CHARGED ROTATING BLACK HOLE IN A FIVE-DIMENSIONAL ADS

SPACETIME

A research seminar presented to

the Department of Physical Sciences of Universidad Andres Bello

Santiago, Chile

Advisor

Rodrigo Olea, Ph. D.

by

Felipe Daz-Martnez

December 2016

c 2016

Felipe Daz-Martnez

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

ii
 Abstract

In this work we study the conserved quantities of charged rotating black hole

solution that comes from the addition of a Chern-Simons term to the Einstein-

Maxwell action in five dimensions. We obtain the right conserved quantities by

adding boundary terms that only depends on the extrinsic curvature, and this

are called Kounterterms. The addition of the Chern-Simons term will modify

the Maxwell equations and the definition of charge but not the Einstein field

equations.

Also a study of the standard black hole thermodynamics its given in this work

with the Kounterterms method.

iii
 Acknowledgments

I want to thanks to my whole family and friends for the support and good

moments throw this years, specially to my mom and grandmother for always be

both there.

Also a special acknowledge to my advisor not only for the infinite patience at the

moment to help me to understand such a beautiful theory as gravity and all that

this implies, but also for all the long talks about music, life, and physics.

iv
Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 AdS spacetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Regularization of the action 6

2.1 Holographic renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Kounterterms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Conserved Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 Even Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.2 Odd Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 Black hole Thermodynamics 14

3.1 First law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 Smarr-type relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Wick rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 The action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5 AdS black holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.1 Static black hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.2 Even dimensions D = 2n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5.3 Odd dimensions D = 2n + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.6 Charged black hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 Eisntein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons action 27
4.1 Modified Maxwell Equations and Electric Charge . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Black Hole Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3 Conserved Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

v
5 Conclusion 35

Bibliography 37

bibliography 37

A Conventions 38

B Spacetime foliations 39

C Einstein Maxwell action 41

D Variational principle 43

E Einstein tensor 48

vi
Chapter 1

Introduction

In the last two decades, the study of the higher dimensional gravity theory

has increases drastically with the conjecture proposed by Maldacena almost 20

years ago [1], which relates theories that lives a gravity theory that lives in a

anti-de Sitter spacetime on the bulk with a strongly coupled quantum theory as

that lives at the boundary.

By the gauge/gravity theory, a non-perturbative description in a classical limit

can be given, and the study of black holes plays a fundamental rolb
e [2]. The

study of the thermodynamics of Kerr-AdS black holes can be mapped to that of

dual CFTs residing on a rotating Einstein universe [3]. And also applications

as condensed matter systems, superconductors, quantum phase transitions, rela-

tivistic hydrodynamics, etc, has been founded by the application of the AdS/CFT

correspondence.

After the Einstein field equations, Swarzschild gives the most general spherically

symmetric, vacuum solution of this equations [4], and they have a singularity at

r = 2GM/c2 (from now on we are going to use natural units ~ = c = 1 from

now on) which its called the Schwarzschild radius, and this solutions was not

1
take it seriously by the scientific community because of this singularity point

until S. Chandrasekhar find that a star with the enough mass could end up into

this objects. But in the observable universe the objects are almost all of them

rotating, and find a general rotating solution to the Einstein field equations was

given by Roy Kerr. [5] but took more than 40 years, this by the complexity of

the algebra behind, because the metric has non-diagonal components and there

is not spherical symmetry. And for a AdS spactime the general Kerr metric in

any dimensions was obtained in [5], and the number of rotating angles increases

as the number of dimensions increases. The number of azimuthal angles i is the

integer part of [D 1/2].

Another importat fact is that in 1968 John Wheeler, says that the black hole are

fully described only for the angular momenta, electric charge and the mass, which

its called no hair theorem, and a charged rotating black hole was founded in the

Kerr-Newman metric, which its a solution of the Einstein-Hilbert action with the

addition of the Maxwell action, but this only has been found in four dimensions.

For higher dimensions has not been found yet [6]. Instead of it Chong, Cvetic and

Pope found a general non-extremal charged rotating black hole in five dimensions

[7], this by adding a Chern-Simons term to the action, and this correspond to

the bosonic sector of a minimally gauged supergravity theory.

1.1 AdS spacetime

The anti-de Sitter spacetime, correspond to a maximally symmetric Lorentzian

manifold, that its a solution of the Einstein field equations if we use a negative

cosmological constant. Current astronomical observations says that our universe

its actually expanding [?], and could even expand forever. But we are interested

2
in the study of a contracting spacetime, becaus of the AdS/CFT correspondence.

Now let us consider the most general (d+1)-dimensions metric with Poincare

invariance in d-dimensions

ds2 = 2 (z) dt2 + dxi dxi + dz 2

(1.1)

where the coordinate z correspond to the extra dimension, xi = (x1 , , xd1 )

and (z) is the function of z to be determined. Now is the theory is conformal

invariant, then we can do the following transformation

(t, xi ) (t, xi ), z z (1.2)

then if we impose invariance of the metric we obtain that the function (z) must

transform in the opposite way

(z) 1 (z) (1.3)

which fixes the function

`
(z) = (1.4)
z

where ` is a constant. Then the metric reads

`2
ds2 = 2 i 2


dt + dxi dx + dz (1.5)
z2

and this correspond to the line element of the AdSd+1 spacetime, where `2 its a

global factor which its the AdS radius.

d+1
X
x20 + x2d+1 + x2i = `2 (1.6)
i=1

The boundary of the AdS spacetime its located at z = 0, which its where the

metric its singular at that point, this means that we must introduce some reg-

ularization procedure in order to define quantities in the AdS boundary. This

3
metric its a exact solution of the Einstein field equations. To obtain the value of

the cosmological constant, lets take the trace of the Einstein equations

1
R Rg = g
2 (1.7)
d+1
R = g R = 2
d1
now inserting this into the Einstein equations we obtain that the Ricci tensor its

proportional to the metric

2
R = g (1.8)
d1

now if we compute the Ricci tensor of the global AdS metric (Eq. 1.1) we obtain

d
R = g (1.9)
`2

now comparing (1.1) and (1.1) we obtain the value of the cosmological constant

d(d 1)
= . (1.10)
2`2

The Weyl tensor is defined as

1
W =R ( R R R
(d 1)
(1.11)
R []
+ R ) + []
d(d 1)

if we put the curvature terms in the weyl tensor we obtain

1 d []
W =R 2
( + ) + []
(d 1)` (d 1)
(1.12)
1 []
W =R + 2 []
`
now as we are asking for a local conformally flat metric, this implies that the

Weyl tensor must vanish

1 []
W = R + =0 (1.13)
`2 []

4
and this generate the condition to have a Asymptotically local anti-de Sitter

spacetime, which its for any dimensions D 4 and that its that the curvatures

goes to be a negative constant

1 []
R + 0 (1.14)
`2 []

5
Chapter 2

Regularization of the action

It is well know that the Einstein-Hilbert action has not a well defined Hamil-

ton variational principle and a boundary term that does not contribute to the

equations of motion must be added (See Appendix D), by asking for this well

defined principle Gibbons and Hawking found that this term must be a bound-

ary term proportional to the extrinsic curvature in order to not depend in any

form of the manifold metric and not contribute to the Einstein field equations

[8]. Defining D = d + 1 the action reads

Z Z
1 d+1 1
IEH + IGHY = d x g (R 2) + dd x hK (2.1)
16G 8G
M M

here, the hij its the metric tensor of the induced metric and K its the trace of

the extrinsic curvature K = K ij hij . The addition of this term gives an action

with a well defined action principle and also gives a contribution to the Mass

term in the Smarr-type relations for the static black hole. Anyhow the actions

has divergences as was showed before, this because of the infinite volume of the

AdS spacetime, eve with the addition of the Gibbons-Hawking-York term, so an

extra term must be added in order to fix this problem.

