376 ISAAC ASIMOV
L861-
APxAIonrEPYs
Or yrlovrlol 6elv6ocupot, rov orrolrrrvrq
cflol.ro(r)Fdvaoor<i eilov cvoxol'lqoel ro
Tlurcio ocgrivro 1g6vlo.,r1-rcltn nlo
evrunoorcxo utrotriUUdrarurv cplci.r-'.rv
popq6v (u-,49.f2orooo. ro o4g<rvrtloreqo
<lfioli0topo 6ev cv{rce oe 6vo yr,lovtloio
r)doprcr, c),),<i oe dva oyer,Lxrrp[r.!Q6oalQo-
e[66EE6o nor cvcrx<r],uq0r1xe ro 1861.Xrl-
pepa unol.olllercl 6rl d1er,4i',r,xio140 exc-
ropp!Qi(,v T6v JrQi,nou.
To ldro ou6 rigrpe 6va el6udxpLtoono-
runopc oe iva n6rpropa.,onotunopu nor.l
beilver orl ro E6o iIE 66vrlc xal o1r,ptip-
goE, eile pcxqu i'alp6 xal uri,ne6oor6pvo,
61Lc64 6i"c rc 1'va.rploporolrolJ owqvxolJ-
! o odrieS.Ynrlple optog 6r,o :to)'u or;pc- eI rnE n uroool tou lxc}', 4 oroia iX
vtrx6 ng6o0ero lo.pcxrqplorlx6. H
"ooo-
qcr" currl eile rttpapa. To cr(orur6paro
rorv nri).rov 6laxpivovrcr euxglv6otcro.
)1qp<irlfav pro 6url"rl oelpd nol rril',ulre
6i'o ro pr1xogr1E oup<iExcL onr1p1o.v enioqE
oto np6o0r,<iror-rpelrrl.
>Ioa onFseLv6xool.lo,6La ra lvoord
nqvo 61ow nt6prtrrponcl 6l"o ta l6c noo
bev eivcl nr4vc 6ev 61orrv.Enoprvog, ei,po-
ore unoXprurpivorvcrbeX0orlpt6rr curo ro
onol'leorpq, nou o"top.aallxe apyato-
zrigof, cv, mpootrtleinl 6vc lo).u nqulr6.yo-
ao IT4!O.
O <rplcLonr6pll eivcl To lvoror6repo
beiypo pr.oEqplcri<rEpoaqtE lorlE rou
evr<iooetolcrv<iproooe 6lo pryr rg o4peqr,-
vdEopd6egopyovLoptirv.Eivct rcrc to 4pL-
ou lpnero rqu xcrd ro 4prol nr4vo xcr.
tropdvorg, qrlorlL6vq r6lro beiypc eqle- lrxlE YQappISrou.
ro! trou 61eroplioeu vo .1i,verou nrqv6. Ko-
viva ri).}"oolo ra ololjOtirparc lTrJuIouv
ovcxc),uq0ei,pe1pr,xoL orlpegcr6ev onote-
lel 6va t6oo octpdgncrpc6er,ypo6lo)loy,x4g
g^rtsIE.
EAIKAToYMIPOKA
O fxol' eile unoorqqi,lel 6rl ro rprlpcta
rou yledlou eieylow 6lcgoqerLxri g6p4
xcrt lrrouQyieEtor otirpcroE (6Mm 1810).
Tcr oupnep<iopcrc ro! f ro)., 6ptog, 4rov
xc0ap6Eeuxcoleg.O npdrrognor-rncrqrouoi,<r-
oe crno6e|felg6tr, pr"oouyrclplprvq negr,o1rl
tou eyxeqdi,ol ),6yXtpro oupexglpv11
l.rltouplio rpo.vo Mnpoxn (6Mne 1856).
O Mnqonri eile 6vav co0evrl 51 er6r, o
onoi,ogeile Idoer rrlv lxcv6, 4to. rqg opt-
l'icrE.'Oravo oooevlg '[oqvro 1861,q as-
xpoqic i6rrfr 6rr ur4p1r 61.<i64 orqv rpi14
6Jr.Llctou qQtoTQo!pettrrnLoiou)"o6ouTou
eyrgdl.ou (nol ttiqcr eivcr yv<ooq rlE i,tl-
xa tou Mnpoxtl).'Eror rrlge r4 ouorq pop-
6peLeopc),pev4drqpaor; or4v gpevol'oyi.a.
OAAAIO
O Ki.ploq (6),6ne1859) 6ev 4rnv o pdvoE
nol nvoxtii"urpev6c orollei.a U,0goopo.ro-
oxofl[x6E F0660o9.O Bqerov6g qlor,rog
fot-riL),r,trpKeooriE (William Crookes,1832-
1919)nerpcpcrrl(6rov ge peroLl"euporcoe-
)'4v[ounar, ro 1869,cv6].uoevc r6roro p-
tai'Ltrpo nou, 6rcv ro 06qpcve,nopouoic-
oe prc 6vrov1 np<iolrl yqapp4, 4 oloic 6ev
epgo.r,l!6ro.v oe rcvevc yvolor6 ororyeio. O
KpouxE cv6Lloe ro pettill,eupo crvalry6-
vrcrgro vdo o-rol1eio.To ovcx<il'rnue,rcu ro
otrop<rae0d7lo, an6 rql eL)'qvLxq ).dlr1
0al).6 E (.pucpep6rl'obi, 6),uot<igr.),)'6.yor
rou lptirpcrog rqg lapaxrqpLorlx4g goopu-
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII'THMONIKON ANAKAAYTYEAN 377

TYMMHPQMATIM
O Aivxo?,.v, crvxnL elelqq lp6e6poErov Noep6etoro! 1860,(tv6).o6ero rcor{novrc rou orrE4 Mao.liou
rol 1861.Mioo. oe 0r,.[6xo o[dofllpa, ofiooxio0l].a! ddra cx6pq 6ou],oxr4rLrdgrolwEiss. > S 4 O-
6Qoucrei,ou rou 1861,srr[Q6o<orottorv no).l,ertbvnoo eilcrv onoo1lo0ei ouvrl),Odvo olior{l],yl oro Mo-
vryx6pQ!rlE Alogrripc xcl idpuoav rrE le.y6g*eElwopoo:tovbraxiE IIohriE rlE ApeQlxrig.IIp6e-
6poEroug eleEyq o T[6qqseoov Ndr6l5 (Jefferson Davis)ar6 rov MLoromrl(1808-1889).
T6ooegLg :woer(xi! flo)nrbE) 6ev <r:roo;io01xav.'Hrcv ro
6od,oxr4rr,niE,rol,ltiE(or ).-sy6pv6
NteLoyoucqr, ro Maier'lclr, ro Kvrd).u)coLto Mrloupr. Ent nMov, ro Kd1,ocgtyrv I rQloxomn 16-
iderl nolrrcla oxrg29 lcvouopiou rou 1861xcr {rcv 1 66xc-r46vcq s)lJoQn nollieio.
Or,lwo;roonov6rcxdg lloi'[ftiE xor6)d6av rrE orqollrorLx6E6o019nou ur1e1av oro. ebdqq rouE.
Qot6oo, 4 plxpr] q,oooqdrou oprpori X<ipreq,oro l,tpcvrTol To<iqi.emovr4g NdncE Kcpoli,vog,opvri-
orlx vo r[cQG6o0si.>rrs 12 Aner],io! rorJ 1861,or Euvopoonovolnxoi 6op6dp6Loovio oXUe6r<.qtI
qeoued olalxdoolx vo 7raecr6oeei,. Aur6S o 6o!6oQ6rop6Eonorelei rlv cqlq tou Apepr.rcovr,xor!
E$quLlou flo]pou.
trLE l? Moeriou rou 1861,r6prl0qxr ro Booi).crorr;g lrc).icE. Ileqreidg6ove oLl rqv Ircr),i<r,exr6g
ctr6 irlv Bvsrlo, rou qvrir ardFl orlv Auorpic, lnr. to 6urrrc6 rprlpd rou nol,oro{ flarrxori Kprirot4,
to onoi.o ncle6grvovEdqrlro, un6 rrlv rleooxaoio yd,r![x6v 6wagcDv.
O @perbegixog fou),16i'pogA'r1g Ilqrooicg n60avoirE 2 IavouoQi.ourou 1861xor tov 6rcr66101ze o
foul"ra),Uog A'.
Xrlv Pooi,o,oLorcirrpdrO4xe 4 aleLruOepool rov boll.ontrpoiltov, p 6ldroypo rou AlEd,/6aouB'.

1.862
MIKPOBIAKH OEaPIA
TANAIEENEIAN
'Olo
xnr neproo6,eQo[6rol,6yoretxoa oe1i,-
or vq. 6rc6Mnow orL rc )'oLg6br;voolpo-
ro npoxclouvrcr o.lo prxqooplavlopok.
To 1862,o llcor6q (6i'"ene1846) <ippoe
vq peLrd ro 06po 1i(l'|,Edoolo6va eeTo oxo
onoi,oeile orryxev,p6oeu6l'o rc olerlnd 6e-
6optvc. To ?cirQoE rou rlrcv r6toro drorc or
6Lol,o1otovcyx<io0qxcv nl,iov vq rdQouv
orq oo6aed vy ptxqodtaxrj qetopta tav
.to0EvEL(i)v.Au[6, c.vqpe[6o],a,rpcv to pe-
yd.uTpo 64pc lou 61w nori or4v loropio.
rnE IqrQ[1r15.
Egcgpolovrag rrp 0ecopic,o llcot6q xcl
dl)tol erlot{poveE vx6rro(rv TouEoljyx-
l.r,Qrp6vougpr,xQooeyqvrqpollErou rlQo'id-
'Eror
Louv ogrogevcrvoolgorc. pnoQoioav
lMov vq 6eorl troylxougrg6nouE yuo ulv
re6tlqq,q i r4v oepcleio curd)v rov co0-
v[6v.
'Hrcv
1 aacg11 r4g ouylpovqg r,orgr,xr1g.
Ol npoo6or,o driaoa rov ro;lto o6rfyloav
o U.i(oqnrnE ovrlorF6rrFos, q 6rrd,qq[q-
op6 rIE poqEtilcqnelcg lc04Exnr, oe pLo
1lwqluv6lvn rLlouopr,lrl 6rqql4, 4 onoi,c
u[QrQrrlilaoidoelov rqyx6opuo rri.40uop6
ano t4v uro14 rou [Iqorde, 6lproueyd)vxoE
6ror regdouo reo6Lrlporq orrp cv0gron6-
fi|r0.
AMYAPOEIYNOAOE
TOY'EIPIOY
O Mr6oel' eile uloorqgfter, 6rr, o )eigr"oE
61er 6vcv or{oarvoouvo66, o oJroios 6!
qqi,vrqrailld rrQo6i6elrrp !lroq!r; rol pe-
oo 1166oquxtxrlgrou 6?'[49(6Mne 1844).
O ApeqrxovoE qorQovopogAI60v
Fxq6tcp K)'apx (Alvan GrahamClark, 1832-
1897)rilr rqrcoreudor ivov xcrvouqto
gq)@ 45 el.aroordlv xql oI[E 3l Icvoucqiou
rou 1862xov ooalpcroeoe 6vc clLeor<,6nlo.
fiaqqxrp6w(rs ro1,!ei,qr,o.Audrqr,veplcr pl-
xQoo?{onrxlgorrrvl xouxni6c xovr<i orov
378 ISAAC ASIMOV
)elqlo rcl or4v cp1rl ox6q0r1xe6rL pnopei,
vo.oqei,Lercloe noroto or6llc roo gqxo!.
Alcrnlor<ooe6ptug6114 rorrnri,6c 6evepgc-
vr,(6rcv 6ro.v noporqpoloe <ii"i"olE),o-
pnpoiE coriqrg *ar la.r6l,4Eeoro ouFJraQc-
opo orr, orlv npcypcux6r4rc, ipcv o ol-
vo66g rou Irrpiou. Arv 4rav lqo.ypcrux<i
oxorelvoE,cl.i'ri p6vo opu6p6g.
O K)'oQx nloreoe 6rr q!t6 nou 66).ene
bev rlrav rinore ti).)roan6 6vnv cpl6p6
uot6qc. @c nepvoriocv6116excetlegrirrou
vo onobeul0eiq nq<rypolxrl l1arEarprrrd
oowqOloq quoq rou Xelqlol.
YAPoToNo TT0N HAIO
Orov o Kiploq ct66elle n6E plopel vo
nqoo6Lopr,oOeIq ouolaol rrlE l],raxllE
orpoogcLpcg pe qv 6orl0ela roa gcopsl,-
x6r yQopt 6v (6)'rne 1859),or oorQov6por
tigXtocv vc otl,xpi,vow ttg 06oelg ttr.lv oxo-
teLv<irvypoppri.rvroi.i lhqxoi g<iopcrog pe
tr,g gcopcrrrx6Elpcpprg rr,EonoieE rcpd-
YOlJV rq morxeio.
To 1862,o )ourpog guorr6E Awepg Fr6-
voE Avlxorpep (Anders JonasAngstriim,
1814-1874) dvqxolv<rros 6rr, lp4orponou6-
vtaE rry p60o6o ourq, ei,1eovoxol.urpeL
'Hl,Lo.
u6po16voorov Xp6vlcr agy6repa 6q-
poqilrl vctvIdQrn rou gaoFa'rog,oro
ppo orLg1li"r,eg
onoto ei,1eev.roni,oer, lpcp-
preg.O Av"yxorgepprQouora p4r<qxupo-
roE nou dvrrororXoiiocv mug yAoFptE XAn-
orponortbvtogpLc pov<i6oprlxouEloq pt ro
dvo 8extirr,g excropplqloor6 rol p6tpou.
Aurrl r; pov<i6o ovoprilercrl q,461\nitr'-
yr.oxQep.
XAAPOIIAAETET
To gurd goivovrar va ilow ivcr opor6poq-
po npoolvo XQ6p<r?iqLenoprevroE 0a qrcv
plolno va Oecoprloerrovi,g6rr I XltoeoguL-
Lq e[var,opor,6popqo rorcrep4p6vq p6oc
orc n{.r, cqa. To 1862,o feppavoE 6oroao-
l,o1oEfLoli"roug gov Zang (Juliusvon Sachs,
1832-1897)ovorc<il.urpe 6rL q rrr60eoq currl
6cv civar ooot1. Atqtriorulqe oru groc or<r
gurrnd nurro.pa lrldQxouv prxpooxo:rrx<i
orlp<itto, p6oo orc onoi.c eivcrrouyxevtprrt-
ptvl 1 ll,ropogr!).L4.Ta ourprcrrooud ovo-
pdo0nxqv apl6reqc yAopo ,(tor4. Eni
nMov, o ZqxE vrofiro$aoq orouE1ltoQo-
rL<ioteExonroug nprlLor.rncL 6tol crdbeLle
6rL ro <ipul"oeivoLneot6v r4E pcoroouvOe-
orlE
H IIHTH TOY AEYKOY NEIAOY
O MrreouEelle ovoxcl"irper,tr,g lqy6g ror-r
fcl,c(rou Neli'ou orqv 6opelo6wrnrl Al0ro-
trio (6?'ars1770),ol.L<io xupLoErotopoE ei-
vcr o Arurog Nri),og *cr or n4yFgtou ncp6-
l.vcv oYvooreE.
To 1857.buo Bptrovoi rlrpewqriE, o Pi-
rocpvr <Dq<ivor,g Mr<iprov (RichardFrancis
B u r t o n .l 8 2 l - 1 8 9 0 )x c r o T ! , u r vX t i v r v l x
Xn4rc(JohnHanningSpeke,1827-1864), [exi-
vr1ocvcno try Zcvlr6<iqq, q onoto 6qlorc-
rcr or4v ovorofux4 xrvrprx4 Aqprxil xct
JlQo16QloavnpoE ro 6urrnd ovolrlr6vxos
rrE pydleELi.pveE, rrp tropl4 r(l)! orrolov
ei,1avcrvcq6ger,Apcr6eg6pnopor,.Tov <De-
6qol<iqro ro! 1858,6q0coov orqv )'ipvq
Tol"yxovi,rco,pLopoxp6otevq u6druvq6xro-
oq nou ondler 1.0001ll'l6plerq<rcn6 rlg
o9Qr'@vrxE oxrE.
Exti o Mn<iprov elkar6lr1i,srqv sErQsu-
vr1oq. O )rr;x 6parg ouv6lLoe p6vog ro!
rlgog 6oepdv xan, or.tg 20 Iou]'iou, 6g0ooe
otlv l,i,pv1Br,r.r6qrc,nou elvar,q 6eureg4oe
[6ye0oq],ipvrl rou x6opor. (H np<itq eivoL
11i,ipvrl )ounrlprog).
To 1862,o Errlx enr"6e6qloqe 6tL vq ro-
rdpr t[o! oQXi,Eer on6 to 66pelo drqo rqg
i',i,prvqg BLrr6pr,o lvar o rorop6E Ni,l,oE.
T6te 6^yrve onopoirrlto vo 6pe0ei,o pyahl-
tepog noropog nou ex6cii'),rr, orqv )'lpv4 Bu-
x r o Q [ a . A u r 6 E o r [ o 6 e i x o n x e6 r r e L v o ro
Aou6r.p6vlo, o onoiog 61erp4xog 1.1501u-
 TO XPONIKO TON ENETHMONIKAN
hL6perpaxcr 10ver<rLotq 6u1.ru1o101 r1g
).ipv4g.Eropivc-rE.4 npolpcrtxrl rrry4 tou
Neii',ol elrcrr 11lrry1 rou Aou6Lp6vio. Autl
6piorcetoroto oqpeprvorQdTog10! MJrou-
pouvrl, pqo otcr 55 lLl"Loprerpo ovorolllic
r4ELi.pvqgTcvpccrvixtr.
OaPAKIEMENA IIOAEMIKA
IIAOIA
To 1862,n ApeqLnnvLnrl)uvopoonovbia
crv6l,xloe6vq nl.olo r4E'Eltllor,g, ro Mer-
imaek, anr6ro a11lr'io6nor.rrlrar 6u0lopdvo
novrci oto N6qgol,x rfi Buprlivxr, to ov6-
Vo.oEVit'ginia,to 0toporcroepr qul'i,a or,611-
por-r,rono06rr;oenat dvcr6p6oi"oaa6 luto-
oi64po xntro o16 rqv i.ocLoypcpprl xcrLto
ecpobicroe pr 66xcrnuqo66l"o.
)tLE 8 Moprfou, r,o B|JJpaxwyi',roMerri-
matk tnniqlxe no-rd torv fui.uvrrlvn)'oitov
rlg'Evtooqg ro! ei1<rvcnoxLrlo& to ).rp<ivr
xqL rc 6u0roe.Tc nupo66LtrrlE'EvtooylE
6ev pnoporroav vo tol nporcoi'6oow 6Lc-
6eE.Fro 6va 6ldorqpc, tc npdypora 66er,-
1v<rvorr ro Merrimack0c pnoporioevo 6l'
Oi.oerp6vo rou oi"6xl.rpq r4v vo.utr,t46uvo-
'EvooqE
trr4qg xoL vo ordotl rov croltl,t-
opo. T6re q Iwopoolovbio 0c pnogoloe,
eloogtri'ilovrc,c xou rqv 6ot10er,c ro.rvBpe-
rovcbv,vo cnon, rloeur1v cvelopqoi,o rqg.
ALi'ri roE AFQrxqvoEpllcvr,xog pwq-
gevoEoqv )or46[a, o Tlov 'Epr,xoov(John
Ericsson,1803-1889), eile raraorcudoer 1164
eva ooponLo;revoox0poE,ao Monitor,ILaxo
'Hrov pLxp6,
vorrtlx6 rlg Evroo4g. 6nLeeno-
hr lcprf'ci oro vepr6ncrreile 6lo nopo6ol,o.
"fo Monitor on6nl.ee1rc rov v6ro 6tov to
Merrimatk elcndlue rrlv eni.0eorlrou. XILE 9
Mcptlol, pia qp:pc pttti ror 0pi.trp6orou
Merrimack,gOaoero Monitor xat o:xol"oi-
oqoe gru ncvr<iurgnouYxQouon. xcr<i rlv
onoi.o ro 6uo nl,oiq 6ev ncr6q0oocv vc
rqoxalloow 61"<i6eg to ivo oto dl,l"o.Qor6-
ao. ro Men imacknoqouoicoe bLappodgxol
prllte oe [r1pd 6e!cptv4, trno rqv onoi<r 6er
ANAKAAYIYEON
'Erol 'Evoorl otb0rlxt.
6y4xt nor6. 1
Tc 1c1ov6ro outci, opcoE,ri6efcrv oe 6)"o
ror xoopo 6rl ro lul.tvo ro).epr,xdni'oin ei-
1ov lerepooOei xqr ol,c t<r tpdrl (xoL
lbitrrgq Meyi),1 Bperovio) dpluonv vc oto-
pcxi(olv ro nl.oio roug.
IIOAYBOAA OnAA
H r!6lth rtov 6ni.ov 6ev ei,1eotcpctrloer
oto neplorqopo Ko].r, ro onoio ei,1ecplioeu
vc Xp4,:rponotrirot nprv an6 6rio6exotrieg.
To 1860eilov egeupeOeircr encvolqntlxti
ror-rgir<rc, rc onoicr ovopaa9lxov xapapni-
ve6:.AIJ'o or npoond0rEor-rvXlq0lx(rv, U
oxon6 vc cu!40e[ crxopqreproo6repo r; bl'
vcrpq nop6E Torv 6n7.ov, enutulltivovrcE
pucolvepl xor oroOeql porl 6l.1pdrov.
O Ag.epLxcv6E eqerp6rlg Pirocpvt Tloq-
vrov fxdrl,rvyt (RichardJordanGatling,
1818-1903) rpoontioqoe v(r lroroon!(ior
ivq orLo ro onoio 0a 66tr).lr o<pniqegcro
plc glor,lyic'rv xoL 6ev 0q qr(l-
"cr)"uoi6c"
potorroe napti povo agou 0a ei,1oveficv-
rtrqOetol opoipeE.M61pLrov Nodp6qlo ror,r
'1862
eile ovonrrller 6va rc1u66tro 6rl"o to
onoio 6pL1veo1e66v6lL 6)'rlpcrc to beuTs-
p6i.enro.O rlqroprog ro1Jrvorcv pt lerpo-
otp6qo.l.o( yavr.6d),o).
To to)u66).o fxdtfuvyx rlrcv ro rpti-,ro
roi.u66l'o nal 1p1olponour10r1x.e olo trg bl-
'Evtooqg
v<tplelE tr1g npog to r6l,oErol Ep-
gul.iou IloLdporr.
AIMO'@AIPINH
Mro cno rrq yvurororfQ(nporeivegeivot
rnriv4 nou 6piorcrrororo rpuOpriurgougoi-
qltr xqr rl onolo evdrvercr pe ro oluy6vo
orol5 rwefpoveE,to ptrog6qel otolg Lorot'g
xol exei 10 cuobi6el orq lutrapo po rrlv
l.rrrouplic roug. EvcE cro toug rntor4po-
vegnou geLetqocvr1v crpoocpor,pi,vl ltcv o
feppov6g 6ro14pux6gO),rl Xonm-Z<ir7.ep
{ F e l i x H o p p e - S e y l e1r8. 2 5 - 1 8 9 5o) .o t r o i o E
380 ISAAC ASIMOV

xlv ze1'orcLl"(l)oe
ro 1862xor rIE 66ooerrlv pivl evdverol Bro oEul6vo, pxqreanaq.t
(noltaaLc,\tpooEcrleir'\.'O1.a,v4 (tlpoogqr- ae ofuaLpoocpaLpir,4.

TYMMHPOMATIM
!e 6i,1 r1v brcipxeroto! 1862,1o vqult1i6 rlE'Ev(l)olg tor6qQt[].l'ypqxa oxq rraQdi"taqS >wopo-
orovdlcg. >ItE 4 Moqrio! rou 1862,ouvofroorovolcrdE6w<iperErotii'c6cv xlv:dvrs o (SantaFe),
cr).i'<ilqryyoqc or bwriprtrEr1E'EvroolE rrry ovczar6lc6cv xcr 016 r6re I A60l nopdgtnreorn Xipta
rIE'Evool6. >rrg crvoroltx6EnepLo16E, 6prrrE,or 6wtigerg-rr1EEvooIE yv6Qlqov olvXfgrltrE.Ot orl-
vopoonov6rcrxoi ei.1cv rerE orro!6ciouE mOarrryoiS, tov TE6Eeq TE6votov (JosephEgglestonJohnslon,
'Evrouaew
1807-1891), rov Popret An (RobnEdwardl,ee, 1807-1870) xot rov T6p{aET!6vc8cv (Xr6-
ouv),orrol)Tedrcov (Thomas Jonarhan{stonewalllJackson,18241863).H'Evool eile p6vo rov Tftoqt(
Mrreivrov Mox Kl,ril),cv (GeorgeBrintonMcclellan, 1826-1885). >lrE 22 >srftg6eiou rou 1862,o Ai!-
xoi'v el66oroerry /raxfipuf4 xepi xeLpaqettlo@E, odFgovq Urlv ofioiq 6lot o[ borilol rto1,dtlooxr-
oerocbvnoJrLcrcirv oroxro oav r4v eluoeiqro!'E ar[6 qv 1l lavol|oei.ouxori 1863.H Ararrlqull 6i-
l'ove enio4gqlr<irg6tL q rl"ip4E cmlcuoiqool rcDv6o{}.(,)voftoIs],orioeoTolo rou nol6pou.
To Mr[tx6 eile npo6i.{poro gr rlv Mey<i}.1Beerovia, qv loi.}.io ltol flp lorovic, rlbrl iXroOu-
oTegrioerrrp n).1pcopfrrov Xgecir roo. Kd! o! lQelEXdQeEixcv otill orQotri[crroYtc vc ctroofici-
oow XQrlpalo qno iw UtE[&o1,rtiriti!6Qvlorl, o].]'ri 4 MeYill Bqer<rvio xcrr 11loncvic oldoupor rr.g6r,-
xjE rorE owdFrE. O|yallrx.g buvdlrq nopiprLvcrv. H foL),io o]I66lne or4v oupp6rrprl plsE yall,o-
xQoroluv1EclsoreoroeinE, aeou or Hv@p6veg r]rcv onaolol,qpivrE g-erov Eprpri)Lro
flo),LreieE II6lLe-
po xd[ 6v pnogoioorr 1o. eq'cpp6oow to 661po Movpoe, c],i.ti rqo66orvov p6vo oe lrrrowg 6lolroeru-
eis 'E1,rouoer
!r1v Ilq<ooio, 61uveng<rr0unoug16E o'Orto A6onol'1,i gov MtrioFaex (Otlo Eduard
I-eopoldvon Bisrnarck,1815-1898)xo!,'yra rredirl qoed pEid tov oQerbqit{oB', 1nQ(l)oio or6trrrp
ev<rvrq1up6 rry6t4.

