xor oq.J Ol.l,ov6io. H neqtori nou eni evdprou oudrvo ororelorioe luE lorcvrx6g
Ktiro Xrirqeqovop<ioripit6re AuoretcDrdE Kdto Xrbpreg.
2N ISAAC ASIMOV

t7'.5
EKAEIWH TOy HAIOY
ErrE 22 AnqLl"lou rou 1715 0o lrv6rov
61d.nir4rou Hi,ion, q onolc Ocr4rcrr ol,uxrl
or4 Me1<iltqBqeTcvic xcn oe 6vc pdpog116
Euq6n4g. Eilcrv rcpdoer"eixoor tperE cutil-
veEan6 r6re nou o @c rlE eile npo6lerper
pr,c6nLrLrp4(6i!em 585 n.X.) xcr or corgo-
v6por yvrbplfnv rtirgc 6rr ol exLeirpeuE 6ev
eivol nop<i 6vo quoln6, anll6wo nol 0ec-
porrx6 qar,v6pevo.H beror6clpolic 6pog
'Erq[, Xd],^ij (6I-
61jorol'crleprltirverol. o ouyx6v,gove ni"t1oogno-
ne 1678),1,o vo onotpdrper6oo rlrcv 6wo-
to rov nq.vtxo. unoloyroe r4v rpolrci nou
0o cxoLouoouoe q o?{td rqg 6xLerlrqE?iat
ow6role en rcov npodgov lrigcE rtov ox-
trntirv neprolrirv,6ror dro,e va lvogilolv
6Lor:r6re crnpl66E0o oxorelvucr(eo'H],log.
O Xdllij oqldvooe enioqg pro pr1<il'r|
op<i6c rrcpotrprpdw rou rltcv 6roor<og:ru-
opdvoroe 61"4trlv Euptirrl xor crvd).c6ovvc
ncqcxo)'ouorloow rcrr vc lgovogtrq4oow
r4v 6xl.r1,1.Awr] rlrov q rQ6rn 6xl,srtll
rrp onoic ncpoxol,oti0qool roool woi')'oi
corpor6por. A:16 rrp eno1r1xi,vl rq.r p-
rti, ndoe rc]"er,rpq
pctlpqr6v.

ilMNAHPOT|ATIM
Trp 1I :rrep6Qi.o! iou 1715,o Aou6o6ixoEIA' niOcrve,cqori eip 6ooLl.euoeL e66oprivro6rio 1p6vrc.
aegLooorepoolt6 r<d0eciLlJovpov<iq1qor1orrnQovl roroeio. O Aou6o6ixoEIA'(drog xor o oi?rlnnog
B') 6!rye xor<i q "lcFrq6prp ffqio6o tlE 1<irpcgror,r,eneLiri dgog npoonri0qoe vc rdvet naqo no?r'
ld, qr dg4oE nro obuvcq o1166,rr rrp eil 6Qr.To! 6[d66x0ix o [vr(ixeovoE 6ro6l.yovoEtor, nou
6qoi}'loe orE oL6o6ixoEIE' (lnuis Xv, 1710-1774).
O odvaroE io! Ao!6o6inoD IA'alrrelr ro o166lo rlE fcD,icE vc urom4gi[et pLo ef6'yepoqorlv
Ay'y}"icr,rlou cnoorofioios fiw dvo6o rou lcrxrir6ou f' orov 0p6vo. H npoor<i0eLc 6^yLve,
d).ld drliux.
(Eleivor lol lnoorriptfov rov kixor6o ovogdo0nxov loxo6frE).

1718
ATTPIKH KINIDH
An6 tqv erolrl turv loupcpirov or6p4, 6rcv
ovoxcrLiq0qxe 1 riv4ol ror Hi'iou, r4g Xe-
l'4vr1ExoL tov n)'cvqrdrv oe o1dol pe rc
crorqo, ro xuqo ncpcqq4olpo lcrgqxrrpl-
orln6 rorv lll,lti6orv ogotrbv crorpov Tou or-r-
qcvou rpov ro 6u dev ?cLvorwTor,
ro dvo oe
o1oq pe ro cr)'i.o.fl' (rur6, dtrtrcoore,ovo-
ptioOqxov anlaveig aorigeg, pe r1v 6wouc
6tr, 6r,oqqouv puc ota0eprl 06o4 r<ivo oro
ouqriwo orep6ttlpc, evtir or, 6r,<igopor,n),crvr1-
reEexre)'ouvmpLpopo yipto o'16 14 F1, xL-
volpevol xrito crr6 to otep6<opc.
To 1718,6porE,o XdlJ.sn (6).6m 1678)
rqoobr6qloe q 06oq rpldrv riorgorv peyti-
)'49 i.opnp6rqrog, rou Xergioo,rou nQo-
nuovcracn rou Aprtoupou, rcl rcrqcrTrlprpe
6tr e[1ov c]'].d!er 06oq xor<i oqpavrtx6
6o0p6 ond rqv ero1rl rov aqlcritov El',},f-
vov. Eilav cL).riler 06oq aroOqrti crx6p4
xcl <rn6rrry eno1rl rou Trryo M:rq<i1e (6Mne
rs12).
'Hxav 'Ei'l,q-
oriOo'vo va eilav xcrvelol
veg16oo ge1<il,coqdlpcrc qrnv liqroyQo-
p1 rtov 06oerovourrbv torv aor6porv xor
cx6pr1lro cni0cvo vo tile xdver rttoto
'Erou
og<i)'poto o Tq1o. o X<il'Leii xcrr''qle
oro ougndpco;roorr rc dorgo 6cv eivql
on)'crvl '.cr otcroeq<i,o).}.d xrvorlwor. Eret-
64 6poE 6gioxovrar rooo paxplti,4
"r6[cr
xiv4or]" rouEelvoLnol.rr prrprl rcL 6ev pro-
 TO XPONIKO Te)N EIII:THMONIKC'N ANAKA YVEAN 201,

Ql!c vroJrrool fiaQd U,6\,otr rqv rldQooo
plqilou xgovr.r(o6braoxrlpaxog.
Me lov Xdi\Ii.),lo[n6r, xatdpqeuoeq 6v-
vorc rou oto.otqoi rcr cptr<i6l'1tou ouq<i-
vlou oregedrpcrog,prc drvorcrrou cno661o-
vrcrv 6lou p!1qu r6te ror qtrlv oroiq oup-
gurvouoe,pdLrcta, xoL q Bi6l'og. Avrlora,
ro <impc epgcrvilovrav rlo togwc op4vog
qn6 nol,! poxplvd otbpota, :tou 61ow pe-
1d)'.eganoordoerg petclu ror,rgxor,to nc06-
vo ra"veircl gr -rq 6rxrl rol ralurrpcr xal xa-
retolrvo4.

TYMIUHPOMATIM
>rrE ll AxB6eiourou 1718,o KdeoLog IB't4g )ou16iaE ruqo6o).{04xeoto xegrih, iocoEan6 rouE
i6torE torJEorecfl6xeg rou, v(o riohpoto orn Noe6yfyia. M rov 0rivcr6 rou 611!e opLorrx<i o Meyd-
l,oEB6Qrogn6lpog.