6
2.1 Holographic renormalization

A detailed procedure scheme was given by Skenderis and Henningson in

Ref.[?], this is knowed as the holographic renormalization procedure, and this

considers a general form of the metric for any asymptotically Ads spacetime

(AAdS), so first a decomposition of the metric must be given on this form

`2 2 1
ds2 = g dx dx = 2
d + gij (, x)dxi dxj (2.2)
4

where `2 its the AdS radius and correspond to the radial coordinate of the

manifold M, whose boundary its located at = 0, this is a particular case of the

Gauss-Normal coordinates (Appendix B). The intention of this decomposition of

the metric its the understanding of the boundary metric gij that in the context

of AdS/CFT correspond to the conformal structure of the boundary. Then this

boundary metric accepts a regular expansion of the type

gij (, x) = g(0)ij (x) + g(1)ij (x) + 2 g(2)ij (x) + ... (2.3)

where g(0)ij (x) is a given initial value for the metric. So the idea its solve the

Einstein equations in this frame and reconstruct the boundary spacetime in order

to determine the gm coefficients (which contains m derivatives of xi ).

By following this procedure, this counterterms method propose a regularization

scheme that consist in the addition to the Dirichlet action of local functionals

of the boundary metric hij , the intrinsic curvature of the boundary Rij
kl and

covariant derivatives of the boundary Riemman curvture tensor m Rij

kl , then the

regularized action takes the form

Z Z
1 d+1 1
I= d x g (R 2) dd x hK
16G 8G
M M
Z
(2.4)
+ dd x hLct (h, R, R)
M

7
in the AdS spacetime, the cosmological constant takes a negative value. In this

scheme, using the ADM descomposition (See Apendix B) Balasubramanian and

Kraus where able to obtain a regularized stress tensor in the AdS spacetime [?],

using the Brown-York quasilocal energy momentum tensor definition [?], and its

background independent. The Brown-York definition of the energy momentum

tensor comes from a Hamiltonian formulation of General relativity, this is also

called Quasilocal stress tensor and its very similar than the standard definition

of the energy momentum tensor, then

2 I
ij = (2.5)
h hij
An arbitrary variation of this action reads
Z  
d ij Lct
I = E.O.M + d x + hij (2.6)
hij
M

where ij is the momentum conjugated to hij

I 1
ij = h Khij K ij


0
= (2.7)
h ij 16G
This methods provides a way to obtain the vacuum energy of the AdS spacetime,

that can not be obtained on background depending methods. But the problem

with this scheme is that a closed expression for any dimensions its now known,

also the number of terms and derivatives increases with the number of dimen-

sions of the theory, then its extremely hard to obtain this counterterms for higher

dimensions, by this a natural question arise: Is there another regularization pro-

cedure that its closed in any dimensions for AdS spacetime?.

2.2 Kounterterms

As see it before a different scheme to regularize the action its needed, for this

we use the knwoledge given in Section 1.2 about the Ads spacetime.

8
Let us consider an action with negative cosmological constant with an extra

boundary term

Z Z
1 d+1
I= d x g (R 2) + cd dd x Bd (2.8)
16G
M M

we can see that this actions does not have the Gibbons-Hawking-York term,

instead only has a boundary term with a fixed coupling constant cd that must be

determined.

Using the Gauss normal coordinate frame (See Apendix B), that its a radial

foliation of the metric

ds2 = g dx dx = N 2 (r)dr2 + hij dxi dxj (2.9)

where the latin indices now are the spacetime without the radial coordinate and

N (r) its called the lapse function.

To obtain the extrinsic curvature we need to see how evolves the boundary metric

in the foliated normal coordinate, this corresponds to the Lie derivative of the

boundary metric in the radial coordinate

1 0
Kij = h (2.10)
2N ij

where the prime denotes a radial partial derivative.

Now the addition of a term that regularize the action and does not contribute to

the equations of motions that its independent free was given in Ref.[gr-qc/9909015]

that correspond to the addition of the Euler term to the action, which its a topo-

logical invariant of the theory, this means that does not contribute to the equation

of motions. For the 3+1 gravity, the Euler terms its quadratic int the curvature,

this correspond to the Gauss-Bonnet term


Z
1
d4 x g R 2 + R R 4R R + R2


I4 = (2.11)
16G
M

9
where its a constant that can be fixed by asking a well defined variational

principle and by this the constant takes the value = `2 /4. Actually if we

extend this action to a static black hole solutions and ask for a finite Smarr-type

relation, its the same value the one that regularize it.

M 4 r3 4
G = 1 I E = (1 + 2 ) T S + lim 2
(1 2 ) (2.12)
2 ` r+ 4G` `
`2
Then, to obtain the right thermodynamics its = 4
.

In Ref.[?] a closed expression for even dimension was given by adding a boundary

term as in the equation (2.8), and this where obtained by giving the condition

that the spacetime has a constant negative curvature at the boundary

1 []
R + 0 (2.13)
`2 []

on M. This is an asymptotic local condition but does not impose any further

restriction on the global topology of the solution, and this condition is satisfied

both by point objects and extended objects.

With this conditions and using Gauss-Codazzi relations (See Apendix B), the

counterterms obtained for even dimensions D = 2n

1
Z [i ...i ] j1 1 j2 j3
B2n1 (R, K, h) =2n h dt[j11 ...j2n12n1 ]
Ki1 ( Ri2 i3 (h) t2 Kij22 Kij33 )
2
0 (2.14)
 
1 j2n2 j2n1 2 j2n2 j2n1
... R (h) t Ki2n2 Ki2n1
2 i2n2 i2n1

where a radial foliation was applied and the latin indices are spacetime without

the radial coordinate, and the fixed constant

1 (`2 )n1
c2n1 = (2.15)
16G n(2n 2)!

which its known as the Chern n-th term, which his full derivative its proportional

to the Euler term.

10
Unfortunately for odd dimensions there is not a topological invariant of the Euler

kind, so a different method must be used.