1863
@AINOMENOOEPMOKHIIOY 0!16 oupiqr6v(r oeppozrlnLo,oro oroio ro
gog ro6exrqrq't6 IolE uql,ofiir',qxgxqu
To 1863,o Ipl,cv66E guorx6g T(rov Tuvro)" oeppoi,verrov o6po oro eocrrcprr6tou, evdr
(JohnTyndall.1820-1893) crLorlpcvorr oQr- 4 0Qp6lqr(r 6rage1rleup ouqrioli,d, F
ouvq o6Qrq,6fi0rEro 6[oEi6roro! dvoQq- onodl.eopo ro Oeppoxrlnuo vc Oeppcrivetal.
ric x(lr or u6Q(trpol, ivqr orqeqvi yrq ro fi' cur6v rov )"6yo, 116q<ior;ror.rbtolerbiou
oQqr6 eolE fio! qodvl, qrlv tfirpdvero rlg T T
ou dv0pcxc xor ov !6Qqrp6v ovopqoerf
'HLro.
f4E cn6 rov o)'},<i1.td).}'ov
c6rogcv1 rr. Eatv6pevo tov qeppoxqtrlou.
lLc rr"Eu6poOpeg oxtrvo6oLi,egrlou ?{116- Ener64 ou ovOq6nlveE6poorqqu6rqreg
UJr.n fl l[eoE ro brdorlpq 6rcrv rpuletcr, ilow cr-rlr;oerr1v nooorrya 6tolet6iou rou
TTIV Vl.rITA. tiv0qcxc orrlv arp6ogo.r,qo,xcl Eqxol.ou-
Aw6 o4gciver orr q ncqouoiu axotrrqxor 0ouv vo Tqv coldvow, xo eorr6povo ror.)
Ur<rE FrrqriErooornrqE 6toftr6iou rou cv- Oeqpoxrplor.r 61er,liver pra oo6aQrlorllrl.
0pcrxc xcr u6eqrp6v orrlv orF6qpcrpo 0q
broqpei rrp 0egpongaoic rqg Ing o Wl- NOMO'TANOKTAAAN
L6tepo eni,ne6c c:rd exiva fiou 0q ulne1crv
av 6)"elnqv ourc ra c6pro. To gclv6pevo Exrivq r4v slTolrl. rlrov yvoold rTplooorc-
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>THMONIKON ANAKA,\YWEON 38I

Qo (xfio ErlaxqX1prxd ororxeio, Jlo! To ?!o- O All),og oorpov6proEfou[],].rcrpX<i-

06voeixt:6tcgoperlx6g lnL <rvopoLeg
reE xdl Xaeoxr1QLorr,xti. Ar-rrr1q ptb64g
zordorcol erol),orroe rolg lqpLri,ouE,nou
eilav rpoonaOrloervc xorctofolv rcr otor-
picr oe oproeL6ei,g opci6eg.Ellcv 1,iver11611
crprerdg 16roleg ngoon<i0eLeg,cl"),dro
An )"og11pLx6gT(orv Al.elcvcp P6r.voNr
olLcrvrg (JohnAlexanderReinaNewlands,
1837-1898)npoonnoloe vo ncrverx<irr 6ra-
qogerlro.
Kcriralr rc ororxria xnrri oetpuuropt-
xol 6<ipolg xsl 6Lq.niorcooe 6tu q berneprl
enrd6<rororleicovnaqoloio.le L6r6r1reEno-
l"l 6poLeEpe trE r6L6trpegrqg rp6t1g. IIpo-
on<i0qor vcr enextei.veL neproo6repo curlv
r4v xordroE4.rlv oroio ovou(roF/orr, rrrrl
o x t i A L u vl o r o v c ) . o 1 i op e r q v g o u o r x 4 .
d:rouor i6rrErnrti vorecelcrvcltrcp6tivovrot
lovo xtrr lcrr<i, oe 6),o xcrr prelcl"tTepo
1J\iOEr.
KovriE6rv nlpr ora oo6opi r4v cqy,roio
tor NLoll.cv, g, poti o rorti),o1oErtov oTol-
Xcit-r6 v r v r o i p r ( r l c o n o ) . u r ap r r o v v o p o
rorv oxrribcov.Ev tornolE, I yvoororoilon
rq,<6xove p66oq" r1v rorcitcrfl rol
"r1E
orol1i,cov,preonord].eopc vcr ouvrcl0ei
rvug no).uxcl.urrpoEnivoxag r4v rlopev4
o1{OTt(-[.
IYN@ETH TAN A>TEPON
Ei,1e6lonLoror0ei,otr rcr ororleic nou un.o-
Xouv orov H).ro eivq.Lo;rorcrpr ra ororpiu
t1g f4g (6),6ne1859).@a propouoe 6pcoE
vc unootqpilrl xcrveig6t q opoL6rrpo ourrl
:rrpropi(rrur oro H),rolo Iior4pcr. rvd or
o)'),oLcor6qeg cnoTel.olvtcr ono 6Loqope
xtnd oToLxLd.
LbL6tq- yrtr.vE(William Huggins,1824-1910)peMtrpe
rcr qciopoto g,eplx6v on6 toug lapnq6re-
polg aot6qegncrL.ro 1863,ovoxoivc'ros6rr
or.cpooporrn6g"lpoppdgroq eivcLlpcpp6E
rrDv yvoorcbv oroulticrrv.E:ropvtoE,0o
propoioe vc olpnepdver laveiE orr, ol,o-
nl4go ro )lpnov orlorllrrrl on6 ta i6lcr
oroLleicr.
BAPBITOYPIKA
To 1863,o fQtrcvoElqpLx6E Avtol.tp gov
MnciyQ (Adolf von Baeyer,1835'1917)ava-
ro 6up6trouprxriori.(Aeyrrnr orr
xci),.nq.rc
ro ovopcoe 6rouon6 plo cprtrevd6tr tou norr
),e16rcv Boq6ciptr). To 6cq6LrorpLx6 o!r.r
eivcc 1 6cor,x1plplrrl or-roicr
crn6tqv onoiu
nopdyrrur gro otxoyevcrcr rvdroruvnou ti-
"crr,lvoor6g
ag 6ap6nouptxri xoL olpep<r
lqrplponolorrtcL ora unvar mit yanttt.
INAIO
O feppov6E perol,l-erol6yogtD6pvrrvcvr
P t i r X( F e r d i n a nRde i c h .l 7 9 a - 1 8 8 2r )i p r r l v
un6volo 6rL evc rlrqlvo ilqgc nol ei,1ero-
p < r 7 n 1 r ro n o p r r c i i . ) .ur g a r p c u 6 n p y u p o u
plopei vo nepr,61er, 6vcrveo getal"),o.EneL61
o i.6LoE eile oletoporolrio, !1t1oe crn6 rov
6o40o tou T6ovrop PiXrQ(TheodorRichter,
1824-1898) vo ro elertioerqoopqroorionL-
xci. O Pi,1rep,dntrverqv cvcil.lorl ror evr6-
nlor plo "7pnplpr1 uv6r,xoxrrqvollp6potoE
'rou dav ovry{r oc xcvivo yvu,oroororltio.
'Erol,
ro rdo oroLleio ovoptio0rlxe/rdlo.

TYMMHPOMATIM
:rrg Hvopdvsgllo),rreirE,o Ar1;r6pcoeorlv Erioon,nQotrq{"vovtog t[Qog6oeQCiv. :ro fx6-rruop:rtpyn
(cenysburg)r4g llevor')'6ovicrEou.p.eo{oeq}rpe tov otqcrt6 r4q'Ev(l)on(. H pdXI rox fx6-rtuop:teglr
dno tn, 1I p61grttg 3 loul.iol' rou 1863.fta ra6rl qooct oL 8uvdptgrIE
gaLvo-rtrveli rperE trrepeg.
'Evroorlq
xpdrlocv rLg06or:rgroug z<rL-roauqo6o).1x6rouq.aou ryav xcLurepo.rpoxcrlo6dQ*g &trci)
382 ISAAC ASIMOV

lg ororlE:wop.oorov6lcroiE. O AI dvdyndo0iprvo ofioxcDerio! ).or"cor6 rlrcv ro olgtio xopnrlE

lOUnOMpOU.
>ro 6uxLnd,rl :wopooriovoic 'iecror'o io Bir(ol..r[eTr( (Vicksburg)-rouMLoroLnl,epno6ilowog rrp
6r6leuo4 r<ov orprcrrrupdrov xls'EvoqnE qn6 rov irotop6. flor6oo, o oieoflJyds rflE E,(oo1E nou?rjo-
oS:ipnoo1, fxQol/t (UlyssesSimpsoncranl, 1822-1885) ned'yporonorodoeowXi.S n!0aoeLE rsr or[E 4
IolLio! ro! 1863, p6),rE6q0ovcrv mrry Oldqlvyrrov ro vdo ylo r1v vi.xl oto f#ttuoprreplx, xcr)'n6e
'EroL
ro Birol.rrreyx. x6Qa olddnQoE o Mlololrrig 6etordrov oro liera rlE'Ev(l)oIE.
To 6utLx6rplpc r1g Brqrli,vuc,nol eile nc),egol6oerEg.er1v'Evrool, olJroovoxlQlhorlxovEdQrl'
xrl rohroic, p -[rp o.ropooid Ar'rrxrl Brergivlo, xor orrE 20 lowiolJ xou 1863neoq(6Qqo6orlv'Ev(l)ol
0)EtQrrrltofiri rrpn l nolllto.
Xto MelLx6, 1o}-litui oreotrjpqrq rdlElq6q.v rrJv II6lt rou MEErxoi orLE? Iowiou rou 1863,,.or o
Nonoldov f' dexlo vo crv<rlr1rei. xrinorov ao! 0o rFav irorOergrvoE vc lireL cwoxp<ttoedE 1ou MEF
xori. rciqvowaE 6;rrlEevro)rfEcrnorov i6ro.
>t!S l0 Iovooopiou rotr 1863,syrcrr"vldo0rg oro Aov6ivo ro lptilro rrri6lloor6rlQo6poplri6oiorrlpa
-[OU)'(6O&O1J,

1864

H @YxH ToY NE(DEAS)MATO' qur6 qriQr66EI[o! eqi,vrsr,;6vcrv6qog cre-

TOY SIPIANA ei(l)a.

Eile cro6crl0ri 6tr grpLxriopLl)"drb4oup<i-
vld qvxLxi,pvq,or(r oroiq reQrlap6(rvo-
rqv ?iq! o i6!oEo fqtrclicrE (6)'6ne1609),ei-
vor olryliporrlpqrq qp!6Q6v qox6Qov.Erri,
rlo!, i,XE ar[o6erx0ei6tr, opr,o;revoon6 ro
cvrl.xipv(rro! Moord (6line l11l) ei,rot
q p q r Q @ r dq l r n v l ( 6 1 6 n 1 7 8 5 ) . ' E r o r o r
colQov6por o.vceorLouvTcvav unrlple x<i-
nolo oprXi,dr6rg ovrrxeiFcvonou vq ivql
To 1864o X<iyrLvg(61,!m 1863),peLertir-
vrqE 1o 1,9lopq ao! QQi(l)vq,6uqnior@oe
6rl rcqouolcfel ro runLL6 gdopa rou 0o
neeipevxqvei,g0JI6 6vq e(l)ro66l,o odero.
Kcruapcrlpcrrlad,ro vee6l,0rparou QQi,to1,o
civcL 6vc puld)"o vigoE orgiu-rv(<rvxcl o4-
pAq yv(l)QiloljF6tL peoc oro vdqog cw6
urldQlorw ooTliQE, or o:roior oeppcivouvTo
o6plo xtt ro xtivow vo rporo6ol.ei).

TYMITAHPQII4ATIM
> 6 10 McQriou rou 1864,ovor60lraoxov fxeqvr I oloixrlol x(r)vorqroTuFrirorv r1g'Evcooqg.)rr.g 3
Mciorr. o orpor6g rou fxgcvr ero66ctreor4v BrQrLtvroror oroi,oioloe gr"coeup<icr,porlqtirv pclcbv pe
rc orQciedgcrrorou A4. O lxQavr sixnQroo6reeE llxrErlqQd vixeg,c).).ti paopodoevc ovcrnL4qci.:-
oer ttE oncbl.eL6Erou, evdro Aq 6ev eiie r6rorc 6wol6rrpc. Eni n),6ov,o fxqcvr, cvriOero cno touE
tleorqto1ouE ro!, 6v unoxoeolJo perq an6 pLo 1rro, oi.).d elcxoLou8orioe vc npoelctver.
AxoFI mo voxla, o oxQoxqy6grls'Er(ooIE fouil}'loF >6eFdv (William TecumsahSherman,1820-
1891)ro66alot4v feorqyia. XrE 2 larrep6piou prrlxr o1rryArldvrc xcr xor6nrv ngorii"coeg!1gLrrry
0d),oooo,rorcoreaqovtcq rc ncivrc. lrrg 20 Aexeg6giou6q0om or4v Xc6riwo,
H provc6Lx{e}.ni6orqg Euvopoonovbicrg rl, ov or,)a}'o./6g. 'Ev(l)ol
YnlQlov Jrolloi oxry rou 6ir'rio-
),ov nrc -rovn6}cpo. O Aivxd.v rjrnv lnorlrric9rog ycr 6rrrteq4goq<i,g^ecv nc),o -ror,Mcx K),rillav. Eu-
iuX6S, I xdrd),1rlrn rIE Ari.tivro ri1,6eqv xcrrdl.),$,1 orryprl, xar, o Aivxo),,', e:rove!eM14. 'Hrov o :rprir-
rog aqoebgogror slei'ryl yrd OirtQrlqoed Urtirov AwprouT(tixoov ro 1832.
To 186,{,n N6dAaneoot6elo oqv'Evoo1 to6rpLoxoorr]ixrl no),rci.o.
To 1864ilrov xtrrri Xeovrdyto rlE rlcvooldoeLg1,tvux<i. OL P6oor olwarQrl'ov pra rolovLzri efeiep-
 TO XPONIKO TCIN EIII>THMONIKAN ANAKAAY'VEON 383

ol, 1,6I EEdyeolT'<iLIlrnx lcpocroeoro rdlogT4E, drcv oL bwdpeLgr(l)v Mqviooi xctaLc6dv ro

Nqvd, k p6 rnv 6oti0elorov Bpercvrirv.
>xrg 10 Atqr,io! iolj 1864,o NqroM(l)v f'lrros rov <DQ6rvdv5o
Mcr[LpL],Lcrvo (1832-1867),
lr'.roricp
rov prxp6rrqo c6d,po ro! OQoyrioro! Ioo4g A' rl5 AuoreiaE. va xu6evrio!ro MErr{6oE ouroxed-
ropog Mcfigr),r<rv6g.

1865

fENETIKH rlolurllox4 ouprrQ[goQd.MsQr]col4xav

H OsrrlQiorou Adp6ivolJ ylc xnv EEii![gn
rov erocbv(6trrne 1858) rreQrei.Xe6vq qqd),-
Fq. Eivdl q).rtetqorr o xdeE yvr.dvog
olJy1{r,eIp6ao!ei6orE r-rncplotv rulaleg
fiorxr].i.S. (t)olooo urdQxorw (or oqropivo
6c0p6, roul'tilrorov) xor Trrycleg 6lco, cu-
pdroerE. Eropivurg.or norxrl.ieg0q reivow
vcrelc),erg0ouvxana pioo 6po, crgol eivcl
srli.Ocvoor,dxQoieEpoQgdEvo 6loo, crpto-
0ouv pe:rcrpoporE a).QaieEpopq6E.(Oc
p:roporroexo!ig va unoorrpilel orr, o 6eil-
trpoE vopoE tr6 Oeppo6waplxrlgenr6<r)'Ltr
<rlt4v t4v rcro! sravacpoQdEoTov p6oo
6po).
To oqdl,prc cur6 6ropOtir0lxrcno rov
Ar.rotpr<rn66orclo)'6.yo nol dvyollortvlq.v6
povclo fxp6yxog f[oxsv Mdari! (cregor
JohannMendel, 1822-1884),o onoioE xrrlpo-
pctioorpe pe pwci pnulei',r,o!rro! xal,)!lsQ-
louoe otor xlno rou povaorqpLot.
O M6vreLxcr6p0tooevc enlttrlel rrlv cu-
rolovLponoi4o4 6r,op6ptov gurdrv, xcrl,ri-
ntovrdE rc drote vc p4v lovLponol40orrv
on6 vropc. Kcr6nw nqcrloe rotrE0r[6-
poug rou nlpe ar[6 rd0e ouro^/ovrporlorl-
pevo gtrr6, rouE enrrr !e1o4r,orti not pe-
Mrqoe rrry v6o yewcrgwdlv.
'Eror
6rcniororororr. av gweue oropou<
cJTogurd-vdvor;g, 6r[0rQvepdvo elrdl-vd-
vorrE.Ol o:ropol roll ilov nopcrlOei on6
r4v 6etrrep11evLc,ncprllov riong gurq-
vtivoug.Tc <puttiaurou rou i6o!E tr6p6rr
Ervor,<<oprY4>>.
OL onopor rtov Vr/,6v qurdlv eilov nto
cpr.fsi,Exar peplxoi 611.Ol p1 cplyeig on6-
Qo! JraQriyqvrard ro rQio Tdropro rpli',<i
prlrd xqr x<rrq ro svq rTcQTogurd-vd-
voug.
Xrr1, ouv61elc, o Mdvr}, 6lcorcoptrroe
gur<i-v<ivorg pe cplyrl rp4h<iplrrd. Otra r<r
qord qE 6f1qrlElerrdg r;rcv 1'41d. To
XqQo1{rlQrort]ao rol pr"xqorilr1oug eile elc-
qcvlo0el. Kcronlv o Mavrs]' er6rQVeorrlv
v6o levxt rov rpql,6v gordrv vcr curolovrpo-
nor10ouv ncr 6lcniortooe 6rl ei.1ol :rcpa-
XOi!r'Il'd etlrd rar gurd-vdvor o ovolo-
yia 3 rQoE 1. To lopoxrqprorlro rou pr,-
rcpouuryougeile 1c0ei oqv plc pvlcr, cri',l,ti
e[1eeppavr,o0ei, orqv er6pevq.
Me <itr)ro161ro, ro ;1opolcr4prorrxo rou
prytil.ou urpougiyan rnupaiq evril ro 1o-
pcntr;prolrrc6 rou plxpori ripolg ilrrrv wto-
Tutt6peuo, p qrordl,opc ro pydlo llroE
vo ureploluer rou pr,xpotr- ol,i"o.p6vo nqo-
oropr.vo.
O M6r,tei' 6rcniottooe 6rL ncL <iLl'eEra-
TrryoQiq 1aqq?rrlQrorlmiv x),qpovopouvrcr.
pe rov i,6lo xQoro orq gurd ro! prrl!l,rou.
Ol orcqolegpopcp6g der cvoprlvuovrcl.
Arqnlqrtrrqe eri,oqE6rr rc cqoevrlo. xo.u
ra onlurd et'ra olrveLopdeouv Eioo! oxtlv
'Hxqv
6Lcp6pptooqrorv ancry6vurv. lE xcr
o lid0 oeyovr,op6E6160rrc6no nopcloweE
'y[a ?id0eou&xQIp6vo
lopoxrqpr.orLn6xor
oweuo6qepe6vuv cn6 cuotE orov cJ[6To-
vo. Ar or nopdyovreEnol 1eLrripeu o on6-
lovoE on6 roog yovei,grou eivcr brcqogerr-
xoi nor,o 6vcg nop<iyovroEelvcr enlxporrlg,
16Te 4 unolern6ptvq rbL6olta 6eveptcpavile-
384 ISAAC ASIMOV
xcrt,e[crltoi\otreei6porgvc undglel. H u6u6-
r4ro curl 0o neq<ioeloe r<inolov ow6 toug
aloyovoug rng r6psvlE yevrcrgrcr,, cv o
qfioyoaog orrt6g ndpel xo[ qfi6 roa d],l,o
yovdo lri,olE rqv ruo],eln6pev1 [6lorlxq,
rlroL dote vo. 61eL6uo unol,er:r6pelouExcl
n<rv6vol enrxpc, rl ncgtilovrc, 16r I t'Jro-
Lanopevq L6Lorlro 0o epqcvlo0ei lcrvd.
'ETor
o Mivrt), ovnx<i).urpetotg vtiporq
t4q 4povopm6tqtaE, 6n,oEovopooOrlxcv
oplotepo. 0ege)*cirvovrog rrry Fr{rorrlgl rlE
ytvrrrx4g. To 186564pooleuorr4v rptirr4
rou avtrxoi,vtoolylcr rlg 6peurdgrol (ro
1869arol,or.ro4oepr,c6eureql), qtri\a ro dQ-
1o roo oyvo1O4reeni,rpLtivto.rpi.o 1p6vlc.
Acpouor,v6por,rou Mdvre?,, opi,(ow 6rr,or,
qrQoiE t-roegagder o.vopllvtovro.l nop<i-
yovroE dvcv nryclo pdoo 6po, o]"],<ielcxo-
trou0otv vo epcpcvi.lovrol oe er6psveg y-
v,eg,ot vopol ornoi, cnorel,ot'v rov lrqlovr-
op6 !r loa onoio r; quolx4 rlri\oyrlprroQi
vo enrgiprr prc oro.brcx4 ptrc6o).r; oe x<i-
noro ei6og. Erol o M6vte)' 6Lop0oroero
opdi\pa rou Aop6ivotr. Qot6qo, xau oL 660
ixov rl,q fio(rverorcv ro 6p1orou Mevre),
6^ylvelvtoor6 xou o enuorlgovur6g n6opoE
ovrr,i'4cpB1rc14 orlpooi,<rrou.
BENZOAIKOEAAKTYAIOT
H pi0o6og 1qag1E torv pplntirv rrlnolv lor.l
tlQord0rpi cro rov Kinoule (6)r6re 1858)
6er dl,r-roe
o).c rc rqo6),r1parc. Yn1ple plo
6vooq, ro 6evloi,ro. q onoic 4rcv ndpo no-
).u oqpcrvrlrrl (i,6you 1<ipq,olpper6lel orqv
poQtqxnEopn rtov telv4rclv 6cqti.rr nou ei-
XGv ficQcolirlao6eI nq6orpctc - 6].ene
1856).xcr 6rv gnopouoevo anodoOeipecu-
TO TO OUOrlFq.
To p6pro ror-r6evfoili,ol cnore).ei.ralon6
ll ciropcrdvOpcno xcr 6Qucropa u6po16-
rou. 'Elovrcg toEngerqpic prc c).wi6cr 6fu
arop<ov<ivOpcrx<r,6ev un4p1erp6noE rc
rpooreOouv6Er<iropc ubgcryovoupqiE vo
raQox0ei prd no).u aora0qg 6vtoo1.Al,l,d
to 6evlol,lo rlrcv noi',I oro0ep6.
Tqv ),uo1tqv 6pr1xeo i6toEo Kdrou)',ro
1865. Onog crqnynOnxo [6Log,evr.btoli-
6euepe 6vo [rfio?.i,vr1,ro ircocpopei,o,
cpcvr<r-
l6rov blcigoqeg c),uoi6EdveQo'xa.Korold
orryp4dpXrorvo rov nciqvrr o urrvoE. orov
lcqvlrcr ei,6erla <o!Qd) puqgq},rloiEcrg va
ev6vercr pe ro .,xrg<tl'1,'116rcr. vc o14pc-
tl(ercrL 6vaE neplorpeg6;revog6cxrutrrog.
Agioog xortilo6c orr ov Oetog4ooupc 6rr
ro 6lL <iropct rou <ivOpcxc olqpcri.louv
6vcrveloyrovr,x66qrar!1,[ozcr! 6rl oe xtiOe
<iropo crv0poxoouv66erqr6vq cropo r-169o-
1ovor, ro <rnoreLtopo0o.ei,vor, 6vo ora0ep6
popro. Orov I ivvotq r@v 6axruLiurvtiv-
Opoxc nqootd0rpreorna dvaolo ttov c),uoi-
6o.rv<tv0pano,l.uOrpovlo),l,ri [Qo6l,n[.ara
nol cqoporrocv r4v 6opr,xrlouyxp6rqorl
a(uvpoQiov.
APIoMou ToY ABOTKANTPO
To poQrotou r-rbpolovouqroreleiTor 0rt6
6lo dropc !6Qoyovou.To riropo rou u6po-
16rou e1er, otopr,x66dpoEloi',r-raowa oro 1,
enop6voEro p6pro tor-ruiqol6vou 61er,po-
quq?io6dQoE2. To r6qo16vo ei,vcua6qro
nou ono, eLeitqr ar6 p6Q[q u6Qoy6vou].dr
un6 xcrvovrn6gow0rlxeE(0eqponqooi.o0' C
xcrr nieoq iorl pe tqv qlpoogarQirll orrl
or<i0pr1rlg O<itrcroocE), 22,4 ),i,rpa u6po16-
vou fuyilow 2.ypcpptiqro. Auro eivcr ro
poQrcrrc6dQoErou u0po.y6vouex.qqcrogrvo
oe lpcppdpra, 64).o.br1 lrqoxeltcl ylcr 1
ypappopripto vbpvy 6vou,
A p o o , o u p q o v o .p e t 4 v o n 6 0 e o q T o u
A6olnciwpo, i,oou6ynol aegitov <rnorel,otr'
rttrr on6 ioo cql0p6 popi,o.rv (6l,6ae1811)
xa! ago! r.dOp6pr,oofulovou e1er,poplo-
xo 6rr'Qo;32, -ra 22,4),irpc oluy6vor 0o.lu-
yilow 32 ypcppo.pLc,61).c64 1 yqappopd-
gro oEtryovou.
EivcL yeyovogou aa 22,4 l'i-rpcronolor-r-
64noc <repiouluyi,(ouv 1 lpnppop6pLo tou
cQtol.,clJxou.
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENDTHMONIKON
To eptbrqpoeivor: n6oo p6pLoundglouv
oe 22,4 )'ir.pa qQio!; To 1865,o AuorQLa-
x6E Xll.l?i6Efu61ov fr.6(eg A6oprr (Johann
JosephLoschmidt,1821-18S5) XQlorporoil-
oe,y,o. vc unol'oyi,oeu cw6 rol cpl0p6, qv
xrv4trx4 Oetuqicrrorv qeitov rrou iXrTr-
voq0ei cn6 rov Mdllorel. (6l6ne 1859).
Bprlxe 6rr, r,a 22,4 ),|'cpaev6g oeqi,oureqLe-
1OWyipro oro
600.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
[6ard. rl 600 rlcnrg rltoroprpriprqF6Qrd.
Agorl curoE o uo)'oyrop6g 6coio0rpe orrry
uro0sol xolJ A6o1x<irrpo, o aQrep6govo-
p,ao9nxeapr,9pdErou A6oyxriwqo.
An6 rov aql0p6 rorl A6oyxtivtqo, pno-
p e i v c u n o L o l r o 0 r i q p r i ( o e v 6 Ep o p i o u
u6polovou. Eivcruo.n),<.bg 1 p<i!o ev6gypcp-
l.topopiou u6po16vou (2 ypopp<ipr.o) 6ror.pe-
prv4 pe ro 600 e[cialgxsroplrtQrcr.To dro-
po rou ubqolovou 0<r61el rqv p[on pdEo
cn6 ro p6pro.Mr rov ibro reorroBnoQriva
ut[olo"yrooixaL 4 p<i(c <i],]'ov cr6pov xcr
troQi(l)v.
flc rq6rq qoQcr,o! s[lqxrlpovE rrroo-
6topLoov(ncr, ptil,r,otc gt cpxerrl cxpi,6er,c,
6noE <rwo6ei10r1x.e aQyorQa)rrp FqEa r{rv
prxeoqrorIxdlv <116Btovxq[ [roQi,tov]Tou
cnorel,orivr1v rrl.q.
ANTI,HITIKH XEIPOYPTIKH
Tcr crvcto0qrLx<ieilav cqli,oeLva Xprprpo-
rouoivrqr nqrv clo eixoot rQinou1Qovra
(6Mre 1846).'Erou, or XerqorteyrxdE rep6d-
oelg r1rov ox66v ov66!vE,0ov 6ncucv
6porEvo eivor elorperrxd enLxiv6weg lor,
oulv<i, Ocrvct4poqE-H yX[QnonFroQi
vc rlrov enrrulrqg.cl,)'ci.nol,i'6EqoqiE. or
<roOevei,gncrpor,roi<rlovg)"e.ypov6gxo.r n6-
0qlvqv.
To 1865 o Bpercvdg lelqor-rp^yog Tloleq
Alotep (JosephLister, 1827-1912)r].rpoqo-
Q r l 0 l x r y r o r 1 v p r r l p o 6 r c x r 0j r o r p i c r c u v
o o 0 a v c r ( i vn o u e i l e 6 r c r u n u l 0 o i ro rov
Ilcordg (6Lire 1862)2{oLor6q0lxs 6t o [-
ANAKA-^YIPEON 385
teyleuprprrdg0dvcrrogpnopei vcr ogeiktoL
oe pr,xqo6r,oxrlp6)'uvo1, otqv onolc 0o
rlrov no)"riruoio0lror or rpcupcrropFvor
roroi. Tq prxQ66ro nou ngoxcl,ouv rlv
glrypovq rQo6Qlovrar iotog on6 ror.rEi6r-
ouEroug ylqrQotg r1oro ro eqlo).eicnou
XQrlo[l.ro]Tolouvrq[orqv en6p6croq.
'EroL
o Aioteq x<r0ldqooerov xc0opr,op6
rorv leqldw licrr rulv Qyqlitovpe 6[aiol.[o
gclv6Lqg, pe anot6Lropc vo peLo0eiop6-
ooE o cpr0p6g r<ov pereyler,p4tlxtirv0ovti-
rtrrv.O Z6ppe)'6oiEtil neoorooior vo
xdvrl ro [610 rQoypc rlQrv o1166exasr[rd
lpovro (6Mne 1847),ci'},ri, ltogi.grqv eqprl-
veio rou npoo6qepe4 0etopiororr floor6p,
or '/l<rrpoi .iXqv cpv4Oeivc br1Oow r<r p.e-
IQo rou eils enr,6ti?.er.Aur6 6eilveL 16oo
olpovrlxrl eivoL q Oetopioox6pq xcl oro
J[[Or[QoxllXO0dpCrC.
Me rov xcrtpo1q1orponot404xov lqptrrc
ouqiEl[y6xpo QO[oxrrrs l.ol rr,o crror-
Leoporr,x6gcn6 qv qcr,v6i'1 r.aL1 avron-
nt mfi yt LpotpyLxfixcrOreptiOqrcercvtol.
OI EEI'SI'EIT ToY MAETOYEA
To xopug<rio
enireuytro (61i-
rouMdEyoutr
nr 1855)nptryForonorq04xc ro l865.6rcv o
Bpercv6g guor,n6Eriqlroe vc ewefeqy<i(eror
6vo orrorqpo E[o6oeov (tfLoLoeav tott
Mcilyow),) or oroieg 4ro.vanMg or4 goqp4
ror E6qeaqav6Lc rc AaLv6pevcror.rql.e-
zirQropotltor 1o! Fo'y/rFro1to!,qw66ovrdE
rq rrvsnoorrqor<r IToEi rouE.'Hrqv x<irt
ovcrl,olo pe cruro fiou i,Ir.cdveu
o Nelr<ov
y,crrqv 6cpuqrc.
O MdElowl, cni6trlc ort o ll.txrqropoc
xcl o po1'vrlrLop6E 6ev un<ip1ow ovefriprrl-
ro, ol"?'d6u ro 6vo qorv6pvo ivor pro
avonogeulr4 FoQgnrou ctr).ou.Ylciplet
p6vo pi,arvrcic q).txrgopcyvrlttxrl 6uvcrp4.
Me tlv eqyaoio tou, cn6eLle6rL 1 rol,ti-
vroo4 evog 4).rntgrrnoigopriou ncrgtiyrr
6vc ql,exrpopcrlv4rr?i6rl6io fiol 6[o6i6-
ro.r orov Xtirpolipo roLrpr oroorprl ralri-
 ISAAC ASIMOV