4722

NHTOImYIIAEXA ro vloi. cv(rxci"lpoqxe rqv Kupr,ax4 tor.r

Av rcr e[1cv nep<ioel6r]o cldrvegon6 r6m
:rotr o Mcplrcrvog elle oucrolloeu1uo rq<irq
qopti tov ErqlvLx6 C2xeov6(6),ine 1523),
urr]p1av crn6pq oe awr] r;r, c1avr1 0al'<io-
olc dxrcrol nolri'"ti vqorcr nou 6ev eilcv ava-
naLoq0ei crn6roq Eqtonaloug. To 1?22,o
OLi.ov66g0ol,oooon6poEfrdxopn P61ege-
ev (Jacob Roggeveen , 1659-1729)cvaxtil'rnpe
6v<rplxpo vqol pe dxrcol 115 terqcyovr,-
xtilv lul,uop"ergurv,fio! llqr 6vd on6 To nro
cnopov<op6lc vqoud rou x6opou. An61el
1.920r.i{6perpc cn6 qv ri.loreocgq lq-
po, nou eivcr 6va d)',i'o plxqo v4oi,.Eneub1
fl<io;c, ovoprio0rp,e NriooE rou ll<io1a.
H Nqoog rou fl<io;c eivcr iourETo pcrxgr-
vorrpo olpeio oro onoio 6g0crocvor floiru-
vrloror xn, cr rov cnolxr.op6rtov vrprdrv rou
Etp4vrrori (6lrre 537). To vqoi cuto eivcr
neproo6,eqo 1.rroo16.pc rcr elcrxdouc)'iOl-
vc crltil.potc ror-r avotr,oi'{g0rprar exti xcrl
Tqrv onoi,ov o rurog 6ev 6qi,oxerol oe xcrv6-
vc ril.l'o pdpog rlE f4g. Aurd 61ow npoo-
6<irorr,or4v Nrloo rou Iltio;c 6vcv adpa pu-
orrlplou nou, xcr,cr ntiqqv nu0ov6rrpc, 6ev
TrKqBr![.
Aqlorepa, oro i6ro rcfi6r, o P6lepeev
cvoxtii"urpetrE Nr;ooq Xcp6c.