The Kounterterm for odd dimensions D = 2n+1 was obtained in Ref.[?] by asking

the same conditions, which actually gives the right vacuum energy because it is

a background free method. The Kounterterms in odd dimensions are

Z1 Zt
n [j ...j ] i1 i2 i 3 i4 i i
B2n = 2n2 h dt ds[i11...i2n
2n 2n1 2n
] Kj1 j2 Fj3 j4 (t, s) Fj2n1 j2n (t, s) (2.16)
2
0 0

Where
s2 [ij]
Fklij (t, s) = Rij
kl t 2
(Kki Klj Kkj Kli ) + 2 [kl] (2.17)
`
And the coupling constant
1 1
2 n1 Z
1 (` ) dt(1 t2 )n1
c2n = (2.18)
16G n(2n 1)!
0

So the Kounterterms only depends on intrinsic curvature of the boundary R(h)

and the extrinsic curvature K in even and odd dimensions, that is why they have

been called Kounterterms

2.3 Conserved Quantities

As its known by the N

other theorem, if a system has a differentiable symmetry

then there is a conservation law associated to that symmetry [?] and a conserved

current can be found and intermediately a conserved charge. As we include

a boundary term to the action, the conserved charges will be modified by the

variation of the Kounterterm. To obtain the conserved charges we can do a

timelike foliation of the boundary spacetime M giving a co-dimension 2-surface

(see Apendix B).

The obtained expression can be separated from what its proportional to the AdS

11
curvature and what its not for Einstein spacetimes, giving the following expression

Z  
Q[] = dd1 y uj i qij + q(0)i
j
(2.19)

j
where its a Killing vector associated to the symmetry, and q(0)i will only exist

in even dimensions, because for even dimensions the quantities are completely

proportional to the AdS curvature, and in odd dimensions will lead us to the

vacuum energy of the AdS spacetime.

As the boundary term is defined differently for even and odd dimensions, the

conserved charges also differ for different dimensions.

2.3.1 Even Dimensions

For even dimensions D = 2n the charge takes the form

1 [jj2 ...j2n1 ] i1
h
[i2 i3 ] [i2n2 i2n1 ] i2n2 i2n1
i
qij = 2 n1 i2 i3
K [j2 j3 ] [j2n2 j2n1 ] (` ) Rj2 j3 Rj2n2 j2n1
16G(2n 2)!2n2 [i1 ...i2n1 ] i
(2.20)

which can be totally expressed in terms of the AdS curvature, and as was ex-
j
plained before there is not an extra term q(0)i for even dimensions.

2.3.2 Odd Dimensions

In odd dimensions the charge takes the form


j 1 [jj1 ...j2n1 ] k i1 1 [i i ] [i i2n1 ]
qi = 2n2 [ki1 ...i2n1 ] Ki j1 [j22 j33 ] [j2n2
2n2 j2n1 ]
2 16G(2n 1)!
1
u2 [i2 i3 ] u2 [i2n2 i2n1 ]
Z    
i2 i3 i2n2 i2n1
+ nc2n du Rj2 j3 + 2 [j2 j3 ] Rj2n2 j2n1 + 2 [j2n2 j2n1 ]
` `
0
(2.21)

12
and
Z1
u2 [i2 i3 ]
 
j nc2n [jj1 ...j2n1 ] k i1 k i1

i2 i3 2 i3 i2 i2 i3
q(0)i = 2n2 [ki1 ...i2n1 ] du u Ki j1 + Kj1 i Rj2 j3 u (Kj2 Kj3 Kj2 Kj3 ) + 2 [j2 j3 ]
2 `
0
u2 [i2n2 i2n1 ]
 
i2n2 i2n1 2 i2n2 i2 n1 ii2n1 i2n1
Rj2n2 j2n1 u (Kj2n2 Kj2 n1 Kj2n2 Kj2 n1 ) + 2 [j2n2 j2n1 ] .
`
(2.22)

And now we have the expressions for even and odd dimensions for the conserved

quantities, which for the spatial Killing vectors gives the Mass and vacuum energy

for the time like Killing vector, and the correct angular momenta for the angular

related Killing vectors.

Also the U (1) gauge symmetry A = , will lead us to the definition of the

electric charge Q as a conserved charge, but as this symmetry is related to the

gauge potential, the Kounterterms will not modify this definition.

13
Chapter 3

Black hole Thermodynamics

A black hole its formed by the gravitational collapse of matter or radiation,

but as we see the black hole thermodynamics its fully described only by the mass,

electric charge and angular momenta by the no hair theorem. Then we do not

mind about what was the object that finish it as a black hole, but we could have

an idea of what was before by the entropy that we can study at the horizon.

Bekenstein-Hawking [?] shows that the entropy must be fully described just by

the Area of the black hole and not his volume

Area
SBH = . (3.1)
4G

The can have of a system, but in black hole thermodynamics what does this

means?, for this we must first understand what does the Hawking temperature

its. Hawking shows that if quantum fluctuations creates near the horizon of a

black hole, one of the created particles can pass the horizon but the other one

may remain out of it, creating a radiation of particles and making the decrease

of the total energy of the black hole [?]. The hawking temperature its

TH = (3.2)
2

14
where is the surface gravity of the horizon. As the horizon its a null surface

and the killing vector is normal to the horizon then

|r=r+ = 0. (3.3)

where its the Killing vector, for a five dimensional rotating black hole its

= t + a + b (3.4)

where a and b are the angular velocities at the horizon associated to the

and angles respectively, which are constants. The general metric of the five

dimensional rotating black hole is of the form

ds2 = gtt dt2 + grr dr2 + g d2 + g d2 + g d 2 + gt dtd + gt dtd (3.5)

then

= gtt + 2gt a + 2gt b g 2a g 2b (3.6)

this quantity evaluated at the horizon must be zero, but if not we can write it as

a constant on the horizon [?]

= 2 (3.7)

and there it is known that exist a function that satisfy the follwing equation

2 = 2


(3.8)
2 = 2

where its the surface gravity at the horizon.

The entropy can be interpreted as the entanglement information of the particle

and virtual particle created near the horizon, if that is the case we can have

actual information of what is behind the horizon.