Tqr(l, H raluqra at'[4 proqorioe vcr trno)'o-
y,oOei cr6 tr,Eelr,orboelgror.rrcl oroOei,1Oq-
rce6rl ei,vor,oxpr,6<bg
4 rolurrpc rou 9o16g.
'Eror,
o Mctlloue?' woorr;qrle 6rr ro goE
eivcr, plucpopprj ll.extqopolvrpr,xrig cxrl-
vo6ol'icg nol 6rl rc prlx4 nupotoE trlg cxru-
vo6o)'[<rEelaqrdrvrcL crlo rov pu0p6 rc]'ci-
vl@onErou qoqrlou xct gnoqoiv vo l<i-
pouv onoucdrpore rlp{ - nol,u plxq6reprl
olt6 r4v np1 tr6 utegltir6ouEoxtuvo6olricE
xcu ro).ri peyclurcgl cno r4v rLprl r4g ur6-
pu0g4g. (Ario 6encerieg og16regc, erl6e-
6cr<i0r1xrq dnoqrl rou).
M crur6v rov rp6no, o Mcil'youe), en6ge-
pe r1v npcirt4 et'ottol1oq orqv gtrolrrl, 6q-
lc6rl ouprequehc6e |rdoo ora n)'c[ora er,6E
arrLou ouor1pcroE pcr0l pol,xrirv oldoeov
qcrv6ptvc nou Fpouclcv rol,ri 6lcqoqrtxci
perclrr roug, 6nog ei,vor,o qLenrgr,op6E,o
pcyv4rr,op6Er(or ro goE. Mercyev6o,epor
guolnoi ocr xqr66a,']'ov pe.yd).rEngoond-
0rreg yrc vc rltrg6qouv or.op1 eugr.rregeE
evonorloergcurotr Tou ei6oug.
TAINIA TOY MEMIIIOYT
To 1865,o legpcvoE pc01pcrlr6g Aou-
laror.rr <Ddpvrrvov,M6prrrouE(August Ferdi-
nandMdbius, 1790-1868)rcqouoi.ooetqv
taoia tou M6pnroug, 6ntr4 ovop<ioO1xecg-
loreqo. fta vq rrry xcrooxrudooul. 'taiQ-
volJlr Frq pcxqL<iuri.lrrb4 rorvic <u6 laqri
(r1tiL)'o euxcprro u)"r,n6),orpdgoug"eto 6vo
<ixpo r4E xaro 180 poigegncr To evtirvolg.e
p.ero <t1,1,o.
To ruxl,rx6 xcrrooxttcopc nol
rlQoxu'Ilr q(r povo pra qxpn r((lr povo prq
rl-eug<i. Arrrrl 1 erlvdrpq 6xcve rov M6pnr,-
oug 6vov on6 roug oeprlruo#g r,rlE tottoTo-
7/a6, ror n).<i6ourov pcr04porlx6v nol e!e-
r<iler,rlg l6L6rlreg exei,vegTov olqpdtorv
nou 6ev ;rero6dLLov,cl cn6 rr,gJroQopoq-
gtioeug (und rov 6po vc prp ln<ip1el o1[ol-
po).
KYAINAPIKE' KAEIAAPIEE
H eprlrlpoxtrdT'pc ei,1encwo rrrgcno#le-
opc vc udqler p1c)'4 !4t4oq yro xl.trbc-
pdE. Mlcr xl.tl6cpr<i ltveral nlo lp1oupq av
ei.var,puxqrl xol 6er ncgc6l<i!erq! etxo).q
?.cLc! ro xkr6i rlg elr,ol purcq6xcru6ev
ovc:rcq<iyercl erixo).c. Kcpr,d x)'er,6opt<i
6ev ei,vcur6lelc, onooOrlnote 6p<ogundq-
1ow 6lo6c0pi,oer,E nouoqrcg.
To 1865.o AprqrxcvoE x).eL0gonoL6E
A<iuvougFdrL(Linus Yale, 1821-1868)r((rro-
piq<ooetlv eqe!Qol prog nl).r,v6pr,xqE
d.el6crgl<ig6el,ovorod ou16vc, orrp onoio
ou 6el,6vegrou mr16vc 6npene va 6)'0ow qe
puc oulxexqupvqeu0u1g<ippr,o4 percll
rols yrc vd cvoifer, 1 zku6cprd. To x).tr,6i
rip pLc o6ovrrrrtrjnLeup<i.1 oroic 6peqvt
rrg 6e)'6vegoe our4 r4v elOryq<ipplo4,
Ynrlple 6vcg repdorloE cpr,0p6Edroqogerr-
x6v ow0ucoptirv, gr cror6l,eopc ndOexl:l-
6i vc elvql polobux6, arc6pl lar <rvlnrlq-
'yvtoot6g
1cv eroropprigro rlclbogrdE. Ol
xkr,6oql6E nor un<iplorw o.n6 r6re oe ol"o
ro oni,rlc orqpilovrcl oe orr4v r4v oq14.

TYMMHPOIIATIM
Kq06S o fxQq1/t Eqrololjool|o,r'o nQoIauverfitl,', BleiEiud ricr,o Xippov orrp f(])Q{q,6,1r [X
onopilr cfi6 ilv X]JvoFoonovaio. liqrteQeDoe.O A1 rcqc660t|tl orov frecvi o'!o Arrol.ldroE Koel
Xrioul (AppomatoxCourtHouse)otLE9 Arqrtriou rou 1865,q1e66vr6ooegc1q6vrc per<irov 6op6crp6r-
op6 rou olugori Xripcq. Tc rel"eurcicrowopoonov6roxd orqotrotxd rpripoto rcrqcr560rytcvoro
lprl6nopr 116Aour[Ldvo otrE 26 Moiol, rou 1865.O n6bpos ixenpoxoMoer ndvcunx6 wc rxcroppri-
o!o oupoic.
tro !idElJ,6pcDg, nlo rreoocurlrrliQoy(l)6i,q.Trp vrr(Iq ilg 14nEArQd,io! ro! 1865,
ow[6l ',ior.t-r.!o
o nq6e6qogAi.vxo),vnlqo6ol,rj0t1m oe dvo 0ecrprn6 0eorpeioo16 6vo,r10olror,o,rov Tlrov folJil,xE
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENDTHMONIKC'N ANAKA YVEON

Mrouo (JohnWilkesBooth,1838-1865),(a!r60a! rqv no!vl lnQq. Hrav o rrQ6roEA!Qrr{qv6Ere6-

6qoErou 6otroqovr104xe. To 1865errxtqdrolx I 13n TQono;.oyiarou >wrdyBaroE, nou xaroe.fouo
rlv 6ooLid.
O xayxldQro5rIE nQtooio6Mrliopoe{ oey<ivorr prenqoocryrirqv evoaoirpl t1g feppcvicg. To o.r-r
orlp<i roo rirov crtrdr Xnrrorio F6vo6vcv Xee6r.(doeqoad, qeovri.lo.v'rngtcu6lpovc vc p4v rpopti-
lr rov noptllo 01610rou.

1866

AYNAMITIAA velg lorpig xi.v6wo, o],]d q vr,rqo.y].uxepivr1,

M6qo qrq lxoor Xe6vrq nou ei.1cvleg<ioer
o.n6 rlv cvonci)'upq rqs vrreoylur4Qiv4E
qro rov >opredeo (6tr6ne1847),4 ouoio
ourrl xgnolLrororotrvro.vyr,o rlv 0lrlvol[r|
6qopcuvoe opeLl'eE mploldE nal ytcr r4v ex-
oxog1 brtoeritov ricL 0epel'iov.H vLrpoyl"u-
xrpiv4 eEunrprro6oc0ougtiot<r ouro$ErouE
o)iofiouE,ixe 6poE to pelovdxrqpc vc
e4fyvwcr, :rol,u euxoi.o.,pc orod).eopc vo
t(qrcqrQagovrol e.yoot<iolonor vc oxor<ir-
vovrau civ0p<.onor.
O )orq6oE ple6rnEAl.qpevt Mn6q-
vopvr Noprd. (Alfred BemhardNobel,1833-
1896) rlr<rv p6l,oEpLcEolxoyivelcE nou
aoxotrouwav pe qv rogc.y<oy1 vrrQoylurc-
pivqg rcr eile Xdoravav c6rl,g6 rou cuo
grroixpq[4. 'Erot dplor va cva(r1rei wcv
TQorroyrq vc 6c;rtiort r4v vrrpoyi'uxcgiv4.
To 1866 rpooefe 6vcr6cq6l"r,vr,rpollruxeql-
vnE rou [XeropolJoldqLDuoqqorllou ei6e
orl ro rryp6 eile cnoppoqqOei an6 rrlv y4
6lar6ptov nou lprplponolotocv y,c rrry ol-
oxeuo.oi,crtov 6<rqe),lrilv.(H p 6r,aropov,r1
bLcropirqg.qJTotcl.riror cno rouEnupttrori-
lOlg ozei.erotrg;rupr,<i6tlvpr,rpooxo:rln<bv
6Loropov).
H 1r; 6uor6gtov no.p6perveoryvl, rde'
ol,o nou eile orogQogllql r4v vLrpol].rr,re,
pi.vqxol o Nopml' reLpopotio0ry{sps xo
lriypo. Arcfti,or(l)oer(l)g cv n v[TQoy],!xei-
v4 ovogrXOripr 6rorogir4 6rv cxq4.yvurcr
rapd povo ye crixpouo4. To piypo 4rcv
(roqcfuiExcr pnoqotroev<rTo Xerplo0eixo-
6tcrv nrgo8o, ouv, aa, 0lqrlQoto 6l,n rrlv
e4qrrLxq rlg 6uvcp4.
O N6pm)' ov6pcoe r.o piypa iuvaphda.
Fgrllopc ovrlxcr6orqs xlv elleuOep1vr,-
rqoll,uxepivl rccLelxcuvicroe r1v eno1r1trg
copc),org 1pr1or6exprpnn6r, ul'rirv. (O N6-
Ftrtl dg40 rrry nrerouoic rou. nou crveqlo-
rqv oe 6ixq o166v[axoppuQr.o6o],dplc,
y,o rlv xo.0l6goo4Torv er4or,tov6pc6ei,ov
NopmI).
KAINIKO OEPMOMETPO
Or ltarpoi 1'vrirpr(ovono xcrp6 rooo o4-
llcvtrrc6 oroulelo eivcr,q 0eqpoxpooio rou
ooOevoug,olrl,<tra 0epp6prerporlo! sixov
or4v 6ra0eo4 ror4 rlrov prltii',o, 6lolqqor<r
xor lperdlovrorr pf1qr, xor 20 ?renr<i.yLcrvc
rar(ryQdli'ow rqv oeppoxpcoio. O Bpercr-
voE yrarQog T6poE Kl.lggoqvr 'Q],pro.r
(ThomasClifford Allbuu, 1836-1925)r(qrq-
oxerooe 6vq p[2iQ60Qtr6pereoprptor-rg 15
etotoo-rop6rpo.lv,lTo! XO[aE6Tovp6ao 5
lcw-rri.yltrvo roT oyporpeltqv Oeqpoxq<roi,cr
Touco0tvoug. Mr rrw6 ro xfuwx6 9ppopt-
rpo, I llgl rqg oeqpoxgcoi,cErou qooe-
vougryr,ve06po pouri,vogyr,crroq yLcrrpoig.
XA'MATA KEPKIOYNT
MelpL eaelvqrqv eno11ei.1ovovcxcl,ugOri
o1e6ovevev1vrooocpoel6eig aal ei,1euno-
l,cryLo0ri.q tgollti rouE. Ei,1eyi,veL4611gcve-
po 6114 xarcvoprrlrouE6rv civcr opor6pop-
388 ISAAC ASIMOV
gI xor, ro 1866,o Aprprxcv6g corqov6pog
Nrcivuel'K6gxyowr (DanielKirkwood, 1814-
1895)cni6etle oru urdqlow oagrl xdopq-
r<r oe ouynexprp6vegcnoortioelg on6 tov
'H)'ro.
tq onoic ovoptio04xov "XdoUqlq
Kdpx'youvr".
O Kiqxyouw elfppt rrJv incpfq curtin,
rtov lcop<i, <rrvenro4poivovrog6u, ov 6vcrE
corepoer6rlg xtvorlvlcv ploc oe 6vo o16 rc
ltioparc, r6re 4 :teqioOogreprorpogrlE rou
yiqro on6 rov'Hl,ro 0a nopouoio(e ol/'r1
cvcl,olicr ge rqv repio6o ntqrorqog4E rou
A[q. Aur6 orlpcrve 6rl, perti crn6 x<iOe6r.ro
11rpeugneglorqog6E,o crorQor0rls 0o ro-
vepl6, ov orqv i,6la 06oq oe o1or; pe rov
'EroL,
Aic. 0c 6e16rcv clfunri)")rrlLeE 6).leug
T
on6 ov Aiq xqu o oocpoeL64Eeire 0c nlry
'H)"ro
oiale mproo6reqo qrov elT0q cno-
p<rxqw6rcrv qrr6 our6v, pe onor6l,eopa vc
64pr,ouqy10ei. ro 1<iopcr.
O Kdprlowr unorlpcve 6ru rc 1<iopcrc
orolrE 6cn-ruLlolg rou Kpovou ogl7'ovrqt
oe 6vc nop6pouo gclv6pevo. Ilcgc6ei^ypc-
ro_c1<ipLv,cv urplcv o<rlpcrri8lc otov 1<ir-
qo nou rara)'(lp6<iver 4 6r,oipeo4Kaooirl,
4 negiobogneqrorpoq4Etor.rgyipo.rcno tov
KQ6vo 0q rlxqv dxQL6rbg ro plo6 qg ncpl6-
6ou nepr"orqotp4g rou Mipc, rou 0opuq6pou
To! Kqovou,
TIAHPoT ETONIIYPHNA
THE IIIE
An6 rqv enoXrlnou o Kci6ev,uguroi'61uoe
rqv pti(o qg I1E (6Ltne 1798),rltcv yvto-
o16 6rL 4 piol rnzv6rrpo r1E Ir1E eivor 6t-
r?'dorc reqinol ano aqv m-nvornrcrrou rr-
rprbdouggl,olou rlE. Aur6 o4pci,veu6u to
xivrqo rqg fqg npdnervc cno, e)i, qr qr6
ivq ul.rro pe pryol,urepqruxvorlrc on6
T nunv6tqrc rou gl'ototi ?{qt xo trollrio
1v
ou;rndpcoporlrav 6rr to ul.Lro curo rqineu
vo eivor,xcinolo plrcd,lo.
O l<illog ye<oL61oE fxcpngr6)'"-Opruor
Nrolprnp6(Gabriel-Auguste Daubr6e,1814-
1896) enlor]pcve 6rl ogropdror pereorpireE
qnorel'orlv,qr cn6 6rranp<ipc vuxeliotr-ol-
6qgor (cv xcu or neqroo6,epol 61ouvle-
rp<b6qororcorl) xcl unoorrlplle 6lt, cw or
p:reopi, egeivcruunolti,ppcrc evoErtravrlrr;
nou elegpd^yq,ou retptb6ergnqnel vo nqo-
6plovrcr <rn6rc elorrepr,r<ipepl roo ni'c-
vrlrq, wtil exei,vor,nor-rcnore]'oirwqr cfi6 to
rpripc vuxe)'lou-ol6{9ol npdner,vo npo6q-
llovtcr cn6 rol nugrivcr rou. Ynoor4ptfe
enloqg 6rl cw6 pnogel vc to1riel xot 1tc
rrp, Iq, 64),46qo nlprlvcg tr;g va onorelel-
tcr ort6 xptipo une l,lou-ot6rlpor-r, xol 4 0e-
orgio rol 61eu{veu 6enr1 ort6 roog ptolr6-
^/ouE.
>YETAEH ENOT KAINOOANOY'
Merri roug elolpe, lxri ?'cprpong xcr,voqo-
vrig (nova) nol eilcv noqcrlqrloer, o Ttryo
Mnpqle rau o rol,l)"ciog rpelE ox6ovql,d-
veg ngrv, 6ev ellav epgtrvuo0eid)'lol qo#-
pegowori rou runou. Ev rourouE,oL ooxQo-
v6por eilcv evlolri,qe!nuo cpldqoug nolvo-
gaveiE, or,onolol ei.1al eltrioer, rrJv nqooolrl
roug enelbrl 11Lopnp6rrlr<t rolg oultenx
!uqvrx<i.
To 1866,o X<iyxuvg(6Ltm 1863)r<crr6p-
0ooe vc prLerrloelro ptiopc ev6Enouvopc-
voug xol r-r:roo,r]qlle 6ru, oupgtovc pe rr.g
gcopcrrlx6g 'ypcpp6Erou, nqnel vc nepr-
'Hrov
6tilJ.ercr cn6 6vcrv6qog rdpoy6vou.
q nq6q 6v6erfu6rl ro u6qo16vopnopel v<r
elvcl 6vc xlpicqlo ol'orcxlrlo ro! >iptld-
aloE.
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENDTHMONIKON ANAKA, .YIYEON 389

TYMMHPOMATIM
To ox66ro rot Mri.oproex vq vorro[rioerrqv feppcrvic un6 r1v xuproplic rrlE nQooiog s[].loodrov
0arpdolo. H netooia o!'ppdx4oerQ6ra p qv kcr],is ral xor6nlv qQ6vrrosvo oLyxpolo0i g"errry
Auoreid. Tov louvl.o rou 1866o.exLa.o n6).Epogtav Em<i E66opd6av, orov oroio n fle(l)oi.axol rl
I-rcd,.io
noMprpav ncrdr rng AlorQioE.
H Ird,id nrr{0l), ox6ov op6o<uE,o :rpororxoEolpor6g 6prtoE6ev rircv xo06l,ou erir"o?,.oE crvrincl,og.
O. nQ6oo! Xetlolporolouocrvrov rqM^1qcqo,6lovrog xorc.vorlorr4v oEia rou cur6 rov oger.xcvrx6
egpi),ro r6l,rpro,xor,eilcrv 6nlcr pe enrxgouorrlqc (6Mne 1841),o ovriool pe rouE AUorqtcroig. To
n:ro-r!?ttopo{rov va owrQr6ouv or[S 3 Iou].iol' ro1' 1866or drJorQrcrx6g 6w<igtrg oqv MaTl:|lEZarno-
6c (Sadowa)xdr I AoorQiq nnpo660qxe. ErrE 23 Auyol'orou ro1' 1866,urroyQdqrlxe12uv0rix1 r4g
flQd'yag,oupqova $ tlv oroi.d I AuorQia ftoQa1trleolio fllv Bvric orlv kcr].icr.H Ilpooia r[Qoode
rlo ro !),6o6rx Xol.oroav (Schleswig-Holstein) xar riLl,rgnepr,oligqS 66eraEfe!ovios, orr,SoroieE
ouunsQ0,crp6avorav rqr ro Avo6Bo.
Exivognotl nQ6xLro vc hFrooi reloo6repo ono rLgefeliler,Ecur6Erj-rov1 fcl,l.ic, q oroio ov6-
peve6tL o ndl,epog0o 6rcpxoioe nohi 1p6vo xal 0o 6q0Le xol'g 6rio cvrLnri],o1'E.
H llqcDoidrirdv 16-
q(I 1 xr-rqicprl6wcrpl orqv feppovio xar o n6[vogor6xog rou MfiiopdQx rirav rl lcr].].ia. 'Erot q6p-
84r Ur!ixls oroug lrrlgivoug AlorpLoroug 6ors vo FIv o),{ool,.|] va rov r{6t}in0ouv6ol0drvtag
rnv f{r.}.ia 6rdv 0o eXo-rcvq oeLp<i 116.
To 1866rovrio04x ro xclcbblo rou Ar]"aw[xou, ro oroio ow66er1v EuQ6r[rlUrlv ApeqLxrl.(To
1858iXror[oornoivo nQon./orjuvo xq],cir6!o,ro o:roio 6prrrELelroriQyloyt{1F!re6 XpovLx66Lcio-r4-
$c.).
H fi6vrfon tou v6ot! xol0)6iou 6y!v crlr6 ro Gredt Eastern, ro xte(bro on6 ro no),i pu1c .o rlrrQtlrx{i
vro (il pixos 692 r66rn, 61)"cbrl2l0 regirou gergo). Xleiraorrig rou rircrvo Mnpoinrl (6l6fis 1843)
xc! iXxcol"xuooEiro 1858.To fiol $yd),otri^/669roo 6v ror r[6rQ1, vo 6X[spxroqtx4enLnltc,
tlrov 6pog L6cvrxo^1,o-r4vrono06rrprl roo xdlobior. H XeI[crro66r4o4 rqg enrleiq4o4giyLvt an6 tov
Apttptxnv6 enr.lerq4pcri.oliLporrg fouo-r @r "vr (CyrusWestField,1819-1892).

EHPOETOIXEIO
Or qi'exrpr,rdEorllcE (F rdroei,E)nou rlxov
o Xerlol pe1pr sxsivll rrlv J[oXn,oup]rQr-
).op6cvo;.r6rtovto! ouootoesurcbv,r[eLe[-
Xov Ll/ed rono0rlp6vc peoa oe 6vc 6o1eio.
Auro rltov cvon6perlxro, agou or Xqtlrx6E
qvrl6QdoerEro! (IrolTouvroL .yld rlv no-
pa^1tor7r1
1),-extquroiQstporoEorlvrel"olvTo[
pdocroe broLtrporc. A),}"<ioL pnorcqi.eEnou
rQldxouvq/ed afiorrodv pe.1o],t1
To. u1,priouvrq0ogeivcrr6uo6ptorrxtinol
pfloQoLr'e!2io],ovo,pooljv crvqv(rrQqfiirl
praraQIc.
T o 1 8 6 7 .o p r u r <o. f < i ) . L o Ep n 1 a v r x o g
Ztopl Aex)'avo6(GeorgesLeclanch6,
1882)enLvoqoe6vc ororlelo ?{c[, pero oJlo
filQdpoTalroor r6v, [rr6rQ1UE
x<i ro r,.1p6nepLel6pev6rol oe dvcrvolpnc-
yl] fiol,x6 t[Qoo06rovroE ora t'yQa o].uQr
ta67
ro[ TlJr]o.'Evo r6rolo orol1clo 6ev {rcrv
rrQoypdrrxd11p6, 6ev rltcv 6pog xaL t6oo
l,yQo dlor va !fiag1l rilvowoE v(! X1Joouv
Is uYQdro!. Mroporroe xoveiEvd To perd-
xlvtol frE<iveor1, vc ro ror[ogsr1]ollr ro
rlluQo n xa! o!dno6o, X(l)QiE vo 6lprorJQ-
yl0oJv nQo6).rlpdrcorqv ).rrroupyic rou.
To ororlelo dor6 ovopqo0lrc lqp6 oror
^ft'co|(,
Xe[o. ororxi,o0d XQrprponolouvro.v
oe tepdoruougqQropoiE'/L(rbrdeoQeEpr-
ngooopl. 11Qoo1Jo1.(!6E, ar6 g(IvotE rorifiqg 6(l)Ers
rcr6[]id r0rxvi6[o.
IPAoOMHXANET
1839- H runoyqcqio i1cfe.uer0ri nQrvano rio-
oelg oL6vE,dll"d xc fie(ororufid r@v Jr-
oxd6t(r- QroqorQovxeupev<uv (enr,orol,ritv,dqoqov,
x.l,r.) yQogovrdv ord[l p ro Xeer.Ei,Xdv
yiv.r nQooJraeFr.Eyro rrlv xcro.olr.uIFn1o.
 ISAAC ASIMOV

v(bv rolJ vo yQoeouvyQdppcxq Uxnv r[ie- NoMoE APATEaI TaN MAZAN

orl oQrqp6v@!poxi!6v, ol,l,o o!r6E or pIXa-
v6Eow4Otrlgrlr<rvelclperlrcc oyxtir6e6xor Or l4prrxoiei1<rv btorLqrd,orrort or xlulx{q
4 roxw4rci rouE (rov loLi ptxgoreg4<rno cvrL6pooelEoulvci pnogotv vc elel.Ll0olv
'Orov
r4v rcltrrrlro prerqv onoin 6lpotpe xovelg npoE6rio cvti0ereExoreu0uvoelg. ol-
prero 16q1. lcrvcv r1v pcfc rqg proE opti6og ovtr6q<r-
H ngcir4 gq1av4lou riXr olcrrxti prrxpec orqpiov, 11avri6qool ngoloqo{oe rqog
6rootnoerExcrro lerQrorrlErnE, Utrtqv (rfid- T xoreu0rvol notr zgtcrrcil.ove <rtrttrto.
4v
qci,rqrl e!oorc4o1,pnoqouoevo lqdrper cvrL6pooTrlpro.
rotrl,allorov etlool lprqlopo 6oo xol pe to Or. Noq611oi lqpLnoi Kriro lv{olr.pl},rov
xrpr xcraon,'utioO 4)rGIo rov Aprrprxcvo fxor/lvtpnepp (Cato Maximilian Guldberg,
egeuqdrq Kgi.oroqeq Acr0cp X6ou),E 1836-1902)xo.r o xowrciiog rou, ll6tep Bd-
(Christopher LathamSholes,1819-1890). O oyre (Peterwaage,1833-1900), on66erl<rv
)oou).9 xorcoxeuaoe tlv np6rq rou pnxc- otu xa0oprorrx<iE nup<ilovrc< 6rv rivct 11
v4 to 1867 nsr 6),<r6e 6inl.topa erpeorte- q
i6Lc pa(c, cr),l"cr4 oq,xdvtptooi 6I-
"Is,
lvioE rov en6pevo1p6vo. M6oa oe lilc l"c6r1 q noo6tlto p<ilcg rou rrnripler oe
1p6vla q pqlovrl ei,1eovopoo0el yea(poptt- evcrvocboprvo6yxo.O xovovoqouroc.nou
x1vi. 6yr,ve poot6E togv6poErqE 6prio4qrr.ovpa-
(riv, drlpoouerr0qxe ro 1867xcu owe, 6)'eoe
o r 4 v e g o q g o l { r q E O r p p o 6 u v c p r x 4ocr 4 v
pelatq rov lqplxtirv ovrr6q<ioecov-

TYMMHPOMATIM
Me-roro 16).ogtorr Epgu)ri.oofloMpou, ot HIIA tiplLocv vc 6Lnpoptlpovt<rr.6)'o xuL rLo ivtovc lpog
rov NanoL.6ov-ro f', hrtirvto5 tol vo onoolpet rc orgorerjgtrrci-roucr6 to MEtrco.tr[E 12 MaQdou
rou 1867,o Nano].6tovf' olppropqcir0qxe.O Moqlprl@v6E ncp6perveoro Me[1x6, olki Felrxcrvrxd
o-rBcreipctc rov olvr ,a6av or[E 14 Moio! -[ou1867ro0, oI[E 19 lou"riou,exreMoorpt.
H A)"aoxo bnprouQyol'ofiQo6i"{p'rrs ottlv P(l)orl{i AuroxQaroQic,xcrotiE6prox6rov rooo pnxptti
riore r1-rcvnoh-r6iorolq q Or,oixloritr6.'Etot, o AM(cv6qoE B' rqv rorll1oe eux<rqiottrrg orlg Hvcopi_
vsIIo),!iE, orlE 30 MoQtiolJto! 1867,vdvtL7,2 exc-roppupicov 6olopi.tov.
>r!s 28 Alyolroxo! rou 1867,oL HvoglvE no),1leGgondxrlocv tqv rLQ6tI ltrQnovrta xrrlol rou5,
6rcw npoo<iprrpov ro v4or,dMivtyo!0, burtxti t1E Xcr6d1E.
H NF reoox(r xrQoox6Qloortp'Evool cDgtprcxoorri 666op1no).rrei,tr. lro get<r!i, or.v6reg no)"1
-reiegbr,eplowav pLcrox),4pri nepto|o Avaouyxprir4o4q ara ytpla rcov exbrx4rrxtbv penoup:rhxtivorv,
rou ixdi,,tl]r6 ror,/6l116ror-rgro Kolxptoo. Tov Aivnol'.r, Fttti t4v Oolopovic tol, Tov eiXe6rcbeX0eio
ovtr.np6e6pogrou Avrprou T(ovoov (Andrew Johnson,1808-1875),nor 6rve 6-roro 66xoroE66opog
nQ6e6Qos rcovHIIA. O T!6voov rgoo:rriO1oevo xdvr ttto rirlo ]v pt-rcrleipLolrov v6trtov ttotrtrsl6v,
crlJ,<i6ev rircv Lxcv6grollilrdE rc! oLly6rg rou Koyxp6oou66qrorcovetxolo-rQ6:rorlEvcrepno6i!,ouv
rrg ca.).cytE nou o npocbQo,.nrXrrQouor va rnrqiQFr.
O II6lFoE rrov Errd E66opd6o,',iXqoo0tvioeLrqv Auorqio oe orlgeioriore vc pr4vpnopei.nLc
vc eM11erqv Otyycqicl'Ero!, rov Ortr66elo xo! 1867aytv6voEotrp6L6crop6E. oripgorvopretov onoio
n OLl'yqQiox{rr n Auotqio 0c eflcv feloproreg r<.u6epvfoerg, o}r}r<iriorvouEuxroooyoug yta ra uloue}iq
[o].pou, EEoreQr1{(i],r' xcft Orxovoprxciw,evciro OQsyxi,oxoE l(,.)orleA' 6o titcv rcurolpovcr curoxQcro-
eqE xlg Auoreicrgxal 6cor],LriEtr6 Or-ryopiog.To v6o *Qdtog 0a ovopcrf6,cv oro e!i6 .4uorQoouyya-
eid
O Mourooxiro (1852-1912) tou 1867.Trlv i6ta tr
clrotQdroqcq r1g lonorvicE-rov@e6por.ropr.o
d"yr.,/
pio6o. -roooyxotrvrito6qeqooro xiloE rou xcL enLrcliv0lxe o exor,yxpovrop6g
rqE lcrnrovicrg.
 TO XPONTKO TC'N EIII>THMONIKAN ANAKAAYVEON 391