TYMTUHPOMATIM
Tc ureg:rovrr,cr epnoqrxci ellerplpctc eylupovotiocrv lovrore olxovopr,xoiE xrvouvouE xor, apxerlg qo-
eEcrorlrfxovol,. Ero[, ro 1720ixouU rlv Yxt60eo\ tIg N6xLaEOci,ldooag oq Beer(.vl(r t ar $l Ytto-
qeol tou MooLfii axrl fa},).fc. Kcr o16 6rio mpurr<iroerg xcrcorptigrpcv roll,oi rinl'1orot ttv6ur6E
nou enr6iroxov rov euxolo rlr,ourrop6.
To 1721I Poolo 6x),Loeerqr]ry1ge 14 Eou46i.c, rcipvovroE fvo pryd),o rpripo tol', oxr6v rls Bol"r!-
x4g, ro onoio 0c xporouor eri 6io oXr6ovcrtirveE
O P6IJEer fou6trnotr (Robertwalpole, 1676-1?45) iryrvrreoou:roupy6Er4E A11LioEr.o l72l xat na-
Qtur}o ourriv qv 0dor1eai einoordvo 1q6vro. o fdeyrog A' i1eop{oer oe cur6v 11 6rdrio66evlol
116 1ti-rpcgt<orirol riror o nptirrog lpo0unolp16E qg A11,)'iog lt 14 ot"1'1pov4lworc rou 6pou. O folr-
drlfiol xollde^/no rrry etq1v4,evO<iqqwero epn6qro xcrr ciq4oedvv61l,nreErr,gcgepr.xavttiEcnoL'
xieE. Or rinoLxor,owriOrocrv oe cur6 ro xcr0ror<irEr1E curoxu6ipulolE, nedypo nol; eo 6lprolJeyolJoc
ngo6Lrlporcr oq Meydi,q Bperovio nrwlvro 1p6vrc op'y6repa-
202 ISAAC ASIMOV
L72a
XPONOMETPOIIAOIOY
frc vo npoo6ropro0ei q 06oq ev6Eni"oi,ou
orrl o<il'cooo, :rq6rrer vo 6pe0ei to 'yearypc-
qtno r)'<itoE rou (4 croorool 66qerc 11vo-
TrGTO1J rOrlpQTVOU, '(0r TOTolQo9rro pl-
nog rou (q crn6otooq ovorol"lxd ri ourrxd
an6 ro )'lpavl exnivqo4E).fua vcr 6qe0eiro
yrtulqcqr16 nl'crog ev6Eo4priou lpenet vcr
:rpoo6Lopr,o0tl 4 06oq tou Hi"iou 4 rou [lo-
)'rno[ Aor6pa oto 9,6'yrororhpoETolg xcr vo
r-rro)'oyro0ei4 cn6orooq r4E crr6 ro leviO.
frc va 6ge0ei ro yeoyqc9rn6 p1xoE rol
:r)'oior.r,6porg,np6ner vo. ri,vcu yvoorrl p,e
cxpl6ela 4 6qo. r4E r1p6pag,ng<t.yptrnol
'Evc pol,6t
ritcv ouoro)ro exeivq rrlv eno)grl.
pt,eexxqepeE,nqoqcvtirg, Oevproqel vc Ltl-
rouqyrioer o<oor<indvto oe dvo n)'oio nor.r
x)'u6tovilercn,evcirtcr gop4rti po)',6'yrorqg
erolrlg 6eveilcrv rqv onopcrirqrq crpi6elc.
To 1714.q 6qeruvLxrlxu6ipvrprl ngooe-
eeQ6vcr 60cr6[0eixool 1r].rn6ov ]'rptirv
(rou {tav plc teqtiorucr neprouoic exeivrl
rqv erop| oE drlolov 0c errr,voorioeplc pr-
0o6o 1lo rov nqoo6rcprop6 rou ytoyQogr,-
nol prptougev6g ni'oi.ou.H ngoogopd ev6g
t6oo pe1<ii'ounooorl 6ev 4ror roqd)'o11,
oqoi plo t6ror.c p60o6og0o en6rpeneoto
d'olcr va ngooOlogifow pt crqi6era q 06-
04 rouE xq[ 0c cndgege xdq61 ldpq or4v
enlr<i1woq rorv epnoqlxcilvbucOlxcorirv.
'Evo.E
AyyloE xcrcontunor4E opltivtov,
o Tltov X<ippr,oov(John Harrison, 1693-
1776),oqli(ovroE cn6 ao 1728,xcr\.cLa:lr;$a-
oe 6rc6o1u<i n6vre 1qor,6;rtrpo',ro 6vo no.-
i'urego cno ro npoqyor.rprvo.Ellcv 6i'c el-
6r,xdouorqpc cvdqrrpqg, tiroreva p4v en4-
ge<ilovtol on6 tlg nrvr]oerErou nl.oiou. O
Xripgroov xqrqoxetooe ertoqg dvcrerxge-
p6g cn6 dragopetrx<i p.ercl'l,o cirorevo pqv
pr,eto6<i).Lercr.
to prinog rou ncn vc 1errrry
i6rcrreqlooo anopq rtrr, 6rav dl'i'o.le 11oeq-
poxpcoia. Yrr]p1e eniolE 6r,cgpllcvLop6E
nou endrpeneoro lgov6g.erqovc l,etrouglci
6oo ro xoup6llov. Ko06vo cr6 ta lpov6pt-
rpo rou Xtipproov rxcvonoroum rrg npoii-
no06oergnou ei1o.vreOel1ro rq 1oqrry4or1
rou en<io)'or.r.Ilpolporr,nd, cv rcr L.ertor.rp-
louocv or4 odl"oooc, r]rcv no).u :no cxpL6{
'Evo
on6 lc t6te qo).61o rlg [4paE. cr6
rc lpov6prrpc rou Xtippr,ooveile ltioel )',r-
y6reqo cr6 6vc },enro pet<icr6 6vo.Oclr<io-
oro rcli6r ndwe p4vriw.
To 6gercvrx6 norvo6oul"lo,6pog, 6er 14-
p4oe rqv un6cryeorltou. Av66a)').t yro no)'-
l'o lgovucrr1v nl,rpo.lptlror Xdqqroov ror
6evrou efogi'rpr ro rooo rou 6pa6eiouno-
qd p6vo ro 1773.
AIIOI|AANTDH TOY (Dg}TOx
To lrlrqpo r1g ncpd)'l'clqg rov co, g<ov
cncoloLouoe rooE corqov6pouE on6 rqv
erol{ nou xux},og6qrpe ro 616}'torou Ko-
r6pvuxou (61,6m 1543), ngrv crro 6uo o1e-
66v cl<irveg.Av r1 fq xrveircl 6vrog yupto
'Hi.r,o,q
cn6 rov xivqoq ctrr4 0c inpure ro
npoxol.6oel plc napcl)'cxtlxrl prrot6nlorl
r<oarovrL!6rQoa <iorqtovoe a;6or1 p: ra
nlo poxqlvo. Me rov evronrop6 ev6gxovtl-
vou <iorpouorov 1 F1 6pioxercr oro 6vc
dxqo tqg rpolltriE rrlE. xcr rov evronrog.6
<inqo(oe o.16-
rou orc.v 6qioxercr oro <i)',)"o
otcol 300.000.0001r,).rop6tg(l)vc:t6 rqv
rporryoupvrl 06o11 rapor1pqoqg), 0o 64e-
ne vcr llveu clo0qrq pla perc,6rroq ror.r
dorporl. Al,l'<i xcveig 6ev eile xcropO<irer,
vo qv 6rcnp[l'rl.
Exeivor nou 661ovrov ro orlor4pc tou
Kondgvr,xouzcr tou K6n)',eqnioreu(rv 6rr
curo ogeikrar mo yr.yovogorr ax6;rq xcu
ro novrlv6rego.riotpc 6pioxovtol t6oo pc-
xgl<i <boreq ncpd)'lalri Toug vcr elvcr onel-
poei'<i1or4 xou vo pqv pnoqei vc prrpq0ei.
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENI>THMONIKAN
'OptoE,
rc r17.eon6nlc 6el,-rldrvovrcvowe-
ldrE rcl or ootpov6trlouowdlulcv tr,g wqo-
ond0ereg.
'Evcg
on6 crrirolJErotrE oorqov6pouE
rlrov o Bqetav6E Tl6Lpg M:rpdwl,u (James
Wadley,1693-1762). O Mnpdvtl.r, 1p4olpo-
nordrvro.g6vo rnlox6mo prlxoug 65 nep!
nou pergcov,npoondOrpevc perprloeLq pl-
,(Qrlproronon rou eq 6rer vcr rrqQo!,
o r d ( o u v r q o o r q a u r 4 v 6 rd p x e r a e v o E
rouE.Or prQrlqigrou err6nlocv pro pe-
rcr6nloq, q onoi,o 6pog 6ev ow6nlnre pe
extivqv nou ocr6:rpem vc nponcrLioel4 o).-
Loy4 tqE Oioctlg r4g f1g novro orrry tpolrri
xlE xdr, fiop6vog, 6ev enp6xer,o yuo.no.-
aduqEn.
O Mngdvr),u nplroe vc ovo(r1rei pr,coi,-
Iq e[rryrpq yr,c ro golv6prvo nou ei,1enc-
pcqqrloer xcr r4v 6prlxe aeLwq ao 1728. H
yrrorolrorl cur4 eprgcvrlorcv enerdriro tq-
LtoxonLonpenr vc dler prc ei.opp<id'lo1
1o vo oul,)'op6ovetro groEur06g q fq rr-
veitol or4v rpolLo tr6 (rq lq6prvq pr0pL-
orf ytc f,lv anorkivqoq too Eott6E). Era
qrxiororxo gor,v6pevop,cg r-rnolqedlver, vcr
66oo!p xLi.oqorrlv opnp6l,a pcrg6rov rp6-
loupe trrsocr or! 6OoI1i,cx6p1 xcr 6.rcv or
orcl6veE t1E 6po1r1gn6qrow xotcx6gugc-
H d.i,o4 rou rlQ6rrvq 6o0e[ oro rqltox6-
nlo elcrqtoto.r,o.n6 tov )'o1o rqE rcl6urrFog
Uf rlv oJrold xrvirq.rI Fq orqv tpolr<i r1E
r[QoErla r(lxljxlrq rou g(l)T6E.
Auro o{pcu,ve6rr o Mnpcvri'u 6ev ei,1e
:rpoobloploer pev r4v lrog<i],].a!4 rtov
dorQ@v,ri1r cvcr<c).irpeu 6goE ivcv vio
Tqoro ufiol.oylqpourqg ro.pttrltcg rou gco-
r6E, cgol q rolurqto ;rr r1v onoic xlveircl
q f4 yuptoono rov 'Hl,r,onrov yvtoorrl ncrr4
xLioq rou rllroxoriou rlrov rnioqE yvoorrl.
Aut6g rlrav o nqdrrog rQ006LoQrop6grrlg
-ro;1uw1tcrg too grrrr6E per<i rqv npool<i0er,c
tou P6ptq nev4vtc 1g6vn evcrrpirepo(6M-
nE 1675) xol 60cr.roe nlo anpr66g cnor6i.e-
opo. H rrpl fiou 6Qrpe o Mngtivrl.o rpcv
282.0001L)'L6perqcro 6eurcp6l'rnro, p6vo
ANAKAAYVEAN 203
57o plxpoteprl cn6 rlv ngolpo.tr,xrj
ErL nlr6ov, l anoni"cvqoq rou gor6E
cn66er,l4ylc rrry dv1-
4rcv elioou r.o;r-rpri
o1 r4g F4g.ooo 0a 4rov xcr l corqrn4 nc-
adli\cEn.
BEPITIEIO' IIOPoMox
Ev<i q 6oor,)'elcro! n6reo1' A'n)"4oicle
oto t6l,og rqE, 4 Pooi,o elle lLrov un6 rqv
xcro114rqE o)"oxllq4 r1 XL6qpic.'Hrav
og.ltog ox6pq olvrooto cv un1ple x<inolc
lepoo.ic ouvbro4 ovtip-roc o14 Er6lgio xot
Iq BoQrqApeplxrl. O fl6rpoE ov60eoeoe
6vqv Aqv6 0n)'oooon6qo, rov Bi,ror-rg fu6-
roooev Mn6glv1,x(Vitus Jonassen Bering,
1681-1741), vo ro elonpL6<iroeL.
To 1725 o MnQrvyx 6co;r,oe t4 )r,61pic
rqt fqeqos mqv Kd;rrotirxo. rlv onoio nor
loptolqdgrpe. To 1728andn|eooetr:r6 rrp
Kcprodrxc npog 6oqqcivxcL 6g0coe otor4
rdyolE To! Apnrlrcori Qxeavou, ltlp[E vo
6er oreqrd. Eile Oloolioel rq Oq).aootorr-
Qro?(rfrro! ttirpc ovop<ileroL Begiyyer,oE
IIop0p6E, npog tlprlv rou, xcl nou 1oqi,(eu
tq ll6rpio o16 trlv Ai"ctorcr-H oriLoooo
v6rrq rou nop0poi ovopo.!rro'rBQiyyra
@<iLoooo.
'Etor,6u6grou
o;c66vordrvcE prrd ro rc-
fi.6r. tou Kol'6p6or (6)r6ne1492), ono6ei,-
10qre oqrotlx<i ort q B6peLaApegr,xr]6ev
ow6eercl pe qv Aoicr.
OAONTIATPIKH
To nqrirto 616i.[o :rou 4rov el oi'or)'4qou
aerQop6ao orqv o6ovrlc, grxrl xuxLog6-
Qqoero 1728,p rlrlo L? thirutEiendentiste
("O letpoupl6g o8ovrlarpog"), nou eile
oq"yqaqer. o ftil.),og ooovr(crpog ll.6p <Dtrr-
o<ip (Piene Fauchard,1678-1761). O A<oo<ip
pr,lotioe ylc tt,Erelvryr6E oOovroorollicg nol
trE ocq<iveg (xoqrlveg) xo.rnepLelqaqerqv
crvtlpertirnlo4rqg tepr;66vcg f rov 2tc0c-
prop6 tou cr)")"oltop6vou rp4porog rou 6o-
204 ISAAC ASIMOV