15
3.1 First law

To obtain the First law of black hole thermodynamics lets consider the Hawk-

ing temperature
2
q2
 
2 r+
f (r+ ) = k d2 + 2 + 2(d2) (3.9)
r+ ` r
varying at both sides of the equation
1 2q
r f 2 (r+ )r+ = d2
+ q (3.10)
r r2(d2)
16G M
where = (d1)V ol(d1 )
its an integration constant that gives the mass informa-

tion of the system and Q2 = 2(d 1)(d 2)(q/8G)2 is the electric charge in an

arbitrary dimension. Then

d2
r f 2 (r+ ) V ol(d1 )r+ (d 1)V ol(d1 ) q
r+ = M q (3.11)
4 4G 8G r
we can easily identify the Hawkings temperature at the left hand side of the

equation. Now lets vary the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy

V ol(d1 ) d1
S= r+
4G (3.12)
V ol(d1 ) d2
S = (d 1)r+ r+
4G
which we can see that its also in the left hand side of the above equation and

see that the electrostatic potential difference between horizon and infinity is =

Q/r+ and we obtain the First law of black hole thermodynamics for the static

charged black hole

M = Q T S (3.13)

In the same procedure we can obtain the first law for the charged rotating black

hole that will add the angular momenta and the electric potential gets modify by

the rotation parameters

M = Q + J T S (3.14)

where is the angular velocity at the horizon

16
3.2 Smarr-type relations

Its been shown that we can do an approximation of the Euclidean action to

be the partition function of the black hole, and have a equation to relate the

value of the Euclidean action with thermodynamics variables, in this way

E
Z eI = eG T I E = E T S + Q (3.15)

where E its the internal energy of the black hole, that its fully related with the

Mass of it, and the vacuum energy, its the electric potential, Q its the electric

charge, S is the entropy at the horizon and T its the Hawkings temperature.

For this we first must obtain the Euclidean action, for this we must use a Wick

rotation.

3.3 Wick rotation

The static black hole solution of the Einstein equations has a conical deficit

at r+ , to fix this we have to work a little bit the metric to avoid it. To do this

we use the Wick rotation of the time coordinate t i . And in the coordinate

set x = (t, r , m ) the line element takes the following form

ds2 = g (x)dx dx = f 2 (r)d 2 + f 2 (r)dr2 + r2 d2d1 (3.16)

with d2d1 = mn ()dm dn .

The next step is to take a small  such that r > r+ then r = r+ +  To smooth

out the origin, we make a Taylor expansion around r+ of the metric function

f 2 (r)

 1 
f 2 (r) 1 + r f 2 (r)r+  + r2 (f 2 (r))2 r+ 2 + ... (3.17)
2!

17
But 2 is too small so 2 0. To study the conical deficit, we do not need the

angular elements, so were going to forget them for a while. The metric takes the

form:
1 2
ds2 1 + r f 2 (r+ ) d 2 + 1 + r f 2 (r+ )
  
d (3.18)
4(1+r f 2 (r+ ))
Making a change of variables 2 = (r f 2 (r+ ))2
and = 21 r f 2 (r+ )

ds2 2 d2 + d 2 (3.19)

Tho avoid this conical deficit

 
4
[0, 2] 0, (3.20)
r f 2 (r+ )
And this is defined as the Euclidean period. Hawking shows that the Euclidean

period is the inverse of the Hawking Temperature.

Then the inverse of the Euclidean period is defined as the Hawkings temperature
r f 2 (r+ )
1 = T = (3.21)
4
Using the Wick rotation, now we can use the Schwarzschild solution with no prob-

lem at the origin, and using the Euclidean period as the inverse of the Hawkings

Temperature.

3.4 The action

Working the Einstein-Hilbert action we obtain

Z
1
I= dd+1 x g [R 2]
16G
M

 
1 1 2 [1 2 ] d(d 1)
Z
1 d+1
= d x g R +
16G 2 1 2 [1 2 ] `2
M

 
d 1 1 2 3 4 5
Z
1 d+1 [1 ...d+1 ] 1 1 2 3 4
= d x g[1 ...d+1 ] R + d+1
16G(d 1)! 2 1 2 3 4 (d + 1)`2 1 2 3 4 5 d+1

M
(3.22)

18
using the Gauss-Normal coordinate frame (Appendix C), we can split the indices

and sum all over the r components obtaining

Z  
1 [j1 ...j4 ] 1 i1 i 2 1 i1 i2 2 ri1
I= d
d x dr hN [i1 ...i4 ] R + + R i3 i4
16G(d 2)(d 3) 2 j1 j2 `2 j1 j2 d 1 rj1 j3 j4
M
(3.23)

Using Appendix E we can recognize the r components of the equation of motion

Grr = Err + 8GTrr in the first two terms. For this we contract the two last deltas

and separate the action

Z
2 [j j j ] ri1 i2 i3
I= dd x dr hN [i11i22i33] Rrj
1 j2 j3
16G(d 1)(d 2)
M
Z
(3.24)
1
dd x dr hN (Err + 8GTrr )
8G
M

the r component of the equation of motion its zero, then

Z  
d 1 [j1 j2 j3 ] ri1 i2 i3 r
I = d x dr hN R Tr (3.25)
8G(d 1)(d 2) [i1 i2 i3 ] rj1 j2 j3
M

and the curvature related term gives

Z
1 ri j
I= dd x dr hN Rrj i (3.26)
8G
M

Using Gauss-Codazzi relations (Appendix C)

Z
1
dd x dr h r Kji N K`i Kj` ij


I= (3.27)
8G
M

finally the action reads

Z   
1 d 1 i i ` j r
I= d xdr hN r Kj K` Kj i 8GTr (3.28)
8G N
M

Now we have a simpler expression to express the euclidean action, which will be

useful in the next section

19
3.5 AdS black holes

3.5.1 Static black hole

The first black hole solution to the Einstein equations was discovered by Karl

Schwarzschild in 1916, which has been deeply studied during this 100 years, in

the AdS spacetime the metric takes the form

ds2 = f 2 (r)dt2 + f 2 dr2 + r2 mn dxm dxn (3.29)

the metric function f (r) is

r2
f 2 (r) = k + (3.30)
rd2 `2

the geometry of the transverse section its given by the value of k that can be k =

0, 1, 1, which correspond to a flat, spherical or hyperbolic geometry respectively

. We can now use Eq. (3.4), but first we must extend the Gauss-normal coordinate

frame (Appendix B) to the AdS-Schwazschild metric, which yields to

0
1 ik 0 f 0
Kji = h hkj = (3.31)
2N

0 fr nm

With this, we can use Gauss-Codazzi relations (Appendix C), and we obtain the

Riemman tensor of the spacetime.

tr 1 00
Rtr = (f 2 ) ,
2
tn rn 1 0 n
Rtm =Rrm = (f 2 ) m , (3.32)
2r
mn 1 [mn]
Rkl = 2 (k f 2 )[kl] .
2r
And the only non-vanishing components of the boundary Riemman tensor

k [m1 m2 ]
Rm 1 m2
n1 n2 (h) = . (3.33)
r 2 [n1 n2 ]

