12/13/2016 PatentUS20100292568SystemsandmethodsformeasurementofdepthofbreathandparadoxicalbreathingGooglePatents

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Systemsandmethodsformeasurementof Publicationnumber US20100292568A1

depthofbreathandparadoxicalbreathing Publicationtype Application
Applicationnumber US12/790,769
US20100292568A1 Publicationdate Nov18,2010
Filingdate May28,2010
ABSTRACT Prioritydate Apr3,2008
Alsopublishedas US20100152600,4More
Aradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorisdisclosed.Dopplershiftedsignals
canbeextractedfromthesignalsreceivedbythesensor.TheDopplershifted Inventors AmyDroitcour,ByungKwonPark,CharlesEl
Hourani,ShuheiYamada
signalscanbedigitizedandprocessedsubsequentlytoextractinformation
OriginalAssignee KaiMedical,Inc.
relatedtothecardiopulmonarymotioninoneormoresubjects.Theinformation
canincluderespiratoryrates,heartrates,waveformsduetorespiratoryand ExportCitation BiBTeX,EndNote,RefMan
cardiacactivity,directionofarrival,abnormalorparadoxicalbreathing,etc.In PatentCitations(46),Referencedby(53),Classifications(30)
variousembodiments,theextractedinformationcanbedisplayedonadisplay. ExternalLinks:USPTO,USPTOAssignment,Espacenet

IMAGES (127)

DESCRIPTION CLAIMS (22)

CROSSREFERENCETORELATEDAPPLICATIONS
[0001] Thisapplicationisadivisionalofandclaimsthebenefitunder35
U.S.C.120ofU.S.applicationSer.No.12/575,447(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.100CP1),filedonOct.7,2009,titledNonContactPhysiologic
MotionSensorsandMethodsForUsewhichisacontinuationinpart
ofandclaimsthebenefitunder35U.S.C.120ofU.S.applicationSer.
No.12/418,518(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.100A),filedonApr.3,2009,
titledNonContactPhysiologicMotionSensorsandMethodsForUse
whichinturnclaimsthebenefitunder35U.S.C.119(e)ofU.S.
ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/072,983(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.021PR),filedonApr.3,2008,titledDopplerRadarSystemfor
LocalandRemoteRespirationSignalsMonitoringU.S.Provisional
ApplicationNo.61/072,982(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.023PR),filedon
Apr.3,2008,titledMethodforDetectionofCessationofBreathing
U.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/123,017(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.024PR),filedonApr.3,2008,titledMethodforDetectionof
MotionInterferingwithRespirationU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.
61/123,135(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.025PR),filedonApr.3,2008,
titledMethodforDetectionofPresenceofSubjectU.S.Provisional
ApplicationNo.61/125,021(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.028PR),filedon
Apr.21,2008,titledNoncontactSpirometrywithaDopplerRadar
U.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/125,019(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.029PR),filedonApr.21,2008,titledMonitoringPhysical
ActivitywithaPhysiologicMonitorU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.
61/125,018(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.030PR),filedonApr.21,2008,
titledNoncontactMethodforCalibratingTidalVolumeMeasuredwith
DisplacementSensorsU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/125,023
1.Amethodofsensingmotionusingamotionsensor,themethodcomprising:
generatingelectromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthe
frequencyoftheelectromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequencyrange
transmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneor
moretransmitters
receivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormore
receivers
extractingaDopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiation
transformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedmotionsignal,said
digitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneor
moreframescomprisetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitized
motionsignal
processingsaidoneormoreframestodistinguish,atleastinpart,
informationcorrespondingtothecardiopulmonarymovementofthesubject
orapartofthesubject,substantiallyseparatefromnoncardiopulmonary
motionorothersignalinterference
estimatingthesubject'sdepthofbreathfromthecardiopulmonarymovement
informationand
communicatingtheinformationtoanoutputsystemthatisconfiguredto
performanoutputaction.
2.Themethodofclaim1,whereintheestimationofdepthofbreath

(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.032PR),filedonApr.21,2008,titledUseof comprises:

EmpiricalModeDecompositiontoExtractPhysiologicalSignalsfrom
obtaininginformationabouttheabsolutetimevaryingchestposition
MotionMeasuredwithaDopplerRadarU.S.ProvisionalApplication
byextractingthetimevaryingphasedifferencebetweenthe
No.61/125,027(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.033PR),filedonApr.21,
transmittedradiationandthereceivedradiationandmultiplyingbya
2008,titledUseofDirectionofArrivalandEmpiricalMode
constantconversionfactor
DecompositionAlgorithmstoIsolateandExtractPhysiologicalMotion
MeasuredwithaDopplerRadarU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.

https://www.google.com/patents/US20100292568 1/79
12/13/2016 PatentUS20100292568SystemsandmethodsformeasurementofdepthofbreathandparadoxicalbreathingGooglePatents
61/125,022(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.034PR),filedonApr.21,2008,
titledDataAccessArchitecturesforDopplerRadarPatientMonitoring
SystemsU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/125,020(Atty.Docket
No.KSENS.035PR),filedonApr.21,2008,titledUseofDirectionof
ArrivalAlgorithmstoIsolateandSeparatePhysiologicalMotion
MeasuredwithaDopplerRadarU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.
61/125,164(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.036PR),filedonApr.22,2008,
titledBiometricSignatureCollectionUsingDopplerRadarSystem
U.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/128,743(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.037PR),filedonMay23,2008,titledDopplerRadarBased
VitalSignsSpotCheckerU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/137,519
(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.039PR),filedonJul.30,2008,titled
DopplerRadarBasedMonitoringofPhysiologicalMotionUsing
DirectionofArrivalU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/137,532(Atty.
DocketNo.KSENS.040PR),filedonJul.30,2008,titledDoppler
RadarRespirationSpotCheckerwithNarrowBeanAntennaArray
U.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/194,838(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.041PR),filedonSep.29,2008,titledDopplerRadarBased
BodyWornRespirationSensorU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.
61/194,836(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.042PR),filedonSep.29,2008,
titledWirelessSleepMonitorUtilizingNonContactMonitoringof
RespirationMotionU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/194,839(Atty.
DocketNo.KSENS.043PR),filedonSep.29,2008,titledContinuous
RespiratoryRateandPulseOximetryMonitoringSystemU.S.
ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/194,840(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.044PR),filedonSep.29,2008,titledSeparationofMultiple
Targets'PhysiologicalSignalsUsingDopplerRadarwithDOA
ProcessingU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/194,848(Atty.Docket
No.KSENS.045PR),filedonSep.30,2008,titledDetectionof
ParadoxicalBreathingwithaDopplerRadarSystemU.S.Provisional
ApplicationNo.61/196,762(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.046PR),filedon
Oct.17,2008,titledMonitoringofChronicIllnessUsingaNoncontact
RespirationMonitorU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/200,761(Atty.
DocketNo.KSENS.047PR),filedonDec.2,2008,titledDetectionof
ParadoxicalBreathingwithaParadoxicalBreathingIndicatorwitha
DopplerRadarSystemU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/200,876
(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.048PR),filedonDec.3,2008,titled
DopplerRadarBasedMonitoringofPhysiologicalMotionUsing
DirectionofArrivalandAnIdentificationTagU.S.Provisional
ApplicationNo.61/141,213(Atty.DocketNo.KSENS.049PR),filedon
Dec.29,2008,titledANonContactCardiopulmonarySensorDevice
forMedicalandSecurityApplicationsU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.
61/204,881(Atty.DocketNo.KAI00050),filedonJan.9,2009,titled
DopplerRadarBasedContinuousMonitoringofPhysiologicalMotion
U.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/204,880(Atty.DocketNo.KM
00051),filedonJan.9,2009,titledDopplerRadarRespirationSpot
CheckerwithNarrowBeamAntennaArrayU.S.Provisional
ApplicationNo.61/206,356(Atty.DocketNo.KM00052),filedonJan.
30,2009,titledDopplerRadarRespirationSpotCheckDevicewith
NarrowBeamAntennaArray:KaiSensorsNonContactRespiratory
RateSpotCheckU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/154,176(Atty.
DocketNo.KM00053),filedonFeb.20,2009,titledANonContact
CardiopulmonaryMonitoringDeviceforMedicalImagingSystem
ApplicationsU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/154,728(Atty.
DocketNo.KAI00054),filedonFeb.23,2009,titledDopplerRadar
BasedMeasurementofVitalSignsforBattlefieldTriageU.S.
ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/154,732(Atty.DocketNo.KAI00055),
filedonFeb.23,2009,titledDopplerRadarBasedMeasurementof
PresenceandVitalSignsofSubjectsforHomeHealthcare.Eachof
theforegoingapplicationsisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinits
entirety.
[0002] Thisapplicationisadivisionalofandclaimsthebenefitunder35
U.S.C.120ofU.S.applicationSer.No.12/575,447(Atty.DocketNo.
KSENS.100CP1),filedonOct.7,2009,titledNonContactPhysiologic
MotionSensorsandMethodsForUsewhichclaimsthebenefitunder
35U.S.C.119(e)ofU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/178,930(Atty.
DocketNo.KAI00057),filedonMay15,2009,titledAimingor
AligningMethodsandIndicatorDisplayforaDopplerRadarSystem
https://www.google.com/patents/US20100292568
identifyingmaximuminhalepointsandmaximumexhalepointson
theabsolutetimevaryingchestpositionand
determiningthedifferenceinpositionbetweenthemaximuminhale
pointsandthemaximumexhalepoints.
3.Themethodofclaim1,whereintheestimationofdepthofbreath
comprises:
estimatingthecenterofthecircleonwhichthesampleslieinthe
complexplane
identifyingtheendpointsofthearconwhichthesampleslie
determiningthecentralanglesubtendedbythearcandmultiplying
theanglebyaconstantconversionfactor.
4.Themethodofclaim3,whereintheendpointsofthearcare
identifiedbyoneormoreof:identifyingthepointsofminimalvelocity,
identifyingthecenterofhighdensityclustersofsamples,oridentifying
pointswithlargechangesindirection.
5.Themethodofclaim1,whereintheestimationofdepthofbreath
comprisescountingthenumberofrotationsofthesignalaroundthe
centerinthecomplexplaneandmultiplyingthisnumberbyaconstant
conversionfactor.
6.Themethodofclaim1,whereininformationcorrespondingtothe
cardiopulmonarymovementofthesubjectincludesoneormoreofthe
groupincluding:respiratoryrate,pulserate,inhaletimetoexhaletime
ratio,andirregularityofrespiration.
7.Themethodofclaim1,whereintheoutputactionincludesalarmsfor
oneormoreofthegroupconsistingof:depthofbreathbelowa
threshold,depthofbreathaboveathreshold,depthofbreathmultiplied
byarespiratoryrateaboveathreshold,andadepthofbreathmultiplied
byarespiratoryratebelowathreshold.
8.67.(canceled)
68.Amethodofestimatingthepresenceorabsenceofparadoxicalbreathing
usingamotionsensor,themethodcomprising:
generatinganelectromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,wherein
thefrequencyoftheelectromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequency
range
transmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneor
moretransmitters
receivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormore
receivers
extractingaDopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiation
transformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedquadraturemotion
signal,saiddigitizedquadraturemotionsignalcomprisingoneormore
frames,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetimesampledquadrature
valuesofthedigitizedmotionsignal
detectinganoncardiopulmonarymotiontoidentifyfromthedigitizedmotion
signaloneormorenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectioneventsorother
signalinterferenceeventscorrespondingtothepresenceorabsenceofa
noncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference
executingbyaprocessoraparadoxicalbreathingindicationmoduleto
estimatethepresenceorabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingand
providinginformationrelatedtoatleastthepresence,absence,ordegreeof
paradoxicalbreathing.
69.Themethodofclaim68,whereintheparadoxicalbreathing
indicationcomprises:evaluatingthedistributionofsamplesinthe
complexplaneanddistinguishinganarcoralinefromanellipse,circle,
crescentmoonshape,kidneybeanshape,eggshape,figure8orribbon
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U.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/181,289(Atty.DocketNo.KAI
00058),filedonMay27,2009,titledIntermittentDopplerRadar
RespirationSpotCheckU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/184,315
(Atty.DocketNo.KAI00059),filedonJun.5,2009,titledDoppler
RadarRespirationSpotCheckwithAutomaticMeasurementLength
U.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.61/226,707(Atty.DocketNo.KAI
00060),filedonJul.18,2009,titledSpiralAntennaforaContacting
CardiopulmonarySensor.Eachoftheforegoingapplicationsis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
BACKGROUND
[0003] 1.FieldoftheInvention
[0004] Thisapplicationingeneralrelatestomonitorsthatcanassessthe
physiologicalandpsychologicalstateofasubjectand,inparticular,
relatestononcontactandradarbasedphysiologicsensorsandtheir
methodofuse.
[0005] 2.DescriptionoftheRelatedArt
[0006] Motionsensorsthatcanobtainphysiologicalinformationofasubject,
suchasrespiratoryactivity,cardiacactivity,cardiovascularactivity,and
cardiopulmonaryactivityonacontinuousorintermittentbasiscanbe
usefulinvariousmedicalapplications.Unfortunately,suchphysiologic
activityoftenoccursinthepresenceofvariousothermotions,suchas,
forexample,rollingoverwhilesleeping,etc.Thus,datafromsuch
motionsensorswilltypicallyincludedesiredcomponentscorresponding
tothephysiologicalactivitybeingmeasured,andundesired
componentscorrespondingtoothermotions,noise,etc.Existing
systemsdonotadequatelyseparatethedesiredcomponentsfromthe
undesiredcomponents.
SUMMARY
[0007] Theseandotherproblemsaresolvedbyasystemthatusesaradar
basedsensortosensephysiologicalmotionandaprocessingsystem
thatanalyzesthedatafromtheradartodistinguishdesireddata
componentscorrespondingtovariousphysiologicalactivityfrom
undesireddatacomponentsduetootheractivity,motions,noise,etc.
Thesystemcanbeusedtoobtainrespiratoryrate,heartrate,and
physiologicalwaveformsincluding,butnotlimitedto,heartwaveforms,
pulsewaveform,and/orarespiratorywaveform.Theseratesand
waveformscanbeanalyzedtoassessvariousphysiologicaland
medicalparameterssuchas,forexample,respiratoryrates,cardiac
rates,respiratoryeffort,depthofbreath,tidalvolume,vitalsigns,
medicalconditions,psychologicalstate,orlocationofthesubject,etc.
Thesewaveformscanalsobeusedtosynchronizeventilationor
medicalimagingwithrespiratoryand/orcardiacmotion.Theinformation
intheseratesandwaveformscanbeusedinmanyembodiments,
includingvitalsignsassessments,apneamonitors,generalpatient
monitoring,neonatalmonitoring,burnvictimmonitoring,home
monitoringoftheelderlyordisabled,triage,chronicillness
management,postsurgicalmonitoring,monitoringofpatientsduring
medicalimagingscans,diseasedetection,assessmentof
psychologicalstate,psychologicalorpsychiatricevaluation,pre
resuscitationassessment,postresuscitationassessment,and/orlie
detection.Variousembodimentsofthemotionsensorscanbeusedin
medicalapplicationsinvariousenvironmentsincluding,butnotlimited
to,hospitals,clinics,homes,skillednursingfacilities,assistedliving
facilities,healthkiosks,emergencyrooms,emergencytransport,
patienttransport,disasterareas,andbattlefields.Variousembodiments
ofthemotionsensorscanbeusedforsecurityapplicationsincluding,
butnotlimitedto,securityscreeningatairports,borders,sporting
eventsandotherpublicevents,orasaliedetector.Various
embodimentsofthephysiologicalmotionsensorscandistinguishvalid
measurementofheartandrespiratoryactivityfrominterference,noise,
orothermotion,anditcanprovidecontinuous,pointintime,intermittent
and/orpiecemealdatafromwhichrates,signatures,andkeyvariations
canberecognized.Variousembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotion
sensorcanoperatewithnocontactandworkatadistancefroma
subject.Someembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotionsensorcan
alsooperatewhenplacedonthesubject'schestincontactwiththe
body.Variousembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotionsensorcan
operateonsubjectsinanyposition,includinglyingdown,reclined,
https://www.google.com/patents/US20100292568
shape,orothershapethatisnotalineorarc,indicatingtheabsenceof
paradoxicalbreathingisalineorarcisdetectedandindicatingthe
presenceofparadoxicalbreathingifashapeotherthanalineorarcis
detected.
70.Themethodofclaim68,whereintheparadoxicalbreathing
indicationcomprisescomparingthetrajectoryinthecomplexplane
duringinhalationwiththatduringexhalationindicatingtheabsenceof
paradoxicalbreathingifthetwoaresimilarandindicatingthepresence
ofparadoxicalbreathingifthetwoaresignificantlydifferent.
71.Themethodofclaim68,whereintheparadoxicalbreathing
indicationcomprises:
segmentingtheshapeinthecomplexplanebydeterminingthe
bestfitlineforeachframe(segmentsofthedata)
calculatinganorientationvectorpointinginthedirectionof
movementinthecomplexplaneforeveryframe
calculatingthechangeinphasebetweeneachconsecutive
orientationvector
determiningwhetherthechangeinphasebetweeneach
consecutiveorientationvectorispositiveornegative
indicatingthepresenceofparadoxicalbreathingifeitherpositive
phasechangeornegativephasechangeisdominantand
indicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingifthephasechange
isapproximatelyevenlydistributedbetweenpositiveandnegative.
72.Themethodofclaim68,whereintheparadoxicalbreathing
indicationcomprisesfittingthesamplesinthecomplexplanetoanarc
thatsubtendsananglenogreaterthanathresholdvalue.
73.Themethodofclaim72,whereinthethresholdangleis
approximately170degrees.
74.Themethodofclaim72,whereinthethresholdisdeterminedbased
oninformationinthepatient'smedicalrecord.
75.Themethodofclaim68,whereintheparadoxicalbreathing
indicationcomprisesfittingthesamplesinthecomplexplanetoan
ellipsedeterminingtheeccentricityoftheellipseindicatingthe
presenceofparadoxicalbreathingiftheeccentricityoftheellipseis
aboveathresholdandindicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingif
theeccentricityoftheellipseisbelowathreshold.
76.Themethodofclaim70,whereincomparingthetrajectory
comprisesfittingacircleoranarctotheinhalationsamplesinthe
complexplaneandtotheexhalationsamplesinthecomplexplaneand
comparingthecentersandtheradiiofthecirclesforinhalationand
exhalation.
77.Themethodofclaim68,whereintheparadoxicalbreathing
indicationcomprisescalculatingtheareaenclosedbyafullbreathing
cycleinthecomplexplaneindicatingthepresenceofrespirationifthe
areaboundedbythepointsisgreaterthanathresholdandindicating
theabsenceofrespirationiftheareaboundedbythepointsislessthan
athreshold.
78.Themethodofclaim68,whereintheparadoxicalbreathing
indicationcomprisesfittingacircletothesamplesinthecomplexplane
fromoneormorecompletebreathingcyclesestimatingthecenterof
thatcirclecalculatingthedistancefromeachsampletothecenterof
thecirclecalculatingthevarianceofthedistancefromeachsampleto
thecenterofthecircleindicatingthepresenceofparadoxicalbreathing
ifthevarianceisaboveathreshold
andindicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingifthevariance
isbelowathreshold.
79.127.(canceled)
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sitting,orstanding.Variousembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotion
sensorcanoperateonsubjectsfromdifferentpositionsrelativetothe
subject,includingfromthesubject's,fromthesubject'sside,fromthe
subject'sback,fromabovethesubject,andfrombelowthesubject.
[0008] Oneembodimentincludesamethodofsensingmotionusingamotion
sensor,themethodthatincludesgeneratingelectromagneticradiation
fromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyoftheelectromagnetic
radiationisintheradiofrequencyrange,transmittingthe
electromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneormore
transmitters,receivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubject
usingoneormorereceivers,extractingaDopplershiftedsignalfrom
thescatteredradiation,transformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoa
digitizedmotionsignal,thedigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneor
moreframes,whereintheoneormoreframesincludetimesampled
quadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignal,demodulatingtheone
ormoreframesusingademodulationalgorithmexecutedbya
processortoisolateasignalcorrespondingtoaphysiological
movementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject,analyzingthesignalto
obtaininformationcorrespondingtoanoncardiopulmonarymotionor
othersignalinterference,processingthesignaltoobtaininformation
correspondingtothephysiologicalmovementofthesubjectorapartof
thesubject,substantiallyseparatefromthenoncardiopulmonary
motionorothersignalinterference,andcommunicatingtheinformation
toanoutputsystemthatisconfiguredtoperformanoutputaction.
[0009] Inoneembodiment,theoutputsystemincludesadisplayunit
configuredtodisplaytheinformation.Inoneembodiment,theoutput
systemincludesanaudiblesystemthatisconfiguredtoreport
informationoralertsaudiblybasedontheinformation.Inone
embodiment,theoutputsystemincludesanexternalmedicalsystem
thatisconfiguredtoperformanactionbasedontheinformation.Inone
embodiment,thedemodulatingalgorithmincludesalineardemodulation
algorithm,anarcbaseddemodulationalgorithmoranonlinear
128.Asystemforestimatingthepresenceorabsenceofparadoxicalbreathing
usingamotionsensor,thesystemcomprising:
oneormoresourcesforgeneratingelectromagneticradiation,whereinthe
frequencyofthegeneratedelectromagneticradiationisintheradio
frequencyrange
oneormoretransmittersconfiguredtotransmitthegenerated
electromagneticradiationtowardsasubject
oneormorereceiversconfiguredtoreceivearadiationscatteredatleastby
thesubject
asignalextractorconfiguredtoextractaDopplershiftedsignalfromthe
scatteredradiationand
aprocessorconfiguredtotransformtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitized
motionsignal,saiddigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,
whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetimesampledquadraturevaluesof
thedigitizedmotionsignal
whereintheprocessorisconfiguredtoexecuteanoncardiopulmonary
motiondetectionalgorithmtoidentifyfromthedigitizedmotionsignaloneor
morenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectioneventsorothersignal
interferenceeventscorrespondingtothepresenceorabsenceofanon
cardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference,
whereintheprocessorisfurtherconfiguredtoexecuteaparadoxical
breathingindicationalgorithmtoestimatethepresenceorabsenceof
paradoxicalbreathing,and
whereinthesystemisconfiguredtoprovideinformationrelatedtoatleast
thepresence,absence,ordegreeofparadoxicalbreathing.
129.Thesystemofclaim128,whereintheprocessorisfurther