VILOUttOLflp qvr[rqrdolqorl rou F pTol- rol6p<ov an6rpedrvrou, o Otrroaq etrrQlror

)'lxrl ogptllroq. El orri,og ourtirv Tcov npco- /t(n 6QaEvt g o6ovrnt e uiE.

tYlltrUItPQMATlM
O ndraos A' t4g PcooicrE rdocrt orLE28 lavouceiou Iou l?25. Tov 6ro66r(0lxorov ogovo 1or![uy6g
rou, yl onoio rorcydxov qJ16ornoy6vercrogrxtiv noL &roil.euoe <oEAt1.s1.I'ai,vrlA' (1684-1727).
O a6eyro9A' rrc AWlidE rr60ovsorrg 10 Iouviou ro! 1727xot xov 6rc66101xeo yroEroo, rrou6ooi-
'Hrav
).r!os toEf6Qylo5 B'(1683-1760). xt cut6E 6vcEoxu0pton6glegpov6E rou owrnoOoios xl M-
y<iLqBgercvi.o.

1729
'Eror,
HAEKTPIKH AITIIMOTHTA e).Io!E. o fxp6u xo#i,qle oto ou-
pndgcopc 6rr,o qL"exrQrop66 ivor puor6.
To er6r,o.q6pov y,o rov otcrlx6 qlexrglop6 Xuv61r,oe rc ner,p<ipqxdrorl, x(ivovrcrgxo
:tou 6qpLooqyrl04xe qr6 rl ouor,elJrlrou qLenrpln6 peuoro vcr xlv4Oe[ oe 2ioppata
Xdrxopnl (6lere 1706)tippoe vc cno6i6er ondyrou gydlou prlxoug (F.e1qL,icL 245 g-
roog xcprouE rou. O Ayli.oE fie[Qqpcrr- tprDv). Aro.niororoeotL o $flrrqtop6g pder
orllE:rq6sv fng6u (StephenGray, 1666- r,rxoLooe pepr"xdgoooi.eExql 6iqxol'cr qe
1736)8u<rnfororoe rtoE 6xov lLdxrpr.le 6r,cv tii').rE. Aur6 obrlyqo oroa 6rclropLo;r6 rtov
paxpri yoril'lvo oroi'r1vc,or, pelloi no! oe ayt'ryoig (ouoi.eEnou
1JL|,i.tb,t rov
"<iyow"
utlrlQlov orrE drqeE tou 4l.exrqilovrcrv xor llxrQrop6) xan povartq (oooi.egnor rov
quroi, noe' ol'o nol 6ev ilqv (rwrxoei. O <cro povovol'v) ).
qLexrpr,op6Eeile 6r,l,0etcn6 ro lnl'i. otorg

YMIAHPOI/IATIKA
O gt0obr,op6E epgovioorprero 1729,drov o Tg@vfoGoLu (JohnWesley,1703-1791), eorrlrrig oto fl<rve-
nLorrlpro146 O[q6q649, tiplroe vo opycvr.irver
r<uplcrx<irrxeE
ouyxevrpcirorLEp.soxond rqv npooerryrj.O
p:0o6rop6g mlqe rqv ovopcroicr tou nl6 rov pe0o6r.r<6rp6ro geMrlg ror-rfou6ol.u ltcL o6iry1oe or pr<r
cvc6ioorl r1g 0pryxtiag o-r4MeltiL4 Bprravio.