1-868
'EvoE
AEPOIIEAH frii.),oEcrorpov6poEnou n41eotrlv
Iv6lo, o IILdp-Zui.-Xef<iqZcvotv (Pierre-
Ol relvo)'oyLlt6Enp6o6oL ndvtc 64plloug- Jules-C6sar Janssen,1824-19M),plirrlo 10
yo{.r'rrQo6}.4Fdraaopd}.rog.Ilopo6ei.ypo- qdqpq r@v r1)"r.cxtlvrqoelol6v (6ir6re
xog1crQrv,pra orpdpaEo p daov ouQp660- 1859).Iro grrofiri. o Bgcrcvog corqov6;.rog
lovr rirvrpr rep<iorr,agtila xat enopevu4 re- T16[e9 N6ppcv A6xrep (JosephNorman
priorlc oEgdvetc. 'O.rcr ltr,veircr $ p./dlrl Lockyer.1836-1920) rile ono6riler otL ei,vcr
rclurqrc. onclrciror ;rLc rlcrpetrn<i prld- 8wqrov vc pd\110iro qdopa ro! rlQo-
),q 6trvcpq ylq vc rvlv ert6ec6uv[ rtcr vo !o16v ox6p1 xcl lopig va r.rnopler 6nLa-
r4v otoporloel. KcL ov 6evundplel ivc ol- q,I, (rv 6o0i q olvarorqro. oro gorE rlo!
ornpc Jlou vc r[LrQ6ner, r1v eqo.qpoyrlpr,cE fiQodQ1srq[crfio xq o'xQa ror 1],ucnou6i-
terolcg 6uvopqg, or olryxQorroerE 0a ei,vql oxou vc 6el.0el on6 6vo npi,opo.
o.vcroqcuxrrExcr rpoprp<ixoraorgogrxrE. O Zanot r 6#xprw prc qoopcrtxrl lpcg-
To 1868,o Apeprrer6E pqlcrr.x6ETtorp- gq nou 6rv cvrrotor;lorior or novdvc cn6 rc
'Eorede prc q1erlxn qva-
rf foudouvlxXcoul (GeorgeWestinghouse, yv@ord orol1ciq.
1846-1914)rrrv6rprlv aQord6n(rl cQo- goQd oro! A6xuq, o onoiog xor6Lqle oto
eQevo), I onoi.o l"er,rouq1ei,p Jren|eopivo ou[rTdQcoUq olr 4lpaptg4 currl lpoiplerot
o6pc rar o1r p.epuir4 6wcpq. E;ri nleov, r1 crr6 6vc <i1'vooro drEx6rs ororllo. To qror
r664oq pnoqel ac ooxqOi oe 6louE roug 1ei.ocw6 ovopoooqxt {}.|"ov,eneu64ewoni.-
'Hi,uo. (Ano
rpolouE rou tg6vou rorn6lpovo. O Kopvrl- oOlrc oroa 16 Xow saronr-
l"r,oEBdvreppali',r (CorneliusVanderbilt, ooei oe g(l)Eot[6 aorerxdE m1y6Eopxedg
1794-1877),o Apeprxov6E prepotrivcg rtov c l v t o o r r g p a o p a r t r c 6 gl q c p p d E .c r o r r g
oL6r1po6p6pov, 0e6qqoe rrp r.66a onoi,eE61er,crwol0ei I unapl4 riL)'covv6arv
"av61rq"
aurr;.lLcri 6cv liorcrn orl trrnoQi xqviEvcr qror1l@v.To rli.Lov,oporE,nou 4rav ro
oropot4oeL6vc tp6vo lprpuponoudlwcrgc6- rrq6ro qr[6 qljld rc oro[Xiq, trqQqpdv[ro
po.. Ai.l.<in qpori6q, trd ano FcerxiE p6vo y.a to onoio o.no6ei10rpecvopqlo6rl-
6el.rltboeLg, 6r,o.6601xe .yprlyopoxql quElo 'vr1,c otl eivcr 6vc v6o
lqpr,xo orol1to. H
oe py<i),o 6c0p6 rqv qoedlrq rtov o!6nQo- or66erql ourq 61ve p.er<i0][6 ixooLfi6vre
6g6pttv. nepirorr lpovLa).

HAION ANePa[Or TOY KPO-MANION

Ou 6e),rr,dloerg fiou ilo'v rr6].0srord pero-
qoprnci groa enirpclcv orouEoorpov6poug
vc rclrbtiow or ol,o rov x6ogo. orov rircrv
qrrqQqirlro. To nro oeqpqrtxo doreovopl-
ro por.vopevonou ownO<rlE rleqroQiqraro
pLxp6Eneqlo16g rou r6qpoo ei,vcr,q o1',r,rr1
dx).erpqtou Hl.iou.To 1868.0c yLvorcvprrc
rrl.rLrpl Jrou0o 4rov opo.rrloe oquogdveg
r e q r " o l i E r 4 g I v 6 i , a g& q L o L E x e o r n o i o l
corqovo;ror brv 6i.oro.oovvq xdvow quro
to tcrfibr,.
To 1868,o foi,l"og nol.or,ovrol.6loEEvrou-
rip-App<ivJ(rwoq-Inno),ur Aopd (6douard
-Armand-Isidore-Hippolyte Lartet,1801-1871)
ovcxr 'upe dooeplg avopdlalvoug one)'e-
ror.rgoe tlvo onrlLcro ror-r ovopol6rcv Kpo-
Movrov (Cro-Magnon).Or oxei'etoi curoi
cvcqqovlor, toE!fio},ipparcr r,o! av9Q6-
itou rov Keo-Mevldr. Eivol rpltivrc n6vrc
1,LL<i6ovetdrv,c)"L<icvOprblrrvolqr6 xde
'Erol
<inorpl. 61lvegaveeo ot q nlr).iq rrc
aa0e6nrvlg gr.rl'r1g elvcL noi'o peyo].urepr1
392 ISAAC ASIMOV

ar6 rn! qi,rxic roo qrloOi0ow orov A0dp
xcr, ornv Erio 6oor qxoi'ouoouv rnv ruQlo-
Lenrucl epprryelo qg Bi6?'or.r.
BAOYBIOI OPIANIEMOI
Elvar etxolro vo oeorqrloer xcveiE 6114 for{
replogiferor p6vo orc cv<btepoorptbpcro
rqE o<r}'crooag.To gtoEgodver,oe 6ti0og 76
:tepinor.rpdrpov xcr, <rrpotTo gorg etvcr
cncpcir4ro iro rc qur<i. o4;rcivrr orr our<i
6ev p:roportw -vo lqoouv oe geyol'ucpo 6tr-
0og. Ea[ nl,rov, oqot rc ltic rp6govr<n pe
gur<i, oOlloripaore oro oupn6qcopo norg
oi're cr-nc propouv vo lrloolv rlo 6o0ra.
OrGv oprogylvorov q novtroq rccl'rooirov
oqv Meo6lelo @<il'qoo(r1(q[orov Arl(rvr[-
x6 Qxrcv6, ro pqlovrlporo ov6ooqovxo.tti
xcLpor!, cl6 gtlti)'c 6d0q, oqwpevegpop-
qiE lo?lE. Aqlrxa, ou enlorrlpovegopv104-
rav vc 6e10o0vrrp lncrq[4 r6torov oglc-
vrop6v. To 1868,6po4, o Bperav6Efrool.6-
1oE Toop).E lou<ir.6rLT6poor (Charles
Wyville Thomson,1830-1882) rippoe pro oer-
g<i eqewdn, rou Ool,rioorou nu0ptvo, pr 6u-
0onoqr"x6genL1er"pryoer,E nou 6l4pleoav
oxrdr 1p6vlc xar rdlurlrqv yripto orc
115.000llll6perpc cvti rooE oxeovouE.
fl poypororoiqoe rnio4E 372 6u0optrgrlocrE
xaL cn66erle, nipc c:r6 x<i0e cpgl6oi"l<r,
6r unoglorw popp6E!to4g oe 6i'o to 6ti0oE
rou orecwou, cn6 tqv eogdverc ;rt1pr rov
m-r0p&o.
Tcr gur[rd e[6] rou low orrfv enlpcwrc,
6rcv neOdvow,cglilow vo 6u0llwtcr, xcl
6vc prpoErouE gOtivcrorov nuOptvo.lropiE
va go1<oOei on6 tc l6g66lc ldrc nou low
orc ev6r<iprtoc6d0q. Tc 6o0ti6ro ldra rou
rp6govror o116qlrd rc qord, 6tov neO<i-
vouv, yivovrcl xl ourcr rqogrl rorv <il,l,o.rv
'Eror, q
6c0t6rtrrv oqlcrvloptirv. lro4 otov
:rr,r0pivcrrorv 0qLqoo6v unciplel, 6oror ncr
cv bev nopouor<i!rrrqv op0ovio r4c elrgti-
vr,(lE.

TYMMHPOMATIM
ot mrwleig m-rynporioerE ror npo66pou Tlovoo! F ro K(r[|'|Qaoot1av urEaror6l:ogc vo rov naQoniu'
ro! 1868.Eil,a! rl povoblr4 iiroto ticQc-
rperoe 6ix4 4 Bou)"rjrurv Avrlrleood)fiov, orls 21 O6Oo!aOio1'
lopmi aqoe6por prlgL orip:po. H 6ixq rou Tl6voov cn6 ury fepor:oic tiplroe orrg 30 Mcqriol. Otcv
61LT.rq c),rxri rplqoqopio onE 16 Mciou, dleurep6vo plo QligoEylo va oupdlrlQooi.n tyletorp4qictttov
5uo rpirrov ror-rrircv crcpoirlrl yLcl1v xqro6ixrl to!. Eto[ o Tq6voo! noedp.erve rq6e6poE.o]'ki
o1e66vopeoog 6yr,vaverdol,rEnou rou rltov oouvcrrova 06orLn< rr urlolrlql6rnro. O fxesvr, o oiQs-
rrW6Ero! Egqll'iol' IIoMpou, eleMyl oe'iorog o16oo9 rqoeopog t(Dv Hvopdvov llokrs!6v.
Poorxdg6wtiprerEror6).a6av qv toFaerdv6l, orlv ncvrqtrri Aoic. H xopoqxdv64 rirov 1 nqcorei-
olocr rou Tcrp:ql<ivou nprv cn6 n6vre o1e66v cL<irveE.
H r[porliouoaxnElamoving percq6qr04xron6 ro Kr6ro oro Toxro xor o Mowooxito iXrMov tov
onoluio 61.^/)(()qg X6eaE.

L869

IIEPIOAIKO IYETHMA xo, ordooovr<igtc oe opoel6ei,E

TgN ETOIXEIAN
O Nuoul'cwEe[1enqoon<ror1oelvcrxctcqri-
oer dvqv nivqxq tov lqpLxrilv orollcltov,
xcqyopi,eg
(6Mre 1863)-To i6to npoon<iOrpevc xdwr
rrbpo nor o P6ooE 14pr,x6ENrp[rQr I6dvo-
6rrE Mevrell61uep (Dmitry lvanovichMen-
deleyev,1834-1907).
 TO XPONIKO TON EIII>THMONIKAN ANAKAAYVEAN

O Mevre)"611eq,6norExor, o Nr,ou)'ovtE, rou, yprryopn6ptog<rno6ei10r1xe

orl eile 6i-
xor6rqEera ororxeiancrti oilouo<r octpci xto.
croprxou 6tiqolg. Aev oxol"ot0loe 6prog
ivc on)"olorelp6vo orrorlpo, rccTcrcooo- NOYK EIKOOEY
wcg orl"rirg rd orolxeic oe 6vcv <inopnro
nivoxo enro ororxiol <rvdoe[Qd.Avrle- H xcr<irofq rtov rqoqcbvoe uOorrivOgnxeg,
ro, orqpilOqne oro o0ivog xtiOe ororleion l"[nq xol nporeiveg (6i"6m 1827) eile 0eor-
xol lprrlorponoi,loe oer,q6gpe oulcv6pevo p10el onoluro uxcrvonorlrlrrldrgt6re.
p 4 x o g( n e p l 6 6 o u g )' .E To r , T o n o 0 6 , q o e T o T o 1 8 6 9 , 6 p o E ,o E L 6 e r 6 g6 u o l q p r x 6 g
u6poy6vo p6vo tou, 6nerra 6uo neqr66ouE fl6rrv Oqrlvrqrl MrloEQ(JohannFriedrich
pe en' d orolleio 4 x<iOepin, xor6mv 6uo Miescher.1844-18q5) crnopovu-,oe pro lqprrxri
nepr,66oug pr dexcenrc otollelc q n<i0epicr. ouqlq qrr6 rno)"elppoto rcutttigov not-r
'Eror unrlplcv oto ntrov xor 6Lsni,or{roe6-ru6ev
nar6l,1le oro ley6pevo neptodud ori-
orqpa tot ototyekou. ovrlxer oe xapLa o,x6 <rurdgTrg rpelg no,l-
ArlpooleroeTqv epyooi,olou orlE 6 Moq logieg, ngorl negrcile routolpovo oqoro
t[ol tou 1869,rqo].n6oivovtog opxerouE ror qrloq6po.
tii'l,oug enuorlpoveg :rou eq1<ilovtcv orov O Mrloeq or.r(1t1oet1v svarql,uq,n ro!
[6r,orogea, xol xuqi,c.rg rov fegprov614plx6 gr rov Xolne-Zdutr"ep (6Mnr I862).o onoi-
'Otov
froril.rorg A6rop Mtiyep (Julius Lothar og drcgerrvqoe to 06po. evr6:rroepun
Meyer,1830-1895). ncrp6polapplxrl 6voor1orqv polltr, q nvcr-
To 1871,o Mevrel,6lleq nqoldrploe oe rdLlvI avalaorv60r1rc. E:reL611 1111prn11
r v c o x 6 g 1 6 r 1 g o .r o o r o i o r o v l e l 6 p r o e 6vtoo1qclvotov vo npo6ple,ou cno rov nu-
cn6 6l"oq torE ril.l"or4 plpuxorignor ellov pqvc (nucleus)Tcovrclnrdqtov,ovopooOrpr,e
aolo),,r1oelpe rqv x<rrcircf4 tcov oTorlelov. o,pytxrrtooxletv4 xol, op16reqc, otav 6lc-
fuc vo negl6lorv or, orr;l.eErol ri.voro nuorrir0lxe6ru dleL6lrveg L6r6r1reg,rooz,te-
ororleio pe 6polegr"6L6t4reE xcu 6poro o06
voE,dgrpe opr,ogiveg06oeug rcv6E.Aucr ro @a reqvor-roovtqlo t6topra tor-rcucbvq,
xero 6ev '[<rgecbpr;oe cr6lercg roo orrotrlprc- pl61pr"E
6rou ylreu nvtr,],qrtr14 tepoott o
roE rou. AvriOera.unoortlgrleorr ot xevrg orrouddrdTlrorou voux),tr
xoLioEioq.
06oelEovtlngootirnl,ovorolxi,oro! 6evsi,-
1nv orcr<rLug0ei <rx6pq. KPIEIMH @EPMOKPATIA
Ef6rcoe r,6i,toE tErergxev6E06oeuE,or,
onoleE6qlonovtov xrito an6 ro 66pr,o,t<i- O IplcrvOogrprroLxolqplr6ET6poE AvrQr-
lc'r on6 to oplltruo xtrr n<ircu<rn6 ro rlqi- ouE(ThomasAndrews,1813-1885) ooloLrlOlt-
r t o . t r g o n o i r g o v 6 p o o r .c v r i o r o r l c . r x a - 1..p Ila lyQororlql rov opi,ct)v zidL,
66pto, txa-apy ,n tat 6xa-n4hLo. (H ),t- r,6i,toE,tou 6uolel6iouroo cvOp,oxcr, ev6g tre-
!q lza or1polver,,.6vo" otc ocvorpr-rlx<i. qior-rnol pnogei vo r-1,ponor,10ei oe owrl0elg
'Erol, pe r4v ctonqoqnl6oeog xcl
q ovopoolo cnrrrluno6r1?"rbvel 6tL xo- Oeppoxpooi,eg,
06vc on6 rd orolxeioTtov revtbv 06oeov p6vo.
6pioxrror prio0eo4xdro alo ro orotleio O Avrqloug ollrpe orcblcxc tqv Oeppo-
nou ovcq6pe-rctoTo ovopq). xqcoi,c tor 6r,o!el6i,ourou crvOqcrncr xcr
lT qv ow61erc, o Mevrcl.dy,eqnpo66l.trpe 6r<rniorcooe norE6oo oul<ivetor,4 Oeppo-
tlg u6lor4regTorv <ilvroorrovorollei.trrv,pe xpooio 16oo culdvetcl xol 4 nieoq rou
6<ior1rqv 06oq rolJEorov nivcrxcr.oloLrid, onoltelrol 1c tqv uyponoiqorl rou. TdloE,
x<rvei.g 6ev 66ooe oqpoolc orLg nqo6l.erper,E o r o u g 3 1 ' C , 6 o o p e y a l q n i e o q r c o uo v
 ISAAC ASIMOV
aolr,orro,
6! 4rov ux<rvr1 vcr errg6pel ulpo-
noi4o1. To c6plo <rnoxtorroenrrxv6rqro
uyqori.o)'}'ri buar49orioecxop4 rbror4reg
cepiou.
'Erol,
ro 1869,o AvrguorE lnoorrlqlle
6tr pa xd0e o6qLor.rnapyetptrr xpiotpq 9eq-
poxpaoia, nrivo an6 t4v onoio 6ev oprci
povo 1nieo4.4c vc enrgiperr4v uypoloiq-
or1rou. Aurrl 1 n)'lpogopic qrov 1pr1oLpt1
.ylo roug 14plnori, ylcrri, otrg npoon<i0edE
rouE vc rryponorloow ra Ltlogrvo povrgc
adqlc, 6ngenergogcrvtirEvo p.eldroouvrqv
Oeqpoxqaoic xqrco o116rqv xqi,oLp4rr,p4
tr6 xor r6te p6vo vo egopp6oorwnieoq.
BIOIEAIPA@IA
O fouahl.cg (6lirTs 1858)btqnlor@or 6rt
ro ei6q r4g lcvi.bag r4g Auorgal'iag na-
gouou<llouvoqpovrlx6g 6lc9op6E cno to
ti6q rqg ncvi.6og r1E Aoia5. To 1869rQoo-
broqloe prc lqcpprl nou 6lcrloqilel leor-
ypcqLxd rr,g 6uo rorqyoqieg lrirov, xcl r1
onoi,c ovop<i(etor ox6p1 ypappfi loud),-
,laq. H lqappn currl axoi'ouoei rrlv 6a0l<i
r<iqpo lou r-rlriqlet qv<ipeoc.orc. vqolc
B6gveoxar Mwri),1,npog Tc 6urrxri, xcr Ke-
i.i6q xor A6pnox npogTo cvo.rol.rx<i.
'Hrov pcveq6
orr ro (cba xqg Auqreo-
l,icg xar rqg Aolcg e[1cv 6uclropuo0elnplv
on6 noi'u xolp6 xcl, on6 r6re, ei.1cvcno-
i\olorloeublc9oqerr,xougelei"r,rnxouE696-
lrouE.An6 rqv ncpcrrlpqoq currl cvcntu-
10qxe11r,66o. 1166r,clpeoqErov eLbtirvoe ;r.e-
ydi'eElnerpu.'rrxegncr unep lnc rp urtrxeE
'Eror,
opri6eE. 0epe).r,601xe
l enuorrlpl tr1g
6oyeoypaEtag.
NHUAIA ToY AANIKEPXAI\D
O fegpavdE y.ctq6E fl<ioul" AtivpeplcvE
(Paul Langerhans, 1847-1888), evtbeqlc!6-
rcv yr,o.rrlv 6lcrql6rl rou, pei.lrqoe qv pu-
xpoononLrrl 6opri tou ncrpgforog, Tou 6eu-
reqol oe piyeOoga66vcrgtrti ro oux6u. To
1869,orqv 6lcrtqu6rlrol, rnuorlpcveou to
ndyrpecg nep16leLnol,uripl0peg prxq6g
opcOegnwttipov, rc onoi,c 6Logdpow cr6
rc nl.rrr<rqcrrol undir.orrou crbdvc. Aur6g or.
opd6cEovopoo0qxov v4oi6n tou Ativyxrp-
xavq.
Erciv1 r4v enorl Oecuprl0rgxcvpla cruL1
)'earogdgela1opi.g Lir,oirepqolpoolo, op-
16reqc 6ptoE0a crobelxvrotcv q pe1<il,r1
orol6<rl6up<i ror,5.
KEAAOYAOIiTHT
'Eva
ul,rx6 oropdlercn ttlaatu6 av 6tq-
ni"tiOetcl pe oleunf euro)'[o. Me oury'1vqv
6wor,c, o nrf'6g, o pnpoE, ro Euf,o,ro noou-
rooix xat ro .yual'i eivcr nlaorlx<i ui.la<i.
Qorooo, 1 L6l1 nlaortx6, tog ouor<rotux6,
ovoqdpetor o4pepo oe plLcopri6crotrv0eu-
x6v oplcllndr evdroerrrvnor-r61ow n)'<ro,l-
x6E r6ror4reE. H nqtilrq crn6 cw6E rLg evdr-
oeLE4tcrv 1 mpolu/'[v1, tqv onoic e[1e no-
pooxeucroero II<ipxeg,6exoenr<i1p6vlc
rprv (6Mwe1855).
H luqolu)"ivr1 6rv rixc 6peLnqorrtxr1
cqoqpoyq cxei.vl rqv cnoXrl. Aglorrqc.
6poE, npoop6p0qx.e6vc 6nc0l.o 66zc 1rl'rd-
6tov 6o)'cg[trrv (noo frcrv pluoneqrouoio
rxrivl r4v tno11) yro rlv rrqgq.oxurlUrqE
ouoiog rou 0o lrov p0qv6repq trfi6 ro sl-
garr66ovro, cri',}.<ielioou xcrd),J'q)'q y.o vc
rctcoxer.rclovror cr6 ourrp pndtreg rou
pnr.l"r.dq6ou.
'EvoE
ApeQrrav6Eeqeup6rqE,o Tlov
fou6olru Xctyror (John wesley Hyatt, 1837-
y,cT o 6no-
1920),rou 40eLrva 6rc1tovro0ei,
0i"o, elle ororjoer, 1r,a rqv nopofu),irq. O
Xdlrar 6rtrt(cooerrp pc0o6o nagcoxcur;g
rou lkipxeE ror", ro 1869,lr'arolttgtooeprc
p60o6o pe tqv onoio xoroox.elale pa<iicE
rou;rlrhttipbou qr6 suro ro ul'tlo. ro
onoi.o to ovopooe z e7tr"od.ott4{cel\tloid).
O Xdllqr 6ev xiporoe to 6no0).o,o xe]'-
l'ou).oirqg, 6ptog, l.vtbgr.oeptycll'q 6xi6oorl
or4v xcro.oxcurl 6ropoptrrv cvtrrer;rdvcrrv.
 TO XPONIKO TON ETIETHMONIKON ANAKAAYWEON 395

6nog xouOot-rvi,orgeg 1r,c prog<i,llaati6eE
:rolncrplotrrv, gorroyqoplxo ql)'p nol ri?')'o
'Hrcv
npoi6v,c. 6vq.ul'rx6 el'c9gr!, euxo-
pnro xcl c0ui6po1o xcl e:ri nMov xcOcpr-
!6rcv etro),o. Elle <oo16ooxcu 6vo geldl.o
ptelov6xrqprc,ro 6ru rlrcv erigl.enro. O x.e}"-
i',ootroirqgrlrov ro nqtbro eproqrxd emtu-
1qp.elo n)'cotr,x6.
THAEfPA(D()I
XPHMATDTHPIOY
To 1869.dvcg AgrqtxcvoE rqLe'ypcq4rrlE.o
T6poE A)',6c'Evrloov (ThomasAlva Edison,
1847-1931), rnye orqv NEcrY6gxl crvcrlrprir-
vtcE bor lrti. Evtir 6prororcv mo ypaqelo
ev6Elgqpcrtorrl xar nepi,p.evevc oulrp1oer
oleTt,x<i pe prc 06o11,1ti).croe6vctgr4)!6"yqc-
gog nou pet6l0e tr,g op6E rou XQ!qo6. O
'Evtroov
frcrv o p6vog nou nor6g0ooe vo
tov err6rop0riroer.
ITqv ouv61elc, enrvoqoe pro xq]'lreQrl
orloxeurl, 6vov rqMlpcrgo lglpcruorrpiou,
ror-r 6pei.Levo lqlorporouqOei eni, no).leg
'Evuoov
6exoeri,eE. O rleoo6gQtov rnM-
yQqgo yr.d n6)'rp4 oe pro gtyd).1 erctpelc
'H0ek
116 foutirl, )tqrp. vo lrprloer, r6r,re
)(r].rti6eg6o].<iqrcr,
a]'l.d rov eyxqr6].iue io
O<iggogrou ncl lr]rqoe cn6 tov np6ebpo
rqg erorpei,cEvc ror ndvel exri,vogtrruorqo-
ogopri. O nq&6pog rou npooriqcpeocpti-
vrc 1ri.r.ti6eg6o)'o9r,o.
'ET 'Evn-
or <igpoe q orc6tobqopic lou
oov, nou cvc6el101xe orov peycr)'6reqo
loog egeuq6rqnol 61elyvr'rpioeto x6opoE.

TYMMHPOMATIM
>rrE 10 Maiou ro! 1869, o! oroleo0eoprreE 'yqoFurg r1g lr.ouvrov flooigr,x P6r,lpootn't (Union Pacific
Raihoad)rdr rnE Edvtqal, Ilooigrrc P6rlQoolJw(central Pacific Railroad)v60ltcv olo Ilqdpovtogu
'OyrvTsv r4g fr,ourc,
fl6lvr (Promontory Point), rovrd oto ur rlv oup6ol,rri to,to06irpl ev6Eleuoori
xoqqrori. Or, Hvop6veg nol,r1iE Eil(rv r6eo 6vov ureqryrcrQoru.x6oL64Q66Qopo,rror.Jtlwoporioe vc p.e-
rog6per ovOq<irrougxcr. epnoqeupctc on6 rov Allovtlti6 olov E[erIvD.6 C)xov6 Fioa o ott6 FtQE.
>i,E 24 tnrrp6eio! r4g i5rog lqovrriE, prc oud6a xe6oox6no! rlg foulL >terF treoxdloe t(QdXo[o
lq4rorr.orriqro.
>rrE 17 NoU6eiou rou 1869 avor[s or?w Aqeuxri 4 Orciquyc rou 2ouel, rou ow6eer,rqv Meo6yeuogt
qv Equoqri @ri)'cooo. H bro8qoprq ar6 t1v Eue6,tl oqv lv6i.q, nou eilcv 6r,crv6oer, nq<irtol ot noQlo-
'yclou 0oloooor6por, nguv ond teooeplE autineg,eile mntopeuoei drouxcr<i 8.0001r,i.u6g-etpa.
o 6eoEoLxol!ryid, o onoiog ovca6qercr, orr.gcpqi.6qopeEqg6oeLE cvdurod ottE DrdgoeEpoagEto-
rig xcrr oro <irpuyortegr6<illov toug, lptpr,porou{0rpte 1r.o rp<irq qoed ro 1869,dr6 xov leppov6 6lo}'6-
1o Epvor Xouvqul@ilLr Aouprouor Xcixrl (Emst HeinrichPhilippAuguslHaeckel,1834-1919).