demodulationalgorithm.Inoneembodiment,theinformationis configuredtoprocesssaidoneormoreframestoobtaininformation

displayedatleastalphanumerically,graphicallyandasawaveform. correspondingtothecardiopulmonarymovementofthesubjectorapart

[0010] Inoneembodiment,thesubjectisahumanbeingorananimalandthe ofthesubject,substantiallyseparatefromnoncardiopulmonarymotion

physiologicalmovementincludesatleastoneofamotiondueto orothersignalinterferenceandestimatethesubject'sdepthofbreath

respiratoryactivityofthesubject,motionduetoacardiopulmonary fromthecardiopulmonarymotion.

activityofthesubject,motionduetoacardiacactivityofthesubject,
motionduetoacardiovascularactivityofthesubject,andmotiondue
toaphysicalactivityofthesubject.
[0011] Invariousembodimentthedemodulatingalgorithmincludesprojectingthesignalinacomplexplaneonabestfit
line,projectingthesignalinacomplexplaneonaprincipaleigenvector,oraligningasignalarctoabestfitcircle
andusingthebestfitcircleparameterstoextracttheangularinformationfromthesignalarc.
[0012] Invariousembodimentdemodulatingincludescomputingintheprocessorafirstsetofcovariancematricesofa
firstsubsetofframesselectedfromtheoneormoreframes,determiningafirstAmatrix,whereinthefirstAmatrix
includesaweightedsumofthefirstsetofcovariancematrices,determiningafirstparametervectorcorresponding
toafirstprimaryvalueofthefirstAmatrix,storingthefirstparametervectorinamemorydevicewhichisin
communicationwiththeprocessor.Inoneembodiment,demodulationincludes,computingintheprocessora
secondsetofcovariancematricesofasecondsubsetofframesselectedfromtheoneormoreframes,
determiningasecondAmatrix,whereinthesecondAmatrixincludesaweightedsumofthesecondsetof
covariancematrices,determiningasecondparametervectorcorrespondingtoasecondprimaryvalueofthe
secondAmatrix,calculatinganinnerproductofthefirstparametervectorandthesecondparametervector,
multiplyingthesecondparametervectorbythesignoftheinnerproduct,andprojectingthevaluesofthesecond
frameonthesecondparametervectortoobtainthedemodulatedsignal.Inoneembodiment,thefirstprimaryvalue
includesthelargesteigenvalueofthefirstAmatrixandthefirstprimaryvectorincludesaneigenvector
correspondingtotheeigenvalue.Inoneembodiment,thesecondprimaryvalueincludesthelargesteigenvalueof
thesecondAmatrixandthesecondprimaryvectorincludesaneigenvectorcorrespondingtotheeigenvalue.
[0013] Inoneembodiment,thesourceofradiationincludesanoscillator.Inoneembodiment,theoneormoretransmitters
includeoneormoreantennae.Inoneembodiment,theoneormorereceiversincludeoneormoreantennaeor
arraysofantennae.Inoneembodiment,thetransmittingandreceivingantennaearethesameantennae.Inone
embodiment,thereceiverincludesahomodynereceiver.Inoneembodiment,thereceiverincludesaheterodyne
receiver.Inoneembodiment,thereceiverincludesalowIFreceiverconfiguredtotransformtheDopplershifted
signaltoaDopplershiftedsignalcomprisingfrequenciesinalowintermediatefrequencyrange,whichisdigitized
anddigitallytransformedtoadigitizedmotionsignal.
[0014] Inoneembodiment,theprocessorincludesatleastoneofadigitalsignalprocessor,amicroprocessoranda
computer.Inoneembodiment,theoutputsystemincludesadisplayunitconfiguredtodisplayinformationregarding
thephysiologicalmovementofauserataremotelocation.

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12/13/2016 PatentUS20100292568SystemsandmethodsformeasurementofdepthofbreathandparadoxicalbreathingGooglePatents
[0015] Inoneembodiment,analyzingthesignalincludesexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm
configuredtodetecttheabsenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionisdetectedifthesignalincludesasinglestable
sourceorthepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarysignalifatleastthesignalisunstableoratleastthesignalhas
multiplesources.
[0016] Inoneembodiment,analyzingthesignalincludesexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm
configuredtodetectthepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionifthesignalindicatesanexcursionlargerthanthe
subject'smaximumchestexcursionfromcardiopulmonaryactivity.
[0017] Inoneembodiment,analyzingthesignalincludesexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm
configuredtodetectthepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionifabestfitvectorrelatedtolineardemodulation
changessignificantly.
[0018] Inoneembodiment,analyzingthesignalincludesexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm
configuredtodetectthepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionifaRMSdifferencebetweenacomplex
constellationofthesignalandabestfitvectorrelatedtolineardemodulationchangessignificantly.
[0019] Inoneembodiment,analyzingthesignalincludesexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm
configuredtodetectthepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionifanoriginorradiusofabestfitcirclerelatedto
arcbaseddemodulationchangessignificantly.
[0020] Inoneembodiment,analyzingthesignalincludesexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm
configuredtodetectthepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionifaRMSdifferencebetweenacomplex
constellationofthesignalandabestfitcirclerelatedtoarcbaseddemodulationchangessignificantly.
[0021] Inoneembodiment,analyzingthesignalincludesexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmbya
processortodetectthepresenceorabsenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferencefromthe
digitizedmotionsignal,whereinthenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmincludesafirstmodewhich
detectsapresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceandasecondmodewhichdetectsa
cessationofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference.
[0022] Oneembodimentincludescommunicatinginformationrelatedtoasignalqualityofacardiopulmonarymotion
signal,basedonatleastoneof:apresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference,an
absenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference,adegreeofnoncardiopulmonarymotionor
othersignalinterference,anassessmentofthesignaltonoiseratio,adetectionoflowsignalpower,oradetection
ofsignalclippingorothersignalinterference,toanoutputsystemconfiguredtooutputtheinformation.
[0023] Inoneembodiment,thefirstmodeincludesselectingafirstsubsetofframesfromtheoneormoreframesand
computingintheprocessorafirstsetofcovariancematricesofthefirstsubsetofframesfilteredbyalowpass
filter,determiningafirstAmatrixwhereintheAmatrixincludesaweightedsumofthefirstsetofcovariance
matrices,determiningafirstparametervectorcorrespondingtoafirstprimaryvalueofthefirstAmatrix,storingthe
firstparametervectorinamemorydevicewhichisincommunicationwiththeprocessor.Oneembodimentfurther
includescomputingintheprocessorasecondsetofcovariancematricesofasecondsubsetofframesfilteredby
thelowpassfilter,determiningasecondAmatrix,whereintheAmatrixincludesaweightedsumvalueofthe
secondsetofcovariancematrices,determiningafirstandasecondprimaryvalueofthesecondAmatrix,
determiningasecondparametervectorcorrespondingtothefirstprimaryvalueofthesecondAmatrix,calculating
aninnerproductofthefirstparametervectorandthesecondparametervector,calculatingaratioofthefirst
primaryvalueofthesecondAmatrixtothesecondprimaryvalueofthesecondAmatrix,calculatingafirstenergy
correspondingtotheaverageenergyofathirdsubsetofframesfilteredbyahighpassfilterandasecondenergy
correspondingtotheaverageenergyofafourthsubsetofframesfilteredbyahighpassfilter,andcalculatinga
ratioofthesecondenergytothefirstenergy.Inoneembodiment,thefirstprimaryvalueincludesthelargest
eigenvalueofthefirstAmatrixandthefirstprimaryvectorincludesaneigenvectorcorrespondingtothe
eigenvalue.Inoneembodiment,thefirstprimaryvalueofthesecondAmatrixincludesthesecondlargest
eigenvalueofthesecondAmatrix,thesecondprimaryvalueofthesecondAmatrixincludesthelargest
eigenvalueofthesecondAmatrixandthesecondprimaryvectorofthesecondAmatrixincludesaneigenvector
correspondingtothefirstprimaryvalueofthesecondAmatrix.
[0024] Oneembodimentincludescomputingintheprocessorafirstcondition,thefirstconditionbeingtheinnerproductis
lessthanafirstthresholdvalueortheratioofthefirstprimaryvalueofthesecondAmatrixtothesecondprimary
valueofthesecondAmatrixislessthanasecondthresholdvalueortheratioofthesecondenergytothefirst
energyisgreaterthanathirdthresholdvalue,whereinthepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interferenceisdetectedifthefirstconditionistrueandtheratioofthesecondenergytothefirstenergyisgreater
thanafourththresholdvalue.Inoneembodiment,thefirstthresholdvalueisapproximatelybetween0.6and1.In
oneembodiment,thesecondthresholdvalueisapproximatelybetween4and12.Inoneembodiment,thethird
thresholdvalueisapproximatelybetween4and20.Inoneembodiment,thefourththresholdvalueisapproximately
between0.1and0.8.
[0025] Inoneembodiment,thesecondmodeincludesselectingintheprocessoreachandeveryconsecutivesubsetof
frameswithinafifthsubsetofframes,computingintheprocessorcovariancematricesforeverysubsetofframes
computingintheprocessoranAmatrixforeachsubsetofframes,whereintheAmatrixistheweightedaverage
ofthecovariancematricesinthesubset,computingintheprocessorarhomatrix,whereineachelementofthe
rhomatrixcorrespondstoafirstprimaryvectorofthecorrespondingAmatrix,computingtheinnerproductofeach
pairofprimaryvectorsintherhomatrixandselectingaminimumabsolutevalueoftheinnerproducts,calculating
anAmatrixwhichisthesumofthecovariancematricesinasixthsubsetofframes,determiningthefirstprimary
valueoftheAmatrixandthesecondprimaryvalueoftheAmatrix,calculatingtheratioofthefirstprimaryvalueof
theAmatrixtothesecondprimaryvalueoftheAmatrix,
[0026] Oneembodimentincludescomputingintheprocessorasecondcondition,thesecondconditionbeingtheminimum
absolutevalueoftheinnerproductsisgreaterthanafirstthresholdvalueandtheratioofthefirstprimaryvalueto

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thesecondprimaryvalueisgreaterthanasecondthresholdvalue,whereinthecessationofnoncardiopulmonary
motionorothersignalinterferenceisdetectedifthesecondconditionistrue.Inoneembodiment,thefifththreshold
valueisapproximatelybetween0.6and1.Inoneembodiment,thesixththresholdvalueisapproximatelybetween
4and12.Inoneembodiment,thefirstprimaryvectorincludesaneigenvectorcorrespondingtothelargest
eigenvalueofthecorrespondingAmatrix.Inoneembodiment,thefirstprimaryvalueincludesthelargest
eigenvalueoftheAmatrixandthesecondprimaryvalueincludesthesecondlargesteigenvalueoftheAmatrix.
Oneembodimentincludescomputingaframefromtheoneormoreframeswhenthenoncardiopulmonarymotion
substantiallyceased.Inoneembodiment,oneormoreframesprecedingtheframearediscarded.
[0027] Oneembodimentincludesamethodofestimatingtherateofaphysiologicalmotionusingamotionsensor,
generatinganelectromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyoftheelectromagnetic
radiationisintheradiofrequencyrange,transmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneor
moretransmitters,receivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormorereceivers,extractinga
Dopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiation,transforminganddigitizingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoa
digitizedmotionsignal,thedigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormoreframes
includetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignal,demodulatingtheoneormoreframesusing
ademodulationalgorithmexecutedbyaprocessortoisolateasignalcorrespondingtoaphysiologicalmovementof
thesubjectorapartofthesubject,executinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmbytheprocessor
toidentifyfromthedigitizedmotionsignaloneormorenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectioneventsorothersignal
interferenceeventscorrespondingtothepresenceorabsenceofanoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interference,executingbyaprocessorarateestimationalgorithmtoestimatearateofthephysiological
movement,andprovidinginformationrelatedtoatleasttherateofthephysiologicalmovementofthesubjectora
partofthesubjecttoanoutputunitthatisconfiguredtooutputtheinformation.
[0028] Inoneembodiment,therateestimationalgorithmincludescollectingapluralityofsamplesfromthedemodulated
frames,identifyingoneormoresamplesfromthepluralityofsamplescorrespondingtononcardiopulmonary
motiondetectioneventsandsettingtozerotheoneormoresamplesfromthepluralityofsamplestoobtainat
leastafirstsubsetofthepluralityofsamples,andsubtractingintheprocessorameanofthefirstsubsetfromthe
firstsubset.OneembodimentincludescalculatingintheprocessoraFouriertransformofthesamplesincludedin
thefirstsubsettoobtainamagnitudespectrumofthesamplesinthefirstsubset.Inoneembodiment,the
estimatedfrequencydomainrateofthephysiologicalmovementcorrespondstothelargestmagnitudecomponent
inthespectrumofthesamplesinthefirstsubset.Oneembodimentincludesidentifyingeitheratleastthree
positivezerocrossingsoratleastthreenegativezerocrossingsinthefirstsubset,identifyingatleastafirstvalue
forthesampleswithinafirstandasecondzerocrossing,thefirstvaluebeingthelargestmagnitudepositivevalue
orlargestmagnitudenegativevalue,identifyingatleastasecondvalueforthesampleswithinasecondandathird
zerocrossing,thesecondvaluebeingthelargestmagnitudepositivevalueorlargestmagnitudenegativevalue
comparingthefirstandsecondvaluesagainstathresholdvalue,identifyingatleastafirstbreathingeventifthe
firstvalueisgreaterthanathresholdvalue,identifyingatleastasecondbreathingeventifthesecondvalueis
greaterthanathresholdvalue,andestimatingatimedomainrespirationratebasedonatleastthefirstandsecond
breathingeventsandthetimeintervalbetweenthefirst,secondandthirdzerocrossings.Oneembodiment
includescalculatingintheprocessoraFouriertransformofthesamplesincludedinthefirstsubsettoobtaina
magnitudespectrumofthesamplesinthefirstsubset,estimatingafrequencydomainrespirationrateofthe
physiologicalmovementthatcorrespondstothelargestmagnitudespectrumofthesamplesinthefirstsubset,and
comparingthetimedomainrateandthefrequencydomainratetoverifyanaccuracyofthetimedomainrateand
thefrequencydomainrate.
[0029] Inoneembodiment,therateestimationalgorithmincludesidentifyingatleastthreeconsecutivepeaksfromthe
pluralityofsamples,suchthatavalleyisincludedbetweentwoconsecutivepeaks,anddeterminingarespiration
ratebasedonanumberofconsecutivepeaksdetectedandthetimeintervalbetweenafirstandalastpeak.
[0030] Inoneembodiment,therateestimationalgorithmincludesidentifyingatleastthreeconsecutivevalleysfromthe
pluralityofsamples,suchthatapeakisincludedbetweentwoconsecutivevalleys,anddeterminingarespiration
ratebasedonanumberofconsecutivevalleysdetectedandthetimeintervalbetweenafirstandalastvalley.In
oneembodiment,theratealgorithmselectswhethertoidentifypeaksorvalleysdependingonwhichoccursfirst.In
oneembodiment,therateestimationalgorithmaveragestherespirationratebasedonanumberofconsecutive
peaksandtherespirationratebasedonanumberofconsecutivevalleystoimprovetherobustnessoftherate
estimate.
[0031] Oneembodimentincludesasystemforsensingaphysiologicalmotionincludingoneormoreantennasconfigured
totransmitelectromagneticradiation,oneormoreantennasconfiguredtoreceiveelectromagneticradiation,at
leastoneprocessorconfiguredtoextractinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonarymotionbyexecutingatleastone
ofademodulationalgorithm,anoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm,arateestimationalgorithm,a
paradoxicalbreathingalgorithmandadirectionofarrivalalgorithm,andacommunicationssystemconfiguredto
communicatewithanoutputdevice,theoutputdeviceconfiguredtooutputinformationrelatedtothe
cardiopulmonarymotion.Inoneembodiment,avitalsignsmonitorisconfiguredtomonitoratleastoneofa
respirationrate,aheartrate,adepthofbreath,respiratorywaveform,heartwaveform,tidalvolumeactivityand
degreeofasynchronousbreathinginoneormoresubjects.Inoneembodiment,anapneadetectionsystemis
configuredtomonitoratleastoneofarespirationrate,aheartrate,adepthofbreath,tidalvolumeandparadoxical
breathingandthepresenceorabsenceofbreathinginoneormoresubjects.Inoneembodiment,asleepmonitoris
configuredtomonitoratleastoneofarespirationrate,respiratoryeffort,aheartrate,adepthofbreath,tidal
volume,paradoxicalbreathing,activity,position,andphysicalmovementinoneormoresubjects.Inone
embodiment,avitalsignsmeasurementsystemisconfiguredtomeasureatleastoneofrespirationrate,heart
rate,ratioofinhaletimetoexhaletime,tidalvolume,anddepthofbreathinoneormoresubjects.Inone