1733
AXPAMATIKOI OAKOI
O Neutor, filorr]6t rdO go.n6gnoptiyel
oro 016io roriqolE lprirpcrc. ro. onoia 0o-
l'drvorw t4v erx6vcr (61^ene1666). A).).<i,o
A11l.oE po0rlpotr.xoETq6orQMolQ Xol'
(Chester Moor Hall. 1703-177l) nqeqrlQ4o
xdT[ r[ou LX6rcrguyelon6 tov Nelr@vq:
rq 6rqgoerxrxd ti6q yrci.Loi ncp<i.yowgri-
oparo p 6logogerlx6 nl'<irog. H po).r.r-
66ucr)'og(ro poor6 xpuorcl.)'o, not nep6-
1er,poLu66o)fioQdyruQUrQo ettopa cno
rl leyopv4 orgovualo (ro ouv40Lopevo
yrcl,i, cro ro orrolo ?iqrqoru<ilovrtrr ol
ucl,onlvoxegao ol gcxol).
'E1or.
o X(r)l' oJrogdorocvo xq.rqoxrud-
oel 6vcv ruqt6 ga?i6 aJr6 oregqvuqlo t.cr
6vov *oil,o qcn6 cno polu66ucri',o,6lcrpog-
prop6vougxord rdTouorg6ro drovevc or..r-
vapp6fovral xau vc olqpo.ri,low 6vcv evr,-
oio apglxuexo gcx6. H oteqcvucl',og 0o
8Lclrirprlerc 1q6pqrq, ev6 I pol!66iqloE
0o ro ouyxivrqrove xal n<il'r,rogi,E vo elou-
6erepciroeL 6)"q rq peldowoq Jrolj iXneo-
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>THMONIKON
?ioL6orI oregdaialoE. To crnor6treopo
i1tc,t t tog ayBapctttniq Eax6g, o onoLoEpt-
16Ouvercr crr-rlleipevcr1c,rqi.gvc nopriyer
lprirporo.
O Xtol,6ev 6lpoolonoiqoe alv xoro-
oxeu4tor pcrou Tou, pe oror6Lropc 1 ovc-
ncil"uull vc ono6i6ercr oulvri orov Tl<r.lv
Nr6i.Lovr (JohnDollond,1706-1761), o onoi.-
oE napouoicroe6vo.valqoparrx6 gox6 ro
1757.Iltivrorg, o algorpcrLx6E gcnoE er6-
TQrl'r rrl Xerlol olorl4gylE r4g enrgdvercg
Touqqr{,ouxqr rn pri@ol xrlgqxrqxlE arro-
'Erou,
orooqg. rc tqleoxonlc pnoporoo.v
nLrov vo ilovv plap6repo p1xog xau vo ei-
vcr nro evlp4oro, onoxttirvrog tcrotdlpovo
rol'urepq cn66oo1.
IIIEXH TOY AIMATOI
O XFr),E
16Mrr1705)
rlxs Url.rr4orr
rl Qorl
rtuv luprtirvorc qutti xcr orrl ow6lerc ripl-
oe v<r peLrrd tq porl ror-rqiFoxoE oro q6a,
perpdrwagrov glOpo 116 qorlgoe 6logope-
rLxc pdqrl tol xlxl,ogoprxou ouotrlpcrog.
To olpavrrx6repo enireulpci tol, 6pog,
4rcv 6ru p6rgqoe rqv nleoq rol ci,potoE,
6orcoxqr x<rrd 1ov6poeL611 tp6no. flequ6-
yeoliJTrE6gewrlErou oe cur6v Tov ropdc
qe 6vq 6!6l.lo pr. i'r,l'o Hemostaticts ("Ar.pro-
ornrr,xrl"), ro onoi,oxr,?(lopoQno ro 1733.
AYO HAEKTPIKA PEYTTA
O Fdll,og gwLx6g XcpL-<Dpcrvooud
oreQlci v r t ' @cr. ( C h a r l e s - F r a n g o i
Cistemaydu Fay, 1698-1739)6rqas rurqqp(r-
rc pe rov orctrxd qLexrqr,op6,6ntoEnoL?'oi
til.Lor enrorqpoveErqg eno1rlg.To 1733
avcxal.urye 611 6uo xopp<irr<rgel"l"ounon
pe
eilcv rll,exrploOei rov i6lo rp6no cno-
0ouvror.
Aucrniortooee,'rior6nog, cv 6vo xo1.rp<irr, cn6 rrg nqrirregeletrifergnor o6iryrpov orq
qeL),or.rql.exrqroOelan6 pra ql,ertgr,op6vrq Blopqlovr"xr'1
^yld)"Lvqpri66o xor 6vo <iLLoon6 pr,c
ANAKAAYWEAN
xtqrop6vq p<i66opqriv4g (qerolvr.or),rcr
6do xoppeitcr rou gel"troi El.xovrcr.
O vru Oct owiryc1t ro ouprdpcrogaorr
npdnervc undqlow 6io $.exrpr,rd qelord
xor ov6pcoe r,o $ra vd,664 qAexrqLopixan
r,o aLLo ptltwtbdq fl,exrqr,oprj. Lio orhp,ana
pe 6rcrqoqerLxrlpoQgl llxrQropof 6i\xo-
vrqr. rvtir 6uo ocirparo pe r4v i,6tc poggrl
llexrgropori cno0oriwol. Ant6 ro go[v6-
pevoqrcv 6pouope rq yvoorrl L6r6rpa rtov
polvrptbv, orotrg onoioug or,optirvupotn6-
Lor ontlOorivrcrr,ev6 ou erepcbvupou 6bco-
vrc!. 'ETo[ tipluoe q ngoondOerocvet-rpeoqE
oporotrp<lv xcr 6ucouv6ioeurvavdpeoc
orov qlezrquop6 rou rov payv4rLop6,r1
onoicr 0o o6rryor.roeoe rtiqc noi'u olpcrarl-
xd onoreliopcro, dvcv ou<bvoop16,epo.
InTAMENH IAITA
!r4v ugovroupyitr. I oairc, ollv orroiq
ow66eror ro vrlpo (ro ugddr), rp6:rervc ne-
ptioer cvdpeoc oe no),i'q di')'(t vrlporc (ro
orqp6vt), ya ta aX1pdrroOel ro ugoopq,
To 1733,o Bpercrv6Epqlcvouplog T(tov
K6r (JohnKay, 1704-1764)rrv6noe r4v
ar6ptvq oaira, Fla l:uortrurl Ff rylv otroiq.
o rgavrorlp16g, rpo6<ivrcg 6vc noq66vu,
evrq'yonororioc Fvcv "o6qyo* nou xrvoio
Tqv ooirtr eyxripolcroro otr1p6vl. Otov
rgc6orioe to xop06vr npoEr1v ov, i,0er4xo-
reuOuvol, q ooira 6xcve Tqv cvri,otpogrl
6ro6poprl.Tc rarulopugo vrlporc (ro orq-
vre l- p6vl) br,clcopilovrcv cur6pcrc dro,e r1
d se ooittr vc nepv<i1q4'yoqcnor erlxo)',(r ovdpe-
oa roug.
'Hrav pricrqfio
rlg fiQ6xes 6r,o'cey'vtxtg
6rc6rnooieEnor.rpqlcvonolrl0qxcv, pe crro-
rriLropc ivo <irogo vc gnopri vc n<ivcurr-
qLoo6repl eqycroicrnolt rulo 1pr]'yoqcxar
'Hrqv
ge rotru trr'yorcpqnpoon<iOerc. [i<r
Enov<iorao1.
1l,r-
 206 ISAAC ASIMOV