1870

TPOIA I)ad\ag nLarclan 6rl pnopel vc un1gle nd-

nolc r,otopr,x46doq oTc yeyovorc nou repl-
H Tqoic, q n6lrq rqE 6oper.o6rnuxrlEMr.xq<iE lpagovrcrr oe our6 ro 6noE.
yivel qprogoi'r,rdg 'Evcg
AoioE orrp onolcr eile o cr6 owoug {tov o legpov6g enr,-
Tqauc6g ll6kpog yueo oro 1200n.X., Ea- letqrlpcrrlcg Eppizog Xl'rlpav (Heinrich
nol'ouoouoe vq xlvei to wbr,c96pov trov Elr- Schliemann,1822-1890).O X)"r|povxarcy6-
qonai,ov. floLLoi ar6 ror4 <rvcyvrboreE rqE rov qn6 pr(l)ni orrcoy6vero,c)')'<i 6oui'erpe
 396 lsAAc ASTMOV

o?illQd y[o vd Jr].outi,oEr,p povqorxo o]rc-
116vq Xenqrporrorqoerr4v nequouoi,ctou
yrc vo qvqliol.urperrr;v oqlci.c Tpoic.
To 1870 n4p orqv Tolpxio, xaroq0rooe
vc enrMleuTo oarr6 o4gti,o gt 6<ior1ruEne-
QryQqg6ExlE lTtd\ag xat ovcxrii'.urpepuc
oelgti cn6 oplcbE n6lerg noo 4rcv lrlopr-
vrE I l,iia fidv@ qrna <ii"i"q.Kcr<i tlg ovc-
oxcgdg, ouyxrvtqooc nlr40oEand uripcrla
rIaoueyqparq, rro).i"<ion6 rq oloia 4rqa
gD.oc1v4;r8,c cno 1qoo6.
O !)'4pov 6ev rlrcrvo lptirrog ap1clol,6-
1og notr ei,1elpoono0rloel vo evtonloeutr1v
Tgoi,o. Eni lrhov, q p.e0o6ogrou 6ev rlrcrv
noOo.pdenlotqpovr,rrixou6rourc euqrlparo
nou loT oorg6govtcv crn6 tlg avcorcatp6E
rou rlrav nol,ri leploo6, epo cn6 exei,vcnou
6rcorirlovtav. El rourolE, 4 ovcrxctLorp{
Tou vxuJr(rroic(oa o).o rov x6opo xcr 'Ipotir-
Oqoeoe pey<i)"o6a0p6 tr;v aplcroi"oyr,xri
ipewa.

IYMMHPQII\ATIKA
Eile 6l0eL1 oer,pdr4E fd,l,iog- O Mniopoet, p [to orear .rt(01lerqLotrrd:v, xcrr6q0cooe vc x],lpalltil-
oer,6vc gLlq6 np66l"4po r[ou dqoeot'o rnv 6lc6op] orov ron<rvLxo eQ6voxo! vc ro Frcrpdrperoe ;rlo
Sovdolprl otilieouon. Kor6p0cooeenio4g vo gdperoe rdtor,c 06on rqv foll,|o 6oi vo x4qllel euiv4
rov rdlpo ortE 19 lo!),i.o1J1870.O Mrriopdqx ei,1egpovrioer.vc brcrrp{oer gL},rx!qoy6oers qv Ao-
f
meoovyydeia ,ic! rrlv Pooio xor 610! o fa,Llo-ttpaoa^g Ed,epog nou cnolorioloe rlrov evr1,6Epov6_
trkleog. Or Ile6oo! umpteporio<rv 6volu r<rrvft Jr.0.rv or 6).c -ra orueiq.
H flgooic vi.n4or r;v fo).l,ic oro i6ro nepiaor' Xeovr)io bldfir11ro ,[ou iXXeelco0Ei yro vc vlxyio!
qv Auoreic.'Eror rrbrxrt0lx.yrqqv irro rlg rou 1806.Aurrl q elrilpovl aogeio 116 flporoiog npoE
tov 0qiop6o rp6nr !o oroSo0ei 61r p6vo otrE 6rn).opcuxig txov6rrpeE rou M:ri.opnpl clr,?r,<i lcr or4v
cvtr6tog'yrivoroq x<u.r4 6roix4o4 rou nproorxoi orpcror! cn6 6r,cv 0:16 rouq grlc),rlrepouE otporrryoug
tIE r.oroQidE, tov Xo,pow Kapl, Mrraexoer gov Mdi.rx (HelmurhKarl Bmhardvon Moltke,1800_1891).
H fc),l.io, yrc vc '[olq-[1loe! xord qs ne(l)oiog, cvsyr(ioolx ro clnoo{eL ra orQqrupard r4E on6
ro '10'[|r{6xqdroE. Agioo)E ro xedroE r{crd,rige1|1{ dr[6 rrclltd orqcrcrjporo xor,1 Itc],ic npootiprq,
oe r1v nepropj xor 6nar qv P6pI neot1.rouoo rou Lrohlou xp<irouE.O IIioE @,(1792-187g) ,raa6Fr"
v oto Avdrroeo rou Borlxcvorl, ro oloio q ltc)rio eile nopoyoprloer oqv ncnwli 66pc, 0etoe6vrog
tov eou6 rou rou Borlncvorlo. Trp i.6Lcr
otdoq r4g4oo1xoL oL6rri6o1oiror.reri pro6v q[6-
"aLxptiJrroro
vc. H voroilol rIE lrc).iog eile o),ox),qpo0ei.
To >rxdyo rirav qv no1r] ercivl 1 p:lot ritepl n6),4 t1E cg:qrtcvr,zrlE Ar_ro1E, pe nl,48uou6 300.000
rqioixrov. O nl.l0uop6E itov Hvotrvov flo;lL6v rirov 39 'caroppdela, ,[o].ti
Fyo]. xQogdr6 rng
foi"lioE xa! rIE Meyd),IEBQeroviaEriqr ropo:rl"riorogpr rov n),10uop6rou xedtoug nou 0c npoironre
ono rrp yegpcvllrl evonoi4ol. O KavcoriE, nou n{pe trp olgtprvrl rol progqriro 1g70,iXr .4ouop6
3,3eloroppriqro r<croixorg.

aaTa
EEEAIEHToY ANoPa[oY
O Anp6ivog eile cnoquyer,vc pr,l',4oelyua
rlv 116l,r!11rou cvOpdrnouoro rp6ro tou
6t6i.i.o (6)rene1858), r1r.cvo craogu"yerr4v
broptilq nou r;lege 6u. 0c leonouoe.'Hrcv
ubuvq.rov.o;rtrrE,vc Octuglorr xcrvtiE otr r1
6Lol.oyLxrl el6).114eile 6r.opoqptboer
oLeErr.g
poqgdglorlE, oqrlvovrcg ovenqp6oorotov
'Eror,
dv0Qorro. yqrryopaiy,vc Aavep6 otu
rlrcv prircLovo nogc6Mmr, qv olgavtr,x6-
rterl (yLa rov cvopono) ll.tup<i tqg el6l,L-
Erc.
To 1871,o Acp6[voE elbtooero 6r6l.io
The Descentof Man (<H narcpyl rol ov-
0qrirror-r>),oro onoi,o egdApo[e trE cQI6E
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENDTHMONIKON ANAKA,\Y\VEON 397

rqE Elrxrrxig o()eiaE2(arorov dveporflo. 1914)Ercrniorooe6rl q 0epp6rryo crldver

Erlorlpolve 6u<igoqegunotwrirder,g 6opdE
nor tln<ip1ow crr6pq orov qvgtrlfio, Osul-
pdrvro.ErrE urEo.no6cr!1r4g xcrcyrrrl{g rou
cn6 p4 cvOprbnuvoug opyavloporig.T6rocg
6opdgeivol q o6l6porq aLlpq nou nopotr-
ou<ileLro nrepri'yloTou currou, or <i1p4orol
lLrov purg nou x<inore xllo{oqv or-rroro
nnpuylo. ro rdooegc pLnp<ioorri oro tixqo
116 onov6ul,r,xr]g or4i,4g nou r<inore rl, cv
oot<i 116 oup<igxaL oiur<oxc0elriE. Ev rou-
rolg, 6ev eile crvcxcl'ugOeixqvvtr qrol"i-
otoponou vo pnogei vo 6droer, n?'lpoqoqleg
l,ra r4v ).aroy(l)yrl ro! aa0Q6rou. (Arotrl
xcrror civ0qoxor rou Netivreqrcr)"dpolofov
n<ipc no),u pe rov orry11qovo riv0po:no, pe
cnorel,eopc ro onollOrbpcrrd xolJEva plv
eivoulp4oupcrcrn6cunv rnv droqin).
EHPEI OATOIPAoIKE'
IIAAKE>
M61pl rore, q gorro'yqcglrrl pi0obog 6ool-
(orcv or4 1p1o1 6ragopurv6ral,upr<iru.'v. pt
rc oroicr encl,eigovr(rv erOlz6gri'tixeg 11
cpr,l,p.
To 0r,crl,iporc aurd rltcrv nolt ootcr-
Orixor,6ngeirevo ei,vqt,xqvi,Er0r'x6g^/rovo
ropololer rcMg cporolpogieE.
To 1871,o A11l"oEppLrc6g T(61e9 for-
[],oov Iol6v (JosephWilson Swan,1828-
r4v euoloorloic rorv 6ro)'uptirorvoe T6roro
oqpeio drore cx6pq xcl ov lqpcv0ouv va
'Erou 6ylve
61ow xo)'ureq1 on66oo4. Ewc-
fll n 1a{ol lrpdw n}.onr.bv,ou onoieg 6xa-
aa1,roL! nuo euroi'r; rnv ltlrq q@royQ(l-
guilv.
Eniorg cvcxcl"iq01xe 6Tr ov rl p<oxou-
olo04r4 6vtoo1 rou crqyriqoucvopll0el pe
le).ctiv4 xcl 611 ge xo).tr<.b6uo,
o 1q6vog 6r-
0eorigr1g oro q<og;rropei vo pelorOeioe p.e-
qlxd 6ernep6l'arra ri ox6pl xcr oe x)'tiopa-
rc rou beurepol,lwrou.
IIOIKIAIETOYTAN
To 1871,o Ap.epr.xcv6g gtroro6[9r6 Aotoeq
Mnoqpncvrc (Luther Burbank, 1849-1926)
<ippoe ro 6p1o r4g [<orjErou, rqv xcr]'i'.dp-
lelo gurtbv rcn r1v ovqrdi'ulrq veo1,norxr-
i'r,rirv.Er6rrcu0rlxer6loiteqc otrry ncpc'yor-
1r; vdtov norrLLrrirvqporirov (Loyou 1dgq,
crvmuleelrlwo 6rogopeu{g rouo?'ieE6c-
pdoxrpov)- Av6nrule enio4Ev6egnor,xuLieg
i"oul.ou6rtiv.To iplo rou. rou 6yuve1voor6
oto eugr.rnorv6, xar66erle rrp norxll'opop-
gic rrov og^yavlop6l ncrr ower6l,eoeoTqv
crno6o1rlrqg eleluxuxrlg Otoqi,aErou Aog-
6i,vou.

TYMIUHPOfuIATIM
trrE 18lavolqetou ro! 1871,r.6qri0ryaq Feqpcvlxri Arnoxqorogic orlv Aioouod t(l)v Kct6ttptov torv
Brqool.Lr,riv, enri cn6 6rol, 0r3ocr,<iweE ngrv, mr6eqvorioeo Aou6o6ixoE IA'. H oup6ohxrl oqpooio o1r-
tori rou ltirqou rpov oaerig. H lepo1r'io, tr rov fo!),rlpo A' r4E flqooiaE cogcworpriropc xct rov
Mniopoex oE l(o'yxldero(nellr0rmooey6),zrprcrgloioe rdrqcroe 6LI qv Er;q6rl. Erq6rstlo y[o plo
Loluq6reql poqqri qE Ayio6 Popoixrls Awoxgarogicg, nor.reile rlardluOi E4wa navrXedvrorQLv.
li crrr6 1 vtc cr,noxgcropio ovop<io0rlxe/eirepo Priry (Reicho'ta yeppovuxtiolpcriver6ooi.leLo,nr-rro-
xQaroQr(l).
>ItE 28 lovouoQioljrolj 1871,ro II0Qior r[cQa660ryora 'feFd'\,!rdoiecxiporq fiou ro iXqvne[-
xrnt).rirel aor q fo},),io rrreyqorle ouv0rixl eLqi1v4g,oipq<ovc gt rqv onoic l encplic t1s Aloat[qE {ol
6vq FeoE1l|s A(,eeqil,nE rroeox(l)Qnelrovoqv fQpoviq.
TIv ln MaQriou ro! 1871,or fdl.Lor xoedvroovrov NnnoMovrn l', o onoiog xcrdgt'ye orry Meyd-
'Hrqv
ll Beravia. o rel.rurcrioE govdqllg rqE fo),),iag. Me rrry ex0p6vLorlrou, u6E!0ry: l Teir1 /41to-
xparla, ptenpcirronp6rbpo rov Aou6o6ixo-A66trqoOr6goo(Louis-Adolphe Thiers,1797-1877).
398 ISAAC ASIMOV
1.872
fIAfAMEE
O reheurciog gryril'og 6coli"r<igxI6 Aoor-
qlcxr]g Ar-nonqcropLoglrov o loqOcv<tnc-
l.og (AoooupprnovlrdL, 6Mm 2500 r.X.), o
o:rolog e[1e uroorqqilel rc 'yqdppcr,c xcu
rr,g t61veExcr eile 6r;prouqy{or or4v rQtl.l-
teuouqq tou xp<irougtor.r,tqv Nlver.r4,plc
pelcl.q 616trroOr1x4 (r4v pelcrl'rireq4 Locog
g"e1gu rqv enol{ r1E cqloi.ag El}"o6cg).
Kcrtc rqv Oexqeriq to! 1860, Bpercvoi
cp1oloL61or"eilcv :rpclpo, onorqoeu<rvcr-
oncrp6gotc epeinrc xlE Nrvlnl(n o'tola tr-
1e xo-roorgcgei bercrrdooeqo1p6vr,crpet<i
rov 0avoro rou Xop6ov<tnctrou)xcl e[1av
pdper oro Bpercvlxd Mouoeio n2',tineEpe
og4voeu8rl1pcg4 an6 ro eqeinucrqg 6l-
6truoOrgx4g.Exei, o Ayll,oE cplcLol.oyoE
Tltrlptl XplO (ceorge Smith, i840-1876),o
onolog rpov el6r,x6gotr;v cv<iy.voor;og4vo-
er66v yqcqrbv 1<iqqoro 6p^yoror Pdrl.rvoov
(61'6re1846),6rti6<roe6nni.lzroE oe pra
nL<ixcrrqv repllgcrgrl evog xcrrcx)'uo1-lou
nou dpouc(eoe p1<i)'o 6c0p6 pt rrry cvr[-
ororlq repu'yqcrgfr4g Bi6)"or.
Avoxoivrooe ro er-rp4prirolJ To 1872. O
'Enog
)pr,0 ei,1eovoxo)"trrperco l,ey6peto
rou hAyapiE, ro cglcl6repo l,o1ore1vrx6
gyo rqg ov0pton6rqroE.To 6nog out6 ne-
puller rqrr ogrryrpl ev6Eruronhuopo,, rqv
onoic eilav lprplponolrloel rqogcrvcirgroE
nq1r1ou ml"ypcqe ig tr1g Bi.6i.or. To p1ov6g
npoxct).eoereqciorrcrevrunoroqxcr,, xcorirg
ei,1eoup6ei,l'i,1o petd rrn, qvoxdlllrq rn(
Tqoi.cg, cuf4oe ax6pq neproo6reporo ev-
6rctp6povlou xolvou 'yr,orlv aplcLol.oli<r.
BAKTHPIOAOIIA
Tcr 6onrlpLc ftcrv yvoor<i e6dl rcor 6rro ol-
riveg. rlrov opog rooo plxpri riote a<rveig
pelpL r6te 6ev ei,1extrtopOriroervc ro gtLe-
rrloeui.enropeqcirg.Qo16oo, 1 pr,xgo6r"axrl
Oeopiu t<ov oo6eveltirvnou 6rcrruntbOr;xe
on6 Tov flcor6p (6\ine 1862) 6qrQeqrrqv
nqooolrl rov enrotqp6vov orc 6oxrrlqro
xcl ypqyoqc cno6eil0qxe oll ogxe, o cno
crjtd ei,vcl no0oy6vc, onorei'ouv 6qlc6r1 ro
citro opro;revurv;ro).lopcrrxdrvvool;rdrtuv.
O fQpav6E 6orcrvol,olog @pvrlvovt
fr,oul.louEKov (FerdinandJuliusCohn,1828-
1898),o o:roioEeile epnveuoOei cn6 ro 6p'yo
rou flcor6p. rlrav o ngdlrog rToudvrlgcx(i-
nloe rqv 6cnt4prol"o,yic tog r6loi,rego eger.r-
vrpr,r6 ti'<i6o.
To 1872eld6rlor ;lo rqiropl ngolpareio
^ylora 6crrrlqlo,
;u rrp o:roia propoupe vc
Oetopr1ooupe 6rr, 0eprl.r601xeo filorlpovr-
x6g crn6g xi.ri6oE.O Kov 6rcve rqv nq<irrrl
ouorq;rcruxrl rqoor<iOeLarcatdtc[,4g rtov
6cnrrpicuv oc yrv4 xor ri61. Hrav eniolg o
:rprirog nou reQr6yQqVro 6crrqplcxti
oa6pr,c (r4v poQe{ pe rrlv onoio enr,6r<ir-
vow rcr 6cxrrlqla oe nepl66ouEagrr8dTo-
olE xar o <t),LeE cvriloeE olv0rlxeg, crvo-
nrriooovrcE 64).o611 6vc oxl,4po xwrcqrxo
ro[1top<r).Tc on6qrcrelval r6qo cv0exrLxd
tirorr civoL6wcrov vo enrlrloouvcx6g4 xct
per<irov 6pcop6.
AETPIKH OTTOTPA.DIA
To nLrov6rrqpc prog goro.ypagicrg eivcn
6ru onoretrel rqv p6vlp1 cno'vllooq prog
rrxovoE.np<iypo.no),rilp4otpo qrlv trsoi-
nrooq rtr.lvgcop<irov 6log6qov porrelvtirv
nqy6v, crgol 1<ip1orqv gorolpoqlc rc
qriopcrro progouv vo peLerq0or.rv pe npo-
oo1r1xcu oe onorovbrpote 1q6vo.
O AUrQrxov6EoorQov6pogX6vpu Nrpu-
nQ(HenryDraper.1837-1882) rircv o rpri-r-
roE no! 9(l)1oYQq(p[oro 9coPc vos doxe-
pc (tor B61c), ro 1872.O NrQrrrQ lQnou-
ponoi4oe lrpdE d,rixeg (6Mne 1871).'Eror
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII>THMONIKAN
! qorQLltrl goro./eogio 6"yrvenro euxoLrl
lct o Nrpirnrp xcrrop0toorvc Aortcrypoqi-
oerrc g<io;roro excr6 xct nMov corigtov-
IIEIPAMATIKH U,YXOAOIIA
Oc v6prlr ioorExcvriE 6111r1.rrryol'cryic ri-
vol pucenlo, rlpq roo rrry yvtopiloupt ltoqiE
vc lqtr,dleror, l6r,ci,tepq6pewo xol pel.etr;.
fvrupilougr nrbg oxenro;rcrore.nottr eivcr
to xivqrpc xcr ro ouvalo0r;pord pcg xcr,
oreuoupt, iorrJg,oTu lcr or <il).ol ltlrouq-
youv pt rov i6lo rp6no. f2o16oo,q 6e6or.6-
tqto 6rr, lvarpi,lolpe x<irr,6evpnoqti vo
cal[rclq.oTnoLT4! rq'QqlnQnol xor lrE u-
rprloeLg.
TYIVIUHPOMATIM
To I 872 dextoav ra &craorcuilorror o!61eo0qopoE yedpBgorrJv loa<ovic.
'Eprr.QE(6)r
:tlp Ail.unro. cvaxol'iprpc o fldrruQog 1550r.X.) otc eqeinuct1E o.p4cicgOri-
6qE.
1873
NOMOITANAEPION
An6 rc rerpcipcrc rou Mn6ui' (61'6ne
1662),rpov yvtoor6 6rr rc odpro 6#novror
ano opLopdvouE v6poug nou ouolerilouv
rov oyxo. r4v nleo4 xct r4v 0eggoxqooio.
TOUg.
To 1873,6pog, o OlJcv66E guoLx6gfio-
1<ivveE NriwepLn Bcv vrep BdoLg (Johannes
Diederikvan der Waals,1837-1923)cn66erle
otr rc c6pro 0c cxoLouOouooveroxpr"6cbE
c r r r r o u gT o u gc n l o [ E r 6 p o u E p 6 v o o v o
oyxog rolv ibrorv rorv poqi<-ov 4rcv pq6evl-
x6E xor cv 6rv unrlple rl"xrrxrl6uvcp4 cvri-
peod rouE.trnv r[Qsypq1tx.6rnrcr, 6pc'rg,ra
popltr 61oov plxp6 61xo xcr onopleu plo
enioqE pLngrlel,xrLxrl6uvop4 petalu roug.
Av 4 rieo4 rou cepiou rivo.r 1<rgql,rlxrr 4
ANAKAAYq'ES'N 399
O feqpav6E r,tnr1oi.61og Bii'.1e),pBouvr
(Wif helm Wundt, 1832-1,920)nioreue 6Tr
undqlow oplopdvegnleuq6g rlE avOpdrnl-
v4E oupleqLqopcg nou cnr6ixovrcr pcrpq-
oq ncl 6rl pro rdrorc grtprpq 0c on66u6e
lqqotpc arorei.iopctc. Mr,c rdtolc npo-
o6yyuoq6c rpcv cno6orrxrl, nopc6ei'ypc-
rog 1igrr,, orrp pe).dq rou rp6nou pe rov
onoio o ovog<irnrvoE ryxegol'og erelep1<ile-
'Etou, ro
rcr rrg cro0rlrrlquol6EsvtlJfi6qerE.
1872,o Bowr 0eprel,iuroe r,1,t ntpapatn4
rpuyoToyia,1p<igovrcg vc e.ylergibro1uc
curo ro Oipc. Aql6rrqc l6quoe ro npdrro
ep'yo.otrlqronerpcgcrrxr]EqruloLoyicaxor
ro nprirro :reqloblxo nou rlrcrv cguegcopdvo
orrry 6qpooieuo4 er.rpr;pdrtovourol tou ro-
peo.
oeppoxpooio r.rrp4Lr;, curoi ol :rcp<ilovreg
nci,low e}.<iluoroq6l.o, 6oo 6pr'rg1 nitorl
oulrilercr, xal 6oo 4 0eqpoxpcotcrgrxbve-
rcL, rl eni6pcorl toug yive,cr 6l'o xcr nlo or;-
pavrrrt.
To 1873,o Bov vreg Bricl,E ncqouoicoe
plcr rqonororqptdvqefiotooq, rqv onoi,o
oxo)'ollooriv rc ciqrc noi'ri nro ;rrord qro
6,tL r4v onL{, p1 rporronorqpdvr;elloeoo1.
Mi*o r,.t rialrzd atgra (ra onoicrd1oul p6-
pr,o.pe p16ellr6 6^yxoncu 6er cvcrlrtoootrv
elxrlxrl 8uvcpl cvripeo<troug,Tcronoiq
op<og6ev u:r<ig1ow orlv rpclpcnxorpc)
crro)"ouoouvrrs Fl xeoJrofior.qp6veg elr,otir-
o[E.
H rp^yooiarou Bav vrQ BctcLgcr66eufe
orr to qcrv6pcvo T[<ior-rl-T6poov-1 rpulr1
rorv oegi<rrvncr' <t r4r 6Lcoroi.rl ror,rE(6L!re
400
1852) lollel polo 6rov I 0epoxpcroiqi-
vol plxpotepl cno pLa oplop6v4 rr,p1. fuo
ro neploo6tepc o6Q[o,ro 6plo o116 6ev
lro'lErQ6l,o, 1r,ori 4 rLprl rol eivcrLnol,t
ulJI),4 nor Errop6voEro cpauv6pevo T(<ioul.-
T6poov uoluer"o1e66v n<tvrcr.)rqv nepi,-
rroruq rol u6po16vou,6p<og,q oqrorq Oep-
po?iQqoiqei,val nol,u 1cpqi"r1xol clrr6 o4-
;rcrivetorr or npooncOrrrgu/QorroinonE rou
pe tqv 6o10eLcrrou cpcuvop6votTfo.oul,-
T6poov 0c ei,vauovo^lxooTlx<i nxopnag,<rv
To o6puo6el 6piorerau o GQlisro
1opll,ll
Oeppoxpcoio.fLo rqv eqlcoi.c xou <r1.Jrrl, o
BcrvvTep B<ioi,ErLprl0qxepe ro Bpn6ei,o
N6pne).@wLxrlgto 1910.
AEIIPA
H ),enpo, pr,o.0ovarqg6qcr ?4orr[cQopoQ-
g o r t x 4 v o o o E[ r 6 p a 6 r i d r [ i ) . r [ 4 . r l r c r v
'Evcg
1'volorncrfi6 r4v op1or6T1tc.
yoE ^yLcrpog,o fliplapvr X6vqr,n.Appoou-
ep Xrivoev (GerhardHenrik ArmauerHansen,
1841-1912),nor rl, cv enlnerpai"lEevog l"e-
npoxopei.ororqv Nop6qyi,a,cvoxol"r,rpero
1873ro or,ryxercpLp6vo 6cxrrlqro nou nqono-
l,ei cru4 r1v v6oo. If cur6, q Lrngc oropc-
a01xx tt5oog rou Xrivoev .
'Hrov
r1 nprbtl nepinttooq rcr' o r1v o-
noi,o cvcrxcrl"rig0rple 6116vo.Eorryxenprp6vog
pLxqooqlcvrop6Etrnotelri To oirr-opLcrg
lxexprptvqg nd0rp4g. II<rq6powg
VLEdyrvov a.oloreqo xoL 1uo nol,),d c),Ln
aoonp(trs.
YIEPBATIKOI APIoMOI
A/l^ye6gLxoi,),6r7ov.rcror <rqr0poi,nor pao-
poiw vo onoreMoow lrtq1 pLcErloltrtrlv!trl-
xllg Ei,ooolEq onoi,o cno, el,.eirctttlr6 po,
v(bvupqro!,r rtoLTtov6rwtipeovTou r.'Ol,ou
o[ trxaeolor.xcl 6].a rcr *],croplcrtcr
pnoporiv
vc onors)rioouvl.rio11rcrorurvrEtodorurv.
ISAAC ASIMOV
2(cl06Exor oQrotdvor,dpqrltor,cpr,0poi.
OL cgprpol <rqlOpoinol 6ev pnopouv vo
onote).ioow ),uoelgrdrororveflo6oetovovo-
p<ilovtor tnep6at Lxoi apfipoi (ex,et6,i1
,.unep6oivouv',1o!E cl,"/s6Qrl4olsoQ[0-
potg). To 6troxo),o6F@Eo q!filv rrry rsQi-
tlrool eivol lt atto6er.y0ei6t vcg otryxe-
xptptvog trpr,0pogcivor unc-o6aruxog xcrrorr
6ev un<ip1elorlm pi,c no),utovlplxrleliocuor1
nor vc 6dlercr cur6v rov opr0p6 oE Lrio4.
To 1873, o fo.l"),oE po.0r1po.rLx6g )<rg),
Eqpi.r (CharlesHermite, 1822-1901)nor6p-
Ooroevc orobei,ler 6rl ro e (vcrgnoilu oq-
po.vrtxocopr0poEorc pcO4pcrrxd..rouei-
v c t i o o E g e 2 . 1 1 8 2 8 . .e. )i v o r u n c p 6 o r r x o E
<rpr.0p6g. Aut6g ryov o npdrroE !rreQ6qr[-
xog opl0poEnou erronioOrpre.
AIMOTIETAAIA
Noq61- To sQ!0Qao[pooqoi,puoellov ovcxc]"urjOei,
cn6 rov )6crppeqvrop 6to <rl6veEnpuv
(6Mre 1658).To Ltuxo orpoogcipr.o 1 ,1eu-
xoxirr.re.r eivoLpe^yol,rnepo, o)"}"dxqr fio-
),L1oreqoxcl el1crvpe),er1Oei,,
)"r-r p6],r,E rgerE
bexoeti,egngrv, on6 rov Bpercv6 1rarp6
T o p a E A v r r o o v ( T h o m a sA d d i s o n ,1 7 9 8 -
1866).
Evc rpiro ribogippoqqou ororlciounou
u n c p p r o r o o i l - r o v r o n i o 0 l x ry r c : r p d r 4
orr- qoQc ro 1842.flponeltol yra xuttopa pr-
<rvnzcl,l- x-ooreqo.oe p6y0oExa[ ],uy6repo <rn6 ro
QUOpd dLpooediQLcr (c).),d reqr.oo6repc
qr6 ro ileul(o o.rpootpoi,qla).Mel,erq01xcrv
l[(r tlQ61q QoQd Lrereoooxrt on6 rov Ka-
vcr66 yrotq6 fouil.l"rop Oo).Q(William
Osler,1849-1919), o onolog orcrxoivooe rqv
eplcoicr tou xo 1873.Ta xurtopo ovopci-
a9qxav atpo,rtrih a. tro1u rou oplparoE
rouE. A.oyorrgc 6rcnrorti04r<rort ilouv
orevrloldoq pe tqv :rr1!qtou ci,parog xcrLy,'
orro ovoprloOlrcv xctt 9pop6oxittctpa.
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII>THMONIKAN ANAKA Yq'EAN 401

tYMIUHPOI$ATIM
O NafioMov f' fi!0o1 E6aroroEo[rp Ayy].ic orLE9 lqvoucQiouxou 1873rat, aqoJ rl foi.liq ixtrlt
p6oer rLgnoleprx6EcrlohpldrorE,ia yepcvta<iotgccrigcrtcr xorop]E ex#r,oocv rlv 1drQq.(H rx6-
voorl o),ox).4pri01xrorlg 16 >r1F6eio! tol 1873).OL ftil,.loL e[e].Eavv6o rQoe6Qoxov McQi.-Evrp'
noreiE-MtoeiE vr Mox Moov (Mari-Edme-Patrice-Maurice de MacMahon,1808-1893).O Matc Mo6v
ritav orn66g r4E pov<rqlicg xor 1 fohlic rgororpdoolx -yto dl,)"I pLcrgoq<i vc eprarc).cirper.qv 64-
porecriq xol va rov].0er, oto povcrpllr<dno].i-reupo.
O Kdeo),og I'6iX ivav e1.yovo,tov Avpi NrEvrow6 vr'Aetol)q, l6pq too Xcrpn6p(1820-1883). O
Aou6o6iroEoihrros A'ei1e enio4Er,ol e11ovo.tov Aoui-O irr'A)4rnip, x6p1 rou flcptoroi (1838-
1894).Er!6i o X6FIE rou !crp:r6p 6ev eile r<.1'4potr'rpouE,oqrcptovfolxevo ftro!),ioe! trQdloE cm6g
xtrr vo rov 6Lo6e10eio x6plE 10! flaQrotoi. Opr,,:. ,r 2opn6p en6pve va e'Ic!d96Q!xov lr!,t6lQivo,
1 lrirpa 6ev{0} vc lxoxo},i\ir!r1v rpilqarpl oqpcri.a.
tlv o4pain r4g polo.plirrg, evd.r
To 1873,oro >av oeqloioro, $fiiilcav o rivnol r(r nQ6ra rooF, rou ru1,odv1qvFlJno'/tox(rl.66to.
('Hrcv xol ro r[pcbrorealt ]rdyt{oo$ioE)