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embodiment,avitalsignsmeasurementsystemisconfiguredtoperformameasurementatapointintimeorat
intermittentpointsintime.
[0032] Oneembodimentincludesapsychophysiologicalstatemonitorconfiguredtomonitoratleastoneofarespiration
rate,aheartrate,respiratorywaveform,heartwaveform,activity,adepthofbreath,tidalvolume,inhaletime,
exhaletime,andinhaletimetoexhaletimeratioinoneormoresubjectsinresponsetooneormoreexternal
stimuli.
[0033] Inoneembodiment,thesystemsendsinformationtoanimagingsystem,theimagingsystemconfiguredtoimage
asubject,theinformationconfiguredtosynchronizetheimagingsystemtoaphysiologicalmotioninthesubject.
[0034] Inoneembodiment,thesystemisconfiguredtosendinformationtoamedicaldevice,theinformationconfiguredto
operatethemedicaldevice.Inoneembodiment,themedicaldeviceincludesadefibrillator.Inoneembodiment,the
systemisconfiguredtoassessatleastoneofthepresenceorabsenceofrespiratorymotionandthepresenceor
absenceofheartmotion.
[0035] Oneembodimentincludesaphysicalactivitymonitorconfiguredtomonitoratleastoneofarespirationrate,a
heartrate,adepthofbreath,tidalvolume,frequencyofnoncardiopulmonarymotion,anddurationofnon
cardiopulmonarymotioninoneormoresubjects.Inoneembodiment,theweightedsumincludesanarithmetic
mean.Inoneembodiment,themedicaldeviceincludesaventilator.
[0036] Oneembodimentincludesamethodofestimatingthepresenceorabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingusingamotion
sensorbygeneratinganelectromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyofthe
electromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequencyrange,transmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsa
subjectusingoneormoretransmitters,receivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormore
receivers,extractingaDopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiation,transformingtheDopplershiftedsignal
toadigitizedquadraturemotionsignal,thedigitizedquadraturemotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,
whereintheoneormoreframesincludetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignal,executinga
noncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmbytheprocessortoidentifyfromthedigitizedmotionsignaloneor
morenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectioneventsorothersignalinterferenceeventscorrespondingtothe
presenceorabsenceofanoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference,executingbyaprocessora
paradoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmtoestimatethepresenceorabsenceofparadoxicalbreathing,and
providinginformationrelatedtoatleastthepresence,absence,ordegreeofparadoxicalbreathing.Inone
embodiment,theparadoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmincludesselectingasubsetoftheframes,filteringthe
framesusingalowpassfilter,andobtainingacomplexconstellationplotofthefilteredframes.
[0037] Inoneembodiment,anabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingisdetectedifthecomplexconstellationplotis
approximatelylinear,suchthatthemagnitudeofafirstdimensionofthecomplexconstellationplotisgreaterthan
aseconddimensionofthecomplexconstellationplot.
[0038] Inoneembodiment,apresenceofparadoxicalbreathingisdetectedifthecomplexconstellationplothasafirstand
aseconddimension,suchthatthefirstandseconddimensionshavecomparablemagnitude.
[0039] Inoneembodiment,aparadoxicalfactoriscalculatedtoestimateadegreeofparadoxicalbreathing.Inone
embodiment,theparadoxicalfactorcanbeestimatedbycalculatingintheprocessoracovariancematrixofthe
subset,calculatingafirstprimaryvalueandasecondprimaryvalueofthecovariancematrix,calculatingafirst
primaryvectorcorrespondingtothefirstprimaryvalueandasecondprimaryvectorcorrespondingtothesecond
primaryvalue,projectingthesignalonthefirstprimaryvectoranddeterminingafirstamplitudecorrespondingto
thelargestpeaktopeakvalueoftheprojectedsignalonthefirstprimaryvector,projectingthesignalonthe
secondprimaryvectoranddeterminingasecondamplitudecorrespondingtothelargestpeaktopeakvalueofthe
projectedsignalonthesecondprimaryvector,calculatingafirstratioofthefirstamplitudetothesecond
amplitude,calculatingasecondratioofthefirstprimaryvaluetothesecondprimaryvalue,andcalculatinga
productofthefirstratiotothesecondratio.Inoneembodiment,thefirstandsecondprimaryvalueinclude
eigenvaluesofthecovariancematrixandthefirstandsecondprimaryvectorsincludeeigenvectorscorresponding
tothefirstandsecondprimaryvalue.
[0040] Inoneembodiment,theparadoxicalindicatoriscalculatedwithacostfunctionperformedontheparadoxicalfactor.
Inoneembodiment,thepresenceorabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingisdeterminedbycomparingtheoutputofthe
costfunctiontoathreshold.
[0041] Inoneembodiment,theparadoxicalindicatorisanalyzedtoprovideafirstindicationforabsenceofparadoxical
breathing,asecondindicationforuncertainresultsandathirdindicationforthepresenceofparadoxicalbreathing.
[0042] Oneembodimentincludesamethodofestimatingthedirectionofarrivalusingamotionsensorbygeneratingan
electromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyoftheelectromagneticradiationisin
theradiofrequencyrange,transmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneormore
transmitters,receivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormorereceivers,extractinga
Dopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiation,transformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedquadrature
motionsignal,thedigitizedquadraturemotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormore
framesincludetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignalfromeachreceiver,executingbya
processoradirectionofarrivalalgorithmtoestimatethenumberoftargetsandcorrespondingangles,andproviding
informationcorrespondingtoatleastoneofthecardiopulmonarymovementofoneormoresubjectsorapartof
oneormoresubjects,thenumberofsubjects,andthedirectionofoneormoresubjectstoanoutputunitthatis
configuredtooutputtheinformation.Inoneembodiment,thedirectionofarrivalalgorithmincludesfilteringasubset
offramesselectedfromtheoneormoreframesusingalowpassfilter,eachframeconsistingofsignalsfroma
pluralityofreceivechannelsinthemultiplereceiveantennaarray,calculatingthepowerspectrumdensityofallthe
channelsforthelowpassfilteredsubsetofframes,usingthepowerofthefrequencycomponentsinthecalculated
powerspectrumdensitytodeterminethefrequencycomponentsthataremostlikelytocontainacardiopulmonary
signalsfromoneormoresubjects,identifyingtheangulardirectionofeachfrequencycomponent,identifyingat

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leastafirstandasecondangulardirectionsuchthateachangulardirectionisseparatedfromtheotherangular
directionbyanangulardistancegreaterthanorequaltoanangularresolutionoftheoneormorereceivers,
eliminatingoneormoreanglesthatareseparatedbyanangulardistancelessthantheangularresolutionoftheone
ormorereceivers,andgeneratingoneormoreDOAvectorswithunitymagnitudeforeachtargetintheangular
direction,andsmoothingtheDOAvectorswithaweightedaverageofacurrentDOAvectorandapreviousDOA
vectorsinabuffer.Oneembodimentfurtherincludesseparatingthesignalfromeachangulardirectionbysteering
spatialnullstowardstheotherangulardirections,executingbytheprocessoranoncardiopulmonarymotion
detectionalgorithmtodetectapresenceorabsenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferencein
eachseparatedsignal,andexecutingbytheprocessorademodulationalgorithmtodemodulateeachofthe
separatedsignals,andprocesseachdemodulatedsignaltoobtaininformationcorrespondingtothe
cardiopulmonarymotionifabsenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionisdetected.Oneembodimentfurtherincludes
isolatingthesignalfromthedesiredsubjectbysteeringspatialnullstowardtheotherangulardirections,executing
bytheprocessoranoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmtodetectapresenceorabsenceofnon
cardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceintheisolatedsignal,andexecutingbytheprocessora
demodulationalgorithmtodemodulatetheisolatedsignal,andprocessthedemodulatedsignaltoobtaininformation
correspondingtothesubject'scardiopulmonarymotionifabsenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionisdetected.
[0043] Inoneembodiment,thedirectionofarrivalalgorithmincludesfilteringasubsetofframesselectedfromtheoneor
moreframesusingalowpassfilter,eachframeconsistingofsignalsfromapluralityofreceivechannelsincluded
inthemultiplereceiverantennaarray,calculatingthepowerspectrumdensityofallthechannelsforthelowpass
filteredsubsetofframes,usingthepowerofthefrequencycomponentsinthecalculatedpowerspectrumdensity
todeterminethefrequencycomponentsthataremostlikelytocontainthecardiopulmonarysignalsfromoneor
moresubjects,identifyinganangulardirectionofeachfrequencycomponent,identifyingatleastafirstanda
secondangulardirectionsuchthateachangulardirectionisseparatedfromtheotherangulardirectionbyan
angulardistancegreaterthanorequaltoanangularresolutionofthemultiplereceiverantennaarray,eliminating
oneormoreanglesthatareseparatedbyanangulardistancelessthantheangularresolutionofthemultiple
receiverantennaarray,generatingaDOAvectorwithunitymagnitudeforeachtargetintheangulardirection,
smoothingtheDOAvectorswithaweightedaverageofthecurrentDOAvectorsandpreviousDOAvectorsina
buffer,repeatingtheDOAalgorithmperiodicallyandupdatingtheDOAvectors,andcommunicatingangles
correspondingtotheDOAvectorstotheoutputunit.
[0044] Disclosedhereinisamethodofsensingmotionusingamotionsensor.Themethodcanincludethestepsof:
generatingelectromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyoftheelectromagnetic
radiationisintheradiofrequencyrangetransmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneor
moretransmittersreceivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormorereceiversextractinga
DopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiationtransformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedmotion
signal,saiddigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetime
sampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignalprocessingsaidoneormoreframestoobtaininformation
correspondingtothecardiopulmonarymovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject,substantiallyseparatefrom
noncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceestimatingthesubject'sdepthofbreathfromthe
cardiopulmonarymovementinformationandcommunicatingtheinformationtoanoutputsystemthatisconfigured
toperformanoutputaction.
[0045] Insomeembodiments,estimationofdepthofbreathcomprises:obtaininginformationabouttheabsolutetime
varyingchestpositionbyextractingthetimevaryingphasedifferencebetweenthetransmittedradiationandthe
receivedradiationandmultiplyingbyaconstantconversionfactoridentifyingmaximuminhalepointsand
maximumexhalepointsontheabsolutetimevaryingchestpositionanddeterminingthedifferenceinposition
betweenthemaximuminhalepointsandthemaximumexhalepoints.Insomeembodiments,theestimationof
depthofbreathcomprises:estimatingthecentercircleonwhichthesampleslieinthecomplexplanidentifying
theendpointsofthearconwhichthesamplesliedeterminingthecentralanglesubtendedbythearc,and
multiplyingtheanglebyaconstantconversionfactor.
[0046] Theendpointsofthearccanbeidentifiedbyoneormoreof:identifyingthepointsofminimalvelocity,identifying
thecenterofhighdensityclustersofsamples,oridentifyingpointswithlargechangesindirection.Theestimation
ofdepthofbreathcanalsoinclude:countingthenumberofrotationsofthesignalaroundthecenterinthecomplex
planeandmultiplyingthisnumberbyaconstantconversionfactor.Insomeembodiments,information
correspondingtothecardiopulmonarymovementofthesubjectincludesoneormoreof:respiratoryrate,pulse
rate,inhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,andirregularityofrespiration.Insomeembodiments,theoutputaction
includesalarmsforoneormoreof:depthofbreathbelowathreshold,depthofbreathaboveathreshold,depthof
breathmultipliedbyarespiratoryrateaboveathreshold,andadepthofbreathmultipliedbyarespiratoryrate
belowathreshold.
[0047] Alsodisclosedhereinisamethodofsensingmotionusingamotionsensor.Themethodcomprisesgenerating
electromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyoftheelectromagneticradiationisin
theradiofrequencyrangetransmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneormore
transmittersreceivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormorereceiversextractinga
DopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiationtransformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedmotion
signal,saiddigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetime
sampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignalconditioningthedigitizedmotionsignalintoaconditioned
motionsignalusingaconditioningalgorithmexecutedbyaprocessortopreparethedigitizedmotionsignalfor
demodulationdemodulatingsaidconditionedmotionsignalusingdemodulationalgorithmsexecutedbyaprocessor
toconvertaquadraturedigitizedmotionsignaltoamotionwaveformprocessingthemotionwaveformtoobtain
informationcorrespondingtothecardiopulmonarymovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject,substantially

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separatefromnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceandcommunicatingtheinformationtoan
outputsystemthatisconfiguredtoperformanoutputaction.
[0048] Insomeembodiments,theconditioningalgorithmcomprisesreducingthesignaltonomorethanabout10,9,8,7,
6,5,4,3,orlesspointsforrepresentation.Thepointsforrepresentationcanbeselectedfrom,forexample,oneor
moreof:endpointscomprisingtheextremesofanarcpointsofminimumormaximumvelocitypointsof
minimumormaximumaccelerationcentersofclustersofhighpointdensitypointsoflargestchangeindirection
pointsoflargestchangeinsegmentlengthselfintersectionpointspointsofintersectionwithafittedshapepoints
ofintersectionwithafittedshape'saxisandthemidpointbetweenotherkeypoints.Theconditioningalgorithm
canincludesmoothingthearcinthecomplexplane,and/orsegmentationofthesignalinthecomplexplane.In
someembodiments,segmentationcomprisesoneormoreofgeneratinglinesegmentsbasedonapredefined
numberofsamples,afractionofthenumberofsamplesinonerespiratorycycle,amultipleofthenumberof
samplesinonerespiratorycycle,andanadaptivelysetnumberofsamples.
[0049] Thedemodulationalgorithmcanincludeidentificationofacenterwithacenterfindalgorithm,settingthecenterto
zero,andperforminganarctangentfunctiononthedatapoints.Insomeembodiments,thecenterfindalgorithm
comprisesidentifyingthebestfitcircletothesamplesthroughaleastmeansquareerrormethodoramaximum
likelihoodestimatormethodthatdefinesacirclewithgeometricoralgebraicmethod.Insomeembodiments,the
centerfindalgorithmcomprisesfindingusingaleastsquaresmethodtofindthepointofintersectionbetweenlines
perpendiculartosegmentsbetweendatapointsoftheconditionedmotionsignal.Instillotherembodiments,the
centerfindalgorithmcomprisescalculatingthegeometriccenterofthedatapoints.Thearccanbesmoothedby:
applyingatwodimensionalgradienttothesamplesinthecomplexplaneusingthegradientpeakvaluestodefine
thearc'strajectoryandadjustingthesamplestobealongthistrajectory.Theconditioningalgorithmcaninclude
usinganendpointfindingalgorithmtoidentifytheendpointsofthearcestimatingthetrajectoryofthearc
adjustingthearc'strajectorysuchthatithastheendpointsestimatedbytheendpointfindingalgorithmand
adjustingthesamplestobealongtheadjustedtrajectory.Theconditioningalgorithmcanalsoincludecomputinga
bestfitlineinthecomplexplanerepeatedlyforsubsets,suchassmallsubsets,ofconsecutivesamples.Insome
embodiments,thedemodulationalgorithmcomprisesevaluatingthechangesinthedirectionofthebestfitlines
andaccumulatingthem.
[0050] Alsodisclosedhereinisamethodofperforminganoncontact,pointintimemeasurementofvitalsigns.The
methodincludesthestepsofgeneratingelectromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthe
frequencyoftheelectromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequencyrangetransmittingtheelectromagnetic
radiationtowardsasubjectusingoneormoretransmittersreceivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubject
usingoneormorereceiversextractingaDopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiationtransformingthe
Dopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedmotionsignal,saiddigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,
whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignal
demodulatingsaidoneormoreframesusingademodulationalgorithmexecutedbyaprocessortoisolateasignal
correspondingtoaphysiologicalmovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubjectanalyzingthesignaltoobtain
informationregardingsignalqualitythatflagseachframeofthesignalaslowqualityorhighqualityprocessingthe
signaltoobtaininformationcorrespondingtothephysiologicalmovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject,
substantiallyseparatefromsaidnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferencedeterminingthelengthof
themeasurementintervalwithanintervalselectionalgorithmthatutilizestheinformationregardingsignalquality
andtheinformationcorrespondingtothephysiologicalmovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubjectand
communicatingtheinformationtoanoutputsystemthatisconfiguredtoperformanoutputaction.
[0051] Insomeembodiments,informationregardingsignalqualitycomprisesinformationcorrespondingtoanon
cardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference,and/orinformationcorrespondingtoanassessmentofwhether
thereceivedsignalpowerisadequateforprocessingthesignal.Insomeembodiments,theintervalselection
algorithmextendstheintervaluntilatleastabout5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60seconds,ormoreofhigh
qualitydataisobtained.Thetimeintervalcouldbeconsecutive.Insomeembodiments,theintervalselection
algorithmextendstheintervaluntilatleast1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,ormorecompletebreaths,whichcanbe
consecutivebreaths,withhighqualitydataisobtained.Insomeembodiments,theintervalselectionalgorithm
assessestheirregularityofrespirationinatleast5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60secondsormoreofhigh
qualitydata,andifthisassessmentindicatesirregularbreathing,extendsthemeasurementuntilbreathingappears
toberegular,aperiodicpatternrepeats,oratleast5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60secondsormorehas
passedandbreathingisstillirregularandnonperiodic.Insomeembodiments,theintervalselectionalgorithm
extendstheintervaluntil1560secondsofhighqualitydataisobtained,and/orabout35completebreathswith
highqualitydatainsomeembodiments.Theintervalselectionalgorithmcanhaveatimeout,suchthatifthe
intervalextendsbeyond10,20,30,40,50,60seconds,ormore,orbetweenabout30secondsand5minutesin
someembodiments,thedeviceprovidesanerrormessage,retrymessage,orerrorcode.Insomeembodiments,
thetimeoutisdeterminedbyotherequipmentwhenthedeviceisintegratedwithanotherdevicethatperformsvital
signsmeasurements.Insomeembodiments,thetimeoutoccursatthecompletionofalltheothervitalsigns
measurements.
[0052] Alsodisclosedhereinisasystemforsensingaphysiologicalmotion.Thesystemincludesoneormoreantennas
configuredtotransmitelectromagneticradiationoneormoreantennasconfiguredtoreceiveelectromagnetic
radiationatleastoneprocessorconfiguredtoextractinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonarymotionbyexecuting
atleastoneofademodulationalgorithm,anoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithm,andarateestimation
algorithmandacommunicationssystemconfiguredtocommunicatewithanoutputdevice,saidoutputdevice
configuredtooutputinformationrelatedtothecardiopulmonarymotion.
[0053] Thedevicecanprovideaspotcheck(pointintime)measurementofvitalsigns,whichcaninclude,forexample,a
respiratoryrateorheartrate.Thesourceofradiationcanbeavoltagecontrolledoscillator,whichisphaselocked