YMNAHPOfiIATIM
O[ cnorxiSrlE AFetxtE on6)rrloov yls re6r4 qoed pi,srleooofilx6rnia 6!0vodEp6].er,og. 'Hrcrv
o
M#,',il,qF!v Oedvxtuv 4 Bvropiv@QalnlivoE(BenjaminFranktin,1706-1790), o onoi.oEriplroe vo 1i.ve-
r(rt bldonFos (xol onoeoE)XdQI o 6vo al,govcix ge tit).o Por.rrRichar.ls'sAtnanac (<To ol.povdx ro1'
qroxo! Pirooevr>) fio! dQxrova sxbi6!ro 1732.
To 1732,o Besror"6ggr,),civ0gorogT(irpE 'EvrouaQn 'O"y ,oQrr(JamesEdward Ogtetho.pe,1696-
1785),rou evdlogep6rcv 1rcttrlv cvcp6qqool ru)v g!lox6v, iSpuoeor1 B6percrAp"eplxripLc caoLxic
orou dxopa norr ei1av qu),cnroOei, "yrc1964ptoporlocrvvcrxtivow pla v6crcg1{. Aut! 1 cnorxic L6qr!-
orlxe vou.o xlE Kcpo)rlvcrg (4 lo'[o1,io 6ev l-rrroQoior[ta vo 6tcprcp-n_rp40ei.
1c trp xcrontir4ol rcDv
eoogcbvr4g) ncr ovop<io81rcfetoplic, npog rLprivtor-rfeoq.ylouB'qg Me"/o),ISBesrqvioE.
To 1733,ro 6erav!x6 xor.vo6o{},r,orlrrlqloe ro\ N6po net rn; Me}icioaE.o onoioE xnilcirr bcroporig
mn Urldoo.,orl (nxaQrl xal oro eoipr r[ou elorrrycvor anorxieErq6 B6es[qEApQlxrlgan6 p4 6perovL
x6Efirn6g. EEorriaErorv 6aogcbv,6yr,T.r nlo oxpL66ro potipr,ro ofioio ot crolxiE xoxcvdlolc1,o U
'ydl.Snoo6rrFg,xcrr or.dnorr<orcrvribqooov eLodlo.rttiEro lc0qnic,
lcupig vcr nl,lpcbvorwrouE 6cr
opol,g. Eror, 6lF.or,Qyj01xepla xct<iotcol norr ocrowerf6rcrv 1r.creuivtc o1e6ov1p6vrc: ro 6Q1q-
vr,r<6 xorvo6o{}.r,orplql(e vdporrgncl or,<inorxotro1JE
olJ4qoiodv.

1735

TO EXHMA THx IID o1l Adn(l)ri,q,rlorr{ro.! I xoalv6rel Jrgog

Tougr[o],ouErQroxri orrlv oJroio onoro]"-
O Neurtlrvsi,XunooxnQlEsr6rr,, pe 6tio4 tr1 lrouoq! vo Jrlrprdqow or Eoptoaci.olelei,vrl
0etoplorol leqi, 6cpttrlrcrg, q f4 npinel vo rlv nolt.
ivdr 6vq r[r],crt'opevoogrupoel66gxcn vc To <rno-reMoporcrtrlv q.r[ooro]"d)vt[g-
ndpouordqn1rrc6lar drwol x<rrrig4xoE l4Oelocv rqv tq66Lerprl xou Nstlxotvo.To
rou rorlpQrvouenel6rl leplorp6gerar, (6).r, trrlxoE !.i.oEpoi,eoET0lyQqqrrounl.crtoug
1r1687.nqy]ioo$rq E].EI). Tnv croxn r)rFi- i,adrpl,qluTQor.(or(r 1"/o xorna o:Lo:Ug n6-
al ayrvov nQoordorEyra vq eEo.xer6(t)0r[ )',orrg ono To prlaoEr4E xovr<i orov [orlpQr-
q c),r1Oera orltriE rlE na66'itpqE p F.rQt- v6. Td)Qoyv(0aiEot'l.r 6rr rl oroeu.q rng 0d-
oeIE. trooocEorov rorlFsprvdcnirL o.no ro xi-
Av ol noLr,xdErreerol6Eeivar l"dqQ6E v r Q o r I E f 4 g I 7 X r ) . r o p e r pna[ e t o o o r e Q o
<JrEfir,ouvE) xqt 4 leplolr; rou lolpepr,vou qtro o.Il I ord0p4 r4c odl"oooogolouErro-
ivor .l.dgQ6c rEoyxurU"vn. rore pic poiqc lolE.
p<l.7pogr,xo! fii\dIor'g xovrd oroug n6l.oug O Ao Kovrctliv, rlQororrrrlorQ6prorlv
r[Q6nrvo dvr.oTo[Xsi,oe peycr],urepo prlxog Eup6nq, eleqeuv4oerov Apcforr,o.'Hrov 11
ofio pl(t poi,eo^/(l)yqogr,notJ ni"trroq xovro trQdrtnpoed prrci tov Oqq,rcivc nou yuvo-
orov lonprervo. To 1735,oLf<i],].ol6orer,],trv tq! o 60.00gEQdvqol qg reqr,olrlg(6M-
6uo onoorollE .11<r vo blofilol(boorw ov q!- nE 1542). EfiLa\t, o (r Kovlq.pi,v egeQpq-
rt I orqeoQd t'nqQxrnQoypoT|,r(r.H p[o, !i rou yr,anpdrtq cpoQaorlv Eue6fiq roorl-
1rr errrrteqq),lE rov fcir),o rlecuypcigo)oq),- rooix (e),<rorrxo xoul ) xor xouQdQ{
M<rpi vre Aa Kovro.piv (Charles-Marie de La
Condamine,1701-17'14),orcl.oqre oro lle-
TAEINOMHIH
Qou,rol.! {ov1d orov Lorlpeprv6. H d},}"4,pe
ru"xqo'l,{Erov f<ii"),o prc0qpotln6 II16g O Kop), pov Atv!6 (Carl von Linn, 1707-
Aori, Moprir ar Mor[exrli (Pierre-Louis 1778),enrot4povoE ooul6rlitE xoroyo^/rlg,
Moreaude Maupertuis,1698-1759), otn),0rpe i,vqufiQlooorQo yvoor6E [t rlv r{},qxrvr,
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENI:THMONIKQN ANAKAAYVEAN 207