1874
fAAAIO n6vre lp6vrcr rgrv (6l"dne1858), nraa ou-
orqo-rrxc 61bldqrqrq. Or rdooepLg6eopoi
H cvcrxdl,urprl v6tov ppln6v qrorlio1, ou- TOUsTOFOU TOU(rvopCxC6rortiOoovrcr 6ror
veli,oOqxr ;r.er<iTqv noqouoiooq rou JrQLo- dloreva bellvow nQoErrErdooQrE ?{oQUg6E
6rxou ouorlporog xov oror1it,rvcrr6 lov rvog rrrpcyrivou. AuroE o oup6ohuopoE o-
Mevrel.eyueg (6lere 1869).To 1874,o f<i].- poE r;ro.l avencpxrlgoe opr,op6veg nepr,nrtir-
),og1qplr6g lftotr-Epil Aexo?ivre MrolJc- oeLg.Ilapo6eilparog XdQuv, oQrqpvooQyo-
pnovtptiv (Paul-EmileLecoqde Boisbaudran, vrnti p6pr,o,6rov 6pe0ouvoe 6va 6lcr)'upo,
1838-1912) avoLa)'utf 6v(r prdl?'![ro1,u- orp6gow ro rlifldo lto),trrolgxou gor6E.
6npppotr nou naqouoio(e cilvooreg go- Aur6 oqpaivel 6tu ro p6qr,onp6nervcr ncr-
ogorrrcg yqcrptrrg.Anop6voot ro vao oroF pouor<ilouvxdnorc aou;rperqia.4 oloicr
Iio r(ol xo ov6paoeydMrc, Grlo rrl lqrrvr- 6polg 6ev 4rav epgcrvrlgoror4 tunoug rou
x1 ovopcoi,crrqE fd"l"i,oE pero qv xatdp- Kxo1Jl.
pruo4 r1E PropratxrlE AuroxQqropiaE. To 1874,o Aor6g qoorxolqprx6E fr.<tto-
'Orov qvororv60qne pnoug XvtpLxouEBov'r Xoq (JacobusHen-
1 avo.x<iLurp4, o
Mevrel,6yueg iXmolpaveu q;rooE 6rr ro dricusvan't Hoff, 1852-1911) elorryop pra
ororxLo(rux6 rltcv to <6xa-oqyi,)'ro".Ktrr rprbrdorur4 qnux6vtol rtuv oqyovtxtr'-rv
iX6ixro. Tc lcpcntrplorrxti xcl or 16lo- pogi<,rv.Xupgovc pt ro otorlpd rou, ol
rrpeg rou 1oi,i'[ol r;rcv cxe[66E ri!Errou r6ooeplE6eopoi rou oT6pou 'vor.r<ivOqoro
'Eror.,
eile npo6Lerper, 1Lo ro 6ro-ap1i,l,r.o. 61ow r6tolo 6ldrolr1 droc v<relvcl ronoOe-
oro ErlExcviE 6ev 0o propouoe vc cpvq- rqgrvou ortg r6oorpLgnopugdEtvoE retqoi'
Ori rrlv rlxuporqra rou rrQr06rrououorrl- 6pol. @o pnoporioopclcr gcrvrcoror-rpe 6vo
paloE T(l)volorxl(l)v. r6roro dropo ocv 6vc onopvi, pe rplo no-
6rtr, Tcr onoicr qvrmeoqoftuolw tolJErQrE
TETPAEAPIKO ATOMO 6eopoug,rv6 o draprog 6eop6geivcnroro-
ANoPAKA 0erqpdvogncrrcxdpugcrnpoE to novro. Or,
onoo, doelg cv<ipeoc orouE 6eopouEeivcrL
H pioobog oug6o)'ropour(,)v oQycvrlrd)v ioegprtclu ro4.
poQi(,vnou [XrQorial o K6xo!l, 6exo- Au'c6to t*paedpmi dtopo au9qaxctno.-
 ISAAC ASIMOV
QlJyrqv qnaQ(rlrlq qouplrgiq. Av do-
qeerE0roqoerr"rdEopd6Eqr6p@v v(')-
Oouvpe toug r6ooeglgOeopotgev6Ecrr6pou
dvOQolao,pnoporiv vo olqparr,o0or-rv0oo
buogoqrrLxcipoquc.nou ro ivcr 0q.ei.vqrxq-
rontprr6 ei6o)'o tor rii"Lou.
Av q pio cn6 our6Err,EtvtiroeLEorg6gel
ro eJrtr6or[6loorlE rou gor6E 6eEr6orQo-
ga, rl dl).q 0a ro orgdpel cpLorep6orpogc.
Ilgolpctlr<i, 6Legor evtiroergwou,oupgtovc
p ro rrQq6Qux6 povrdlo rou dv0qoxq, l-
v c r a o t p p r r g e g . o n o b e [ 1 0 4 x c vo n r r x < i
cvepydgorov eEFrdo0rlxdv. 61lo611dorpr-
gcv ro enine6o roltrrolE rou grlrog lpog
rrlv pia 4 rrp ciriwl gogc. Kcn 6Lcgol ev6-
orEJloll, oupgolc ps ro rereo6Q[x6 po-
vre)'o. 6cv rivcr coupprrpeg. brv rlrcv orne
orrrx(l vQYE.
H elfyrpl qg orpogrlg rou enunfbou n6-
l,tooqErou gorr6g ono ro xtreqbQuxoFo-
vrdlo rou cr6pou rou rir,Ogoxo rjrcv t6oo
XOto!pl 6ore 1v6a Oeoglo oroertelx
yqrryoQ(r.O Bqv'r Xog o(l)Qnorlrco 0p-
l'rorr;E rqg orcpto764pciag,:rorl ovoptio04xe
6rou ereuOrlrc p6plcr onerzovi(olrcru oe
tqer,E6r,oor<iotr,g.
T1v i6ro nepinou ero1r1,o ld}.),og 14pu-
r6E ZoE6q-AoiL A MneL (Joseph-Achille
Bel, 1847-1930)re6rrv, qaEderrlrq,ro
rrQq6e[l(6povx6trotou riv0qcxc.
YIEPIEIEPAIMENOI APIOMOI
H 6wouc tou czelpou, r] rou pq nureqoop.e-
vol, 6qpr,ouqleirdvrore nqo6).4pcrc. H
ogropLrpllarloerQd1,2,3,4... eivcr,drerpq,
ro [6r,oLopnl 6ptoE'pa qv oelpc 2, 4, 6, 8....
Au6 oqpcrivelorl proQotp vo ovr,oror1l-
ooupe x<i0e!rry6 cpl0p6 p xo rlplo! rou,
redypq fiou oqpoiver,orr, to owol,lx6 r),r1-
0og rolv (uyrirv ogr,0p6veivor,ioo pr to ou-
vol,Ln6:ri.r|oogo).rovrcov oxtpcritov. (Auro
e[1eenuoqpovOei cn6 rov fc].l]'o[o 6u6pr,ou
ordwegevopi.repo.).
O feppcvog pqelp(rt|,x6E fxiogp Op-
vTuvcvr Aorjvr6ul <Dil'LrK<ivrop (Georg
FerdinandLudwig Philipp Canror,1845-1918)
xQrlorl.roroiqosauri rrP opgrpovoorlpavrrl
ovrloroL1io y,o vo Oei.fiel 6rl to x].riopotc
et"tat apt0p/1otpa, 6r1l,cbrlpJloQouv!o
aprOprl0orivpe roug qxeqi,ottE.
Qor6oo, or fiQqyparrxoi ae[0poi (erFoi
orw dpprpor,) 6ev pnoporrrvvc cpr0pqOouv
pt roug cnepcioug. Onolo ouor4pc ncr ov
)(Q4opofio[liooup yrc vcr rouE prQlooup,
0o noqc)'eirpoupr 6vol dreLpo cpr,0p6
'Eror,
rQqyparrx6v opuOptirv. I opd6q rlt.lv
nqol pcr,xrilv aql0pdrv crv,rrlrQoq@r[!r avcr
u$q)"6rpoeni,ne6ocntlqol, |rvrrvuneptre-
nepaopivo apt0p6. ExL fii'6oa, 6)'0r or
npolpctrxoi, oplOpoi ov'nororlouv oTc o4-
peio ;-rrcgru0sicrgxcrr.enoprvtug.tc o4;rrio
crurdeivar enioqEpq apfipriorya.
O K<ivtop qrr60u 6r[ o[ rlJ[qrrJlpcr-
op.evoL opL0poi eivcrrrtcrl quroi tinerpor nor
ro rl'r;0og rouE civor peyoLtircpoon6 ro
n)'40ogrov enioqg<irrrQtrta crrQcitov.
HAEKTPIKO PEYMA
KAI KPYTTAAAOI
Yrdqlouv JrQwrr6o[E qrIE ofioi.E6vqs
Le firorllrovoE r[eoo61eIr(ofioro qcrv6pevo
rror roll rlvi, rqv rep#qyela, d").d 6ev to
6pionruno)'ri o41.lor,r[]i660r vc ro 6wpeu-
vqoerlrtQr,ooorQo.
'Erqr,
ao 1874,o lqpcv6g guor.r6gKcqi,
@tgvtLvcw Mnq<iow (Kad FerdinandBraul,
1850-1918) nqosE6u untiqlow opropdvor
xQtorallor oroug onoiouEro esrFd edcr
npoE tr1v pi,c no, eu0uvoq oi'L<i 61, npoE rry
tii"l,4.Aev rfeqe rot oqeitreraucuo to qcl-
v6gno oure pnopouoevo 6pel xdrora XQrl-
'OrtoE
oupqepcrgpolrl rou. crro6[X0qx,
oporE,erq6xelro llcr plcr o4pcvrlx6rcrrl
cvoxtilurpq nou 0o. cile rxll'rprrrxdg owd-
rcrcEap'y6cqo..
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIIDTHMONIKON ANAKA,\YIPEON 403

TYMMHPOMATIM
H fepcvis iXyxoxq).ipLrls fiexrcrlxlE rqg iqaoqqlorlteE. O MrioFaQk iXltlct lxovofllro
r[ou orol/ld orqeiTol'v or xcrrcrx-rqriE:vo lper n6c aqdntl vc orc!|olrior. EiXs trlruxs! xov oxoj[d To!,
oqoi I fetloviq iXevonorloei xcfi xupr.opxoiomlv Eoecbrl z(q!o MriopaQ}( toel rtbpcrvtr 6rctl
prqoelr1v norcorcoq cgerri6l4r1.
H Ion(,)vid, dn6 xrry o),).4 rl'rtrqti, l.tdoorv iro).1J'yQ4YoQCr
rLExoMg dlld xor tlE ,cqldE tr).lJQEirlE
oupneqrqoqdg-rurveuqcurciti6v 'earcbv. Tov ArOiIro 1o!' 18?4,!066ctloro xlvElrl6vrloi Tcri6tiv, pe
prc no).r-rotrop1 np6g(rot1,xo! taot6fitv onoxdQrlo.sgou IQtirta ononaoatlo rlv Kivc prq ofioqt
piroo4,oxol,ou0drvroElo trcrQdSt'/pa xov Er.)eot[oi1i6r',6wdpov.

1875
TONIMOrIOIH'H
Elelvq rqv eno1rl rlrav yvoord rq tooQld
rar ra oJrfQuoroEojrtpuc xcr or rnror4poveg
yv6e[Lqv 6rr yrd ao yel,rr'l0l6vqEv6ogoe-
lcvlop6g np6nel vq evo0oriv GUTdro 61Jo
lirtTrcQcr.f201600,4 6roo1 ourl 6ev ropo-
rrlpr]0r1xencq<i p6vo ro 1874,6rcrv o lep-
pav6g rp6puoL6yoE'OonqQ BIIII.tt Aou-
Trouor Xeex6rI (Oskar Wilhelm August
Hertwig, 1849-1922)ei.6e6vc omppcrololci-
gLocrvou vo ro6Qx1q[ oxo (l)dQro.Eri
nl.iov. cv xor yuQ(t)ono ro urtiptoxtvoti-
vrov n),rloog ofipporoE(,)oQra,o XiQx6tX
p6vo 6va oreq-
i6 or[ oao odpr,o er"orq],oe
2(cr curo Ylxdvopxero yrtr vc
pLoto(trropr,o,
endi"0el1ovr,ponoi,rp1.
PAAIOMETPO
To 1875,o KqorvE (6).tne 1861)emvdrpe to
Qa'roptQo "f axtLv4peqo,6vcv plxq6 xo.L
r).agpt g6l,o ge rrcguyro. ro"roOct41.tivo
pe
oa o xs!6 q6QoE.H pro fitrelQdrov firQu-
yicov rlrov poriprl drore!<r qJroQQoqd0eQ-
por4rtr rol n di\L4 rlrov ortLirvrloiort vc
rqv cvcxl.<i. Mc rrry noqouolc 4l,roxougor-
16g, o pii'og ^/rlerEoro0Qa. Aut6 6ev
ogeLl"6rovo lv rli\[qxrl cxrlvo6o],ic, yrcr,i,
6rcv ro rev6 p6oc oro 6o1ei,orlrcrv nol"tt
r(116, n rivrlol qroporor.'os. Exlvo fiou ou-
v66or,verpov 6rr, rc p6qla cigo nou un4p-
1ov p6oc.oro <rteLeE rcev6avcnq6otocw nd-
vto orry Oepprinkugcr rolv rT eprl,lov nuo
6w<rr<i qn6 6,Tr ovcnl6ouocrv ndvo otlv
Vrr(A6xsQqorr)'nvrl ni'euqc, p ottor]'opq
vo crrOouvTqv 0epg.r1n),tr-rpti r.r,olv(t rrQolcq-
l"ouvrqv livqoq rou p!)',otr.frc va 61eucno-
rilropo ro leipcyo. p6oooro 6oxrio atrQ.
rr vcruntipler prprxo xevo. Av 4 rooor4ro
c6po r]tov nol,u pelcilq, q ovtlotoorl rou
oropcrrouoerry xivrlo1. To po6r,6pergo11-
Tov 6vo onl,6 ncr1vl6L, cl}"o cnorel,o[oe
xo.rplo vruftoqLq?ir1 6v6ellr1lndp tlg xlvry
rlxrlg 0ecupicrE rorv oeqitov.

TYMTUHPOMATIM
H ApepLxa.ribtr0e4ornrrrol11/61160 MoiQU Mrr6!4Q'Evru (Mary BakerEddy, 1821'1910)e[66rooero
6r6XLoScienrcand Healr,h("Ertorripl xoL Yyeio") xoL i6quoer1v crLQeal'txnEXQtort.wtxiq EnoripqE.
O lopari)' naodG (1830-1895),ovtr6oorl,Lrigr1g Arfinrou,1.c vo eloqtr'r]oerrct1epdorro 1qi1 rou,
-r<ovpetolclv r1E 6[d)er,yctg
noitrloe r1v n7,.er,ov6-rrFo rou:o!q oxrw M'td]"I BQ8rsvid.H cYoQofioll
oicr op^ycwcb0lxeon6 ro.r rcvtfr-rnvo ;rpo0lnoup16 rnE BQtclviagM#v-rlcprv N1toQo6fu" (Benjamin
Disraeli,1804-1881).
404 ISAAC ASIMOV
'..876
THAEoaNo
O rq),6ypogog,nou urrlQ1r 6dixor rQrovro
lrQirlo! IQ6vro, pet66L6eg.6voo1pors. O
6prrcvrx4q lcrcyo-r.yr1g Aprpr xcvog rqtugc-
tr;g Al.elcvrep lxq6top Mne), (Alexander
craham Bell, 1,84'7-1,922) 10elc va 6e),tr.tboer.
clt6 ro ototrlpo. 'H0etre
vo 6per,6vov 196-
no y,c vc 1cro6i.6elr4v [6r,cr1v ov0ptb:rr,v1
oprl,io pe to xa1.66Lcr,pe'vcrqinovroE lc
qXqxLXdxotroro o 6vo pero.6cl.)"opevo qlc-
xTplxo peirpcrnol or prc6ol,iErou 0d oxo-
).ou0oioavrqv oupriro4 xcr cnooupniro4
rou cqroono rov r11o.To Qrlp<rcr!16 0o
pe,atpen6tcv ?i<tLfidl,r oe opll,io 6rcv 0c
erp0oveotov npoopuopoTol.
TeLlntr, enrv6rpe prq 8rdxqll fiol J[Qcl-
p q r o n o r o i o r 4 v g r r o r p o n q o u t r l x c r L4
nprirr; 1pr1oqrng olroxslnE 6yrve lu1o.i.o..
)r1v iLciqrelo ev6grlrQoporoEIlOIXtrv ro
oE6q plag p:rotcqicg ndvo oro nqrte],6v1
rou Mnr),, nol grivcle cur6po, o oTov 6oq-
0o rou: <fordjrqov, 6),a e66 oe [aQor(o],6.
)e 061,to".O T6pcrg Olraor<rE fou6rooa
(ThomasAugustusWatson,1854-1934),norr
6pr,on6ravoto o)"i"o(!ngo tol nlx),6pnroE,
oe evcv d),},o6pogo, cinouoer1v gpaorl
crn6rqv oroxerrrlrr 6tpele rotro.
Xrtg 7 Maptlorr ro! 1876,o Mnel, xoro-
XtlQcooe ro trf,eqotvo p 6ifilopa uQeorrs-
1vi,trE. O'EvTroov to 6el,riuloeo16ova[a-
oolg,enrvorbvrtrE6vc prnp6gorvoJroll rrepl-
'Otov
ei.1eox6v1 <ivOpoxo. 4 ox6v1 oupnr,r
(6rov, periqepe negloo6-repoQupcl.ol
orcv onooupnrelortrv pr rcqrpr ),r.1orrgo.
Ko0tbg tc qlrpln<i rupcrc olpni.efcv xol
cnoougrir!,ovr4v onov4.ro Ikt.rQrlto Qri-
pq trqQoloi,oqdvd),o1eEcrfoper,droeLg.
To rr/,6gtovo 6peqenqcypctr,nrl enovo-
ordon orrEcv0QdnrvtqtnrxorvurvirE.
TETPAXPONOE KINHTHPAI
O xlvrlrrlgaE eoorreplnrlErctoolE rol A-
voroq ei,1eenrvoq0ei 6ercrill 1p6vrc nprv
(6l.6we1860), oi")"ci6l.or cvclv<i.rpr(nv 6ru
6eveivor,o.no6otllc6g.
O fepp<rv6gprqlovr,rogNrxolcioq Aor-
yxolor Orro (NikolausAugustOtro, 1832
1891) x<rr<roxeucoeplo Tpononolrlp6vrl
poptprlrou xuvrltrlqc,orry onoic ro 6p6ol,o
npclporonorotoe 16oqeQtg tlvllorE.Ka-
0ci.tgto 6p6ol,o xlvolvrov ngoE ra 6lro
(ngcirroq1p6voE),ovcpqogouoe p6oo orov
xl),r"v6podvc plypcl <r6Qcxqr ql.sxrov
atpdrv. Ko.tonrv ro 6p6ol"olilvoirvrtrv JrQoE
ro p6oc (6elregog lgovoE), oupnldlovroE
ro piypo xcr. 6ro.v 4 olpnieorl 6q0o1,orlv
p6yr,orrlrr,pritqE,6vcE onLv0rlpo.g wpono-
)"oloe ov<iql"efqrol pilpcroE. H ovocptrelr1
ooouor to ip6o),orQoSro iqtu (reiroEXQo-
voE.o onoioElcpriXc r4v xivqoqnou ncrqrl
p to 691o). Ornr ro 6p6ol.oxuvouvrcvlc-
vci ngog to peon (rtcqrog lpovoE), ro0oriot:
to xop6vc a6pla (ralocr6ql<r)6lo.rono rov
au)'lv6po. )rr;v orvdlern o nlxl"oE encrvc-
),op6o.vorcvcno qv crqp1.
O Otto xnrcoxeu<roe ploT6rolo retpc-
XQovnpl1ov1 to 1876.O xn'4t1qag Otto,
onog ovopcio0qxe,crorel"oro pr,a tepti-
otrc 6e),tioror1oe o16o1pe rqv p11ovr1rol
Aevorlap xcr lQnyoQo 6ro6oelrs n XArloI
tou. H oplrq rol xlvrltrlpa ouor anordl,eoe
rqv 6cioq tcov oqpeplvtbvpllcvrbv eoorep'r
xlE xduooE.
XHMIKH OEPMOAYNAMIKH
H Oeppo6wopLxrl,cv xcr Orcrtrncb0rpenp-
lLxn preo<rr
trg peMrlE rlq Oepp6qroE (6L-
:rr 1850).tolutr yrc olrE rrEpoggig rvrppr-
og. O AprepLxov6g guolr6g Tloocir,o fooil,-
ldQvr frrpng (JosiahWillard Cibbs,1839-
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII>THMONIKAN
1903)q! edQpoqor4 Xqpr2i6E [ra6oi\.6E.
O fxrpng 6yecr1epLo oerq<idpOgov nd-
vor oro ipc, nou qwo)uxd cqrOproriocrv re'
rQaE6olEo1,i6E 2(o! 64poocu0rpcv gtoo
oe ivo 6L<iorqpcbuo erdrv.aplilovrcg aro
ro 1876,oro replo6lxo The Transactionsof
theConnecticutAcademyof Sdences("Ep"1a-
oi,egrlE Axcrbqpi,aEEnlorqprirv rou Kowd-
xrr,rcr"). Xe aur6E rr,EQyooiE,o fu.prE
ov6nnrfe rrE or,ylqoveg Lvlvowgl'r'g d,ei4e-
E1gevtqyer.agxol tor: yrlpmot \uuapmoi,
p6oto rrov orroiorv pnoqei vQ ngo6)'eg0ei r1
roei,atrtog Xnprr.rigowi,6pcolg.
O fxrUnc Fl6rqo Erliorlgro ollsia
roopponi,ogTcovouorlp<it<ovnou reqtl.cp-
6<ivow r)t*d 6laqoQr[x6v qdoeov (u/Qd,
oreed?.or o6Qro).> o!T6ErrE fiEeLnr6-
oer6.o cqr0progru.rv6rugoqeruxdlvrqonov
(6c0ptbv e).euOepiqE)riqrd roug onoiorg
lnoel vo fera6ilrl0ei q Orq;roxqooio.r1
rlio4 xcrr,rl ouyxivrQoorl lu[oQi vq exgQq-
oOeipe pr,conL1 eliooroq, rry onoio o fnr-
prE ovopooe xar6ra r@eEdoe@!.H Eelrr-
oia rou f2i[l.ulE{rov 1600 rliqqg, 60r }ia-
),urpeo1e66vol6xl,qQo xov ropq fiou orlU-
po ovog<i(eraLX4,rrxr10egpobuvalnx4.o.pn-
vovrqE IdXroTo xevo y[o va or-rpn].4qto-
oouv crn6 ti)'l',ooEenlorripovq.
KAA IEPTEIA BAKTHPIQN
Mlo err,61pio <ivOqcxo nou rrQoo66dLrq
6ooel6rirrg Xr,).colcg(orqv ovcrol.r,xrlfep-
Uovio) ?rilno To v6raqtreovevoEronlrcoi
yr,orpori, rou Popnegr Ko1 (Robert Koch,
1843-1910).To 1876,o Ko1 err6nuoe orrlv
on)'{vc rrpoo6e6}.qgivov 6ooer,6tbvro 6c-
xtrlpro nou nponcLri rov <ivOgcrnc,Mer6-
gepe ro 6cxtrlpr,o cur6 q rrovu,roug, F ra-
bibovroE r1v vooo cno novrrx6 oc novrrx6,
xq[ oro r6]roErlE 6rq6lxcolqg evr6moe?ior
rdi.r, zo i,6r,o6axu1Qro.Ar(6pl nro orlpovrr-
x6 eivol ro leyov6g 6rl enuv6qoerq6no
xqlilriQy[aE row 6crxr4qi,cor6[or ot6 lo-
vro.vorlgoqyovr,opoug,oe op6 ci.pcroE :rou
ANAKA YWEAN 405
6lctqpouoe oe OeppolcQaoio 06poros.
Aqyoreqc <igltoe vc XQnorporro[loie-
Qd pocryro rryv xcr)')'Gpprc l<lv 6cxlr1-
pl<ov.2uyxcrgr,p.evo,xoLi.L6pype 6cnrlpr,o
q Eladq, x<r06E ziqr oe 6v<rv:rol.un).oxo
u6cr<iv0qcxc rou ovopd(ercu <i1oprcrt
rqo6Qlerqr on6 ro oo)'<iqquqpuxq. Orcv
Ta 6a?(rrleroxaLi!QYoltrraroe r6roLo or-
pe<ipeoo,6ev progouv vo nuvqoouveuxol"o.
'Erot. qv
6vq 6crr4gro cnogovroOeioe x<i
noro orlprio. pe rov noLl,cnLoorcop6 rou
brlplougpircl prcrorrorxlq 6axrqqt<ovnor
6ev regd"cp6dvouv rrQoqplE6qrr6 dl,lg
nor,xr,).ieE.Xrlv ouv61euc,o eqerrvrprlgprro-
qei,vc g.erc96gel rq 6qr(rriQrq o Ed)a rl va
64prolpyrloer 0rt6 ourd v6eExcLl'l6gpteg.
Xtiqq oe or-rrrlvrq pr0o6o, ei,vol666ouog6rl
OydEerarlr prq ouylr?er[lvn nol?ilLla 6a-
r(rnqitr.l!.
'Eror, q prxqo6rcxf
Oeopio rou flconiq
6p4nr nporrur4 egaepqr4 an6 rov Ko1. O
Ko1 cn66eLfeorr rc nc0oy6vo 6onr1gLc
pJloQorxlo cnopovro0ouvxcl xcr6r![v vc
lgqor,ponor,qoouvT,c trry ng6ni"rpq qE v6-
oou, vcr l,190ow ncr rdl[ qr6 ro rlQoo6l-
61"1pdvoldro rlar vd XQrloupofiorq0o!vq
rerpdpotu nou 0c oroorolouv orrry eupeorl
praEreolrylrtrliE ri oeqcmurlrrlE pe066ou.
KAEOATKEI AKTINET
H 6r6leroq llrrerzi6v Qelpdrov 6rd p6-
oou xou xsvof fiQ|oqrllrxue6l'o xal neploo6-
reqo ro evblap6gov Ttrlv enuorqp6vtrrv.To
'Olyxry
1876,o feQl.svog quorxog f2{o}.vr-
otoiv (EugenGoldstein,1850-1930) erav6Lc-
6e rc nerg<iporo tou Il),0rcq ptrd qfi6 6rio
ole66v 62(ar[eE(6]'6re 1858). O Ix6].-
vrorclv unoor1plft 6ru o g0ogrop6Eepqa-
vi,lercu orov xev6 oto)'r1vcrrOri pt,q eorl
oxrlvo6o)"i,oExwixor on6 rrry x<i0o6o (ro
ogvrlrlx<i goprlop,evo4l.tnrq68uo) oro oq-
pE[orou luallot JrougooQ[Er.fr'a!r6
ov6pao ro gorv6pli,o xa9odmig axtiveg.
'Hrav q
nqcirrl 6v6eGl 6rt o @Qay2iLivos
4M ISAAC ASIMOV

i,o<ogvc ei,1exdveu eogal,p.evqenl)\oy| 6rcv (61'ine 1752). M6on qrov xer6 oto)'.r|va, ro
Oedrgrpe6tu o lLexrqr,op6gpdtr,cr6 tov n6- peupcrqclv6tav ocq<irgvc xrvei.tcrrcn6 rov
Lo nou ov6;rooeou0oigetc 0rrrrt6 qtov 116- cpvrprx6 ngog rov Orrxo 11610.
)"onou ovopcor enioflEoueqiSelo oQvlTr}{,o

tYATUIIPQIilATIKA
>xrE HvopavE flol.rrirE, o fr.eovr, lrrd ari6 6io rreooerldg Swehg (rircv o rgdrtog no! oloxMQoo
Drio Orlteieg p:rri cn6 rov Avrqrou Tfrixoov, ooq<ivrc 1q6vrc v<oqicpo), onoorig04ne on6 t1v nol'Ltr-
xti, ncruo Pri6epqopvrX6uE(RutherfordBirchardHayes,1822-1893) E[eM1466xorogdvcrtoEnp6ebpog.
Mtd to tIoE rou Eppulio! flofuipou, o cg.egLzcvrx6gorpor6E npoono0o{we vo rcc0unor<ifiel rrg
goMg r<ov lv6rtivtov, ev6 o[ Iv0!d!o[, dr6 rqv nbugd roug. xcr6p0ovol xord r{drpous vo ,coroq6eow
(tnolo rt],fypo oto1, <rleor6. H o{povnr6reeq vix4 rov Iv6L<ivov rlrav rciv4 xou 1876,6xctv o AFpL-
,iav6s orQdriy6E Tqoqt[ Agporqoqx Kdore (GeorgeArmstrong Custer, 1839-1876)oSrl'yrp 264 qv-
6qeg evrivrro oe pro noi,ri Loyuq6wq4 bwoplq lv6r,riv<ovrou eile eirlrcgolurig rov op11y6 rtov :[o1J, Ko-
0rot6 Tcr.rgo(neqinou 1831-18m).O Kdora ricr olor ro! o! qvdeeEEovl60lrar oqv MdIl rolJArrl
MrL'yxXoOv,orls 25 lowiou xoo 1876.
Tov Areiho tou 1876,l6aoilLooo Blxroeic ovcxqgrrl0lxr ouroxp<iterqotrrrv lv6L<irv, drlo nou ou
Berovoi trovdexg 0a ols leoilocr yLd rrd 6roriE-
tro MEti6, o Iloeeiato Nr[aE (Porfirio Diaz, 1830-1915)crdritlo x1v Eouoiaxor rqv 8r,arriprpe
eni tprt<iwa nivte 1q6vro. O NticE dgepe rrilq orrry rirgc ncr nqooril"xuo Eevsrv6rioer,6,o},trri xu-
6eevoio ai[oi.utdQxr.xd rccr 6ev dxove tinotc 1o rc n].crr,<i].oix<i orqdrpoto.
O Apeprxov6E6r6i.ro0lxderoEM6l.6rl"Nxrour (Melvil Dewey,1851-1931) nrvdrys ro 6exa6txtj ol-
m4pa Nno{r ytn rrl,t lrono06qo4 xnr tclr,v6p1or1 tov 6r.6},itovpr,og616},roeti6.

