AB

Community, Citizenship, and Environment

Intro to Biology
Crash Course Qs/Vocab

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3EED4C1D684D3ADF

Video #1: Thats Why Carbon is a Tramp

Organic compounds: compounds that contain carbon
What is the make-up of carbon? Six protons and six neutrons
What can carbon do because it is small? It can form itself into weird rings, sheets, spirals,
double and triple bonds.
What does he mean when he says that carbon is kind? It doesnt try to take electrons from
other molecules.
What does he mean when he says that carbon is a tramp? Because it will bond with anything
near by
Covalent bond: when atoms are sharing electrons
Methane: the simplest carbon compound
Lewis dot structures: a diagram that shows the bonding between atoms
Octet rule: need 8 electrons in the outer shell
Polar: It has a positive and negative pole
Ionic bond: do not share electrons

Video #2: Water, Liquid Awesome

Water is the only thing on Earth that naturally exists in what 3 forms? Solid, liquid, and gas
All living things as we know it need water!
Why would people get excited over water on other planets? Because it means theres the
possibility of life
What is the breakdown of a water molecule? Two hydrogen, and one oxygen molecule. In a v
shape
Describe hydrogen bond: the positive pull around the hydrogen atoms bonds to the negative pull
around the negative charge of the oxygen atoms
Cohesion: the attraction between two like things
Adhesion: attraction between two different substances
Why is water a good solvent? There are more substances that can be dissolved in water than
any other substance
What did Cavendish do (having to do with water)? He was the first person to recognize
hydrogen gas as a distinct substance. And determined the composition of water.
Some other things he did: determined specific gravity, established an accurate composition of
the atmosphere, discovered the density of the earth.
Ice density/why is ice less dense than water?: water molecules start to solidify and the hydrogen
bonds form crystal instructors which spread water molecules out more evenly.
What are the Fahrenheit and Celsius freezing points for water? 32* Fahrenheit, 0* celsius
Describe the importance of oceans and heat capacity: it keeps it regulated.

Video #3: Biological Molecules- You Are What You Eat

What are the four essential biological molecules? Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids
Describe some of the work of Prout and what he discovered: that our stomachs contained
hydrofluoric acid and the chemical composition of pure urea
Carbohydrates: source of all: energy
Carbohydrates are made up of: sugars
Glucose comes from the: sun
Fructose is _____sweeter____ than glucose.
Sucrose is ____glucose______ + _______fructose____
How do we store carbohydrate energy? Through fat
How long do glycogen stores last? A day
What are the building blocks of fat/longer stored energy called? lipids
Where are triglycerides found? In your blood
What do saturated and unsaturated fats look like (in a jar of peanut butter?) liquid on top of
peanut butter is the unsaturated fat, and the pasty stuff is the saturated fat
What type of fat is not found in nature, and so you should not eat it? Trans fat
How do phospholipids align themselves in the body? Polar ends facing in, and the nonpolar
ends facing out
Phospholipids join with what to make cell walls? Cholesterol
Proteins are the __most____ complicated chemical compounds on the planet
Types of proteins: Enzymes, antibodies, protein hormones,

Video #4: Eukaryopolis: The City of Animal Cells

Why are animal cells called eukaryotic? They have a nucleus
What are two main differences between animal cells and plant cells? Animal cells cannot make
their own food and plants cell membrane is a cell wall thats made of cellulose.
Why did Hook name what he found in 1665 cells? Because they looked like bare spartan
monks bedrooms, with not much going on inside.
Is this a good name based on his reasoning for the name? Explain. No, because there is a lot
going on inside of a cell
Why does he compare a cell to a city? Explain. It has a lot going on, and all works together like
a city would
Flagella/Cilia: small structures that wiggle around- Flagella is found in sperm, and Cilia helps
push mucus out of our lungs
Cell membrane: a kind of squishy, not rigid, plant cell wall, and it encloses cell contents.
Monitors what goes in and out of the cell
Selective permeability: Can choose what molecules come in and out of the cells, for the most
part.
Cytoplasm: water and nutrients
Nucleoplasm:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): carries stuff around the cell, is a phospholipid bilayer. There are
two types of ER, rough and smooth. Theyre pretty similar, but have slightly different functions.
Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes attached to it, acts as a factory warehouse, contains
enzymes. Helps detox the cell and stores ions
Rough ER: has ribosomes attached to it, helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins
Ribosomes: assembles amino acids into polypeptides,
Golgi Apparatus: processes proteins and packaging them up, sends them where they need to
go
Golgi Bodies: cuts up large proteins into smaller hormones, can combine proteins with carbs to
make various molecules
Lysosomes: Cell digestion, enzyme sacks, takes cell waste and makes building material
Nucleus: stores the cell's DNA, makes cell laws, uses DNA to make laws,
Chromatin: holds DNA, cell division,
Nucleolus: makes rRNA, sends orders in the form of mRNA,
Mitochondria: respiration, makes energy/ATP
How did animal cells acquire mitochondria? (Or, what is his theory at least?) because the cell
was trying to eat it, but instead of eating it, it realized that it was really smart and good at turning
food into energy and it just kept it

This project was a little bit of a refresher, I hadnt had a biology/science class since freshman
year. We initially started this project because I was interested in going to college for nursing, but
after exploring more of biology, I came to the conclusion that it wasnt for me. This project was
really helpful for me and helped prepare me for college courses Ill be taking in the fall. Even
though it was mostly reflection I learned a lot more about cells than I thought i would. It was a
really fun project, and I learned a lot.