opdvq poQgrl rou ov6por6E xou Carolus 1toqi,lovroLoe prxp6rcpoug,xcl )rcxorLv o

Linnaeus(Kcipol.ogAlwcr[oE). Tor ev6r,6qe
Qqv o)'u Iq puld xor dr,rlvuoeluptrr orc
7.5001,Lr,6perpcrq[t6iovrcrE qrl 6oQera
)xqv6Lvq6i,(r, 6nou avcx<ii.urpeexoro vad
ei6r1qurdrv. TqEi61periolE orn Mydl.4
Bqerovio.xol orq 6uruxrlEuqdrnq.
To 1735,el66tooeto 6e^/oroo Slr/ena Na-
rrrrae("Xuo1lps1s t1g prioqg"). oro oloio
ralrvoporioe peydlo <rqr0p6gur6v, xcr o
enopevegex66oer,g srrE6rsrveqv rclw6pry
o1 oe (tbc.
O Ar.wcioE [elcirpr[e yr.a q p0o6rr6rq-
rcr rqE rolrv6pqong tor. To i6n fiou rrcr-
pouoL<i(owopolorqrExqxordooova(rl oro
i6o yivog. rc ncp6;rorc 1,ivq xurotcrooo-
trcrt oe xTdoetgi1 oporafieE, or naQ6po[E
xldqrE o uieEq. O ArwaioE neqL6lpcqe
xo rtd0[6oEpe qrrvropic xcrroogriveroxor
rotr 66r,veounl.o 6vopcr, 'vo oloio 6rllrcr.rve
ro
pvog acr, ro ei6og o"coonoio anilxzt (6ubvu-
p4 ovopatoloyia). Eror. rpav o nptirrog
lou tinr 6ru or tivOgurnorci,vcLpi).4 rou ei-
6orlEHomo sapiens.
H p"e0o6og rou ALwaiou rov xo0rord nq-
16eq rlg orrf;Qov4Era[u6pry49. ExL n]i-
ov, To ooor4p<irou, ro! qrlQ[L6ta! oe opd-
6rg. ogtt6tE op<i6rov.op<i6tg op<i6tovopti-
6ov, xol ol, ot xcrOelrlg,66ooe ornv reer-
yQcrqrlrtov 6p6r,orvoplo.vLoptirv 14 6opri
ev6g 66v6por oxo oroio oL pe.ytii',olxilti6ol
- o.xopqpr,xporcpo4, tirono! r(l rel'uxalnro
nl,o6r,ticvrmqooonenouv ro ei6q. Aut6g o
rp6nog npoodyyr,olgixcve r4v l6do rqg 6ro,
l,o1lnrlg e[6i.llng vcr gcivro! nro grolxq
cn6 x<iOe<i)'I4 qoqd. Qor6oo, o i,6roEo
Alwaiog 4rov qavcrrx6g noMptoE xlE 0-
toqioErnE EdlrErurr'orncp6prrvenqooxol,-
i'qp6vog orr;v rcpL'1,poq1t4g 0qproupylag
<rn6rr; fdveoq.
AAHTEII ANEMOI
Ilevrlvrc 1p6tc npr,v,o X<i),l,ei.iei,1enpo-
oJrq0rlo[vo e!414oer rl 6rlprouqylo roa
cl'rrydll cvdporv xcr rorv pouo<irv<ov(6ldne
1686),oi"),ti ei.p x<iveupra ororcb64:rop<i-
lr1,rL rrry oroiq 6r6e0ooe o Bperov6gpu-
orx6gT(coqr! Xtiw)'.u (GeorgeHadley,1685-
1768). O X<ivr)"ufitqipav orl o arpo-
ogarprxoEnipoE xolr<i otov ro4prprv661et
plc rolureg4 alvrprl an6 6urrxd nqoE rc
(rvqro)'uld, ct[6 10! arpoogor,er"xo q.eQq
nou ar61er neploo6tepoon6 rov rcq;rtgr,v6.
Enoptvtog, or,<ivepor:rou cnopcxpuvovrol
ono rov loqpequv6relvow vq orQ6govror
npoE tc cvcrol,lxti, evtil or,tivepot :rou xr-
votv,ol nqog Tov ror;peprv6rivouv vq
orp6qovrcr nqog rc 6utlxri. Awq q etlo4-
pavo4 e{rryouottxovonol4rlxri ro qcuvopr-

tYMMHPOIiIATIKA
!r4 N6<rYopr1, o T[ov flrlre Tof].yxQ(JohnPeterZenger,76n-n46), xrnJyao.qoE^lwlpevog orrl
leppovio, rrinooe opLogrveqovoqoqig oipgtovo g; rLg onoi.eEo m-r6epv1rr6rqE N6<rgY6ernE fo!il,-
LtaF K6opnu (William Cosby) iXrreooraolor vc 1,oerioerpr.o exlr.opxrt avoFrprp4. O Kdopnu oetir-
erp trg c.rcgoe6g ouxo<pcwrxrl 6r.rocprjprloqxar rov [llwo. To1 Tofr.yxrq unepconioo4x o AvxQtou
XdFll,tov (Andrew Hamilton,1676-1741),A$erxavdE6u{rry6QoE pwqg.eloE or1 )xtoxio. O Xop!trxov
raQo6s10lti orl o To6vynepeile runrioeLrrE crvcrcgoqig, dJ.ri enLo{pcveorr or:16lor-rlnoorripLfcrv oL
ovagoefg {iav ql.{0tct xo 1 alriOerc 6ev Fnoet vo Gnorl.i orr,rogovrrnrl 6uogriprprl Ot 6voqnor
orggrirvlonv xoL OsoQri6lx6rr curl 1 br,lcorlr<.riu:r68eo4tlcLfr 6vov xqioLpo q6l"o orry e6qcic'ro4
t1g e).tlr0epicEtol rrinor otr6 cnorxieg.
208 ISAAC ASIMOV

L736
MHxANIKH To 1736, o Ei"6erog pcOlpcrrxog A6o-
'Oul:q (l,eonhard
vcprr Euler, 17M-1783), o
Ax6pq xqr o N{,r@vrrqQ6[-verrQooxo].Iq- rucrgcytolux6repoE pc0lpctLx6g 6l'ov r(l)v
gevogorug noT"cdg oup6orux6rpeg, 6rcv eno16v, 6lpcrrpewo 6r6l'io p tLr,),o M4ya-
pnoQouoe.'El,QqVsro 6u6|,LoI'ou Principia vufi. Yn'fpfe ro npdrro 6r6lio nou rlrav el
orc Lctr,vlnri nol 61[ orc cyyLrrd xcr, ficrQ' o)',oz)'rlqouogreptopivo q ourd ro e6pq
olo nor eile owa'yd'yel rc cnorrMoporc ror, orq 0do4 qg letop.erpicE rou Neutolva,
1pr;ouponortirwcgrov cneuqooruxol,-cryuop6, lgqorponororioe, 6rou r]tov 6wcr6v, <il'ye-
qro 6l6Lio tou xor6q0tooe vc 6<iloerrlE 6qa xo l'o1uop6.
cnobefiergge popcrgrxrl popqrl.

IYMMHPQIqATIM
To 1736 6qrox6rav oe elil'rl1 ivoE Gog eooorouer.rx6g rol.rpog. oL Priroor crxfllodv rlv 6dEo6o
neoE qv Aloelrfil OdTrcooo trp oroicr eilcrv lioer xcrd rrJv <rrqqrlexorpcrtio tou Meldlou Il6reo!.