L877

MEIEEOU TaN IIPgIEiNaN eivol neeroo6reQo'on6 e]i,vq fiou 6ro'g!-

To gctv6pevo rnE dropoonE-n 6r6i.euon
oqro;revtovevtiroe<ovcn6 opr,opeveEpep6pd-
vegror 1 p1 OLll.euo4rilJ,rov- eile yi,veryvrrr-
016 5rJo6D?ioriE v(l)Qlreo.To 1877,o
feppcv6g 6orovoi.6'yoEBil'1ei'p @prlvrp11
Oiiur II9699ep (Wilhelm FriedrichPhilipp
Pfeffer, 1845-1920)elqyrpe to pcrLv6pevop.e
6tior1 ro 'yeyov6g 6r tcr peyril"o pdqr(r Dv
p oQouv vq 6l6i',0o!v qfi6 plcr pep6pdvq,
a6 ro [u]ed proporlv. Av 6]'o ro luyd]'c
poqrq 6Q[oxowar cn6 rnv pio r].sued rnE
Bp6QdvqE,0a rraQprobiEol,v rqv adluon
prqrrtirv o16 rc prxqti p6prc. Aur6 oqptai-
vel 6rr rcegloo6rcqcprltQdp6Qra0o 6teelo-
vro.r neoE t4v nltrlpri pr ro pey<il"c p6plc.
'Eror
l nlruqti cutrl Ocr6toyxtiveror. aqori
ra p[?{Qdp6Qro rlolj ro6Qlovrcr oe currlv
youv, r[Qdypq ro! 0(r 6lp[ouQ'/rlor @ol@'r
xfi rleoq.
O ll969pep xod0eule nti4 p:ropei vc pe.
rqlel n oop@rr?ili rliqn xqr or.,o](6r[qeq!-
r4v rrlv r[eo4 pe ro p6p0og rrov poqi,ov
fio! oev prloQoriv 10 6rdi.0ow 0][6 rnv prp-
6pdr,1. Av prc mrptexqrpevq nQoreivl 6Qi-
qntq[ crr6 rry g.icrrLeupd qg Fp6qdvrc,
o IIq6gqeq. 6corlogevog otqv oroprurrn4
fiiol ro! cvcrruooeroL os cr.,Tqvrnv rlllJ-
Qd,pfioQouqvq ufio)',o{oetto pogr,cx66d-
OogrlE neoriqs. O llg6qpep rlrov enioqg
o np6toE rou npoo6r,6groeto pogr,crcd6d-
poq rurv ngorreivtirvxor alibeule orr eivot
paxgopdqta, 6q)"o6r1p6pr,orrou drrorslou-
vrql qr6 rxcrovr(ibeg rqncr 1l)'rdbegtiro-
pa.
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII:THMONIKAN
YrPoOEYroNo
Ol 6peuvegtou Avrprorg (6Mne 1869) xcr,
tou Bcrv vreq Bdolq (61n 1873) ei1ov xo-
vioel ro 1e1ov6g 6rl ro o6plc rrou qvrtoxd-
rovro[ orqa uyQoJloinolne6ftervo rlrux0ouv
ooo ro 6ovcr,ov rleeroo6TOo,[eorori yi,vr
Xpr;oqnLcortognqr qqqfcrf4 Tou eqlvopi-
vou Tt<ioui.-Topoov (rpulq 6r<i r4g 6ro'010-
]'nE).
To 1877, o f<ii,)rog puorx6g Aou[-II<o]'
Kolei'6 (Louis-PaulCailletet, 1832-1913)
rpoxcll*oe rqv 6vrov4 VuEri proE fioo6r4-
rag oluy6vou rqr xqr6rrlv dgrpe ro oipto
vc 6roorcLei. Me our6 tov tg6rro tcprJycrye
6va viqoE o116prrgoox o:rlxd orcyovl6rc
uypou oluy6vou. Xp4orponor,6vtcg nap6-
poregpr066ouE.nctop0ruor va ncqclaler
prxq6Enoo6rlcg uypon oltirrou nou uyqou
povolel6lou rou <iv0pcrcr.
Tov i.6ro1g6vo, o El,6er6E 14prx6E Po-
ou).-Il,6g IIrn# (Raoul-PierrePictet, 1846-
1929)ei,1ero i,6ucronorcMopota, ovel<iprl-
rc. cl,)'c lg4ouponolrloe pra nro :ro]'tn]'ox4
;.d0o6oxcL noqirycp gcyd,urepcgnoo6tl-
rEuyQorornB.6v<rlv oeloa.
Me rc neqcpcrc curd ano6eil0qxc 6rr,
ro oluy6vo uypororeitot oToug 183" C (m
K), ro povolelolo rou dvoQora oroug -191"
C (82 K) xol to <iltoto otoug -196' C (77
K). To povo yvtooro rxeivq rqv ero1rl oigro
rou lpeol6tcv cx6pq lcpq).6repeg0egpo-
nqaoleEyla vcr rryponorrl0elftov ro l0qo-
16vo. (Yr<ip1ow brio cr6gq ciqrc. <iyvr,r-
orc cxopl exeivq trry encr11,nor-ruyponor-
orivrcr or 0eqpoxqo.oisgXcplhorepeg cno
lnv 0epoxeooLquyeor[oilolE rou 016-
rou).
OaNorPAoor
'EvT
To 1876 o roov eile avoilel ro np<irto
eplcorrlpro 6 r"oglqlov r,x rlg 6qeuvcg,oro
Mvi'oou llcpx rou Nrou Tq6eou.To 1877,
r4v i6r,o.1qovl<i norl 6el'ritrrqe o trrrogqqr-
ANAKAAYWEAN 4U
orux6 6o0p6 ro prxq6gtovo rou rrll,egdrvou,
6xcw rcr t1v nro cyonlp.evl rou eqrripcoq.
6ntoEr,r1vlcponrrlqufe o LbtoE,r,o,t cpavo-
ygdqo ((rn6 T,t,ge)')'lvLxtE l.i\etg Eanfi xol
vede@).
'Evruoov
O x<ii"upe 6vov ru)'r,voqo p.el*-
:rr4 eniv6lo4 rooo1169or-r, rono06rqoe plc
6e),6v4 6rol drqre vc xrvelrcr n<ivto or4v
erdv6uo4 roOtiry yigrle o xul,rv6gog xor, t4v
oov66eoepe plcr 41qrrx4 nq1rl pe 16ror,o
rp6no droc rc ryr1rrx<i lrlpara vo grra6[-
'Eror,
Oovrcl otrry 6el6vq. ntivcrr orqv enev-
Or-roqorlpcrrl6rov 6vo onotunorpo nou
6rcpopgov6rcv ovti),o'yc pe rcr ql1rutd xl-
p<r'vc.'OTov, or4v ow61elo, 4 6el,ov4cro-
l'ouootoe aur6 ro crno,unorpc, ovorcgrlye
rc qlrpLr<i xuportr nou ro eilov 0qporpy4-
oi- Tc qvqrrqQcy6pevc qllruxti xipcro
ncqouoiolov r<inoua ropcp6qporo4, a),.tr<i
!TOv O1'dyVOQr"OrpO.
Onulg yvurpiloup,e6)'ot, o gtovolqcigoE,
xcu oLelorgerlxd 6e)"rrorpevoL 6ld6o1oi tou,
69eg(rv rrp pouolxr] (xcr)\,r|x(ru xaxrl) p6oo
oe r.doorirr.
OI > ToY APH
"AIQPYTE
Kd0r rpr<ivrcrmqirou 1g6vu, 1 cnoorcrorl
Apq-fr1glcipvcr r4v pLxp6regl rLprl rqE,
nou pi.vqr56.000.000 nepilou 1t)'roprrpc.
xcr r6re or oorqov6pol pel:rouv ;r rlQoso-
pj rov nl.ovrir4 Mic an6 cur6g ug npooel-
yLaerg(i1 wlvyitg) ouw6q ro 1877rcL 6vag
on6 tor.rgoorpov6por.rgnou ;rtMrrloov r6re
rov AQ4 rlrav o IraL6g T!o6<iwr Bprlivro
)xroncp6)'i'l (GiovanniVirginio Schiaparelli,
183s-1910).
O lxrcrnag6l,l,r nqoondoloe vq. XqQro-
yqcg4oeu rqv eng<iveru ton Ag4. H o116-
qxqol ro)v 56 rxoroppruqirovlrlLo1#rqtov
6ev ei,vcr,xc06)'ou plngrl xcr q <rrp6ogclpa
tou Apl (1rc vc prp pr).r|oou;rr xcr, yLo T'ry
crp6ogauqo rqE f4E) reQroQi,Eer rqv euxpl-
vLc reuvtLxovolv. 'Erot. or, nqoqloriptveg
:rgoon<iOewglaqto1pdqqory rou n).cvrltq
 ISAAC ASIMOV
ei,ldv qIIor1jx[,yrori r4d0oqrQoT,6lroE
66l,ene6rc9opetuxri legcrrrqqLotrd oq-
pei,oorqv erlgciveld rol. O Xrr,onogdl.l,l,
opog, lpqorponoiloe 6vq no),lJrcri"o r1L.e-
axonLo ,.aL 6L0ere,eli rrl6ov, fioi.u oEeio
opcoq, pe cno,6l,eoprco[ qorgov6pol vo
orlpg<ovrloouv1Lc npdrrq eoqd 6xr n 6ta-
poQeool rnE r[[goveroEror Apq ei,vct6ror
6nog rlv epgcvller, o Itcl"6g crorgov6pog.
O )xtonop6),i* 60trloexlqorxc ov6poro oe
6L<ipopcr lcrpoxr4pr,o,rr<i oqpei,cxcl to
ovopcto cut<i 6ytvav bexr<i xnr cno rouE
<il,i'.oqcorpov6poug.
A-),},ti o )xrcnap6i.h 6ev orcpcqoe e06.
Tooo oe outrlv, ooo nqr oe ;rtrclev6oreqeE,
i.Ly6repoewo[xrg ouluyi.eEror Apr;, 6tenpr,-
ve otqv enrgdverarou nLcvrir4 oqropivc
orv(i.oltorrv(i o4pric. fliorerpeort nqo-
x[rq! ylc udrirrveEentdoeuExcr y[' cur6
ovopcoe rrE nuo orev6.Eo:w6rrltn4Enop9porig,
Ou noqopoi oto lrcLwa o,vopo,\o|,rol canali
ror rl ME1 currl cno660r1xerogcl,g"eva gr
rqv c1yi"lrr1 canal xrrt 611 pe rqv ooor4
H 6logopti ei,vcr,otr, 11),Llr1channelor'1-
pcriver. 6q)'c64 pua9u-
"nog0p6g, Oi.crulog>,
olxi tLlry.e6sal\n u6titlvq 6rtooq, evdrcanal
ollrci.vrr .6udrguycr".bqlob4 lttu ttXv4tri
pqxQ6orevl u6dxrv46nrco4. 'Erol Oqplouq-
yri0qrc 4 ovri),4rpqort o Ap4g ivqr avqE
xoopog nou nr0civru eneLbrlro vep6 rou
6uaqp6ernpoE to 6r,dorqpozq! 6tr orov
nl'cv4rq cu6v fel pr,o umpeuqu4E qu)'r1, r1
oroiq xqrqortco arn6g tr,E 6rd4uyeg yr,cr
vo. perop6peLvep6 ar[6 TorE fidyouE T<rlvn6-
)'<ov.1Lcyeoplrxoug oronouE. 6c repvouoe
qx6oa 6vaEclrirvoE 6onou vc Dlorlreto0ei
owq q <i:rorpqoplorr,nd.
OI AOPYooPoI ToY APH
Mdlpr erci,v1r1v eno11,ei,1ovovonc)"uqOei
r6ooepr,E 6opuq6poLtou Ai.cr,enr<iroo Kp6-
vou, T6ooeprglou OuQcrvourr'cL6vog TorJ
flooer0drva.Qor6oo, 6ev iI qvoxai\W0i
rcv6voE 6opuq6pog ./6e@qr6 roa Egpi,
r1v Agpo6i,trl 4 rov Aqq.
Kor<i rqv ouluyi.o Apq-f1E ro 1877,o
Apeqlrov6g qoreoa6poE'Euloq Xor).
(Asaph Hall, 1829-1907)06i'qoevo 6e6clo-
Oei6tr. o Aqr6 6ev 61er.6ogrg6qouE.Av ei-
1e, nq6nel vc rlrcv puxpoi xqr crp!6Qoi?ior
vc 6qlorovrc.l no]'rl xovtti otov Apq, pe
orot6l,eopo ro poE rou rrtrovnrn vo ror-rE
rqu6r. Or uro06oerEaurdg rFdv l,oyrr.6g,
ogorr.oe cvriOcrq nrqinruro4. oLbopug6qou
0c irpctt vc eilcv 1164cvcrxd.ug0ei.
'Eror
o Xo). dplloe vc epewti rqv neguo-
Xri yliQoJoJro rov Ap4, ava!4rtlvrcg gtxp<i
gorrelvti orlypcrro ytp<o on6 rov n].cvr]q.
Ilpopqouot trlv 6qew<i tou on6 rry eltore-
pr,nr1ldlvrl npog rrp enlgtivelcr rou nl'<rvqrq
rcrr qriE l1 Auyotoror.r eile qO<ioLrlo x6oo
xovrd orov Apq tirorn )dp1rl rou rrlav{ l
6ev rou enirpene vo 6el rinore dl,},o. Ano-
gdoros vo elxoto.lei,rpelr;v 6qewc, xcrc-
lrlyovrcrg oto oupn6gcropa 6rL 6ev u:rtip-
louv 6oprg6pol, o).)'<iq or-rlu.y6g rou,4
Avr(e).ivc XroL (AngelinaStickneyHall),
rov ncpotpwr vc orrwlioer 1tc ;rtc ort6;r11
vulro.
O Xoi. oupqdrvrpc xcr r4v er6gevl vu-
Xrc vr6Jr[o6vcv prxgo 6oquq6qo. Axo-
i'orioqoav :rivte vulteg ge ituxv4 vegr:ror1
rql Lqr6r[v, o'rE 17 Auyouoxoo, vr6ruoe
6vov bewepo 6oplq6po. Kar ou 6uo 6opu-
p6por. rpcv ro)!u prriqoi, or prxQoreor JlorJ
tilov cvcxol.uqOri tig rorr. u),}',aul1gXav.
O Xroi' ror.rgov6paoe @66o xcrl Aitlo
("AeiUos" eivat I rooorrrfloroilorl rou rQ6-
pou) ar6 To ov6po, o 6do yrtov rou Agq,
tou Oeoritou nol6pou.
 TO XPONIKO TON EIIDTHMONIKON ANAKA.,\YIYEON 409

TYMMHPOMATIM
H Prooio rcriqrle ^yra<i)"},qpr,o qopd rov n6).-eg.oxc-rci -rr1gTouqxiog, cr)J"dq Me1til,q Bperovi,o rFov xor,
:rd),r,crnoqnoroFrv4vc p1v enr,-rp6rper, orlv Pooic vd sr[xrooios nLxi.vbwo6c0pr.6.
:t!E HvoFvEno)!|,ri.E, I efiox{ qg AvoorryxpotloqE iqocroeoro r6},oEr4g ncL tcr re)'.euroioopo-
o:tov6r,oxcir
orqcretpcrrq onol6prpov ar[6 rrg nqdrp ouvopoo:rovSroz6g lo7,.Lrei.eE.
>fllv Ionovld, o[ goll6dQxeE otrpouQdlefi<r,root<irlocrv ovrLbpcirvrdsortE fieoord0eE 16!ryXQovl
opou rIE X6eaE crlo rov ourol.(edxoea.Hliriellrov on6 6vcv orqcro ro!\r(iv orQcfl,(]).[6v,rlou nrov
otlltouvor Foufieovs or],.cr.An6 rdte o exouyXqovrop6E rrlq tcnorviognpoXciprperoqig egn66ra.

1878

ENzYMA a!r6 ro 6100r!pd ei,1cvrarcr6ei,feu6rr,,

Exelvq rqv ero1t1,ol 6uo]"oylxoi,xorc],ureg
ovogdfovrcrv gupci4ara. cirr un4qXcv trnoc
o x.urrqed elre LIdv crropr,olo0eltoEd6rq
i1.1. O feg;.rct-6gelorol.6yoE Bi),1ei"p@qll-
vrpul (Bi.l"Lr) Koiv (Wilhelm Friedrich
[Willy] Kuhne, 1837-1900)qvixe oro orQq-
roneao Tov 6l-rol,uo,dlv }iql ni.orus6rr o
ogoE JrQ6JrL
vo XeloLpofiollrdr
"grlpcpc>
povo y,c rc 6p6lcrouoTrlpord.
To 1878,erorlyolero"t opo tvlopa yw ttE
11pr,x6gouoi,eg1Io! o.oxo{"r'}.ord}L!1,r{nEL-
6paor1cx6pq xcrr 6rqv 6toxoQi,EovrdLqfi6
rouE EovrovouE rqxoriE((I'[6 flE e],iltlvrx6g
l"rlrr g ey xo.r (ug4. rlrrOrl rc rvfu;rcr ilouv
fiqQ6pora dpool pe oloi.egrou 6eloxovxar
luoo orc (rovTcrv<ilturroeo rlE Lnpng,6rl
),o64tr1gpcyu<iE).
)e l"r.l6regeg<rn66lo 6enoeri,eg, 6pcoE,0c
6ncruevo urdqleu 6ldxglo4 avo.peo<r otor-rg
6to)'oyrnougxoto)"{T eE p6o<rxor 6lo cn6
rc r(rirrdQd xor, q l,elr1 6.vltpo, not ap1txa
6r1)'ovepr,t,azorcirurlnf orri,c 1opr1i',6repou
tlrr66ou,0o dp1rqevo lqqorponorei,T cn ^4,c
T
olrouEouroug ouEzorol"ljreEcvelclgdroE.
EIIOXIKEE AIIOoEIEI'
flpuv cno ocqdv, c 1q6vuc,o Aproooil eile
cnodeiler, qv rincrpfl plaE enoplE nclerrir,
v(ov oro rrceeloov rlg llg (6l.6rre 1837).
flpooextrx6g ptr6rErrou eilcv 6refo10ei,
orqv npcryporln6rlro, ei,1avondgleu noi',-
16g6r,c9oqerux6E eno16gncler6vov, 6roxo-
nr6gevegcrr6 Oepp6repeE neqr,66oog. f)or6-
oo, or eno16gepgcvloqE ncrr,unoldlpqorlE
tcov nclerdrvov 2(c[ I bldgrero 1600 rov
i,6lorvrov ac.prcitv(Dv600 rqL rcov pooJro-
ye-rrovlndrv Blootrlpdrtov r;rav tiyvooreg.
To 1878,o )ouq66E 1,eo)'6yogfrc6qcqvr
fr<ia.opa vre fx6eq (GerardJakob de Geer,
1858-1943),ev6 g.e).erotroe ra r(riporo l"r.-
pvriv nou rpogo6o, ouvtov on6 ncletdrveg,
6 u q n l o T o o e6 T uq u r d q t r o r e ? . o u v , oorn 6
evcri'l,coo6g"evo orgripcrc lerrrlg l),uoEncr
xQcXlIQovlqrlpdrtrrv,cvri]"o1<rpe ro <rvro
xd0e orqripo e[1eevonore0eirov leupdrvcr1
ro r(rlo'lioi,Qr.
Metp6vrcE rov cpr0p6 crlr6v rtov e.nop-
xrltv ano9toeaty (ou onoi,egovopd(ov,cl
rioqE 6dQ6rgt qu0pireq) zor 0eogtbvraE
6rl rdOe (etryog),enr6v-rpolweprrw r!r1po-
rov cvl,rlpootoreul 6vc rog, o vre fitdep
unol,oyloe orr, 4 Or,eqlcolo ourt o!vXt!6-
tov e6<bnor 666exc 1,?'"ro6eE 1g6vrc. Alno
oqpoi,ver6rr, 61ouv neg<ioel6cb6eropl,r<i-
6eg 1q6vr,c qrt6 16r rou urol6qqocrv ou
n<iyorr1g mo nq6oqqrlg rroxtErov roy-
rrirvrov. (Aurr1 neqi,nou rr;v eno1r1tiplloe vo
epqavllercu,1 l,eropyi,corqv M6o4 Avorolrrl
- 6Mm 8.000r.X.). Eni,oqg,o vre lrceg, pe-
)'"ertirvrcgTo fidXoE?ad0orptipotoE, rlrav
q 060! vq o'lqpori,oelx<inola l66c ^yr,oTrg
p.eto6ol"eg rou x)',iporoE.
410 ISAAC ASIMOV

'Hrcv
1 nprbrrl re1vlxrl yLc rrlv prpnorl
XrJtrob(l)ver6v p oELoorlpslorl olr,Qi6ra.
Apl6repo 0o ovorruoo6rcv pr.ooleo dl-
l,<ovpe066tov'ylo tov [6[0 orofi6.
YTTEPBIO
M61pl r6te ilcv onol.rovo0ri.ilr lqpr,xd
otolleicr <rn6oncivleg1aieg,cri"l,cio xotol"o-
yoE 6ev eile efiovtLr10el.
To 1878,o Ei"6er6E
11prx6gZov-Eop),-Ixol"uootipvr McQL-
vrdr (Jean-Charles-Galissard de Marignac,
1817-1894)ovox<i),r.rge 6va ax6pq xor. ro
o.v6ytaoe rnttp6n, on6 ro 6vopo rou loro-
piol 1()! Ynerby, 6notr eile cvoxcrl,uqoeir1
rQ6xn or(rlLq yqiq q'[6 rov rxovrol.lv
(6l6re 1794).'Hrcv ro r6ropro oTorlei,o
flou 6fidLevro 6vopci tou on6 ro or.ryxenqr-
p6vo l.cropei.o.To tii"l,o rpi,o lrov to r.rr-
rQro,10 6Q6Lor.(Irxo 16Q6Lo.

YMNAHPOMATIM
O! P6ooL viroloov rouE TolJexouErior, orrE 3 Moeriou rou 1878,roug cvcyxooov vo u:roypdrpow r1v
tuvgnxl rou A^/toutrsq(rvou, o{peov(r pErqv ofioio I Touexia 6xcrvouolcoilrio rls xrrlolgrIE olo
Baln<ivro xor 4 1eqo6v4ooEneqvorioeorqv xlqroqlio r4g Poroi,cg.9lo16oo,1 Bprro.vic lrqv vdv c o
plo rdrolo 6!u0dfl]ol xcL 6vo p6pogrov Bpercvcirve:rr,0uproriocv 6woprx4 e]Ispr6oo4.
H Mey< q Bperovi,a6ev erevi6l orporlco-rrxri,dJvi broq"ytivruos evq tleconaixoow66eLooro BQo
i"i.vo, pn rov Mri,opcpli (,)E<orxobeor6flp rcL -rov Nrropod,.r orEr(!e[o bloreoypdruni. To ouv66qto
<iqlLoertg eglcoieE rou or[E 13 Iowiou roo 1878xa!, p6oooe iv(tv [4v4, ei,X roia].riEl o FtCtva 6u
0614o1,oripqcovtrge r4v onoicr1Eeq6io, q PouFCwidlror"ro Mcleo6ot'vlo 6ylvav alEderlto x,edxl,
1ro np<irr1gopri $rd crn6 6Eror6vEuno6odloorlE.2qv Torqxio oniyrLve p6vo pLo Frxe4 ltoei0o
6crl.novtxorrebriqor4 otcr 66qerc r4g E)rld6c4, rrou rrLv6rcvo 6L1 r1v 6nlxnvrxrl xrQoovrpo.qro
r1v M<riqq @dLcooc lXer rylv A6erarxrl.
o Bixrtop Eprpovouil).A' r1g Irnf,icg, un6 rqv 6oor),idrorr oroior eixvonotil6iro lrdhx6 60voE,
rdocv o1tE9 Idvooaeiox rou 1878,,cc! rov 6rq6*elr o $oE tol, OuF66atoqA' (1844-1900).