20
and the Lapse normal function that cames from the radial foliation its N 2 (r) =

f 2 (r). Replacing the curvature terms in the euclidean action (Eq (3.4)), we

obtain
Z Z  
d1 2 0
Z
1 d1 d1 2 00
I= d d dr r (f ) + (f ) (3.34)
16G r
0 d1 r+

which can be trivially write as a radial derivative of the first derivative of the

metric function
 
d d1 02
d1 2 00 d1 2 0
r f (r) = r (f ) + (f ) (3.35)
dr r

by this we can easily solve the whole integral, and the euclidean action reads

V ol (d1 )  d1  
I = r r f 2 r+
16G
(3.36)
V ol (d1 ) d1 V ol (d1 )
= r+ r f (r+ )2 + lim rd1 r f (r)2
16G 16G r

now using the euclidean period r f (r+ )2 = 4 1

d1
V ol(d1 )r+ V ol (d1 )
I= + lim rd1 r f (r)2 (3.37)
4G 16G r

where the first term can be easily recognized as the entropy at the horizon, then

we can write the above equation in the next form

V ol (d1 )
1 I = 1 S + lim rd1 r f (r)2 (3.38)
16G r

and reminds that the Hawkings temperature its defined as the inverse of the

euclidean period. For the understanding of the second term we can expand the

metric function in the next form

r2
 
2 1
f = k + 2 d2 + O (3.39)
` r r2(d2)

21
  
2 2r (d 2)
0 1
(f ) = 2 + +O (3.40)
` rd1 r2d7
we must recall that the Mass in any dimensions for the static black hole is
V ol(d1 )
M = (d 1) (3.41)
16G
Then
(d 1) V ol (d1 ) rd
1 I = 1 S + M + lim 2 (3.42)
(d 2) 16G r `
as it seen in the equation above, the mass factor its not complete and we have a

divergence in the last term, to fix this we must add the Kounterterms, now for

the even dimensional case

3.5.2 Even dimensions D = 2n

Now lets add the Kounterterm given in the Equation (2.2) and the coupling

constant in Equation (2.2), and replacing the curvature terms, the boundary term

takes the form

V ol(2n2 )`2n2 2 0
Z
2n1 E
c2n1 d x B2n1 = lim (f ) (k f 2 )n1 (3.43)
r+ 16G
M

where we have used the following integral to solve the Kounterterm form
Z1
dt[k (2n 1)t2 f 2 ](k t2 f 2 )n2 = (k f 2 )n1 (3.44)
0

now by adding the Kounterterm to the Euclidean action and replacing the cur-

vature terms we obtain

V ol(d1 ) 0
Ie2n = S + M + lim (f 2 ) [r2n2 `2n2 (f 2 k)n1 ] (3.45)
16G r+

expanding the last term

 
1 (n 1)
2
(f k) n1
=r 2n2
+ O(r(4n4) ) (3.46)
`2n2 r 2n1

22
as we see the first term of the equation above will cancel the divergence on the

action and we obtain the right Smarr-type relations

TH I = M TH S = G (3.47)

3.5.3 Odd dimensions D = 2n + 1

Now for the Odd-dimensional case the Kounterterm expression its given in

Eqution 2.2 and in the Schwarzschild-AdS case takes the form

Z Z1 Zt  2
n2
2n E 2 2 2r
c2n d xB2n =c2n 2n(2n 1)!V ol(2n1 ) lim dt ds k t f + +s 2
r+ `
M 0 0
  2 0 2
  2

r(f ) 2 2 2r 2 2 2 2r
k (2n 1)t f + s 2 + f k t f + (2n 1)s 2
2 ` `
(3.48)

which its quite more difficult than in even dimensions but we can use the following

integrals to solve

Z1 Zt  2
 2 n2

2 2 2r 2 2 2r
dt ds k t f + (2n 1)s 2 kt f +s 2
` `
0 0
(3.49)
Z1  2 n1

2 2 2r
= dt t k t f + t 2
`
0

and now the explicit evaluation of the Euclidean action

V ol(2n1 ) 2n1 2 0 r=
I= [r (f ) ] r+
16G
Z1 n1
k f 2 t2

2n1 2 0
+ V ol(2n1 )nc2n (2n 1)![r (f ) dt + 2
r2 ` (3.50)
0
Z1 0 n1
r(f 2 ) 2
 
2 r
2
r=
+2 dt t f k + t ( 2) 
2 `
0

23
separating the mass term we obtain
Z1 n1
k f 2 t2

V ol(2n1 ) 0
M= lim r2n1 (f 2 ) [1 + 16G(2n 1)!nc2n dt + 2 ]
16G r r2 `
0
(3.51)

and writing the parametric integral in terms of the coupling constant we obtain
Z1 n1
k f 2 t2 `2
  
1
dt + 2 = 1 2n (3.52)
r2 ` 16G(2n 1)!nc2n 2r
0

which gives the right black hole mass, then the Euclidean action reads
Z1 0 n1
r(f 2 ) 2
 
V ol(2n1 ) 2 2 r
r=
TH I = M T S + 2 dt t f k + t ( 2) 
16G 2 `
0
(3.53)

if we expand the terms in the parametric integral we see that all terms related

to the mass will be vanish as r

TH I = M T S + (2n 1)!c2n V ol(2n1 )k n (3.54)

and the last term its exactly the vacuum energy that arrives in Odd dimensions,

giving the right Smarr-type relation

TH = (M + Evac ) TH S (3.55)

3.6 Charged black hole

To obtain the Smarr-type relations on the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole, we

must consider the radial component on the Energy-Momentum tensor in Eq.3.4.

The radial component gives the energy density T 00 E 2 +B 2 then, as we do have

a static black hole, this means that we do not have a magnetic field acting on it,

then takes the form T rr |E 2 (r)|, we have already seen the curvature part on the

24
above section for even and odd dimensions, the energy terms on the Euclidean

action its
Z Z

Z
I= d dd1 dr rd1 E 2 (r) (3.56)
0 d1 r+

And the gauge potential its A (r) = (r)t wich generate E(r) = r (r). With

this

F = E(r) t r r t .


(3.57)

For this configuration the generalized Gauss Law

q
E(r) = (3.58)
4rd1

Now we can rewrite the term on the Euclidean action as a total radial derivative

in the following form

d 0
rd1 E(r) = rd1 E 2 (d 1)rd2 E rd1 E


dr  
d1 2 d1 (d 1)
=r E r E + r E (3.59)
r

= rd1 E 2 .