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toacrystalwithaphaselockloopcircuit,suchthatthefrequencyoftheradiationcanbeselectedwithinaband,
providingatunablefrequencysynthesizerandfrequencyselectivity.Insomeembodiments,thesameantennais
configuredtotransmitandreceiveelectromagneticradiation,andtheantennacomprisesanarrayofmetal
elementswithanairgapbetweentheelementsandthegroundplane,Theairgapcanbebetweenabout0.25to1
inch,suchasabout0.5inchesinsomeembodiments.Spreadspectrumtechniquescanbeusedtointroducea
pseudorandomphasenoisetothefrequencysynthesizerutilizingthephaselockedoscillator.Insome
embodiments,thesystemincludesadirectconversionreceiverwithanactiveI/Qdemodulatortoprovide
differentialquadraturesignals,afullydifferentialsignalsconditioningstagewithfilteringandamplification,anda
differentialinputanalogtodigitalconverter.ThesignalconditioningcanprovideaDCcoupledsignal,andtheADC
canbehighresolution,suchas12,16,20,24bits,ormore.Thesystemcanbepoweredbyavarietyofpower
sources,suchasACorDCcurrent.Inoneembodiment,thesystemispoweredthrough5VUSBbuspower.The
systemcanincludearadioandprocessorintegratedinthesamehousing,orasseparatemodules.Theprocessor
canrunthealgorithmsandprovidesrateandotherinformationtoaseparatehostcomputer.Thehostcomputercan
provideacommandoveracommunicationsinterfacetoinitiatemeasurements.Thedevicecanincludean
integratedlightsourcetoprovidefeedbackontheproperaimingofthedevice.Thelightsourcecaninclude,for
example,anLEDsuchasahighintensitydirectionalLED.Theintegratedlightsourcecanilluminatetheareas
includedintheantennafieldofview.Thesystemcanalsoincludeabuttonthatcanbeusedtoturnthelight
sourceonandoff,and/oradisplaysuchasanintegrateddisplay.Thesensor'sintegrateddisplaycanprovide
instantfeedbackmessagesincludingprogress,errormessages,retrymessages,lowsignalinformation,results,
andotherinformation.Thesystemcanalsoincluderealtimeaudiofeedback,suchthatifthesystemisaimed
improperlysuchthatthesignalpowerislow,thereisanaudibleindication.
[0054] Insomeembodiments,disclosedisamethodofsensingmotionusingamotionsensor.Themethodcaninclude
thestepsofgeneratingelectromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyofthe
electromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequencyrangetransmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsa
subjectusingoneormoretransmittersreceivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormore
receiversextractingaDopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiationtransformingtheDopplershiftedsignal
toadigitizedmotionsignal,saiddigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormore
framescomprisetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignaldemodulatingsaidoneormore
framesusingademodulationalgorithmexecutedbyaprocessortoisolateasignalcorrespondingtoaphysiological
movementofthesubjectorapartofthesubjectanalyzingthesignaltoobtaininformationcorrespondingtoanon
cardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceprocessingthesignaltoobtaininformationcorrespondingto
thephysiologicalmovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject,substantiallyseparatefromsaidnon
cardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceestimatingpointintimevitalsignsparametersatapre
determinedintervalsandcommunicatingtheinformationtoanoutputsystemthatisconfiguredtoperforman
outputaction.
[0055] Insomeembodiments,theoutputactioncomprisesthedisplayofahistoryofpointintimemeasurements,
includingvaluesandtimes,suchthattrendscanbeviewed.Estimatingpointintimevitalsignsparameterscan
comprisedeterminingthelengthofthemeasurementintervalwithaintervalselectionalgorithmthatutilizesthe
informationcorrespondingtoanoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceandinformation
correspondingtothephysiologicalmovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject.Thepredeterminedintervals
canbeuserselectablefromamenuofintervals.Thepredeterminedintervalscanbeselectedbytheuserwitha
keypadinterface.Insomeembodiments,anexternaldevicecontrolsadevicewhichestimatespointintimevital
signsparametersbysendingcommandsforwhentostartmeasurements,incaseswhereinthedevicethat
estimatespointintimevitalsignsdoesnothaveintervalmeasurementcapability.Theexternaldevicecanbe,for
example,acomputer,avitalsignsmeasurementdevice,orapatientmonitor.
[0056] Insomeembodiments,disclosedhereinisamethodofestimatingthepresenceorabsenceofparadoxical
breathingusingamotionsensor.Themethodcanincludethestepsofgeneratinganelectromagneticradiationfrom
asourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyoftheelectromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequencyrange
transmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneormoretransmittersreceivingaradiation
scatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormorereceiversextractingaDopplershiftedsignalfromthescattered
radiationtransformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedquadraturemotionsignal,saiddigitizedquadrature
motionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetimesampledquadrature
valuesofthedigitizedmotionsignalexecutinganoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmbytheprocessor
toidentifyfromthedigitizedmotionsignaloneormorenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectioneventsorothersignal
interferenceeventscorrespondingtothepresenceorabsenceofanoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interferenceexecutingbyaprocessoraparadoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmtoestimatethepresenceor
absenceofparadoxicalbreathingandprovidinginformationrelatedtoatleastthepresence,absence,ordegreeof
paradoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,theparadoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmcomprises:evaluating
thedistributionofsamplesinthecomplexplaneanddistinguishinganarcoralinefromanellipse,circle,crescent
moonshape,kidneybeanshape,eggshape,figure8orribbonshape,orothershapethatisnotalineorarc,
indicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingisalineorarcisdetectedandindicatingthepresenceof
paradoxicalbreathingifashapeotherthanalineorarcisdetected.
[0057] Insomeembodiments,theparadoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmcomprisescomparingthetrajectoryinthe
complexplaneduringinhalationwiththatduringexhalationindicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingifthe
twoaresimilarandindicatingthepresenceofparadoxicalbreathingifthetwoaresignificantlydifferent.Inother
embodiments,theparadoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmcomprises:segmentingtheshapeinthecomplex
planebydeterminingthebestfitlineforeachframe(segmentsofthedata)calculatinganorientationvector
pointinginthedirectionofmovementinthecomplexplaneforeveryframecalculatingthechangeinphase

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betweeneachconsecutiveorientationvectordeterminingwhetherthechangeinphasebetweeneachconsecutive
orientationvectorispositiveornegativeindicatingthepresenceofparadoxicalbreathingifeitherpositivephase
changeornegativephasechangeisdominantandindicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingifthephase
changeisapproximatelyevenlydistributedbetweenpositiveandnegative.Insomeembodiments,theparadoxical
breathingindicationalgorithmcomprisesfittingthesamplesinthecomplexplanetoanarcthatsubtendsanangle
nogreaterthanathresholdvalue.Theanglecouldbebetween0180degrees,suchas90to180degrees,orless
thanabout180,170,160,150,140,130,120,110,100,90,80,70,60,orlessdegreesinsomeembodiments.The
thresholdcanbedeterminedbasedoninformationinthepatient'smedicalrecord.Insomeembodiments,the
paradoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmcomprisesfittingthesamplesinthecomplexplanetoanellipse
determiningtheeccentricityoftheellipseindicatingthepresenceofparadoxicalbreathingiftheeccentricityofthe
ellipseisaboveathresholdandindicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingiftheeccentricityoftheellipseis
belowathreshold.Insomeembodiments,comparingthetrajectorycomprisesfittingacircleoranarctothe
inhalationsamplesinthecomplexplaneandtotheexhalationsamplesinthecomplexplaneandcomparingthe
centersandtheradiiofthecirclesforinhalationandexhalation.Theparadoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmcan
alsoincludecalculatingtheareaenclosedbyafullbreathingcycleinthecomplexplaneindicatingthepresenceof
respirationiftheareaboundedbythepointsisgreaterthanathresholdandindicatingtheabsenceofrespirationif
theareaboundedbythepointsislessthanathreshold.Insomeembodiments,theparadoxicalbreathingindication
algorithmincludesfittingacircletothesamplesinthecomplexplanefromoneormorecompletebreathingcycles
estimatingthecenterofthatcirclecalculatingthedistancefromeachsampletothecenterofthecircle
calculatingthevarianceofthedistancefromeachsampletothecenterofthecircleindicatingthepresenceof
paradoxicalbreathingifthevarianceisaboveathresholdandindicatingtheabsenceofparadoxicalbreathingifthe
varianceisbelowathreshold.
[0058] Alsodisclosedhereinisamethodofdeterminingtheregularityofrespiration,comprising:processingoneormore
framesofarespiratorywaveformtoobtaininformationregardingtheirregularityorregularityofrespirationsaid
respiratorywaveformcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetimesampled
valuesofrespiratorysignalsandcommunicatingtheinformationtoanoutputsystemthatisconfiguredtoperform
anoutputaction.
[0059] TherespiratorywaveformcanbeobtainedbyoneofDopplerradar,ultrawidebandradar,impedancepneumography,
cheststraps,airflowmeasurements,orloadcells.Informationregardingtheirregularityorregularityofrespiration
includes,forexample,assessmentoftheirregularityofthebreathtobreathintervalorrespiratoryrateassessment
oftheirregularityoftheamplitudeofabreathorthedepthofbreathassessmentofbothirregularityinthe
amplitudeofrespirationandirregularityinthebreathtobreathintervalestimationofthecyclelengthofperiodicor
CheyneStokesbreathingassessmentofthelengthofapneaineachcycleortheaveragelengthofapneaover
severalcyclesand/orthehistoryofirregularity.Theoutputofthesystemcanbeanindicationofregularityor
irregularity(abinarystate)anintegratedregularityindexthatcompilesavarietyofinformationabouttheregularity
ofrespirationintoasignalnumberorasinglebargraphseparateindicationsoftheirregularityofthebreathto
breathintervalandtheirregularityofthedepthofbreathorindividualindicationsofseveralmeasuresofirregularity.
Insomeembodiments,processingoneormoreframescomprises:performinganautocorrelationfunctionona
subsetofframesidentifyingwhethermajorpeaksarepresentidentifyingthenumberofsamplesfromthecenter
tomajorpeaks,iftheyarepresentdeterminingwhetherbreathingisregularbasedonthenumberofsamplesto
thefirstmajorpeakandtheheightofthefirstmajorpeakandidentifyingthesecondmajorpeakthatisnota
multipleoftherespiratoryperiodastheperiodofperiodicbreathing.
[0060] Thesubsetofframescanincludesamplesobtainedoveratimelongerthantheexpectedperiodofrespiration.In
someembodiments,thesubsetofframesincludessamplesobtainedoveratimelongerthantheexpectedcycle
periodofirregularrespiration.Themethodcanalsoincludeusingawavelettransformfunctiontocreateanindexof
repeatingpatternsinarespirationsignal.Insomeembodiments,theirregularityofthebreathtobreathinterval,or
breathduration,isestimatedfromoneormoreofthegroupconsistingof:thestandarddeviationofthebreathto
breathinterval,thefrequencyofapneaicevents,thecoefficientofvariationofthebreathtobreathinterval,the
standarddeviationoftherespiratoryrate,andthecoefficientofvariationoftherespiratoryrate.Insome
embodiments,theirregularityoftheamplitudeofabreathorthedepthofbreath,orbreathduration,isestimated
fromthestandarddeviationofthebreathdepth,thecoefficientofvariationofthebreathdepth,thestandard
deviationoftherespiratorysignalamplitude,orthecoefficientofvariationoftherespiratorysignalamplitude.
Informationregardingtheirregularityorregularityofrespirationcanincludeassessmentofwhetherirregular
breathingisperiodic.Thisassessmentcanincludeestimatingeachbreathtobreathinterval,andstoringitwiththe
timepointattheendoftheintervalinwhichitwascalculatedinterpolatingbetweenthesebreathtobreath
intervalstocreateawaveformperformingtheFouriertransform,performingtheautocorrelationfunction,or
calculatingthepowerspectraldensityofthewaveformdeterminingwhethertherearesignificantpeaksofthe
Fouriertransform,theautocorrelationfunction,orthepowerspectraldensityofthewaveformanddeterminingthat
ifsignificantpeaksexist,thebreathingisirregularandperiodic.Theassessmentcanalsoincludeinterpolating
betweenthesebreathtobreathintervalstocreateawaveformidentifyingpeaksofthewaveformdeterminingthe
timebetweenthepeakscalculatingthecoefficientofvariationofthetimebetweenthepeaksdeterminingifthe
coefficientofvariationofthetimebetweenthepeaksislow,thebreathingisirregularandperiodicanddetermining
ifthecoefficientofvariationofthetimebetweenthepeaksislow,thebreathingisirregularandisnotperiodic.In
someembodiments,assessmentofwhetherirregularbreathingisperiodiccomprises:identifyingapneaicevents
determiningthetimeofcessationofapneaiceventsestimatingtheintervalbetweenthecessationofeach
consecutivepairofapneaiceventsdeterminingwhethertheintervalbetweenthecessationofeachconsecutive
pairofapneaiceventsisconsistentbycalculatingthecoefficientofvariationoftheintervalbetweentheeventsby
calculatingthecoefficientofvariationdeterminingifthecoefficientofvariationisbelowathreshold,breathingis

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periodicanddeterminingifthecoefficientofvariationisaboveathreshold,breathingisirregularandnotperiodic.
Insomeembodiments,assessmentofwhetherirregularbreathingisperiodiccomprisescalculatingtheenvelopeof
therespiratorywaveformperformingtheFouriertransform,performingtheautocorrelationfunction,orcalculating
thepowerspectraldensityofthewaveformanddeterminingwhethertherearesignificantpeaksoftheFourier
transform,theautocorrelationfunction,orthepowerspectraldensityofthewaveform.Insomeembodiments,the
envelopeiscalculatedbyinterpolatingbetweenthepeakamplitudes,orsquaringthesignalandapplyingalow
passfilter.
[0061] Theintegratedrespiratorystatusindexcanbeavalue,thatis0forregularrespiration,andcanvaryupto1,2,3,
4,5,or6,with1pointaddedforeachofthefollowing:irregularbreathbreathintervalirregularbreathdepths
periodicbreathbreathintervalperiodicbreathdepthperiodicbreathdepthcycletime>60secondsperiodic
breathbreathintervalcycletime>60secondsperiodicbreathingincludesapnea>20secondsnonperiodic
irregularbreathingincludesapnea>20secondsmorefrequentlythanonceevery10minutes.
[0062] Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatusindexisavaluethatis0forregularrespirationthat
increasesbyonepointforeach5,10,20,30%,ormoreinthecoefficientofvariationofthebreathtobreath
intervalandbyonepointforeach5,10,20,30%ormoreinthecoefficientofvariationinthedepthofbreath.
[0063] Insomeembodiments,informationregardingtheirregularityorregularityofrespirationisassessedbythefollowing
algorithms:
[0064] (a)Estimatethebreathtobreathintervalandthedepthofbreathforeachbreathasrespirationisprocessed.
[0065] (b)Overanintervalof50breaths,calculatethemeanandstandarddeviationofthebreathbreathinterval,andthe
meanandstandarddeviationofthedepthofbreath.
[0066] (c)Calculatethecoefficientofvariationofthebreathtobreathintervalandthedepthofbreath.Ifneitheroneis
aboveathreshold,therespirationisconsideredregular.Ifthecoefficientofvariationofeitherthebreathbreath
intervalorthedepthofbreathisaboveathreshold,therespirationisconsideredirregular,andadditionalprocessing
isperformed.Insomeembodiments,thethresholdis25%.
[0067] (d)Iftherespirationisirregular,determinewhetherthecycletimeisperiodicbyinterpolatingbetweenbreathbreath
intervalsanddepthofbreathestimates,takingaFouriertransformofeachwaveform,anddeterminingwhethera
periodiccomponentexistsineitherwaveform.Ifaperiodiccomponentexistsinatleastoneofthewaveforms,the
cycletimeisperiodic.Ifaperiodiccomponentdoesnotexistineitherwaveform,thecycletimeisnotperiodic.
[0068] (e)Ifthecycletimeisnotperiodic,repeatstep(d)withalongerintervalofbreaths(150breaths).Ifthecycletime
isstillnotperiodic,skiptostep(g).
[0069] (f)Ifthecycletimeisperiodic,calculatethecycletimefindingbypeaksintheinterpolatedbreathbreathintervalin
step(d)anddeterminingthemeantimebetweenthepeaks.Ifmultiplepeaksarenotavailable,extendtheinterval
usedforthisstep.
[0070] (g)Ifthecycleisnotperiodic,isolatethebreathbreathintervalslongerthan20seconds.Calculatethenumberof
theseintervalsdividedbythetotaltimeintervalusedforcalculation.Calculatethemeanoftheseapneaicevents.
[0071] (h)Ifthecycleisperiodic,determinethelengthofapneaineachperiod,andaveragethisnumbertogetthe
averageapnealengthpercycle.
[0072] (i)Displaythedata.Ifrespirationisregular,indicatethatrespirationisregular.Ifrespirationisirregular,indicate
eitherperiodiccycletimeXwhereXisthecycletimeorirregular.Ifapneaiceventsexist,indicateaverage
apnealengthYand,ifrespirationisnotperiodicalsoindicateZapneaicevents/minute.
[0073] Alsodisclosedhereinisamethodofsensingmotionusingamotionsensor,themethodcomprising:generating
electromagneticradiationfromasourceofradiation,whereinthefrequencyoftheelectromagneticradiationisin
theradiofrequencyrangetransmittingtheelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectusingoneormore
transmittersreceivingaradiationscatteredatleastbythesubjectusingoneormorereceiversextractinga
DopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiationtransformingtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedmotion
signal,saiddigitizedmotionsignalcomprisingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetime
sampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignalprocessingsaidoneormoreframestoobtaininformation
correspondingtothecardiopulmonarymovementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject,substantiallyseparatefrom
noncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceestimatingthesubject'srespiratoryratefromthe
cardiopulmonarymovementinformationandcommunicatingtheinformationtoanoutputsystemthatisconfigured
toperformanoutputaction.
[0074] Insomeembodiments,therespiratoryrateisestimatedbycountingrepeatingkeypoints,whicharepointsina
respirationcyclethatareidentifiableusingspecificalgorithms.Thekeypointscanincludepeaks,valleys,zero
crossings,pointsoffastestchange,pointsofnochange,andpointswiththegreatestchangeindirection.Insome
embodiments,therespiratoryrateisdeterminedbeforedemodulationbymakingkeypointsinthecomplexplane.
Thekeypointscanalsoincludepointswithlowvelocityinthecomplexplaneorpointswithhighvelocityinthe
complexplane.
[0075] Therateoftherespiratorysignalcanbeestimatedinthetimedomainbytrackingthepointswhereasignal
crossesatimedelayedversionofitself.Thetimedelaycanbeadaptivelysetusingthespectrumofthedatato
provideadelaythatislongenoughtosuppresssmallvariationsornoise,andshortenoughtocomparewithinthe
samerespiratorycycle.Thecardiopulmonarymovementinformationcanbepreconditionedbeforerateestimation
bynormalizingtheenvelopeofthesignalbeforeapplyingarateestimationalgorithmthatutilizespeakfinding.In
someembodiments,eachbreathisidentifiedbasedonbreathcharacteristics,andbreathsthatmeettherequired
characteristicsareusedforratefinding.Breathcharacteristicscanincludetheratioofthedurationofaninhaleto
theratioofanexhalethatmustliewithinadefinedinterval,andcanincludedetectionofapeakanddetectionofa
valley.Thedefinedintervalcanbedeterminedbasedonthepatient'sheight,weight,andotherinformationinthe
patient'smedicalchart.Thedefinedintervalcanalsobeadaptivelydeterminedbasedonpriorobservationsofthe
patient.Thecharacteristicscanbe,forexample,theratioofinhaletimetoexhaletime,thelengthofpausesin