1879

HAEKTPIKO OaE xctcoreu4g plog 1Lexrput.1Egtoter,vrlgnr;

Erp6oovr6qcr urlq1e prc eveqler,oxrlr41r1
oov tov r1Lrxtqlop6, rltov guolx6 vo ovo-
lqrqoow or enLorrlploveg pu<rgt0o6o notr 0a
nfrQn ry)v naQc'/(l)yyleurrog XruQlgrylv
'Evo q].exrprx6
unopfiq q]"61o9.
rlcvcyxrifrrcr vo brcoXiorr iva lcogo pc-
oo or4v arp6oqrur,qqrlaQdyr6vqv ilolrrQo
onr,v01po,to l.ey6pevo6ol"toix6 16lo. Xe
o u r 4 r q v c p X 4 o r q Q i E o v r o ov t t r n g r r 4 p e <
6olralrou roEou fiou eixav xo.Tooxuco0si
an6 tov Nr6r6u (6l6ne 1800),1660p1vra
n6vre neqi,nouXQ6vrarQr!, o)'i'd ro goE
tolS rFov exTugl.co,ux6rccro xiv6woE mrp-
r,ayrq.Ept1dl"o6. Aotrl Tqv enor1, o
<ip1loero oo1oli,ror p ro rQ66l,4lrq InE
YNE.
'EvoE
oltoy6g nou 6lopp6erol ano qerlpc
Oeppcrivercn, l,6yor qg crvri.oroorlgrou. Av
?iqxooxeuoooei 6vqgnol"rrl.tnr6g, vqporoeu-
6tg qt0ry6g, q cvrlorcorl Tot 0o eivar rotru
Qupdro1) pleycl,4rar 6rouro nl&rQ[&6Qtpq 0q rov
Oeppovelcironorvc. rov ,ruQqxr6or.> q!-
qv tqv negintooq, 6proE,o olcoy6Eei,c 0c
htboel eire 0a t cei.
'Evog
rgdnog yrq vd FIv xoei,o cltoy6g
[vcLvo rov rofioOer1qoupp6oo oe plc
.1u<i)r.rv1
oqcipa an6 r4v onoic 0c XouU
oq(ILQdqrtov cr6go.MLc t6roLo 6l<iro!r1
61er,ro rLtov6nr4pc vcrnqveLruo crrc "o to
'Evtt
oov ptog, evtiro ni,vblvoEnopxcllaE si,vqroX-
66v ovunaqrrog.
 TO XPONIKO TAN EIII>THMONIKON
Ilcqdptve 6ptog on6pq to np66l.1pc rqg
averlpeor6 er6g ayolou nou vo p4v l"rriver.
'Ev'noov
O ovol'rooe nol,! 1q6vo rer,gcrpc-
rl!6pevog g.eorigpoto on6 l,eux61puoo,o
kr-rr6lquoog 6p0rEelvcu no)'u crqr66g ror,,
elti r tov, 6er elle ro enr,0upqr6onor6trt-
op0.
'Evr[-
Met<i cn6 1,1"r,<i6eE nerp<ipcrq, o
oov qvqridlupE enrt6}"org ro xcr<i}'},1i.o
r-rLlx6,ro orolo 6ev r|Icv xcrv p.erc]"i"r,x6.
'Hrqv
6vc xcl#ao 6op'6cxep6v4pc - 6r1lc-
6r], enp6xelro orloroolnti 1lc 6vo or-rqpo
on6 crvOqcrzc. )rq 21 Oxrco6pi,ortou 1879,
o'Evnoov 6rolircroc qripo oe ivc rirouo
vqpc torooerqgtvo gioa oe pd)"tv4 oqcipo
orqv onoi,c unqqle xtv6 odpc. O l,cpwrrlqcrg
'Evtroov
gcbcle enl 40 <bpeg owel<bE.O xo-
roprgtooeogfooE rlv eqetpeoqrou xcl, r4v
Ilprrlrolpovlcr, g<ir,roe Tov aertpr,xo 6popo
rou Mtv)'oou Iloqx UtrrirorouE lkrrQrxobE
)"cpnrfpeg pnqoo, o oe 6vc n?'40oErpr,<i.rv
Oecttilv.
1ll'r<i6cov
flo vo novel tov q)'etrqtx6 lapntrlgc
lprlorpo. o Ewroov ovinrult ivc orimqpo
ncgoyroyqg llrxrprnot peupcroE ro onoio
pnopouoevo rog6ler ni.r(rQrqpoqe Frx0-
6Lqr6c nooorqreg. xcOci,rg <ii').o ptirrc tou
Drxniol tivo6crv rol dl')'o 6o6r1vcv.
'Eror
dqlLoe 4 ero1r1rou 4lrxrqr,xot go-r-
rtoporr. pr rov onoio ro ororribt r4g u-rytoE
vr,xrlOrpce.
IIPOEAEYIH TID TEAHN'ID
O Neworv ei,1ee[q14oer,rrg ncrliqgoleg urg
onordleopc tqE 6oputr.xfE 6lEqg rnE )ei'n-
qE ntivcuorrry fq. O Bperov6goorpov6poE
T(cogrl Xoouoqvr Nr<iplolrv (George
Howard Darwin, 1845-1912),6elreqog roE
rou Kripoi',orrAqq6ivou, peMr4oe l.rntope-
pdrgcut6 to 06po.
O Nrdgloulv enuorlpcve6tr, or nol.i,ppor,-
EEov!1r6vouv lrlv or<tOpqlou vegol xct to
x<ivow vo qve6oivuftro Vll.d orrE ovngo-
grx6Ecrr6E ncOti4 q |r1 r[Q[orQ6qcxqr.A1J-
ANAKA-\YIVEON 411
blpr,ouqyouvrqu64xcu peto-
rig or,xr,vrloer,g
rp6nouv 6vc greos elcq'ycr,oEnor-roqei-
""lg
l:rcr, otqv reprorpogrx4 rlvrlol rqg f4g oe
0eqp6qto.
Aur6 oqpolver,6rl q neqrotqoqrl tr6 f4E
enu6gc6rrvercru xcl q ruqlo6og owrlg r4E ne-
prorqogrlg (4 6r.<iqrcuo rqE qgegcg)crul<ive-
ror pt roi.r-r6pc6r.rpl0p6. Anlcbrl, n fn xd-
rer qrq6rcrxd6vo p6qogrqE orpogoqprlE
qE. Qot6oo, oupq<ovope tov v6po 6lcr4-
Qnons rnE orqoqoppfE, l orqogogprl 6ev
pnopel vc elaqcrvr,o0ei,.Apott t1 Iq ldver
6vc p6pog rqg orqoqoqprlg tqE, r; Xelrrlvrl
npiner vc cnoxt<i plo i,oqnoo6rrlro orqo-
qoaprlE. O c:ti.ototeqog tpr6nog1rc vc
<cr;rogqoprl0el>' orlr4 4 orpoqoppq o16 rry
Xeirrlvq elval vo onopoxquvercr, an6 r4v frl
ge nol.u cp.y6pr0p6.
Av rdrpo.go.vro.oroipr ouro ro ocv<iquo
vq. exru).i.ooerqr cvriorqoqo orov XQovo,
nqolorgtirvroE 6q1,"o6r1 rqog ro tlqq1"06v,
0c 6ooge t4v )ei"r1vq vc ni"rpu<i(eu6l'o xcrl
neploo6reqoorlv Il rcrt,rqv 6l<iqxer,ctqg
nr,vlg lgsgoE vc yi,vetcr 6iro tct, plxq6re-
on.
frc rolg ncqoncvo l6youg, o Tlrogr[
Nr<ipyour,vunoorrlpfe 6tr q >e)'rlvq crnore-
)"or-roex<inore p6poE rqg f4g xor, ener,6rl
arpr66g xcr<i tqv cq161ovqeno1rlq 11 :rc-
grorpeg6rav nolr! 1qrryopo,6vo eltorepr,x6
116 rprlpo cnoondoOrlxerqr 6y[vc n >14-
vq. H Oeupiaourrl bevlivcror 6rtrr1 o4pt-
qo, rlrav 6pr,.rEnolu evruntooroxrl ncr ev-
6ucrg6poloooqv enopl rqg.
EAKxAPINH
Ilol"Leg ovorol'"rlrperE .yi,vovrorev,el.6E ru-
'Ipc
Xala. To 1879,o Apepr.xov6Eppt1{,6g
P r i g o e v( l r a R e m s e n1. 8 4 6 - 1 9 2 7x )c t 6 v c g
golr4rrlg rou, o Kovolcvtlv @tltrpneqpc
(ConslantineFahlberg).owio.oqv grc 6voor;
nor-rovop<ilercr og0o-6evloix6-ooui.qovo-
pi6ro. To 06po 0c otopcroio )ri,,yrqxi
v6egoplolux6E evrioeugnogcoxeucilovrcr
412 ISAAC ASIMOV
qorcFdrqro rd0e 1e6vo, o OdlFrrOyra
optoE6nrye vc 6<ilrerro 6d11ru1"<i rou oro
otopa, 1<oq[gvc yv<oqiler,otr, ei1<rvnoi.],4-
oerro.vtr roug prprxoi xoxxor rqEviag 6vo-
'Epelve
o1g. 6nnl,lxtog o116r4v dvrovq yl,l-
xrd rrlg luqq.
H futooq ovop<ioO1rc.rcl,wa oaxyaqiv1,
'H'vcv
ro nq<irTo on6 tcr epnoglnd uoncr<i-
orqrd rriE (<ilcpqE nou ncqcoxtu<io0rptcv
xor nopcpevel pelqu xo.uorlpepc6vc on6 rc
qlpqvTIxoTQG.
TKANAIO
Ano rore tou o fxrtvrol'Lv ei.1eovcxd'ripel
rrg ontivuegy<rleE(6l.dre 1794),eilov e[o-
10ei clo auriE.ylipor qro bdrbxo.ororxFiq
rc onoi,o 6polcfcv no).u perolri rouE. 'Evc
otoryelo nou Oevav4xrr, oxpr,6dlEor4v oel-
pti ttov ondvlov 1cr,6v, cri.L<iryel rrop6por-
E [6r6rqrE, cvonc],upoqxe ro 1879 0'[6
rov >o!q66 1,lprx6 AaqE @p6wpr.nNiloov
(Lars FredrikNilson, 1840-1899). To ovogaoe
oxtivdto, npog rt1ti1,tqE )xov6lvc6i,cg.
O Xourl6ogXlprx6g nrQ Tdovroq KM6e
(Per TeodorCleve,1840-1905)enlor]paveli-
yo cpy6cpc 6tl or,u6r6r4rdgroo elvcLcxpr,-
6drgeneircgrou tou MevreM-
"6xo-6opioo"
yrp (61,iff 1869)xq( olr rorprdler orov ri-
acr(o.rorl rrQlo6lxotouorr]potoE,oxqu66E
otqv 06o4 rou 6xc-6opiou. Enq6xerro pa
rrp cvoxdl"urpqrou 60TeQou ororliou qfio
exetvo nou elle ngo6MrpeLo MeweLrlaq.
OoYAro, OAMro KAr EAMApro
To qxdv0ro 6v qvrpe oqv oer,prirov o:rd-
vrov 1or,tirv,To 16lo6rog 6ptlE ovord'uqOq-
tcv dl,l"o otorleic currlE qE oerptig. O KLt-
6s, nou cvcyvrilpror orr to qt{dvbtoeivo.tro
6rc-66pro (6Mne noqcrn<iv<o), o.nop6vrooe
6uo vc oroLlei.c ar[6 ofiovrS lcieg xcl
66toqxcr orq 6!o ovdpcro otcvOrvc6uxori
Xaeq)irrfqa.To npdrto r]tav to 9otl'to, xou
:trlge ro ovopri tou on6 r4v @ori)'q, rrry 6o-
geLoregrl,oupqtovc pe rouE xl.oouxorigpri-
OouE.legroXrl r4g F4E.lou or Urrqyvimr-
gol Erqulnciol rclT[oov p T1v lxov6uvc-
6io. To rii').o ro ovogqoo,lllo. ono ro 6vo-
pc 116)toxloi'pqE.
T4v l6lcr lgovL<i, o Ar{6x vr Mrouq-
l.rJ[(')vTQdv,nou i?(qvqr.d\ulrr ro ydlilro
(6i'ene 1874),evr6nloe 6v<rv6o oror,leio oe
oncvueElcrieE,to onoitoo,'t6poot oapdprc,
ener,6r;ro avqxdlup oe 6vc opr-rnt6nol
ovop<i(eroLoo1lcgzirr6. (To oquxt6, pe rqv
orgd Tou, i1s ndgcr ro ovop<irou cno
6vov xorti ro rii'l,c riyvorro P6oo pqlcvr-
xo oguleiov nou l,r16tov Xopripoxl).
@EPMOTHTAKAI AKTINoBOAIA
O Auorprax6E quorr6E ft.6(eq *dqov
(JosefStefan, 1835-1893)p.eMqoerov rg6no
1..ro1, orroio lrrlovxqr tc Oeqpd otbpctc
xct r4v noo6tqrc clrtvo6o)'icg nou sl{Jri-
pnouv. MeMrrpe 0epp<i orirporo pre6vc pr.e-
1<i)"oer-rqoE Oeqpoxqcrol6vrar, ro 1879,
atrdbrE611 4 ouvoi,lx4 crzr[vo6o]'i,cro!
exfi6prer 6r,c otirpo eival, avt ',oyq nqog tlry
terdprr; 6uvcpq rnE ar[6]t!rlE 0epoxQ(t-
atag r.ou (v6poE rou Zdqat) .
Ilcpc6eilpctog ldQrv, ov q 0Qpoxeo-
oic rvog ocir;ro.rog rprnLooroooei.cn6 r<r
1.000K oro 3.000K, I qxxwo6ollo nou x-
ndprer 0c o.uf4oeixct<i 3x3x3x3,6l|}ta8i
xard 81 qogdE. Aw{ 4 ao}"f lpriyoprl cril4-
oq qE onrvo6ol,lcrg owcgrrjoet qg 0eppo-
xpaoiog rltcv ro).ri 41ai'wepq cro t4v ari-
lqoq nou Ocrnepiptvdv oLpuotroi rct qfio-
6ei,101xe6va,nolrllrtlo tloo yro xov rrQoo-
6r,oqlop6rqg e[6],r,!r6r<ovcror6p<ov.Me o.u-
r6v rov v6po, npoo6logio0rlxr 1 urrgovera-
nr{ Oeppoxgoola rou H}.iou gr 6<ioq r4v ou-
vo)'r,rn tol orrrvo6olic x(rr 6rqrr[ol60r|x
otr,eivot 5.700K neqlaou.
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENETHMONIKON ANAKAAYTPEAN 413

TYMMHPOMATIKA
O! Zouloi, Jlo! ixov fiolp4o|,lwaiq oln, Notto AqQ[xrl xord r(l)! BQ1qv6."xo! rov Mr6Qs,tll'
'E1,c an6 ro Oipar(t flE 6Qto'
r{orprov i)rr.xri xcr ro e6ti<p4roug xcr<r},riq0qxcrv cn6 roug BpercvoriE.
vrxriErleuqdE rirov xor o <auroxeqtoerx6E reilxLro6', Eld1, Aoli zdv zoliq NoroMov (Eugene
Louis JeanJosephNapol6on,1856-1879),yroErou NoroMovra f', o o'toiog flaoart xlry 1rl Iowiou rou
1879.O Bd,',oi6qto! 66ql'rdlos orls eltii6eEYro ptq pillovrtxil ofio)(qidotoorl ,rouvoro)'tovrer,oooi,-

Xro ptraEri. o Mnioudell ee6.v,rresv( avatr iEt d,ro 6itt,rrro ouppq(ld)v tlor'rixe ororo vo StaxlQil-
oer.r4v er.privqorrry Eue6rl xa0 vo 'toeeprobiot xdge ttt0o16 q(66ro ttol fdIItDv 1.o ex6b.rpr] >ilE 7
Orro6Qiox rou 1879,n fQpovio xor I Auoleoour.yoeio ut[6yeo{o! orrpgtovoouggolictg,ro oroio 0o
ioluc eni ocpriwa o1e66v1g6vrcr.

L880

EAONOIIA oqpcvtrx6 p6l'o orr;v cotgovopi,o.To 1880,

o Nrp6unp (61'irc 1872), rou eile 6r6a10ei
H el.ovooio lvor i,orrEI rrro 6ra6e6ogavrl rrp 1pr1oqlrpriv nlcrx<irv ono rov Xclxrvg
xar Eqvrlrlr[r(n v6ooE.M6vo I ava?idl,lq'n (61'erei863), IQnorponoinoepro a6o rXvr.-
rng ?{[vivngrpr,v an6 6r.r6plouo16ov qtdJ- x4 lta vc Atorolqc9ioer ro vegdl'topc rou
1,EE JrexQlp orolS EuQ(l)rciouEvo tl(rgo- C)qi,olvcrau vc pelerrloel ro g<iopc rou.
'Hrov q
pLvouvqrouErQorlLriouE. npdrrq gog<i rou porolpcgll6tov
To 1880,o ttti',)'og lrorp6E )cpl'-Aoul- 6vo vepl,opc.
Ai',rp6vgAc6eg<iv (Charles-Louis-Alphonse To gdqpq ror.rQpi<rrvcr xcr66er,le 6rr,
Laveran, 1845-1922)cnop6v<ooe rov pr?iQo- eirq6xeLro1u<r6vc wqoE ox6vqExor cepiorv
oplavuopo nou ngoxcLri r4v slovooiq riqr, :tou gorrllerau crn6 codqeg nol undqlow
rrQogl.rydtrl 6xr)"q!1 6hrrl,,,aro6i.1Olxe oTo eoo, eprx6 rou, @o r]rcv qloln6 vo 0e-
6rr,6ev rlrcv 6o.xrrlp[o qtr]d rQcoxoqcoo (po- togrloer,xoveiE 611 6)'a ra vepeldlpotcr
vor0rrogog oqycvrop6g rorl 6d0re uerl- 61ouv ror i,0ro lcpoxr1qc, <r)J'ti p6oc oe
vc).'Hrcv o rQ6roE ro0olovog oplcrvl- ocpdvro xpovtc onobeil0rllt ort undgxow
op6Enou 6evr;rav 6axrrlglo. oqpcrwlx6rcrege!cr,p6oelE.
fro rlv qvqrd),Wn ror, o Aa6epav rlpr]-
0q2ip ro 6qc6elo N6pneL (Drorol.oylog EEIEMOTPA@OI
x(tr Iqrelr(Ylsro 1907.
Al,l,<i xnr dTrl,ou6arctlprol"6'/or eiXqv H lptirr4 :rpoorciOrq yucrrqv xalooxeroil
EvroJriorLno0o'y6voug plxqooglcvr"o;roug. pro.gouoxeu{Enou vo perq<ir4v evrco1
Ilcpc6eiyporog ligrv, ro 1880, o fQpqv6E 'to:v oeuoptirvei.1eyi,vel cn6 tov llo)'pl6gt,
'Epmpr (Karl (6Mre 1855).To 1880xqrqqreudoqxeo
6cxqpr.oL6yog Kcg?' fi6[ep
JosephEberth, 1835-1,926)cvcntrl,urpe rov rgdrroE o[rplpovog otropoyptiqoq. a:lo ro,t
6<irl)'l,onou rqoxcrLtl tov rrgoel6rl nuper6. Bqetcv6 yetoi'"6yoT(tov Mr.)'v (John Milne,
1850-1913). Enq6xclro, ororcrorrrcr,1uo6vc
oprl6wlo extpeplg, ro ivcr tinqo rou oroiou
OS}TOI PAOHEH NEOEAAMAMN
rq,cv orcOepti ronoOerqgtvo oe 6vo 6gcltil-
Ka0tirg q p60o6oErlg gorrolpagi,cg ele),ro- 6eg on6orqopo.'Otov ro 66crgog6ovor-
o6rov, riplloe va noi,lel 6vov 6l,o xcr nro vrov elolricE el6E oelopou,r; xiv4oq xcrc-
414 ISAAC ASIMOV

yedg6xov rov(l) o 6vo rlsQrorQrcp6[ao xu- 0uop6Eoulov6rcv ouvelcirgxol oe xcOe

p{.rvo ano pra nivd ()rdr dQYoTrQddrro onolqoqrl ra eqorqpato),oT,c reqLrl.tip6o-
'Exor,
Urd olcrivo gurrocJ.O Mr),v tono0irqoc rvc vov 6l"o xor mploo6repegeporlorg.
6i,xrro oer,opoypoqtov oTqv Icnc'.rvi.crt'<ruoe ol nlrpogogieE rot' ouynevtp6vovtov rl, ov
ril,trc p6p4rou x6opou, elxcrvrnlovrcg 6Tou 16oo nol.l"ig riore lper<tlovrav otroxlqgcr
uy o"irg7'po.vnoercpoAoy/a. 1p6vrn 1lc rry ereleq1oolc roq.
O Apepr.rav6geqeuq6rrlgX6qptrv X6orl"-
Lrprr (HermanHollerith,1860-1929), nou sQ-
IAAOAINIO
1a(6rov or4v oto, ro, Lx4ur;peoio., opl,oe
O MqQ[vrdr, fio! i1eovcrxa].urpel ro tndp- on6 ro 1880flg wqooncoercg1!o v(r 6per
6r,o(6l,6ne1878),oaalidLuq,ero 18806vq 6vor xcl"rltepo rp6no ^ylcrr1v xcrclpaqrl
cr6pq 1qprx6 otor,lei,ocr6 r4v oerpti rtov rtov 6e6opi:vtor.
onavuorvlctcbv. To otoulei,o ovopoo0rpre Xp4orponolqoeOrcrqrpegxo.gmg,raq6-
ya6o7[vto, npog ruprlv rou fildvrotrrv, totr poreEpe exei,veg 'couZaxap (6l6ne 1801)
enuorqporc wou eile ovoxcri"rrryeltlg ond- xol rou Mr<iprr.rl (6 int. 1822).KqOtide-
vr.eg^yoieE (6Mne 1?94). tc, <rvd?"o1o pe tovTp6no trlE 6l<irpqo4g
rqg, ncrriypcge brticpopo6e6op6vonou ri-
A'YNEIAHTo 1ov ouyxevrptrroeixcro rqv <rno1qaqr1.
'Eror,
un1qlov rgtneg oe xcrtti)"1.41,a oq-
T o 1 8 8 0 ,o A u o r q L a x 6 gl L c t q o g l r o l e g ;reIcr, notr cvrunpoorbneucv to gr-ri',o,t4v
Mnp6uq (JosefBreuer,1842-1925)66104xe r1}r,uxicr, ro enciryel,poxoL outto xcoel1E.
r 4 v e n i o n e r p 4u r q E v i t r g c o 0 t v o r i g . r q v fro vo vororl0olv nor vcr qrcl.uOoiv
onoin ovop<iler,<Av!o O> otc 6q1c or. H T 6l.egou#E or nl,rpogopieE,or rdQreErorro-
oo0evrlgorrrl 6nao1eon6 6r"<igopeg grrlo- OeT olvtqv oe pLoer,6lxrltrro6op1, 6nou ru6-
l"oyrx6g6rorcpolig, o.rrg onoleg oupnepr- lovtov o:16 prn perol,l.rxr16rciro[q. H 6L<i-
i'np6nvoror pro n<rqo6lx4ncr.odllor1xor 1 rc!1 eile no),Mg <rxlbeE,ol onoieg or.ryxqo-
r,rlap[l pl0g crnoowoebepevlgnpooconlx6- rouvrnv crn6 rqv x<tqrc, crl,l,<iora orlpei,o
rrFdE. onol cmi ei,1e6lctpq0ei, r1oni6c neprotoe
O Mng6r-reqbroniotcooe6rr, 6tov 6nel0e on6 rqv rpuno xcl <r111!er4v enrq<ivelo
rqv ao0ev4vo ogry40ei rrg g<rvrcorrirocrg lrraEnooor4rcE r-r6pap'yripou lou urrlpp
tqg, pegLx6E gopfE pe trlv 6ofgerc rqE cuo xciru. Torr 6Lrqx6rcv 4kxrptop<ic pi
rirvoo49. rc ouprntti-rpcrr<i r4g unolroqou- oa an6 rqv orryrexpr,pdwlaxi6c, o onolog
ocv.'Exo[ rcrr6],q!eoro oupn6pcopc 6tr xr,vouorov xcrrrilrlrrl),o6eLrrq. Or xcigreE
rtinol<r oqpcrvtr<i crirrq cltdlv tov 6lclo- : r r p v o r i o c vy e r c r l i r 4 r a q n o r I V U l x d v 4
pc16v 6pioxovral evoorprtrrtopern oro oorr- n < r ro r p r p r o r i E t r u v p 4 l o v q p d r u v x o r d
veiblto xor 6tl q orwel6r1tr1 6lcnrntoorl roug lqcg<rv crd.6g totrEopl0polE nou 6er1vov
prc).rfrrg 6iverorov coOcv4rqv 6woror4rc oubeirreg.
11E0eponei,cg. H xpior.pq bLcrpopciovcipeoo orr,ErlQo-
onnoemgto! X6otrl,).eplrxcl To! Mncpnl-
HAEKTPOMHXANIKOT rl lrov 6ru o X6oul,).eprre[1eorqv 6xi0eorl
'Etot
YnOAOIITTID rou rov 4l.txrpro;ro. cvrnrufr rvov
1Aextpop4yavmdxor 6p crtrdrg drvovpqlcr-
Or croypagig ri,4OuopouorrE Hvtr[ivec vr.xo lrnol"oYrc r'1.
fIo).r,teLego6lyouotrv otqv olyx6vrptoorl Aplorepc, o X6oltrL.eprri8pr-roepLoeror-
ev6g ollovoperol 6yxol ororleior. O nl.1- qeic nou erburcelotcvorrp llo.Iooxtrrlx.d0
 TO XPONIKO TAN ENI'THMONIKC2N
i6o!E F.lxqvqpdr(l)v TLo roa XsrQLopd?iar
llv dvoiluol n).IeoeoQr6v. Aurrl r; etcr-
peic e!e)'i1Orpeafiry InternationalBusiness
MachinesCorporation, a\v y!.rori I B M .
@OPTI'MENET
KAoOAIKE' AKTINET
Exelvq rqv e:ropi,6ev eile 6ueuxprvro0ei
oxopl 4 grio4 rov xcr0o6lndlvqxrivoJv,
orrg onoleE [Ie 6drorro 6vo;.r<itoug o
fx6l.vroroiv (6Mne i876). Tc negroo6cqc
[rQdporo F roeouoovvc efrryqOouvelioou
lxcvonouqrlxd e[Te ov Oe<lpouoe xavig ol,
ou xo0obuxlE crxriwg eivcu plo popg1 f'r-
xrpopcrlv4rtx4g cxrrvo6oLi.o.E,6nurg ro
qtoE,eiTs av 0e<rrpouoe orr lqoxerrcr 1ua
plo gorl ooporl6i,crlv.
To eg6rqpc eler<ioOrpeon6 rov Kpoutg
(6Mne 186i), o onoiog, ro 1875,rrv6rlo n#oerg.
6vov otoi',1vcrxevori rc).ucpo on6 rov orrl-
)'r1v<rroo fx<ir.oLrp(6Mre 1855).
To 1880,lqrplponor6vroE rov 6rx6 rol
otol,{vc, o KgolxE cn66er,!eoru ol rq0o6t-
n6Eoxri.vegxrvouvrqr oe uoeialQoppli xor
plpow oxLdgpe erxplvdErrQlyeqppo.Eni
rl.rov, 61ouv rqv 6rwcrdrqrcr vc :r.eplorg6- o4, eppcvi,ler rli\xrQ[xl rdol oao d].Qd
rlouv 6vqv prxQ6 TeoI6, orolJ orroi.ourliv
pio rltup<i npooninrow. Atrila xt auriE or
:ropoqprloelg 6ev er6TQrldvvq reoo6loQl-
o0e[ pe 6e6al6r4ro 4 qroq rov xq0o6lztitv
c}(rivov.
O KpouxEopurEcnfberEeeriolE orr rvcE
pqyvqrrg reor.olri, ncqcp6ggotoq rrg rpo-
ltdg rurv xcoobtxcirv qxriv(l)v 1{,cLdJro rrlv x6g xuv4oetErou xpuorcil"l.or bqpLouq.youv
xoxuOuvol rr;g napopoggroo4g qrcv 66-
6crro6u or cxri.vegcuxdE1rtrcrpdQorrv aevl-
rLrcolLenrqln6 goqTio. Aeou eivaLtr6rivtr-
Iov 6vo x6xotogoerio va p"ercq6perclon6
nlxleolldyvrlruxo xupcrrc, o Kponxg xar6-
l,qle oro olpn6poopo orr ou xq0o6[x6E
cxlivE i,vdr,orqv ngclporlx6r4ro, pr,c
porl qLetrpr,x<igoqtroF;vov ooporr6iov.
To oup:ripoopc cur6 enl6e6crudl0rlrc an6
oLtErr,E;-r.er6nelrc6peuveE.
ANAKAAYTYEON 475
Yq'HAH IITEEH
Ou enlorrlpoveg, cplli,lovrtrg an6 tov
Mn6tr). (6l.ene 1662), eLyo,r71p1orpo:torrloer
rqv fiiorl yra ro BLrrioouvrqv otpnieorl
Torv oepi.<ov 6noE eile
f, 1lver,orqv nepi,-
rroroq rou <Dtipovrij,
y[q vq u/Qorornoow
6r<i9oqcorprc (6Mm 1823).
C)orooo, o fdll,oE qlorx6E Epil' Il'aip
Apoynti (Emile Hilaire Amagat, 1841-1915)
rpcv o nqdrroElou npoontiO4oevo enrru;ru
rrollJ uVnME fi[do[gltor vc pe].errloeur4v
orlpreplgoqd xtov ulrr6! x dlo ord cITEE
ttE owOr1xrg.Aqlroe rc nrQdpard rou ro
1880 xcl 1qr].yopc?.or6e0oo vc erutuleu
tliol 3.000or;rooqorptirv.H li.eo4 ourr;
cnot6].eqe6vo gex6q x(rl 60eoxo 0F.6).ro
yrq r[E aewEnol 0o oxo],otootocv oTug
en6peveg6er<reriegpe o16p4 rrpql.6repeE
IIIEZOHAEKTPI'MoT
To 1880,o ftil.),oE lqprx6E IIu6p Kloupi
(Pierre Curie. l85q-1906)rpooefe 6rr cv
6vcg nqriorcrl'i'oglolqqlo uro6ll0i. os ni-
Iou. Avxioreogo, ov oro dnQc ro! ?iQ!-
or<tl.i,or eqcppoo0eI llexrpun4 rdoq, o
xpriorc),i',ogouprriErar, oov vc 661ercr
nioq. Av 1 f'exrqLxrl tcoq perc6oi,i\ercr,
p yoQ./6 QU0p6,o rpooroi"l.og ouor6lfurcru
xqL 6laor6l,1ToloxoLo!06vxoE rov qu0p6
T
;rtro6o)'r1g ol 6wcrplxor-r. Ar,'r6Eor, rcl.pl-
qlqtr,x<irdpcro, to onoic 6po4 61ow :rol,u
upll,l oqv6lnra xor 1' cw6 6ev onor-r"yo-
1,roL.'EroL o KLouqi eile (tvaxqi!illreu6',ov
tg6no ya rrp :tapcyttryil wrcpqy4ttx<br,6o-
vtloeanr,
O reonog ge rov onoio 6qgroupyowrcr
our6g or 6ovrloer,E-1 c).Lr1l'eni6pcoqtqg
rdo<rrE'car rrg nlsxrpmrrlg rdoe<og-ovopti-
lerol z rclotlTextptopdg. Or xpuorcL)'or, ror-r
61ow nr,e(oql:rrpLx.6E r6L6qteg arortrouv