Then the Euclidean action takes the form

V ol (d1 )  d1    
IE = r r f 2 r+ + V ol (d1 ) rd1 E r+

(3.60)
16G

we have already figure it out how to cancel the divergence on the first term, for

the second term we can assume, without lose of generality () = 0, using Gauss

Law 4rd1 E = q

I E = Q (3.61)

where

Q = 4V ol(d1 )q (3.62)

25
And is the difference in the electric potential, = () (r+ ).

The Smarr-type formula for static charged black hole its

T I = M T S + Q (3.63)

26
Chapter 4

Eisntein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons

action

Myers and Perry found that higher dimensionals analogue of Kerr-Newman

solutions arent found. They tried to start with the Kerr-Schild metric

g = + 2Hk k (4.1)

where H is a undetermined function, k is the null vector and is the Minkowski

spacetime. Doing this, there is no function H found to solve the Einstein field

equations when there is a contribution of the energy-momentum tensor. More

methods have been tried with no successful. This does not mean that Kerr-

Newman classical solutions in higher dimensions doesnt exist, but its very diffi-

cult to find and is still a open problem. But the minimal coupled gauged super-

gravity in five dimensions gives a solution of a Non-Extremal Rotating Charged

Black Hole, but its not a Kerr-Newman solution because contains a Chern-Simons

term and is not a pure Einstein-Maxwell Lagrangian. For this 5 dimensional case

we can construct the right thermodynamics for the Black Hole using the Koun-

27
terterms, then the actions is

Z  
1 5 1 1
I5 = d x g R 2 F F + F F A
16 2 3 3
M
Z (4.2)
+ B4 (h, K, R)
M

In a more explicit way

Z    
1 5 12 1
I5 = dx g R + 2 F F  A F F
16G5 ` 4 12 3
ZM
+ c4 d4 x B 4
M
(4.3)

Here we have the Einstein-Maxwell action and the Chern-Simons term, also we

have the 4-dimensional Kounterterm to regularize the action. Here is the Chern-

Simons coupling constant, if = 0 then we have Einstein-Maxwell theory, and

if = 1 correspond to the bosonic sector of minimal supergravity. The Chern-

Simons term does not depend of the geometry of the spacetime and does not

contribute to the Equations of Motion nor to the Energy-Momentum tensor, but

does depend on the gauge potential and derivatives of it, so it will modify the

Maxwell equations.

Now the added four dimensional Kounterterm that regularize the action reads,

 
[i1 i2 i3 ] j1 j2 j3 j2 j3 1 j2 j3
B4 = h[j1 j2 j3 ] Ki1 R(h)i2 i3 Ki2 Ki3 + 2 i2 i3 (4.4)
3`

the fixed coupling constant is

`2
c4 = (4.5)
128G

28
And the charges
`2
Z  
3 k i 1 mn m n 1 m n jpq
q() = d x hijmn Kk R Kn Kq + 2 p q 
32 2 pq `

`2
Z  
3 k i k i

mn m n 1 m n jpq
q0 () = d x h ijmn Kk + ikmn Kj R(h)pq Kn Kq + 2 p q 
128 `

(4.6)

The latin indices are the boundary indices, but the antisymmetric tensor jpq has

only angular components jpq = 1 2 3 = 1.

In a more covariant way

`2 [jj2 j3 j4 ] i1 i2
 
1 [j3 j4 ]
qij = K i3 i4
Rj3 j4 + 2 [i4 i4 ] ,
64G [i1 i2 i4 i4 ] j j2 `
 
j 1 [jj2 ..j4 ] k i2 k i2

1 i3 i4 1 i3 i4 1 i3 i4
q(0)i = K i j 2 + K j 2 i R K K + .
64G [ki2 ..i4 ] 2 j3 j4 3 j3 j4 3`2 j3 j4
(4.7)

4.1 Modified Maxwell Equations and Electric

Charge

The Maxwell-modified equations came from the variation with the gauged

potential as the main field, lets call /3 3 =
for simplicity
Z
2
I = d5 x F F
(A F F + 2A F F ) (4.8)
4
M

Z
I = d5 x F A
(F F A + 4A F A ) (4.9)
M

Lets write the derivative in a convenient way

Z
I = d5 x (F A ) ( F A ) +
M
(F F A + 4 (A F A ) 4F F A 4A F A ) (4.10)

29
Then, we can put together the terms proportionals to A , and using Bianchi

identity A F A = 0 Using Hamilton principle of least action we ob-

tain the modified Maxwell equations plus a boundary term.

Z
I = d5 x F 3 F F A +



M h  i
A F A
F 4 (4.11)

then
I
= F + F F = 0 (4.12)
A 4 3
and the rest is a boundary term that we will work out in order to find the electric

charge as a Gauss integral

Z
I = d5 x F 4
A F A = 0


(4.13)
M

we can see the terms inside the brackets as a current, wich is clearly conserved

J = 0
Z
I = d5 x J = 0 (4.14)
M

Where

J = F 4
A F A


(4.15)

The electric or magnetic charge came from the gauge invariance of the Maxwell

action, so lets consider a Gauge transformation of the field

A0 A + (4.16)

A0 (4.17)

Then
Z
d5 x F 4
A F = 0


I = (4.18)
M

30
We can foliate the spacetime using a unit normal in the radial direction, and use

the Stokes theorem, then

Z
d4 x u F 4
A F


Q[] = (4.19)
M

If we put the derivative outside of the bracket, we can realize that the extra term

its nothing else but the modified Maxwell equations so it does not contribute,
Z
d4 x u F 4
A F


Q[] = (4.20)
M

Now we can do use again the Stokes theorem, but now with a time-like foliation

and fixing the gauge parameter to 1, we obtain a Gauss integral for the charge
Z
d3 x u n F 4
A F


Q= (4.21)

4.2 Black Hole Solution

This action has a charged rotating black hole solution [2], with two ro-

tation parameters and electric charge. Written in BoyerLindquist coordinate

x = (t, r, , , )
h  i
r2
1 + `2
2 dt + 2q dt 2q f

dt
2
ds2 = + 2 + 4 + (4.22)
a b 2 a b

2 dr2 2 d2 (r2 + a2 ) 2 (r2 + b2 ) 2

+ + sin d2 + cos d 2 (4.23)
r a b

31
with
= bsin2 d + acos2 d ,
d d
= asin2 + bcos2 ,
a b
a2 b2
= 1 2 cos2 2 sin2 ,
l `
(r2 + a2 )(r2 + b2 )(1 + r2 /l2 ) + q 2 + 2qab (4.24)
r = 2m ,
r2
2 = r2 + acos2 + b2 sin2
a2 b2
a = 1 , b = 1 ,
`2 `2
f = 2m2 q 2 + 2abq2 /`2 ,
and the gauge potential
 
q 3 dt
A= 2 (4.25)
a b

If we take the limit q 0 we obtain

2
(1 + r2 `2 ) 2 2m

2 dt
ds = dt + 2 + (4.26)
a b a b

2 2 2 2 (r2 + a2 ) 2 2 (r2 + b2 ) 2
dr + d + sin d + cos d 2 (4.27)
r a b

which its not the usual form of the Kerr-AdS black hole, this because of the

choose of the direction of rotation which modifies the angular shift function by a

constant.

For the not-rotating limit a, b 0

2 r 2 r2 2
ds = 2 dt + dr + r2 mn dxm dxn (4.28)
r r

where m, n are the angular indices and

2 2 2

q2
r = r 1+r ` + 2 2m (4.29)
r

32
which correspond to the standar AdS5 Reissner-Nordstrom.

Non-charges and non-rotating limit a, b, q 0

   1
2 2 2 2m 2 2 2 2m
ds = 1 + r ` 2 dt + 1 + r ` 2 dr2 + r2 mn dxm dx(4.30)
n
r r

is the standar Schwarzschild-AdS5 .