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breathing,theratioofthelengthofapauseinbreathingtothebreathingperiod,thedepthofbreath,andthe
inflectionpointsofthebreath.Thecharacteristicsofthebreathcanincludethemean,variance,andkurtosisofthe
breath.Thecharacteristicsofthebreathcanalsoincludethecoefficientsofawaveletdecompositionofthesignal
orthecoefficientsofaFouriertransformofthesignal.Therespiratorysignalbeingconsideredcanhavethesame
characteristicsextractedasthoseinadatabaseofbreathingsignals,thefeaturesfromeacharecompared,andif
amatchisfound,thesignalislabeledasabreath.Insomeembodiments,thecardiopulmonarymovement
information,ifindicatedtohaveirregularorperiodicbreathing,isseparatedintoatleastafirstsectionanda
secondsectioninwhichbreathsaresimilar,suchthattheratescanbeestimatedseparatelyforeachsection.The
sectionscanbeseparatedby,forexample,frequencyandpower,empiricalmodedecomposition,orwavelet
decomposition.Theinformationcommunicatedtoanoutputsystemcanincludebothratesofthefirstsectionand
thesecondsection,oraweightedaverageoftheratesbasedonthelengthoftimeofeachsection.
[0076] Variousembodimentsdisclosedhereinaredirectedtowardasystemforsensingmotionusingamotionsensor.
Thesystemincludesoneormoresourcesforgeneratingelectromagneticradiation,whereinthefrequencyofthe
generatedelectromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequencyrange.Thesystemfurtherincludesoneormore
transmittersthatareconfiguredtotransmitthegeneratedelectromagneticradiationtowardsasubjectandoneor
morereceiversthatareconfiguredtoreceivearadiationscatteredatleastbythesubject.ADopplershiftedsignal
isextractedsignalextractorfromthescatteredradiationbyasignalextractor.Thesystemfurtherincludesa
processorthatisconfiguredtotransformtheDopplershiftedsignaltoadigitizedmotionsignal,thedigitizedmotion
signalhavingoneormoreframes,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthe
digitizedmotionsignal.Theoneormoreframesaredemodulatedusingademodulationalgorithmthatisexecuted
byademodulator.Thedemodulationprocessresultsinisolatingasignalcorrespondingtoaphysiological
movementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject.Theisolatedsignalcanbeanalyzedtoobtaininformation
correspondingtoanoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference.Thedisclosedsystemcanbe
configuredtoprocessthesignaltoobtaininformationcorrespondingtothephysiologicalmovementofthesubject
orapartofthesubject,whichissubstantiallyseparatefromsaidnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interferenceandestimatepointintimevitalsignsparametersatpredeterminedintervalsandcommunicatethe
informationtoanoutputsystemthatisconfiguredtoperformanoutputaction.Invariousembodiments,the
processorcanbeconfiguredtofunctionasasignalextractorandademodulator.
[0077] Variousembodimentsdisclosedhereindescribeasystemforestimatingthepresenceorabsenceofparadoxical
breathingusingamotionsensor.Thesystemincludesoneormoresourcesforgeneratingelectromagnetic
radiation,whereinthefrequencyofthegeneratedelectromagneticradiationisintheradiofrequencyrange.The
systemfurtherincludesoneormoretransmittersconfiguredtotransmitthegeneratedelectromagneticradiation
towardsasubjectandoneormorereceiversconfiguredtoreceivearadiationscatteredatleastbythesubject.A
signalextractorisusedtoextractaDopplershiftedsignalfromthescatteredradiationandtransformtheDoppler
shiftedsignaltoadigitizedmotionsignalusingaprocessor.Thedigitizedmotionsignalcanincludeoneormore
frames,whereintheoneormoreframescomprisetimesampledquadraturevaluesofthedigitizedmotionsignal.In
variousembodiments,theprocessorisconfiguredtoexecuteanoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmto
identifyfromthedigitizedmotionsignaloneormorenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectioneventsorothersignal
interferenceeventscorrespondingtothepresenceorabsenceofanoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interference.Theprocessorcanbefurtherconfiguredtoexecuteaparadoxicalbreathingindicationalgorithmto
estimatethepresenceorabsenceofparadoxicalbreathing.Informationrelatedtoatleastthepresence,absence,
ordegreeofparadoxicalbreathingisprovidedbythesystem.Invariousembodiments,thesystemcanbefurther
configuredtoprocesstheoneormoreframestoobtaininformationcorrespondingtothecardiopulmonary
movementofthesubjectorapartofthesubject,substantiallyseparatefromnoncardiopulmonarymotionorother
signalinterferenceandestimatethesubject'sdepthofbreathfromthecardiopulmonarymotion.
BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFTHEDRAWINGS
[0078] FIG.1Aschematicallyillustratesanembodimentofaphysiologicalmotionsensorsystemcomprisingradar.
[0079] FIGS.1B1FillustratesmeasurementsobtainedbythesystemillustratedinFIG.1A.
[0080] FIG.2schematicallyillustratesablockdiagramofaradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorsystemintegrated
witharemoteinterface.
[0081] FIG.3schematicallyillustratesablockdiagramofasystemincludingradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensor
includinganaddonmodule.
[0082] FIG.4schematicallyillustratestheblockdiagramofastandaloneradarbasedsensordeviceconfiguredto
communicatewithahospitalnetwork.
[0083] FIG.5schematicallyillustratesanotherembodimentofastandaloneradarbasedsensordevicewithwireless
connectivity.
[0084] FIG.6schematicallyillustratesanotherembodimentofaradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcomprisinga
processorandadisplay.
[0085] FIGS.6A6Cschematicallyillustratevariousembodimentsofaradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorthatis
configuredtowirelesslycommunicatewithapatientmonitor.
[0086] FIG.6Dillustratesablockdiagramofanembodimentofasystemconfiguredasanactivityindexindicator.
[0087] FIG.6Eillustratesascreenshotofadisplaydevicethatdisplaystheactivityindex.
[0088] FIG.7schematicallyillustratesanembodimentofaradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcomprisinga
transmitterandmultiplereceivers.
[0089] FIG.8illustratesaflowchartofanembodimentofamethodconfiguredtoperformDCcancellation.
[0090] FIGS.8Aand8BillustrateflowchartsofanembodimentofamethodconfiguredtoperformDCcompensation.
[0091] FIG.8Cillustratestheacquiredsignalfittoacurveoraline.
[0092] FIG.8Dillustratesademodulationalgorithmutilizingacirclefindoranarcfindfunction.

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[0093] FIGS.8E8Hillustratevariousembodimentsofdataacquisitionsystems.
[0094] FIG.8IillustratestheeffectofsweepingthefrequencyofthelocaloscillatorontheDCoffset.
[0095] FIGS.8J8Lillustratevariousembodimentsoftheradarsensorincludinganaimingaid.
[0096] FIG.8Millustratesaschematicforradiofrequencytagsandasensorset.
[0097] FIG.8Nillustratesascreenshotofadisplayassociatedwithacontinuousvitalsignsmonitorequippedwithatag
basedpowerindicator.
[0098] FIG.9illustratesanembodimentofalineardemodulationalgorithm.
[0099] FIG.9Aillustratesthehearttraceobtainedwithavectorlockedtotherespirationvector.
[0100] FIG.9Billustratesthehearttraceobtainedwithindependentvectors.
[0101] FIGS.9Cand9Dillustrateembodimentsofademodulationprocess.
[0102] FIGS.10A10Dillustrateanembodimentofarateestimationalgorithmincludingfrequencydomainrateestimation
andtimedomainrateestimation.
[0103] FIG.10Eshowsthedifferentkeypointsinarespirationcycle.
[0104] FIG.10Fillustratesamethodtoidentifythepeaksandvalleysinarespirationcyclebasedonthefirstderivativeof
therespirationsignal.
[0105] FIG.10Gillustratesagraphofthesignalandthetimedelayedversionofthesignal.
[0106] FIG.10Hillustratesascreenshotofanembodimentofadisplaydeviceassociatedwitharadarbasedsensor
devicethatisconfiguredtooperateintheAutoMode.
[0107] FIG.10Iillustratesanembodimentofanalgorithmtoassesstheregularityofrespiration.
[0108] FIG.10Jillustratesasystemconfiguredtodeterminetheregularityofrespiration.
[0109] FIGS.11Aand11Billustratethephasordiagramsfornormalbreathingandparadoxicalbreathing.
[0110] FIG.11Cshowsanembodimentofacostfunctionconfiguredtoconverttheparadoxicalfactortoaparadoxical
indicator.
[0111] FIGS.11Dand11Eillustratethebasebandoutputswithmultipathdelayedsignalswhenthebodypartsexhibit
simultaneousexpansionandcontraction.
[0112] FIGS.11Fand11Gillustratethebasebandoutputswithmultipathdelayedsignalswhenthebodypartsexhibit
expandorcontractwithdifferentphasedelay.
[0113] FIG.12illustratesanarcthatisfittotherespiratorydata.
[0114] FIGS.12A12Dillustratesanembodimentofamethodconfiguredtodetectnoncardiopulmonarymotion.
[0115] FIG.12Eillustratesatransitiontable.
[0116] FIG.12Fillustratesastatediagram.
[0117] FIG.13schematicallyillustratesablockdiagramofanembodimentofaselftestingcircuit.
[0118] FIG.14(whichconsistsof14Aand14B)illustrateanembodimentofamethodforseparatingmultiple
cardiopulmonarysignals.
[0119] FIG.15illustratesmeasurementsshowingtheseparationofrespiratorysignalsfromtwotargets.
[0120] FIG.16(whichconsistsof16Aand16B)illustrateanembodimentalgorithmfortrackingthedirectionofoneor
morecardiopulmonarysignals.
[0121] FIG.16BAillustratesasummationpatternandasubtractionpatternoftworectangularpatchantennasseparated
byahalfwavelength.
[0122] FIG.16BBillustratesanembodimentofacompactarray.
[0123] FIGS.16C16Fillustratevariousembodimentsofanidentificationsystemthatisusedtoprovidepositivepatient
identificationinconjunctionwithremotevitalsignalsensing.
[0124] FIG.16Gillustratesasystemofenablingpositiveidentificationusingatagattachedtothepatient.
[0125] FIG.16HillustratesanembodimentofapassivetransponderRFIDtechnology.
[0126] FIG.16IillustratesanembodimentofaDopplerrespiratoryandidentificationreader.
[0127] FIG.16Jillustratesanembodimentofamethodofidentificationreadingandvitalsignssignalsprocessingofthe
sidebandsignals.
[0128] FIG.17illustratesanalternateembodimentoftheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorsystem.
[0129] FIG.18illustratesanembodimentoftheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcomprisingasensorunit,a
computationalunitandadisplayunit.
[0130] FIG.19illustratesanembodimentofaninterface(e.g.,adisplayscreen)configuredtooutputcardiopulmonaryor
cardiovascularrelatedinformation.
[0131] FIG.20illustratesascreenshotofadisplaydeviceshowingarespiratoryrate.
[0132] FIG.21illustratesanalternateembodimentoftheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcomprisingasensor
unit,acomputationalunitandadisplayunit.
[0133] FIG.21AillustratesanembodimentofasystemthatispoweredusingaUSBinterface.
[0134] FIGS.21B21Fillustratevariousscreenshotsofthedisplayassociatedwithanembodimentofaradarbased
sensordevice.
[0135] FIG.22illustratesanalternateembodimentoftheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcomprisingasensor
unitandaprocessor.
[0136] FIG.23showsascreenshotofanembodimentofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplaytherespirationsignaland
theheartsignalinadditiontootherinformation.
[0137] FIG.24isascreenshotofadisplaydeviceorunitillustratingtherespiratoryrate,activityindicatorandpositionof
asleepingsubject.
[0138] FIG.25Ashowstheapplicationofthesysteminahospitalenvironmenttomeasuretherespiratoryand/orcardiac
activityofapatient.
[0139] FIG.25BisascreenshotofthedisplaydeviceillustratedinFIG.25A.

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[0140] FIGS.26Aand26Billustratescreenshotsofadisplaydevicethatcanbeusedforviewingthevitalsignsprovided
bythedevice
[0141] FIG.27illustratesanembodimentofaDCcancellationcircuit.
[0142] FIG.28illustratesanembodimentofamethodtodetermineaparadoxicalbreathingindicator.
[0143] FIGS.29and30arescreenshotsofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplaytheoutputfromasystemconfiguredto
detectparadoxicalbreathing
[0144] FIG.31illustratesanembodimentofasystemincludingacompactantennaarray.
[0145] FIG.32illustratesanembodimentofasystemincludingtworeceivingantennas.
[0146] FIG.33illustratesthescreenshotofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtooutputcardiopulmonaryinformationoftwo
peopleafterDOAprocessingseparatedtheirrespiratorysignals.
[0147] FIG.34illustratesascreenshotofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplayarespiratorywaveformandtidalvolume.
[0148] FIG.35illustratesascreenshotofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplaytherespiratorymotionwaveformsfortwo
people.
[0149] FIG.36Ashowsacomplexconstellationplotofthequadraturephasecomponentandtheinphasecomponentofa
signal.
[0150] FIG.36Bshowsaplotofdepthofbreathversustimeasmeasuredbyaradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensor
andaconventionalmotionsensor,e.g.,cheststrap.
[0151] FIG.36Cshowsasnapshotofadisplaydeviceillustratingthetidalvolume,awaveformcorrespondingtothe
respiratoryactivityandarespiratoryrate.
[0152] FIG.37illustratesaschematiclayoutofanarrayelementincludingatransmittingantennaandatleastfour
receivingantennas.
[0153] FIGS.38A38CillustrateinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonaryactivityasmeasuredbyawearableDopplerradar
systemincontactwithasubject.
[0154] FIG.38DillustrateinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonaryactivityasmeasuredbyanoncontactDopplerradar
system.
[0155] FIGS.38E38Jshowembodimentsofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplaymeasurementsrelatedto
cardiopulmonaryactivityandindicatepresenceofasubject.
[0156] FIG.38Killustratesanembodimentofaspiralantenna.
[0157] FIG.38Lillustratesthematchingpropertyforthespiralantenna.
[0158] FIG.38MillustratesthesimulationresultsofRFsignalpower.
[0159] FIG.38Nillustratesthebloodpressuresthatweremeasuredbyanembodimentoftheradarbasedmotionsensor.
[0160] FIG.38Pillustratesanembodimentofanairgapantenna.
[0161] FIG.38QillustratesapartialRFcircuitthatcanbemountedonasubject'sbody.
[0162] FIG.38Rillustratesthecorrelationbetweenthepulsesignalfromtheradarsensorandthemeanarterialpressure.
[0163] FIGS.39Aand39Bdescribeembodimentsofanetworktopologyofapluralityofclustersincludingaradarbased
physiologicalmotionsensors.
DETAILEDDESCRIPTION
[0164] FIG.1Ashowsaphysiologicalmotionsensorsystem100whereinaradar101sensesmotionand/orphysiologic
activityofasubject102.Datafromtheradar101isprovidedtoaprocessingsystem103thatanalyzestheradar
datatodeterminevariousdesiredphysiologicalparametersandprovideoutputinformationregardingthe
physiologicalparameterstoanoutputsystemordeviceconfiguredtoperformanoutputaction.Invarious
embodiments,theoutputdevicecanincludeadisplaysystemconfiguredtodisplayanaudiblesystemconfigured
toreportinformationorissuealertsoramedicaldeviceconfiguredtoperformafunctionbasedontheinformation.
Thesystem100canfurtherincludeacommunicationssystemconfiguredtocommunicateusingwiredorwireless
communicationlinks.Thecommunicationssystemcanusestandardorproprietaryprotocols.FIG.1Bshowsan
exampleofameasurementobtainedbythesystem100asdisplayedonadisplayunit.
[0165] FIGS.1B1Fillustrateexamplesofthemeasurementobtainedbythesystem100.Themeasurementscaninclude
waveformsduetocardiopulmonaryactivityofasubject102displayedonadisplayunit.
[0166] FIG.1Billustratesthewaveformsobtainedbyembodimentsofthesystem100describedabovefora54yearold
malesubjectwithabodymassindex(BMI)of23withHypertensionandCongestiveHeartFailure.Plot104of
FIG.1Bshowsthephysiologicalmotionsignal(e.g.,respiratoryrateandtheamplitudeofrespiration)detectedby
theradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorsystem.Plot105illustratesthephysiologicalmotionsignaldetected
byaconventionalcontactphysiologicalmotionsensor(e.g.,acheststrap).Plot106showsthecomparison
betweenthenormalizedmotionsignaldetectedbytheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorandthenormalized
conventionalsensor.Plot106showsgoodcorrespondencebetweenthetwosignals.
[0167] FIG.1Cillustratesvariationsintherespiratoryrateandtheamplitudeofrespirationobtainedbyembodimentsof
thesystemdescribedabovefora44yearoldmalewithaBMIof40,withDiabetes,Hypertension,andCAD.Plot
107ofFIG.1Cshowsthephysiologicalmotionsignal(e.g.,respiratoryrateandtheamplitudeofrespiration)
detectedbytheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorsystem.Plot108illustratesthephysiologicalmotion
signaldetectedbyaconventionalcontactphysiologicalmotionsensor(e.g.,acheststrap).Plot109showsthe
comparisonbetweenthenormalizedmotionsignaldetectedbytheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorandthe
normalizedconventionalsensor.Asobservedearlier,plot109showsgoodcorrespondencebetweenthetwo
signals.
[0168] FIG.1Dillustratesthephysiologicalmotionsignalfora55yearoldmalewithaBMIof40,withHighCholesterol,
Hypertension,andCAD,whilehewassnoring.Plot110showsthemotionsignaldetectedbytheradarbased
physiologicalmotionsensorandillustratesdetectionofapnea(cessationofbreathing)andvariationinthe
respirationsignalbaseline.Plot111isacorrespondingmeasurementobtainedbyaconventionalmonitorwhileplot
112illustratesthecomparisonbetweentheconventionalmonitorandthesystem100.