1737

KoBAATIO to 6vopcr tor.r cvriorollou lqprnou ororlet-

Or t[rqi!]r@Q1Jxor,66quoxov peqr,n6ggop6g
6vo .ya)dlro opuxr6 nou 6polcle pe percri'-
Leupc 1cl,rou, ctlJ<i 6ev 66rvelolxo p.erqv
rrf4 rou. H elqyloq :rou ei1ar, Odroerrpcv
6tr eng6ner,toylc 1o).x6 nou Tov eilcv pcr-
16rperra x6pnol'vrE (kobolds),x<inorcruno-
106vlo nveupotc nou, oupqova UTrlv J[o-
p<i6oo4,pepr"rceg qopgrpcv rox66or-r)'o.
'l'137,
To o Xor.r466g11prr6E llt6oqlx
Mnpavr (GeorgBrandt,1694-1768)eewrp
crur6 ro 1o)'tillo gertilkupc nor xot6q0or
oe vo e!o1o1er,crn6 out6 6vc p6rcl'i,o, to
orolo 6pog 6ev r]rav 1oi'x6E. O Mnedvl
rou 66oroeTo 6vopcr Tov lno106vltov nwu-
pdtrov, 'ypdqow<iE 'co (obalt, ttotJ tl\at xol
ou p!1pt o4pepo.'
To xo6<il'rlo qrcv ro nq6ro v6o orolleio
nou <woxc).igoqxs perd r4v aval(dl,u{rl
tou qoogopou ano rov Mnpcvr e66o;rilvrc
1p6vrc nprv (6)..1669).Eml04 o qtooq6qog
6ev elvcn pera],l,o, ro xo6dlco elvor errior6
ro np<6,o pdrai'Lo nou cvoxal,riq0rprexou
nou r]rov tiyvtooro oroug cqloiouE, xo0tilg
xau ororjgci'lqpuorETou Meqql@vc
O Mnqovt ipav ioroEo :rq<irrogo4pcwl-
n6g 1qpr,x6gnoo eile cneLeuOep<oOei olo-
d.rporrr.xti and rc oeopri rqg a).11puotrx4E
ncqd6oorlg, Metti crn6 t4 Olxrl tot enrtu-
1ic, 4 ovnxdl,uqq vdov o'vorleiorvouveli,-
oOrpe p-61pu r1v eno14 pcE.
*
2.r.M.'. 2ro- el,\qttxtt xod di,t to.

IYI4|UHPQIIATIKA
>qv o!i'd6!l,ee!d, o Bvrqpiv oeeld.ivoE olpr.oiqrpe rry nqrirrq aorwopLrcl 6rivapq rou tiool.lor' ro!
rc pe},r1r4g proeoioxouvrav 0r[6 r4v n6].4 qv onoic ctoruv6pern.Aiyo dQ"v6leec0c i6qu xct t1v
:rqtirtq ruqoo6emrxrj rnrpeoic nol proOo6otovwcv erior;g on6 rrp 16).1
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIIDTHMONIKAN ANAKAAYIYEON 209

1738
KINHTIKH GIEaPIA TaN AEPIQN po ,|r,votvrol r[[o yQrlyoQ(lx(rl o[ or,yl.iQo!-
olExouE[vqLJlLooeo6e6E,Lr.E onor6].ropo
O Mroul. eile unoorrlpifrr <irr rc crrprrcr v<r peyol"6votwl"i1o oL onoorcroelgpercrll
orrorrl.odvrcr[afi6 dropo pe pelo].eg ono- Toug.fr,' <rlrov rov l,6yo, o 6yxogevogceqi.-
otcioeugcvcrpeo<irollE, JlQdyponou sElyei, ol crrrfcvercrr6xcv !q6!ero[ I oeepoxQo-
ro 1e^yov6g 6TrTcrcr6qrcelv<rrotpnleo-rti q Oeppo-
oid xoL l-lEl6vrrtrlorcv 1crpr1)',tirver,
(6Mne 1662). rcpooicr,eqooov n filol ficeolr6vr oro0-
H 0eurpiaour4 avonrrry04xrnrprooorr'- pr1.Av 6r,orrprlootrpeTov 6yxo orc0eqo, ro-
po ono rov E)"6ro pcr0lpcrrx6 Nrnvlel r I nioq (q 6uvqp4 pr t4v onoi,<rro <iropo
Mrepvotl,Lr (DanielBemoulli,1700-1782). O otl,npouovtor. pe roTorldrpcro rou 6o1ei,-
Mnegvol),),1ur[oornQL!6Tr to. o.ropc rol ol) <rlfctveror 6.rov uq6veror 1 0egpoxpc-
oq,xporouv to c6qlcr xrvouv,cl olrv16Epe oia xor perrlve,crr6rcrv<rur11cpql"dwel.
pe1<i),4r<r1tr4tc xor xard Tulcio rq6no, H ncpontivro nepLlpogq cro6ei104ne
orryxpou6pevcperalrr roq lal pe lo -rorlcir- ooor4. ctrLri 0o neqvoriocvri).),crxqrov ei-
potcr tol 6o1e[ounou tc nep#1e1.Artrl ei,- x,oo[ XQovrgcbonouvo eJr[Tu10ei pld [ro-
ror,4 l.eyopevrlzrr,4rmfl 9eotqiatou aepkn. vonolrplxrl poBlporLxq 6lcnrrrolo4 r1g 0e-
Orcrv <ruEtivsrorr1Orppoxpooic- rc ciro- (l)Qi(lq.

TYMTUHPOMA
KA
To 1738dexlosv va nooyF(tror[or"olrvrcrl
cQXoro).o.yLx6E
nvcoxcrq6Eoro epeinLor1g flopnlicE *cr r4E
Hptid,erag (6).tne1592).

1739
BPAXaAH OPH
Or"fa/"),oL elcrxol,or.r0rlo<rvvo elepewouv to
oorQrxotqg BoperagApeqLn4g.,{16 ro
l73i 1164,o EsQsuv1rrlE ll#p lxro),rd vre
),o Beqovrqi (Pierre Gaultierde Varcnnesde
La Vdrendrye,1685-1749),lexrvcbvrog cn6
rr,EMeld),eEAi.pveg,ils cQxiorvo neoICD-
Qi6rrrtttd.MdXQrxo 16l.ogtqE 6ercoetiaEei-
1e ovoxoh-nyeLt4 i"ipvq for-rlvvuneln rcr,
roug Moupolg A69oug rqg N6rr,oENtox6-
roE.
To 1739,6t'o fol"),or.o6el"qoi,oLfL6p xcru
Iol Moll.i (Piene nor. Paul Mallet), 6cp0a-
oov oto Ko),oqdvto ncrrrqrcvor nptittol Eu-
gcurtolornotr ei,6cr rc BQqX66qOAl.

TYMMHPOMATIKA
H Mowo)rxrl Auroxecrroei.ailg IvbinE, 6rooncoprv4 11611 oc rpripcra aou no).epoioov prercfi rolE,
6610rycevcrowtpLntr,x6 lrrinlprcr on6 r1v ero6ol,i ro! NovriQ :aX (1688-1747), o onoioEiXoqrsQF
ooi rov rrQorx60Q6voro 1736.O Novfta >oX xor6l,a6xcfi ].Ildqo io A].Xiro 1739noipvov.rctg
-[ov OQovoror ncr/ovrot rdr ro AlqFdvr! KoxlvorjQ,xcl ncr6nrv ow!1roe rlE xdrqxr4ols rou orlv
1{vlQrxrlAoia. H eLo6o},rlrol dqloe rrf,' I!6iq sx6p1 r.ro o6{,vcrpqol6vcrvt orrE xdrqnorrlols rrrJv
ErQor[eiov.