4.3 Conserved Quantities

The conserved quantities given by the Kounterterm prescription associated

to this solution are

m(2a + 2b a b ) + 2qab(a + b )/`2

E = q(t ) = (4.31)
42a 2b

2`2 (a b )2
 
E0 = q0 (t ) = 1 (4.32)
32 9a b

where E0 corresponds to the vacuum energy that appears only in odd dimensions,

which is the same in Kerr-AdS5 . E corresponds to the black hole mass. A more

proper definition of the energy for this black hole is associated to a Killing vector

that does not rotate at infinity = t (a/`2 ) (b/`2 ) usually satisfies the

First Law, but we obtained the same energy obtained by the original work and it

does satisfy the First Law, and this ambiguity came from the fact that the rotation

was defined in the opposite direction and modifies the angular shift function

associated to the ADM decomposition . For the Killing vectors associated to the

angular coordinates

 2 2

J = q( ) = 2am + qb(1 + a /` ) , (4.33)
42a b

 2 2

J = q( ) = 2bm + qa(1 + b /` ) , (4.34)
42b a

33
which correspond to the angular momenta of the black hole.

In the original paper of the solution, the conserved quantities where obtained by

the integration of the First law and are the same that we obtained.

34
Chapter 5

Conclusion

The addition of Kounterterms to an action that is not purely Einstein-Maxwell,

but has also a Chern-Simons term modifies in the same way the conserved charges,

and gives the corrects conserved quantities with no infinities. This happend be-

cause the variational principle of the action it does not modify the Einstein field

equations, but it does modify the definition of charge, and also modifies the

Maxwell equations.

Also the Energy obtained by this method its the same that satisfies the first law

of back hole thermodynamics, then we may obtain the right Smarr-type relations

(Section 3.2) with the right vacuum energy, and also a similar solution exist in

seven dimensions that comes also from a Supergravity action in eleven dimen-

sions, that we except to obtain the right quantities with this method, but that is

work to do.

The black hole thermodynamics may be one of the most important themes to

study in the AdS/CFT context in order to obtain information on the CFT at the

boundary through the study of the properties at the bulk, using the Bekenstein-

Hawking entropy formula, that relates the information on the bulk with the

35
information at the boundary.

Add boundary terms that only depends on the extrinsic curvature and not deriva-

tive of this are drastically easier to work with than the standard holographic

renormalization prescription, and this Kounterterm procedure its totally back-

ground independent then they gives the right vacuum energy of the spacetime.

By this, the Kounterterms gives a closed expression in any dimensions and are

totally global.

36
bibliography

[1] Maldacena, J. (1999). The large-N limit of superconformal field theories and

supergravity. International journal of theoretical physics, 38(4), 1113-1133.

[2] Witten, E. (1998). Anti de Sitter space and holography. arXiv preprint hep-

th/9802150.

[3] Hawking, S. W., Hunter, C. J., and Taylor-Robinson, M. M. (1999). Rotation

and the AdS-CFT correspondence. Physical Review D, 59(6), 064005.

[4] Schwarzschild, K. (1999). On the gravitational field of a mass point according

to Einsteins theory. arXiv preprint physics/9905030.

[5] Kerr, R. P. (1963). Gravitational field of a spinning mass as an example of

algebraically special metrics. Physical review letters, 11(5), 237.

[6] Myers, R. C., and Perry, M. J. (1986). Black holes in higher dimensional

space-times. Annals of Physics, 172(2), 304-347.

[7] Chong, Z. W., Cveti, M., L, H., and Pope, C. N. (2005). General nonex-

tremal rotating black holes in minimal five-dimensional gauged supergravity.

Physical review letters, 95(16), 161301.

[8] Gibbons, G. W., and Hawking, S. W. (1977). Action integrals and partition

functions in quantum gravity. Physical Review D, 15(10), 2752.

37
Appendix A

Conventions

The generalized Levi-Civita symbol is defined as

+1 if (, , , , , . . . ) is an even permutation of (, , , , , . . . )

... = 1 if (, , , , , . . . ) is an odd permutation of (, , , , , . . . )(A.1)



0

if any two labels are the same
and the contraction of two symbols leads to a totally antisymmetric delta
 
 1 2 p 
1 1 1 
 

 
 1 22 2 
p
[ ... ]  2
1 ...p 1 ...p = [11 ...pp ] :=  . (A.2)
...

 .
 .


 
 1 2 p 
p p . . . p 
The contraction of k p indices in the Kroncker delta of rank p produces a dekta

if rank p k .

[ ... ... ] (N p + k )! [k +1 ...p ]

[11 ...kk ...pp ] 11 kk = (A.3)
(N p)! [k +1 ...p ]
In the case of Totall contraction of indices (p = k ),

[ ... ] (N )!
[11 ...pp ] 11 pp = (A.4)
(N p)!
Where N is the range of the indices.

38
Appendix B

Spacetime foliations

A Radial foliation of the spacetime or Gauss-Normal coordinate frame reads

ds2 = g dx dx = N 2 (r)dr2 + hij (r, x)dxi dxj (B.1)

hij is the induced metric, and i, j are the extra spacetime indices.

With this frame we can get the Extrinsic Curvature

1 1
Kij = Lhij = r hij (B.2)
2 2N

We can obtain,in terms of the extrinsic curvature, the Christoffel symbol defined

as cab = 21 g cd (a gbd + b gad d gab )

1 1
rij = Kij , irj = N Kji , rrr = r N = r ln(N ) (B.3)
N N

The Gauss-Codazzi relations allow us to relate intrinsic curvature terms with

extrinsic curvature terms. Applying this relations for the radial foliation (See

Apendix B) of the spacetime we get

1
Rjlir = (l Kji j Kli ) (B.4)
N

39
 1 0
Rjrir = (Kji ) K`i Kj` (B.5)
N

[i j]
Rklij = Rijkl (h) K[k Kl] (B.6)

where the covariant derivative l = l (h) is defined in with the boundary Christof-

fel symbol kli (g) = kli (h) and Rijkl (h) is the intrinsic curvature of the boundary.

Also we can do a time-like foliation introduced in the ADM formalism, where

now we take time slices, then the metric can be rewritten as

ds2 = N 2 dt2 + hij dxi + N i dt dxj + N j dt

(B.7)

40
Appendix C

Einstein Maxwell action

The Faraday tensor or field strength tensor give us the information about the

electromagnetic field in a spacetime for a given physical system

F = A A (C.1)

and in four dimension has the form

0 E1 E2 E3


E1 0 B 3 B2

F = (C.2)


E2 B3 0 B1


E3 B2 B1 0

where E is the electric field Ei = F0i and B is the Magnetic Field Bi = 21 ijk F jk

and the dual of field strenght F = 21  F , we can actually see that its a

traceless antisymmetric tensor.