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[0169] FIG.1Eillustratesthephysiologicalmotionsignalfora59yearoldfemalewithaBMIof30,withCOPDandCHF.
Plot113showsthemeasurementobtainedbythephysiologicalmotionsensorofsystem100.Plot114showsthe
correspondingmeasurementobtainedbyaconventionalsensorandplot115showsthecomparisonbetweenthe
twomeasurements.
[0170] FIG.1Fillustratesthephysiologicalmotionsignalfora57yearoldFemalewithaBMIof38,withCHFandCAD.
Plot116illustratesdetectionofapnea(cessationofbreathing)andvariationintherespirationsignalbaselineforthe
subject.Plot117illustratesacorrespondingmeasurementobtainedbyaconventionalsensorandplot118shows
thecomparisonbetweenthetwo.
[0171] Invariousembodiments,theradarbasedphysiologicalsensorcanincludeauserinterfacetoallowausertoenter
informationortoallowtheusertoentercommandsand/orinstructions.Invariousembodiments,theuserinterface
canincludeastartbuttonandastopbuttonasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743whichis
incorporatedhereininitsentirety,saidstartingandstoppingbuttons.Invariousembodiments,theuserinterface
canincludeaclearbutton.Invariousembodiments,theuserinterfacecanincludeadditionalbuttons(e.g.,asave
button,aprintbutton,etc.)orakeypad.
[0172] Invariousembodiments,thesystem100cancommunicatetheinformationtoaremotedisplayand/oracentral
serveroracomputer.Insomeembodiments,SOAPwebservicecancommunicatedatatoaserver.Fromthe
server,therespirationdatacanbeaccessedbyaremoteclientwithabrowserandaninternetconnectionas
disclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.FIG.2
illustratesablockdiagramofasystemintegratedwitharemoteinterface200.ThesystemillustratedinFIG.2
includesaradarbasedphysiologicalsensor201inelectricalcommunicationwithasignalprocessor202.The
informationfromthesignalprocessorcanbedisplayedlocallyonalocaldisplay203orcanbestoredinaserver
205overawebservice204.Aremoteclient207canaccesstheinformationstoredontheserverusingtheinternet
206orsomeothercommunicationprotocol.
[0173] Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canincludeanaddonmodulewithwirelessconnectivityasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,022,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.FIG.3illustratesa
blockdiagramofasystem300includingradarbasedphysiologicalsensorincludinganaddonmodule.As
illustratedinFIG.3,thedevice301isnetworkedtoapatientmonitoringsystem302usingapersonalareanetwork
technologysuchasBluetooth,UltraWideBand,WirelessUSB,etc.Thepatientmonitoringsystem302can
displaythecardiopulmonarymotioninformationonitslocalinterfaceand/orforwardthedatatoaremotedatabase
overtheinternet304orahospitalnetwork303suchthatitcanbeaccessedbyaremoteclient305.
[0174] FIG.4illustratestheblockdiagramofaStandaloneDeviceconfiguredtocommunicatewithahospitalnetwork.
Thesystem400illustratedinFIG.4includesaradarbasedphysiologicalsensorsystem401similartothesystem
100describedaboveincludingadigitalsignalprocessor.Thesystem401isinwirelesscommunicationtoan
accesspoint403.Theradarbasedphysiologicalsensorsystem401cancommunicateinformationrelatedtothe
physiologicalorcardiopulmonarymotiontoaremoteserver,connectedtothehospitalnetwork404,viatheaccess
point403usingawirelesscommunicationtechnologysuchasBluetooth,WirelessUSB,etc.Theaccesspoint
403canbeconnectedtothehospitalnetwork404(e.g.,thehospitalLAN)overawiredorawirelessnetwork.A
localclient402or405canaccesstheinformationfromthesystem401ortheserverwirelesslyoroverthehospital
network404.Aremoteclient407canalsohaveaccesstotheinformationovertheinternet406.Invarious
embodiments,theinformationfromthesystem401canbecommunicatedtoacentraldatabase408maintaining
electronichealthrecordsovertheinternet406.
[0175] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100cancommunicateinformationusingTCP/IPoverEthernetConnectivityor
withSerialRS232Connectivity.FIG.5illustratesanotherembodimentofastandalonedevicewithwireless
connectivity500asdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,022,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreference
initsentirety.Aradarsystem501similartosystem100describedabovecanuseanyofseveralwireless
technologiestoconnectwithacentralhealthcarepractitioner'sstation,apatientinformationdatabase,and/oran
electronicmedicalrecord505.ThenetworkcanbeconfiguredtoforwardordisplaythedataonPC's,PDA'sor
medicaltabletsofaremoteclient504overtheinternet503.Inahospitalsetting,thesystem501canuse
communicationprotocolssuch802.11oranyothercommunicationprotocolthehospitalusesfornetworking.Ifthe
system501isusedinahomeorfieldsetting,a3GcellularorWiMaxconnectioncanbeusedinlieuofaLAN
technologytosendthedatatotheelectronichealthrecord505oraremoteclient504orotherdatabasesviathe
internet503.Invariousembodiments,theinformationsentbythesystem501canbeviewedbyahealthcare
practitioner.
[0176] Invariousembodiments,thedevice501canalsobemadetoconformwiththestandardssetforthbytheContinua
healthalliancebyfollowingaschemesuchthatthedeviceusesBluetoothorUSBtoconnectwithamanaging
computerwhichwilldisseminatethedatatoahealthcareprovider'snetworkforstorageorexamination.
[0177] FIG.6illustratesasystem600includingaphysiologicalmotionsensor601similartosystem100describedabove
incommunicationwithacomputerincludingaconsoledisplay603.Insomeembodiments,thecomputer603can
beincommunicationwithanexternaldisplay602.Insomeembodiments,thesensor601cancommunicate
informationrelatedtothephysiologicalmotiontothecomputerforstorageand/ordisplay.Aremoteclientcanbe
abletoaccesstheinformationfromthecomputerovertheinternet.
[0178] Variousembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotionsensorsystem100describedhereincanbeusedascontinuous
monitoringdevicesandsystems.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedtomeasure
cardiopulmonarymotionfromadistancerangingfrommanymeterstothepointofcontactwithbody.Various
embodimentsofthesystem100providephysiologicalwaveforms,displaysofphysiologicalvariables,historyplots
ofphysiologicalvariables,indicationsofsignalqualityand/orindicationsofspecificconditions.Various
embodimentscanincludephysiologicalwaveformsincludingrespiratorywaveforms,heartwaveforms,and/orpulse
waveforms.Variousembodimentscanincludephysiologicalvariablesincludingrespiratoryrate,heartrate,tidal

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volume,depthofbreath,inhaletime,exhaletime,inhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,airflowrate,heartbeattobeat
interval,and/orheartratevariability.Variousembodimentscanincludeindicationsofsignalquality,whichcanbe
generalsuchasgoodquality,orpoorquality,orwhichcanbespecific,includingindicationoflowsignalpower,
signalinterference,noncardiopulmonarymotion,orcircuitnoise.Indicationsofspecificconditionscaninclude
generalindicationsofhealth,warningsofphysiologicalvariablesthatareoutsidethenormalrange,indicationof
abnormalbreathingpatterns,orindicationofparadoxicalbreathing.
[0179] AsshownbelowinFIG.21,invariousembodiments,thecontinuousvitalsignsmonitorcanhavealocalinterface,
includingbuttonsanddisplay,anditcanhaveelectroniccommunicationstoacentralmonitoringsite(suchasa
centralnurse'sstation)ortoacentraldatabase(suchasanelectronicmedicalrecord).Invariousembodiments,
thesystem100canbeastandalonedevice,oritcanbeamoduleintegratedinanothervitalsignsmonitoring
device(e.g.,ahospitalmonitoringsystem).Variousembodimentsofthecontinuousvitalsignsmonitorcanbe
usedinthehospitalorclinicforgeneralpatientmonitoring,formonitoringofpostsurgicalpatients,formonitoringof
patientsreceivingpainmedicationsthatputthemathighriskofrespiratorydepression,formonitoringpatientswith
respiratorydiseasesordisorders,formonitoringpatientsusinginvasiveornoninvasiveventilators,andfor
monitoringofpatientsduringmedicalimagingscansasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/154,176whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Variousembodimentsofthecontinuousvitalsignsmonitoring
system100canbeusedinpediatricand/orneonatalwardsinhospitals.
[0180] VariousembodimentsofthecontinuousvitalsignsmonitorcanbeusedinthehomeasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/196,762whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Variousembodimentsofthedevice
canoperatelocally,remotelyorboth.Variousembodimentsofthedevicecanconnecttoanotherdevice,including,
butnotlimitedto,apersonalhealthsystem,anotherhomehealthcaredevice,apersonalcomputer,amobile
phone,asettopbox,oradataaggregator.Variousembodimentsofthedevicecanconnectviaawiredorwireless
connectiontoacentralstationataremotelocation(awayfromthehome).Invariousembodiments,thesystem
100canhavealocaldisplaywhichdisplayssomeoralloftheobtaineddataonthedisplay.Invarious
embodiments,thesystem100cancommunicatetheinformationtoanotherdeviceinthehome,and/oritcan
communicatetheinformationviaawiredorwirelessconnectiontoacentraldatabasethatisremote(e.g.,away
fromthehome).Invariousembodiments,thedevicecanoperatewithlocalcontrol,canbecontrolledbyanother
deviceviaawiredorwirelessconnection,canoperateautomatically,orcanbecontrolledbyacentralsystemthat
isremote(e.g.,awayfromthehome).Invariousembodiments,thishomedevicecanbeusedforgeneralvital
signsmonitoring,oritcanbeusedtomonitorchronicillnessesthataffectthecardiopulmonarysystemincluding,
butnotlimitedto,Diabetes,ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease,andCongestiveHeartFailure.Invarious
embodiments,thenoncontactcontinuousvitalsignsmonitorcanbeamodulethatisintegratedintoapersonal
healthsystemoranotherhomehealthcaredevice,sharingitsdisplayandcommunications.Variousembodiments
ofthesystem100canconformtoContinuaHealthAllianceguidelines.
[0181] Invariousembodiments,thecontinuousvitalsignsmonitorcanalsobeusedinaskillednursingfacility,ina
similarembodimenttothehospitalmonitor.Embodimentsofthisdevicecanbeusedforgeneralvitalsigns
monitoringoftheelderlyorill,andcanalsobeusedforearlydetectionofpneumonia.Embodimentsofthe
continuousvitalsignsmonitorcanalsobeusedinemergencyvehicles(e.g.,ambulances,helicopters,etc.)to
monitorapatientduringemergencytransport.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canalsodeterminethe
durationofsubjectactivityorthepercentageoftimethesubjectisactive.Thisinformationcanbeusedtoprovide
anactivityindex.Changesintheactivityindexcanbeusedasindicatorsofachangeinhealthstate.Invarious
embodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsensorcanbeusedtodetectbattlefieldsurvivorsandmonitortheir
physiologicalsignalsasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/001,995whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentirety.Invariousembodiments,asoftwarebasedarrayconfigurationthatisexecutablebya
processorcanbeappliedtoDopplerradartosearchforsurvivorsindetectingmode,andtotrackthemintarget
modebyfocusingthebeam.SurvivorlocationcanbedeterminedfromDOAprocessingatdualormultiple
frequencies.
[0182] Asdescribedinmoredetailbelow,thesystem100canincludealgorithmsforcalculatingrespiratoryrate,accuracy
oftherespiratoryrate,algorithmstorecognizeinaccuratedata,torecognizeinterferingmotion,torecognize
electricalsignalinterference,torecognizeelectricalnoise,toreportvaryingrates,toanalyzetheregularityor
irregularityoftherespiratoryrateandtosignaloralertauseriftherespiratoryrateishighorlow,etc.
[0183] Asdescribedinmoredetailbelow,thesystem100canincludehardwareand/orsoftwarewhichisexecutablebya
processortoimprovesignalquality,suchas,forexample,RFleakagecancellation,DCcancellation,noise
cancellation,lowIFarchitecture,homodynesystembalancing,etc.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100
describedhereincanhavethecapabilitytodiscernbetweencardiopulmonaryandothermotions.Invarious
embodimentsofthesystem100,methodsandalgorithmsformotiondiscriminationanddetectioncanenable
increasedaccuracyofcardiopulmonarydata.Variousembodimentsdescribedhereinemploymethodsof
decreasingthedelaybetweentheoccurrenceofaneventandthereportinganddisplayofthateventbyDC
cancellationandhighspeeddataacquisition.Alowtimedelayistypicallyimportantforapplicationsinwhich
anotherdeviceusesthereportedeventtoinitiateortriggeranotheraction.Alowtimedelayalsoimproves
synchronizationwithothermeasurements.Therespirationorheartwaveformsthataregeneratedbythevarious
embodimentsdescribedhereincanbeusedtotriggeractionsbyothersystems.Forexample,various
embodimentsdescribetriggeringmedicalimaging(e.g.,withCTorMRIscans)basedoncardiacorrespiratory
displacementandtriggeringassistiveventilationbasedonspontaneousrespiratoryeffort.Therespirationorheart
waveformsthataregeneratedbythevariousembodimentsdescribedhereincanbeusedtoprovidephysiological
synchronizationwithothersystems.Forexample,variousembodimentsdescribesynchronizingcardiopulmonary
motionorothermotiontomedicalimaging(e.g.,CTscansorMRI)systems,assistiveventilationsystems,

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polygraphsystems,securityscreeningsystems,biofeedbacksystems,chronicdiseasemanagementsystemsand
exerciseequipment.
[0184] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canautomatically,usingthealgorithmsrelatedtoDirectionofArrival
(DOA),trackasubject'sphysiologicalsignalsasthesubjectmovesarounde.g.,upanddowninabed.Various
embodimentsofthesystem100canautomatically,usingthealgorithmsrelatedtoDOA,trackasubject'slocation
asthesubjectmovesarounde.g.,upanddowninabed.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbe
configuredtocancelextraneousmotionwhenextractingcardiopulmonarymotionwhichcanresultingreater
accuracyofthereadings.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canalso,usingalgorithmssuchasDOA,
separateandmonitorormeasuresecondaryormultiplecardiopulmonarymotionsources(e.g.,cardiopulmonary
motionofasecondormultiplesubjectsnearbycanbereportedsimultaneously).Variousembodimentsofthe
system100canalso,usingalgorithmssuchasDOA,separateandsuppresssecondaryormultiple
cardiopulmonarymotionsources(e.g.,cardiopulmonarymotionofasecondormultiplesubjectsnearbycanbe
suppressedsuchthatonlytheintendedsubjectismeasured).Variousembodimentsofthesystem100caninclude
aradiofrequencyidentification(RFID)taginconjunctionwithDOAtoensuretrackingofthedesiredsubject.
[0185] Variousembodimentsdescribedhereincanusevariousapproachesformotioncompensationsuchasempirical
modedecomposition(EMD),suppressionofsecondarymotionsourceswithdirectionofarrival(DOA)processing,
blindsignalseparation(BSS),independentcomponentanalysis(ICA),andsuppressionofmotioninthedirectionof
highfrequencyreceivedsignals.
[0186] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canincluderadiofrequencyidentification(RFID)tagconfiguredtoenable
positiveidentificationofamonitoredsubject.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeadaptedtohave
varioussizes,formfactorsandphysicaldimensionssuitableforincludinginabedsideunit,ahandheldunit,ina
PDA,amoduleaspartoflargermedicalsystem,etc.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canincludeoneor
moreoutputssuchthatinformationcanbeviewedandcontrolledeitherlocallyorremotely.Invarious
embodiments,thesystem100canbeathinclientapplicationsuchthatthesystem100willincludethesensor,
dataacquisition,andcommunications,anddemodulation,processing,andoutputsystemswouldbeinanother
device.Forexample,insomeembodiments,thesystem100isprovidedtoanetworksystemwherecontrolsand
processingarecentralizedforanetworkofsensorsandthesensorandnetworking/communicationspartisonsite,
nearthesubject.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100automatestheinitiationofmeasurementsundercertain
predefinedcircumstancese.g.,whenpersonisdetectedinaroom,atsettimeintervals,etc.Invarious
embodiments,thesystem100canbeusedtoperformnoncontactmeasurementofdepthofbreathandrelative
tidalvolumeorabsolutetidalvolume.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedasacardiopulmonary
and/oractivitymonitor.
[0187] Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeintegratedwithothercontactornoncontactmedicalmonitoring
devices,suchas,forexample,pulseoximeters,bloodpressurecuffs,etc.Invariousembodiments,thesystem
100canbeintegratedwithanairflowsensorandapulseoximetertomeetrequirementsofType3HomeSleep
Test.Invariousembodiments,sleepapneadetectioncanbeperformed,eitherwiththesystem100aloneorin
combinationwithotherdevices.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedtomeasurephysiological
responsetoparticularstimulie.g.,questions,images,sounds,entertainment,activities,education.Invarious
embodiments,thesystem100canbeusedbyveterinariansasanoncontactcardiopulmonarymonitorforanimals.
Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedbyresearchersasanoncontactcardiopulmonarymonitorin
animals,forexample,tostudyvitalsignsduringhibernationorforpostsurgerymonitoringofanimals.Some
embodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedintriageapplicationse.g.,battlefieldtriageordisasterareatriage.
Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedtomonitorcardiac,cardiopulmonary,and/orrespiratory
activityininfantsandneonates.
[0188] Noncontactphysiologicalmotionsensors,accordingtovariousembodimentsdescribedhereincanbeusedto
obtainameasurementofrespiratorymotion,whichcanbeusedasacontinuousrespiratorymonitor.This
continuousrespiratorymonitorcanbeastandalonedevice,withitsowndisplay,buttonsand/orexternal
communications,oritcanbeamoduleintegratedwithothervitalsignsmonitoringdevicesorothermedical
devices.Thiscontinuousrespiratorymonitorcanproviderespiratorywaveforms.Thiscontinuousrespiratory
monitorcanprovidecurrentvaluesandhistoricalplotsforrespiratoryvaluesincludingrespiratoryrate,tidalvolume,
inhaletime,exhaletime,inhaletimeratiotoexhaletimeratio,depthofbreath,abdominalexcursiontochest
excursionratio,and/orairflowrate.Thiscontinuousrespiratorymonitorcanprovideinformationonthevariability
andhistoricalvariability,eachinvariousfrequencybands,ofrespiratoryrate,tidalvolume,inhaletime,exhale
time,inhaletimeratiotoexhaletimeratio,depthofbreath,abdominalexcursionratio,and/orairflowrate.This
continuousrespiratorymonitorcanprovideindicationsandhistoryofindicationsofthepresenceanddegreeof
paradoxicalbreathing,thepresenceanddegreeofobstructedbreathing,and/orthepresenceanddegreeof
distressedbreathing.Thiscontinuousrespiratorymonitorcanprovideinformationonthefrequency,depth,and
lengthofgaspsandsighs.Thiscontinuousrespiratorymonitorcanprovideinformationonthefrequencyand
durationofnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Thiscontinuousrespiratorymonitorcanprovideinformationonchangesin
theshapeofthebreathingwaveform,orchangesintheharmoniccontentofthebreathingwaveform.Various
embodimentsofthecontinuousrespiratorymonitorsystemincludeaninterfacethatprovidesalertsforhighand
lowrespiratoryrates,ratehistory,tidalvolumehistory,informationrelatedtoinhalation/exhalationintervals,
indicationofparadoxicalbreathing,indicationofobstructedbreathing,subjectposition,activitylevel/monitoring,for
distinguishingbetweenmotionandmeasuredcardiopulmonaryactivity,healthranking(e.g.,high,medium,andlow)
andsignalqualityranking(e.g.,alertswhensignalistoolow).Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canprovide
alertsforhighrespiratoryrates,lowrespiratoryrates,highvariabilityofrespiratoryrates,lowvariabilityof
respiratoryrates,irregularityofbreathingpattern,changesinbreathingpattern,highinhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,
lowinhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,andchangesininhaletimetoexhaletimeratio.Thresholdsforthesealertscan

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bevaluesthatarepreset,valuesthatcanaresetbytheuser,valuesthatarecalculatedbasedonapatient's
baselinerespiratoryrates,orvaluesthatarecalculatedbasedonapatient'sbaselineratesandhistoricalvariability
ofapatient'srates.
[0189] Thesystem100canbeusedinsystemsthatmonitorsleepinsubjects.Forexample,insomeembodiments,the
system100canprovideanoncontactapproachtoreplacepiezoelectricorinductivecheststrapsformeasuring
respiratoryeffortand/orrespiratoryrates.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canprovideanoncontact
approachtoreplacepiezoelectricorinductivecheststrapsformeasuringthedifferenceinrespiratoryrelated
motionfordifferentpartsofthebody(e.g.,asaparadoxicalbreathingindicator).Invariousembodiments,the
physiologicalmotionsensorcanbeusedeitheraloneorincombinationwithotherdevicestodetectobstructive
sleepapnea,centralsleepapneaorothersleepdisorders.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeused
withanairflowsensorand/orapulseoximeterforaType3HomeSleeptest.Invariousembodiments,thesystem
100canbeusedwithawirelessairflowsensorand/orawirelesspulseoximeterforawirelessType3Home
Sleeptestwithminimalpatientcontact.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedaloneasaType4
HomeSleepTest.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedaloneasaType4HomeSleepTestthat
involvesnocontactwiththesubjectandoperatesfromadistance.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100can
provideanoncontactwayofmeasuringcardiopulmonaryactivityaswellaslimbandotherbodymotionduring
sleep.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canconformtoContinuaHealthAllianceguidelines.Invarious
embodiments,thesystem100canbeusedforsuddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS)monitoringorscreening(e.g.,
ininfantsorneonates).Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedtomonitorcardiopulmonaryand/or
cardiacactivityininfantsandnewborns.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedonneonates,
infants,children,adults,andelderlysubjects.
[0190] Variousembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotionsensorsdescribedhereincanbeusedtoobtainrespiratoryeffort
waveforms.Assuch,theycanbeusedaspartofahomesleeptestasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.
61/194,836whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretythatincludespulseoximetryandnasalairflow
sensorstodetectbothcentralapneaandobstructivesleepapnea,andtodifferentiatebetweenthetwo.Various
embodimentsoftherespiratoryeffortsensorcanalsobeusedaspartofasleepassessmentinasleeplaboratory
oraspartofasleepapneascreeningdeviceusedinthehome.Therespiratoryeffortinformationcanalsocontain
informationaboutthedegreeofparadoxicalbreathingasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/200,761which
isincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Variousembodimentsofthenoncontactphysiologicalmotion
sensorsdescribedhereincanbeusedtoobtainrespiratoryeffortwaveforms,respiratoryrate,indicationof
paradoxicalbreathing,indicationofactivity,andheartrate.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeused
asahomescreeningtestforobstructivesleepapneaasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,836which
isincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/200,761whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0191] Invariousembodimentsdescribedherein,itcanbepossibletomeasurerespiratorymotionwithoutanycontactto
thesubjectwitharadarbasedsystemspecificallyconfiguredtomeasurephysiologicalmotion,andrespiratory
motioncanbederivedfromthephysiologicalmotionsignal.Inadditiontodetectingrespiratoryratesfromthe
motion,respiratorymotioncanalsoprovideameasureofrespiratoryeffortsimilartothatprovidedbypiezoelectric
orinductivechestbeltsdesignedtomeasurerespiratoryeffort.Invariousembodiments,measurementsof
respiratoryeffortcanbenecessarytodeterminewhetheraneventisacentralapneaoranobstructiveapnea.In
variousembodiments,respiratorymotioncanbemeasuredwitharadarbasedsystemdescribedhereinovernight
irrespectiveofthepositionofthesubjectinthebed.
[0192] Invariousembodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsensorcanincludearadarbaseddevicethatcanbeconfigured
todetectparadoxicalbreathing(e.g.,whentheabdomencontractsastheribcageexpandsortheribcage
contractsastheabdomenexpands).Inmostcases,duringobstructiveapneaparadoxicalbreathingcanbe
exhibited,althoughparadoxicalbreathingcannotindicateanairwayobstruction.Invariousembodiments,an
indicationofparadoxicalbreathingandofthelevelofparadoxicalbreathingcanbeusefulindetectingobstructive
apnea.
[0193] Variousembodimentsoftheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcanalsomeasurenoncardiopulmonary
motion(e.g.,activitysuchastossingandturninginbed,wakefulness,orinvoluntarymovementduringsleep).The
levelofactivitycanbeusedtoestimatethequalityofsleep,anditcanbehelpfulindeterminingthesleepstateof
thesubject.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canalsobeusedtodeterminewhenthepersonisinthebed
oroutofthebed,totrackhowoftenthesubjectisgettingoutofbedduringthenight,etc.Variousembodimentsof
thesystem100canalsomeasuretheheartrate.Duringapneaicevents,theheartratecanincrease,andinsome
embodiments,theheartratecanbeusedtoconfirmanapneathatisindicatedbyothermeasurements.
[0194] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedtoestimatethetidalvolume,ortheamountofairinhaledand
exhaledwitheachbreath.Whenthetidalvolumeisaccuratelymeasured,itcanbeusedtoestimatetheairflow.
Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canincludemultipleantennahardwareandsoftwarethatisexecutableby
aprocessorsuchthatitcantrackthesubjectashe/shemovesinbedduringthenight.Thiscanprovide
informationabouthowmuchthesubjectismovingwithinthebed,anditcanimprovetheradarbased
measurementofrespirationandactivity.Thephysiologicalmotionsensorcanbeusedinconjunctionwithother
sensorstoprovideamorecompletepictureofrespirationduringsleep.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100
canincludeadditionalsensorsincluding,butnotlimitedto,anasal/oralairflowsensorandapulseoximeter.
[0195] Invariousembodiments,thenasal/oralairflowsensorcanprovideeitheranindicationofwhetherthepatientis
breathing,orwithamoreadvancedsensor,anestimateofthevelocityoftheairflow.Thiscanbeusedto
accuratelydetectapnea,andwiththemoreadvancedsensors,itcanalsobeusedtodetecthypopnea(reduction
inairflow).Anaccuratemeasurementofairflowiscriticaltodeterminewhetheraneventisahypopneaoran
apnea.Thenasal/oralairflowsensorcanincludeoneormorethermistors,hotwireanemometers,orpressure

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sensors.Insomeembodiments,anasal/oralairflowsensorcanbeprovidedtomeasuretheairflowthrougheach
nostrilandthemouthindependently.Inmostembodiments,anairflowsensoralonecannotdeterminewhetheran
apneaiscentralorobstructive.
[0196] Invariousembodiments,thepulseoximetercanprovideinformationontheeffectivenessofrespirationbyarterial
hemoglobinsaturationoranestimateofbloodoxygenation.Decreasesinbloodoxygenationcanindicatethe
severityofanapneaicorhypopneaicevent,andareimportantforclinicaldecisions.Thepulseoximetercanalso
provideaheartrate.Invariousembodiments,pulseoximetrycanberecordedonthefingerorontheearthoughin
mostembodiments,thefingermeasurementsaregenerallyconsideredmoreaccurate.
[0197] Invariousembodiments,thepulseoximeterandoral/nasalairflowsensorscanrequirecontactwiththepatient.In
variousembodiments,thepulseoximeterandoral/nasalairflowsensorscanbeconfiguredtotransmitdata
wirelesslytothedatarecordingdevice.Invariousembodiments,thisrecordingdevicecanbeintegratedwiththe
radarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensordevice.
[0198] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canincludeawirelesshomesleepmonitor,includingaradarbased
physiologicalmotionsensor,apulseoximeterwithwirelesscommunications,andanasal/oralairflowsensorwith
wirelesscommunications,operatingwithoutwiresonthepatientandwithminimalcontacttothepatient.Various
embodimentsofthehomesleepmonitorcanprovideacompletepictureofrespirationduringsleep(e.g.,airflow,
respiratoryeffort,andoxygenation).Invariousembodiments,thehomesleepmonitorsystem100canalsoprovide
aheartrate,variabilityintheheartrate,andinformationaboutmotionduringsleep.Invariousembodiments,the
pulseoximeterandoral/nasalairflowsensorcanbeconfiguredtoindependentlysendtheirdatawirelesslytothe
hub,suchthatnowireswouldberequired.Thiscanprovideanadvantageoverothercommerciallyavailablehome
sleepmonitors,whichrequireswirestotherecordingdeviceorwirestoasinglebodyworndevicewiththen
wirelessly,transmitsdatatotherecordingdevice.
[0199] Variousembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotionsensorsystem100canbeusedtoobtainaspotcheckofvital
signs,suchasrespiratoryrateandheartrate,atapointintimeorintermittently(e.g.,atregularintervals,at
specifiedtimes,ondemand,etc.).Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canhavedifferentuserselectabletime
intervalsoverwhichthebreathingratecanbemeasured(e.g.,15seconds,30seconds,60seconds,etc.),a
chosennumberofbreathingcycles(e.g.,2,3,5,etc.),oramoregeneralindicationofthemeasurementlength
(e.g.,quick,normal,extended).Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canusesignalquality,respiratory
rate,respiratoryratevariability,andrespiratorywaveformshapevariabilitytoautomaticallyselectameasurement
interval.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canrecognizedatawithinterferencefromnoncardiopulmonary
motion,vibration,otherradiofrequencysignals,orcircuitnoise,andcannotincludeitinratecalculation.Thiscan
improvetheaccuracyofratereadings.Invariousembodiments,theaccuracyofratereadingscanbefurther
improvedthroughrateestimationalgorithmsthatincludeaccuracychecks.Variousembodimentsofthesystem
100canbeconfiguredtoidentifynoncardiopulmonarymotionbythesubjectorothermotionnearthesubjectwhen
extractingcardiopulmonarymotion,whichcanresultingreateraccuracyofthereadingsand/oravoiddisplayingan
errorduetononcardiopulmonarymotiondetection.
[0200] Invariousembodimentsnoncontactspotcheckofrespiratoryparameterscanhaveameasurementmodeinwhich
themeasurementsareautomaticallystartedatregularintervals.Measurementsatregularintervalscanbeusedto
provideahistoryofpointintimemeasurementssuchthattrendscanviewed.Invariousembodiments,the
measurementscanbeautomaticallystartedand/ormadeintheabsenceofahealthcareprovider.Insome
embodiments,whenthesensorhasrealtimesignalqualitydetection,portionsofcollecteddatawithpoorsignal
qualityduetolowsignalpowerorsubjectmotionarenotusedtoestimatetherespiratoryparameters,andportions
ofthecollecteddatawithadequatesignalqualityareusedtoestimatetherespiratoryparameters.Thedevicecan
performeachmeasurementforafixedtimeperiod,oritcanuseanautomaticmodesuchthatthemeasurement
lengthischosenautomaticallybasedonsignalqualityand/orregularityofbreathing.Insomeembodiments,the
devicecancontinueretryingameasurementuntilenoughsignalofadequatequalityisobtainedtoprovidea
respiratoryspotcheck.Insomeembodiments,theoperatorsoftheintervalrespiratorymeasurementdevicecan
choosetooperatethedeviceinmanualmode(forwhichthebuttoncanbepressedtoinitiateameasurement),or
chooseatimeperiodforintermittentmeasurements.Invariousembodiments,theintervalmeasurementdevicecan
offeramenuofintervals.Forexample,insomeembodimentsthemenucanoffermeasurementintervalsof1
minute,5minute,10minute,15minute,30minute,60minute,120minuteand240minuteintervals.Insome
embodiments,theusercanentertheintervallengthonakeypad,andbeabletoselectanydesiredintervallength.
Insomeembodiments,theperiodicmeasurementscancontinueuntilthestopbuttonhasbeendepressed,whilein
alternateembodiments,theuserisabletoprogramatimeatwhichtheperiodicmeasurementscanstop.Some
embodimentsoftheintervalrespiratorymeasurementcandisplayahistoryofthemeasurementsandtheir
associatedtime,alphanumericallyand/orgraphically.
[0201] Insomeembodiments,therespiratoryrateintervalmeasurementdevicecansynchronizewithothermedical
equipment.Forexample,arespiratoryrateintervalmeasurementdevicecanbeintegratedwithapatientcontrolled
analgesiapump,suchthatnoadditionaldosesofopioiddrugsisgivenunlessarespiratoryrateismeasuredabove
aminimumprogrammedrespiratoryrate.Insomeembodiments,therespiratoryrateintervalmeasurementdevice
canbeintegratedwithanothervitalsignsmeasurementdevicesuchthatmultiplevitalsignsareobtainedatthe
sameinterval,suchasbloodpressureandrespiratoryrate.
[0202] Variousembodimentsofintervalmeasurementofrespiratoryrateinclude,butarenotlimitedtothosewherethe
measurementcommenceseveryNsecondsafterthestartofthefirstmeasurementthosewherethe
measurementcommencesNsecondsafterthestartofthelastmeasurementthosewherethemeasurement
commencesNsecondsaftertheendofthelastmeasurementthosewherethemeasurementcommencesafter
sensingsignalqualitysuchthatintervalscanbevariedandonlythenumberofmeasurementsperNsecondsis
specifiedthosewherethemeasurementisqueuedifthelengthoverlapswiththenextintervaland/orthosewhere

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ameasurementcanbedroppedifthelengthoverlapsintothenextinterval.Variousembodimentsoftheinterval
measurementcanhaveanassociatedtimeout,wherethedeviceprovidesanerrorcode,message,oralertifit
wasnotabletoobtaintherequiredlengthofgoodqualitydatainthattime.Alternatively,variousembodimentsof
theintervalmeasurementcanrununtilarespiratoryrateisobtained.Inthoseembodimentswhereatimeoutis
implemented,thetimeoutcanoccuratafixedtime,ausersettabletime,oritcanbedeterminedbyother
equipment.Inembodimentsinwhichtheintervalrespiratorymeasurementisintegratedwithothervitalsigns
measurementssuchasbloodpressureortemperature,thetimeoutcanbedeterminedbyotherequipmentin
someembodiments,thetimeoutcanoccuratthecompletionofthesemeasurements.Insomeembodiments,the
samebuttoncanbeusedtoinitiatemeasurementofallthevitalsigns.Insomeembodiments,ifthetimeoutis
reached,ameasurementoverlapswiththenextinterval,orarespiratoryratecannotbeobtainedforlongerthana
specifiedtimeperiod,anaudibleand/oravisualalertcanbeprovidedsothehealthcarepractitionerknowsthata
respiratoryratewasnotobtainedatthespecifiedinterval.
[0203] Variousimplementationsofintervalmeasurementofrespiratoryratecanincluderealtimeaudiofeedbackforsome
oralltypesofpoorsignalquality.Forexample,insomeembodiments,atickingsoundcanindicatelowreceived
signalpower,suchthattheuserknowsthathe/sheneedstorepositionthesensor.Providingfeedbacksregarding
thesignalqualitycanavoiddelaysinobtainingameasurement.Degradationofsignalqualitycanresultduetoa
varietyofreasonsincludinganimproperlyplacedsensor.Variousimplementationsofintervalmeasurementof
respiratoryratecanusevariouscommunicationmethodsincludingbutnotlimitedto,sendingapage,sendingan
automatedmessage,sendingaSMS,sendinganemailoruseothertechniquestoalertattendinghealthcare
professionalsifexcessiveerrorsoralertsareoccurringsothehealthcarepractitionerisalertedandcanreposition
thesensororprovidethepatientwiththenecessarymedicalattention.Insomeembodiments,audibleorvisual
alertscanbeusedinsteadoforinadditiontootheralertingmethods.Variousimplementationsofinterval
measurementofrespiratoryratecanalsoincludeaudio,visual,orremotealertsifanadversetrendinrespiratory
parametersisrecognized.Forexample,insomeembodiments,ifapatient'srespiratoryrateisslowlydecreasing,
analertwilloccursothatahealthcareprofessionalknowsthatthepatientneedscare.Invariousembodiments,
thealertscanbepreprogrammedinthedeviceortheycanbeusersettable.Variousimplementationsofinterval
measurementofrespiratoryratecanalsoincludeaudible,visual,orremotealarmsifarespiratoryparameteris
measuredoutsideofpredefinedparameters.Thepredefinedparameterscanbefactorypresetscanbesetby
theuserorhealthcareproviderorcanbebasedonthepatient'sbaselinevalues.
[0204] Invariousembodiments,bothtimeandfrequencydomainapproachescanbeusedforassessmentofvalidityof
respiratoryratecalculations.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canprovideasignalqualityfeedback
systemduringandafterthemeasurement.Thesignalqualityfeedbackcanindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotion,
signalinterference,lowsignalpowerand/orclippingduetosignaloverload.Invariousembodiments,systemself
testandenvironmentchecksbeforemeasurementcanbeperformed.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100can
useafreerunningsignalsourcetorejectRFinterference,e.g.,randomfrequencydriftscanprovideimmunity
againstinterferencefromsourcesoperatinginthesamefrequencyband.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100
canbeintegratedwithotherdevices,approachesandperipheralsusedforchronicdiseasemanagementinhomes
andotherremotesettings.Forexample,thesystem100canbeusedwithbloodpressurecuffs,thermometersina
homehealthmanagementunit.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canprovidecardiopulmonaryinformation
aspartofahealthkiosk.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedtomeasuretheamountofair
inhaled/exhaledwitheachbreath(relativetidalvolume)andthedepthofbreadth.Variousembodimentsofthe
system100canprovidealertsofhighorlowheartorrespiratoryratesorirregularheartorrespiratoryrates.In
variousembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedtodetectheartarrhythmiaorrespiratorysinusarrhythmia.
Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canhaveanaimingorafocusingelementtohelptheuseraimthesystem
properlyforaccuratemeasurements.Invariousembodiments,ondemandspotcheckmeasurementsareprovided.
Invariousembodiments,themeasurementscanbeinitiatedlocallyorremotely.Variousembodimentsofthe
system100canbeintegratedwithaudiovisualorothermultimediadevices.
[0205] Thesystem100canbeusedasanoncontactvitalsignsspotchecktoobtainrespiratoryrateand/orheartratein
oneormoresubjects.Embodimentsofthevitalsignsspotchecksystem100canbeusedinahospitalorskilled
nursingfacilityforregularvitalsignsassessmentofinpatients,orinanyclinicalsettingforvitalsignsassessment
ofpatientscheckinginfortreatmentofcheckups.Embodimentsofthevitalsignsspotchecksystem100canbe
usedinpediatricorneonatalwardsformonitoringcardiopulmonaryactivityininfantsandnewborns.Various
embodimentsofthesystem100canincludealocalinterface,includingbuttonsanddisplay,andcanhave
electroniccommunicationstoacentralsite(suchasacentralnurse'sstation)ortoacentraldatabase(suchasan
electronicmedicalrecord).Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeastandalonedevice,oritcanbea
moduleprovidingonemeasurement(suchasrespiratoryrate)ormultiplemeasurements(suchaseitherrespiratory
rateandtidalvolumeorrespiratoryrateandheartrate)integratedwithanothervitalsignsspotcheckdevice.In
variousembodiments,thevitalsignsspotchecksystem100candisplayonlyarateorratesthataremeasured.In
someembodiments,thesystem100canbeconfiguredtodisplayasnapshotoftheheartand/orrespiratory
waveforms.Invariousembodiments,thenoncontactvitalsignsspotcheckcanbeusedfortriageinan
emergencyroom,adisasterarea,orabattlefieldasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/154,728whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0206] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canincludeasensorunitthatismountedinvariouspositionsinaroom,
includingontheceiling,onthewall,underthemattress,onthebedrail,attheheadofthebed,atthefootofthe
bed,onamoveablecartorpoleinapatient'sroominahospital,nursinghome,oralternatecareenvironment,etc.
Thesensorunitforthesystem100cancommunicatewirelesslyorthroughinstalledinfrastructureinthehospital,
nursinghome,oralternatecareenvironmenttoalocalpatientmonitor,alocalvitalsignsspotcheckdevice,ora
centralunitinthehospital,nursinghome,oralternatecareenvironment.Inthesystem100,thesensorunit