A matter lagrangian depends on the square of the stress tensor field, and the

Maxwell lagrangian reads

Z Z
1
Imatter = dx gL(F 2 ) = dx gF F (C.3)
4
M M

41
Coupling the Maxwell lagrangian to the Einstein Hilbert action

Z
1 1
IEM = dd+1 x g [R 2] F F (C.4)
16G 4
M

and an arbitrary variation of the actions lead us to the Einstein field equations

(plus the boundary term that must be cancel with the Gibbons-Hawking-York or

the Kounterterms),

1
R Rg + g = 8GT (C.5)
2

where the left hand side of the equations came from the curvature term and the

right hand side lead us to the Energy momentum tensor, the variation of the

matter term
1
Z  
d+1
IM axwell = d x g g g F F
4
M


Z
1
= dd+1 x g (g g ) F F + g g F F g
4
M

Z
1 1
= dd+1 x g2 (g ) g F F g g F F gg g
4 2
M
1
Z  
d+1 1
= d x
g F F F F g g .
2 4
M
(C.6)

comparing with 8GT we can see that the energy momentum tensor is defined

as

2 I 1
T =
= F F F F g
g g 4

For any matter Lagrangian density, the energy momentum tensor is

dL
T = L 4 F F
dF 2

42
Appendix D

Variational principle

Lets consider an arbitrary variation of the Einstein Hilbert action without

cosmological constatn


Z
dd+1 x (g R 2) g

IEH = (D.1)
M

the Palatini identity says

R =



(D.2)

and the variation of the Christoffel symbol reads

1
= g g + g g 2 g
 
2 (D.3)
1
= g [ g + g g ]
2
Now for the Einstein Hilbert action, lets variate the curvature term

gR = gg R






1
 (D.4)

= g g R + g R g g R
2

43
we now are going to prove that the metric is conserved

c gab = c gab dca gbd dcb gad

1 1
= c gab gbd g de (c gae + a gce e gac ) gad g de (c gbe + b gce e gbc )
2 2
1 b 1 a
= c gab e (c gae + a gce e gac ) e (c gbe + b gce )
2 2
1 1
= c gab (c gab + a gcb b gac ) (c gba + b gca a gbc )
2 2
= 0.
(D.5)

now with this the survived terms are

g R =g




= g g



(D.6)

= g g

which its exactly the divergence of a vector, which its a boundary term, then


 
1
gR = g R g R g + g g


(D.7)
2
For the cosmological constant term, the only contribution to the equations of

motions arrives from the term that its proportional to the determinant, as we

have used before, the variation of this term its

1
gg g


g = (D.8)
2
and the contribution to the equation of motion of the cosmological constant term

is just


2 g = g (D.9)

and the variation of the action reads

Z  
1
IEH = d x g R Rg + g g + g g
d+1


2
M
Z
= dd+1 x E.O.M + g g

M
(D.10)

44
As we now the equation of motions are zero, but the extra term must be cancelled

somehow in order to obtain a well defined variational principle. Lets use the

Stokes theorem in order to see the term as a boundary term. The Stokess

theorems says that if we have a divergence of a vector field that is integrated over

a volume of a manifold M with boundary at M, its exactly th same that if we

integrate the quantity multiplied with a normal vector over the boundary of the

manifold.
Z
d+1

Z
d x g V = n V hdd x (D.11)
M M

Where h = X X g is the induced metric. And the covariant derivative

of a tensor is defined as

= + (D.12)

Then, recognizing V as

V = g g (D.13)

then by the Stokess theorem

Z
dd+1 x g g g

M
Z (D.14)
d




= d x h n g g
M

which its the boundary term that has to be cancelled in order to have the well

defined variational principle, and correspond to the Gibbons-Hawking-York term.

To show this, lets write the variation of the Christoffel symbol as in Eq. D, and

45
then the boundary term takes the form
 
c ab 1 cd
J =g g (a gbd + b gad d gab )
2
 
ac 1 bd
g g (a gbd + b gad d gab )
2 (D.15)
1 1 1
= g ab g cd a gbd + g ab g cd b gad + g ab g cd d gab
2 2 2
1 ac bd 1 ac bd 1 ac bd
g g a gbd g g b gad + g g d gab
2 2 2
now we can relabel the indices a and b in the second term, a and d in the fourth

term and a and b in the last term, giving that the current is

J c = g ab g cd (a gbd d gab )
(D.16)
Jc = g ab (a gbd d gab )

now for the contraction with the normal vector we use that the induced metric

its

gab = hab + na nb (D.17)

then

nc Jc =nc hab na nb (a gbd d gab )

(D.18)
c ab c ab a b c a b c
=n h a gbd n h d gab n n n a gbd + n n n d gab

we can use the following boundary conditions

g ab = 0 (D.19)

hab = 0 (D.20)

and the definition

na nb nc = 0 (D.21)

then only remaining terms its

nc Jc = nc hab d gab (D.22)

46
now introducing the extrinsic curvature

Kab = hca c nb (D.23)

and with trace

K = hab Kab = hab hca c nb = hab a nb (D.24)

for the variation of the extrinsic curvature we must expand the covariant deriva-

tive as in Eq D, then

K = hab a nb

=hab a nb + hab a nb hab cab nc hab cab nc

=hab a nb hab cab nc hab cab nc

=hab a nb hab cab nc

(D.25)
= hab cab nc
 
ab 1 cd
= h nc g (a bbd + d gad d gab )
2
1
= hab nd d gab
2
1
= nc Jc
2
and this its exactly the the half of the extra term in the variation of the Einstein-

Hilbert action, then to cancel this we must add the double of this term and its

called the Gibbons-Hawking-York term

Z Z
1 d+1 1
IEH + IGHY = d x g [R 2] + dd x hK (D.26)
16G 8G
M M

47
Appendix E

Einstein tensor

The Einstein tensor with cosmological constant

1
G = R R + (E.1)
2

Can be re-written
 
1 [ ] 1 1 2 1
G = [1122] R1 2 + 2 11 22 (E.2)
2 2 `

The r component in Gauss-Normal

 
1 [j j ] 1 i1 i1 1
Grr = [i11i21] Rj1 j1 + 2 ji11 ji22 (E.3)
2 2 `

The equations of motion

E = G 8GT = 0 (E.4)

Also, we can use the second form of the Bianchi identity to see that its conserved,

the Bianchi identity says

e Rabcd + d Rabec + c Rabde = 0

g ae g bc (e Rabcd + d Rabec + c Rabde ) = 0 (E.5)

a Rad d R + b Rbd = 0

48
now relabeling the indices b to a, then

2a Rad d R = 0
1
a Rad d R = 0 (E.6)
 2 
1
a Rad gad R = 0
2

now we already check that a gad = 0, then we can put into the covariant deriva-

tive with the cosmological constant and still be zero, then

 
1
a
Rad gad R + gad = a Gad = 0 (E.7)
2

then by Bianchi identity the Einstein tensor its conserved

49