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includestheantenna,transmitter,receiver,andanalogtodigitalconversionoftheradarbasedsensor,anditalso
includesappropriatehardwareandsoftware(asrequired)fortransmittingdigitalsignals,eitherwirelesslyorthrough
wiredinfrastructure.
[0207] AsshowninFIG.6A,someembodimentsofthesystem100canincludeasensorunit604thatiswirelesslylinked
withapatientmonitor605inthepatient'sroom.Thesystemunit604canbeconfiguredtowirelesslytransmitthe
digitizedsignalsfromthesensorunit604tothepatientmonitor605inthepatient'sroom.Thepatientmonitor605
canincludeaprocessor606thatcanbeconfiguredtoprocessthesignalsfromthesensorunit604.The
processingcaninclude,butisnotlimitedto,DCcompensation,filtering,demodulation,motiondetection,rate
finding,andpossiblecalculationofothervariables.
[0208] AsillustratedinFIG.6B,invariousembodiments,thesensorunit604canincludetheprocessor606and
associateddigitalcomponentssuchthatthesensorunit604isconfiguredtoprocessthedigitalsignal,including
performDCcompensation,filtering,demodulation,andmotiondetection,andtransmitaprocessedsignaltothe
patientmonitor605.Invariousembodiments,theprocessor606inthesensorunit604canbeconfiguredto
performrateestimationand/orcalculationofotherrespiratoryvariables,or,alternatively,thepatientmonitor605
canperformrateestimationand/orcalculationofotherrespiratoryvariablesfromtheprocessedsignal.Inthose
embodimentsinwhichthepatientmonitor605performsrateestimation,thepatientmonitor605canusethesame
rateestimationalgorithmitusesforotherrespiratorywaveformsitcaninput,includingimpedancepneumography
[0209] Invariousembodiments,thesensorunit604canincludememoryand/orotherstoragedevices607thatare
configuredtostoremeasurementdata(e.g.respiratoryrateorotherrespiratoryparameters)foranextendedtime
periodinadditiontotheprocessor606asillustratedinFIG.6C.Thememoryandotherstoragedevices607canbe
configuredtostoremeasurementsobtainedoveratimeperiod.Insomeembodimentsthememoryand/orstorage
devices607canbeconfiguredtostore2496hoursofdata.Thesensorunitcanbeconfiguredtosynchronizethe
storeddatawiththepatientmonitor605inadditiontotransmittingthecurrentdata.Synchronizingtherecorded
datacanenableauserorahealthcareprovidertoviewthemeasurementhistory.Themeasurementhistorycan
includemeasurementsthatwereobtainedintheabsenceofthepatientmonitor605thatwerestoredinthememory
and/orstoragedevices607.Invariousembodiments,thepatientmonitor605candisplay,transmit,and/orrecord
oneormoreoftherespiratorywaveforms,therespiratoryrateandotherrespiratoryvariablescalculatedfromthe
signal,inadditiontootherphysiologicalandvitalsignsinformation.
[0210] Invariousembodimentsofthesystem100thepatientmonitor605canbepermanentlymountedinthepatient's
roomoronacartthatiswheeledintotheroomorotherwiseplacedatthepatient'sbedside.Insomeembodiments,
itcanbeimportantthatthewirelesslinkbetweenthedevicesbecorrect.Forexample,thesensorunitthatis
measuringaparticularpatientispreferablylinkedtothepatientmonitormeasuringthatsamepatient.Inthose
embodimentsinwhichthepatientmonitorandthesensorunitarebothpermanentlymountedinthepatient'sroom,
whenthetwodevicesarefirstinstalled,theycanperformasynchronizationprocesswheretheycanexchangea
pseudorandomsequence.Insomeembodiments,thepseudorandomsequencecanbeusedtoaddpseudorandom
noise(PN)tothedatasuchthatonlyareceiverwithknowledgeofthePNcodewillbeabletocommunicateand
decodethedata.Inthoseembodimentsinwhichapatientmonitorisbroughtintoapatient'sroomformonitoringof
specificpatientsandthesensorunitispermanentlymountedintheroom,atetheredbarcodereaderorshortrange
RFIDreadercanbeplacedonthepatientmonitor,andabarcodeorRFIDtagcanbeplacedonthesensorunit
suchthatwhenthehealthcarepractitionerbringsthedeviceintotheroom,he/shebringsthereaderuptothe
sensorunit,andthereaderreadsthePNcodeembeddedontheRFID,whichisthesamePNcodeusedfor
communications.Inthoseembodimentsinwhichapatientmonitorthatisbroughtintoapatientroomformonitoring
ofspecificpatientsandthesensorunitispermanentlymountedintheroom,thepatientcanwearapatient
identificationtagthatisscannedbythehealthcarepractitionerbeforeinitiatingthepatientmonitoringdevice,which
canalsobereadbythesensorunit,which,insomeembodiments,hasanintegratedtagreader.Duringstreaming
and/orsynchronization,thesensorunitcanincludeinformationabouttheidentityofthepatientbeingmeasured,
andthepatientmonitoringdevicecanensurethattheidentityofthepatientthatitismonitoringisthesameasthat
forwhichtherespiratorydataisprovidedforbecauseboththepatientmonitorandsensordevicewillusethePN
codeprovidedbytheRFIDwornbythepatient.Insomeembodimentswhereapatientmonitorisbroughtintoa
patient'sroomformonitoringofspecificpatientsandthesensorunitispermanentlymountedintheroom,the
sensorunitisprogrammedwithinformationaboutthelocationofthebeditismonitoringwhenitisinstalled,andan
RFIDtagorbarcodeisplacedonthewallbythebedlocation,andthehealthcarepractitionerscansthatwhen
he/shebringsthepatientmonitoringdeviceintotheroomsuchthatthepatientmonitoringunitreceivesthePN
codereadfromthetagorbarcodereader,andthecodeontheRFIDtagorbarisprogrammedorreadbythe
sensorunitwhenitisinitiallyinstalled,andusesthePNcodetoencodetherespiratorydata.Invarious
embodiments,thepseudorandomcodecouldbereplacedwithanothertypeofcode.
[0211] Inthoseembodimentsinwhichthepermanentlymountedsensorunitwirelesslylinkswithavitalsignsspotcheck
devicethatisbroughtfromroomtoroomtomeasurevitalsignsofdifferentpatients,thedigitizedsignalsfromthe
sensorunitarewirelesslystreamedtothevitalsignsspotcheckdeviceinthepatient'sroom,andthevitalsigns
spotcheckdeviceperformsprocessingofthesignals,includingDCcompensation,filtering,demodulation,motion
detection,ratefinding,andpossiblycalculationofothervariables.Inthoseembodimentsinwhichthepermanently
mountedsensorunitwirelesslylinkswithavitalsignsspotcheckdevicethatisbroughtfromroomtoroomto
measurevitalsignsofdifferentpatients,thesensorunitcontainsaprocessorandassociateddigitalcomponents
suchthatitprocessesthedigitizedsignal,includingDCcompensation,filtering,demodulation,andmotion
detection,andstreamsaprocessedsignaltoapatientmonitoreitherthesensorunitalsoperformsrateestimation
and/orcalculationofotherrespiratoryvariables,andstreamsthesevariablesalongwiththerespiratorywaveform,
orthevitalsignsspotcheckdeviceperformsrateestimationand/orcalculationofotherrespiratoryvariablesonthe
streamedwaveform.Inthoseembodimentsinwhichthepermanentlymountedsensorunitwirelesslylinkswitha

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vitalsignsspotcheckdevicethatisbroughtfromroomtoroomtomeasurevitalsignsofdifferentpatients,the
sensorunitcontainsaprocessorandassociateddigitalcomponentssuchthatitprocessesthedigitalsignal,
includingDCcompensation,filtering,demodulation,andmotiondetection,andstreamsaprocessedsignaltoa
patientmonitorthesensorunitcontainshardwaresuchthatitcanstorethelastcalculatedrespiratoryrate,other
respiratoryvariables,and/orthewaveformusedtocalculatetherateand/orothervariables(thelastmeasured
respiratorycheck),andwhenavitalsignsspotcheckdeviceisbroughtintotheroom,itstreamsthelast
measuredrespiratorychecktothevitalsignsspotcheckdevice.
[0212] Invariousembodiments,thevitalsignsspotcheckdevicecandisplay,transmit,and/orrecordoneormoreofthe
following:therespiratorywaveformusedforthespotcheck,therespiratoryrate,and/orotherrespiratoryvariables
calculatedfromthesignals,inadditiontootherphysiologicalandvitalsignsinformation.Invariousembodiments,it
isnotrequiredthatthevitalsignsspotcheckdevicebekeptinthesameroomasthesensorunit,insteadthevital
signsspotcheckdevicecanbemobileandmovedfromroomtoroomtomeasurevitalsignsofdifferentpatients.
Invariousembodiments,itcanbeimportantthatthewirelesslinkbetweenthedevicesbecorrect.Forexample,as
discussedabovethesensorunitthatismeasuringaparticularpatientispreferablylinkedtothevitalsignsspot
checkdevicemeasuringthatsamepatient.Abovedescribedmethodstosynchronizethesensorwiththe
continuouspatientmonitorcanbeusedforthespotcheckdevice.
[0213] Invariousembodiments,asensorunitconfiguredtoworkwithbothpatientmonitorsandvitalsignsspotcheck
devices,withaPNcodethatcanbesynchronizedforthepurposeofcodingmessages.Invariousembodiments,
afterthedeviceshavebeenpairedwithaPNcode,theycanwirelesslycommunicatetheirdevicetype(either
continuousmonitororspotcheck)anditsdesiredinformationtothesensorunit,whichthensendstheappropriate
informationtothepatientmonitororvitalsignsspotcheckdevices.Invariousembodiments,thesensorunitcan
communicatedatadirectlytoacentralserverorstation,eitherwirelesslyorviawiredinfrastructurethiscentral
serverorstationcanbethesolelocationwherethedataisdisplayedandstored,orthecentralservercantransmit
therespiratorydatatoapatientmonitororvitalsignscheckdevice.
[0214] Variousembodimentsofthevitalsignsspotchecksystemdescribedhereincanbeusedinthehomefor
managementofchronicillnessesasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/196,762whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,includingCOPD,diabetes,andcongestiveheartfailure.Asdescribedabove,in
variousembodiments,thesystem100canbeconnectedtoanotherdevice,including,butnotlimitedto,apersonal
healthsystem,anotherhomehealthcaredevice,apersonalcomputer,acellularphone,asettopbox,oradata
aggregator.Invariousembodimentsofthesystem,thedevicecanconnectviaawiredorwirelessconnectiontoa
centralstationthatisremote(e.g.,awayfromthehome).Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canhavea
localdisplaywithsomeoralloftheobtaineddatadisplayedonit.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100can
communicatetheinformationtoanotherdeviceviaawiredorwirelessconnectiontoacentraldatabasethatis
remote(e.g.,awayfromthehome).Invariousembodiments,thedevicecanoperatewithlocalcontrolorcanbe
controlledbyanotherdeviceviaawiredorwirelessconnection.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100can
operateautomatically,orcanbecontrolledbyacentralsystemthatisremote(e.g.,awayfromhome).Invarious
embodimentsofthesystem,thevitalsignsspotchecksystem100canbeamodulethatisintegratedintoa
personalhealthsystemoranotherhomehealthcaredevice,sharingitsdisplayandcommunications.
[0215] Variousembodimentsofthevitalsignsspotchecksystemdescribedhereincanbeusedinthehometomonitor
theelderly,chronicallyill,orothersonadailybasiswhiletheyaresedentaryand/orsleeping.Thevitalsignsspot
checksystemcanbeprovidedinhomes,assistedlivingfacilities,nursinghomes,hospices,eldercarefacilities,
etc.Insomeembodiments,thissystemcanbewirelesslyconnectedtoaserverthatanalyzesthedataprovided
bythesensortoprovideearlyindicationanddetectionofacuteillness,exacerbationofchronicillness,orother
changesinhealthstatus.Invariousembodiments,thissensorcanbemountedinmanylocations,including,but
notlimitedto,theceiling,thewall,onatable,underthemattressofthebed,onabedrail,attheheadofabed,at
thefootofabed,ortoamovablecartorpost.Invariousembodiments,thisDopplerradarbasedsensorcan
provideoneormoreofthefollowingvariables:respiratoryrate,respiratorywaveform,depthofbreath,pulserate,
activity/restlessnessdata,inhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,andregularityorirregularityofrespiration.Various
embodimentsofthesystemconfiguredtobemountedontheceilingorwall,ahighgainplanarantennacanbe
used.Invariousembodiments,theantennacanbeathreebythreeelementarray,afourbyfourelementarray,or
annbynelementarray.Insomeembodiments,theantennacanbeasingleaperture.Insomeembodiments,a
directionsensitive,multielementantennaarraycanbeusedtomonitorthepositionofthesubject.Insome
embodiments,multiplepersonscanbedetectedandmeasuredwithamultiplereceiversystem.Insome
embodiments,anRFIDtagorotheridentificationdevicecanbewornby,clippedontothegarmentsof,orattached
totheskinofthesubject(s)underobservation.Insomeembodiments,tagscanallowasensortodistinguishthe
subjectunderobservationfromotherpersonsinthearea.Insomeembodiments,asinglesystemcanbemounted
facingtowardstheuser'sbed.Insomeembodiments,multiplesystemscanbemountedinthelivingarea,
includingtheuser'sbedandpossiblytheuser'sfavoritechairorfavoritespotonthecouchtoprovideadditional
coverage.Insomeembodiments,thedevicecanprovidelocalalarmsoralertsforpotentialindicationofadisease
statethatrequiresimmediateattention,includingdangerousapnea,bradypnea,tachypnea,bradycardia,
tachycardia,andperiodicorCheyneStokesbreathing.Insomeembodiments,thedevicecanwirelesslytransmit
toaserverortoahealthcareprofessionalthevitalsignsandactivityparametersitcollects,aswellasflagsor
alertsfordetectedapnea,bradypnea,tachypnea,bradycardia,tachycardia,andirregularbreathing.Invarious
embodiments,thewirelesslinkcanbeZigbee,Bluetooth,WirelessX10,or802.11.Insomeembodiments,the
devicecanalsotransmitinformationonthequalityofthewaveformsobtainedand/orsent.Insomeembodiments,
thedevicecanbeconfiguredtotransmitgoodqualitywaveforms.Insomeembodiments,thedevicecansendthe
waveformsobtainedduringnoncardiopulmonarymotion,orotherinformationcalculatedaboutmotion.Insome
embodiments,thewaveformsobtainedduringnoncardiopulmonarymotioncanbeusedtoidentifyoneormoreof

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thefollowing:minormovements,rollingover,restlesslegsyndrome,levelofrestlessnessorenteringorleaving
bed.Invariousembodiments,theinformationtransmittedbythedevicecanberecordedandanalyzedtoidentify
earlysignsofillness.Invariousembodiments,theserverorsystemthatreceivestheinformationtransmittedby
thedevicecanidentifyandsummarizeimportantevents(e.g.apnea,shallowbreathing,irregularbreathing,
bradycardia,tachycardia,restlessness,tachypnea,andbradypnea),providedailysummaries,providelongterm
trends,and/ordetectmajorchangesinvitalsignsorhealthstatus.Insomeembodiments,periodsofimportant
eventscanbequantifiedbydurationandseverity.Insomeembodiments,dailysummariescanincludeimportant
events,clinicallyusefulsummariesofbaselinevalues,and/orinformationontheoverallqualityofsleep.Insome
embodiments,qualityofsleepcanbederivedfromrestlessnessdatabasedonthenumber,length,andpositionof
motionfreeperiodsandtheirinterruptionswhilethesubjectisinbed.Insomeembodiments,trendingandchange
detectionalgorithmscanbeappliedtothesedailysummariestonotifycaregiversand/orhealthcareprofessionalof
emergingchangesinhealthstatus.Insomeembodiments,thedevicecanformanadhocnetworkwithother
wirelessmonitoringdeviceswitheachdeviceprovidingaservicetootherdevicestopulldatafromthedevice,and
eachdevicehavingtheabilitytopolldatafromtheotherdevices,suchthat,throughthecooperativeuseofthe
data,aneventcanbeflaggedwithbetteraccuracy.Insomeembodiments,webinterfacescanbeusedtoprovide
accesstotheobtainedand/ortheanalyzeddatatousers,theircaregivers,andtheirhealthcareproviders.Insome
embodiments,thissystemwillbemountedinhomes.Invariousembodiments,thesystemsanddevicesdescribed
hereincanbeconfiguredtosendautomatedalerts(911callorcodesystem)tohealthcareprovidersoremergency
personnelinthecaseofanacuteorsevereevent.Insomeembodiments,forlowerseverityeventsandwarnings,
amoresubtlemessagecanbesent(e.g.Page,SMS,email,etc.).
[0216] Invariousembodiments,thevitalsignsspotchecksystem100canbeincludedinahealthkioskasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereininitsentirety.Variousembodimentsofthekiosk
vitalsignsspotchecksystem100canbeastandalonedevicethatsendsvitalsignsinformationtoakiosk
computer.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canrequirealocalpersontopressthebuttonsonthedeviceto
initiateoperation.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100canbecontrolledbyaremotehealthcarepractitionerwith
astartsignalsenttothedevicethroughthekioskcomputer.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100caninitiate
themeasurementautomaticallywhenthepatiententersthekioskareathesystem100cansensethepresenceof
thepatient,orthesystem100canusedatafromanotherdevicethatsensesthepresenceofthepatient.Various
embodimentsofthekioskvitalsignsspotchecksystem100canbeamodulethatisintegratedintothekiosksuch
thatthepatientisnotawareofitspresence.Insuchembodiments,thesystem100canbecontrolledbythekiosk
computer,eitherwitharemotehealthcarepractitionerinitiatingthemeasurement,orameasurementbeinginitiated
automatically,possiblyafixedtimeafterthepatiententersthekioskorsitsdown.Invariousembodiments,the
system100canmeasurerespiratoryrateonlyonce,oritcancontinuetomeasureintermittentlywhilethepatientis
atthekiosk,providingaratehistoryforthetimethepatientwasinthekiosktotheremotehealthcareprovider.
[0217] Invariousembodiments,thecardiopulmonaryinformation,activityandotherphysiologicalmotiondatacollectedby
thesystem100canbeusedtoassessandmonitorpsychologicalorpsychophysiologicalstateorchangesin
psychologicalorpsychophysiologicalstate.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canmonitorchangesin
psychophysiologicalstateinducedbyexternalstimuli(e.g.,questions,sounds,images,etc.)
[0218] Variousembodimentsofthenoncontactphysiologicalsensorsystem100canbeusedtoobtainrespiratoryrate,
heartrate,andphysiologicalwaveformsthatcanbeanalyzedtohelpassessthepsychologicalstateofthe
measurementsubjectasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentirety.Thepsychologicalinformationcanbeusedformanyapplications,including,butnotlimited
to,variousmedicalapplications,securityscreeningofsubjectsatairports,borders,andsportingeventsandother
publicareas,liedetection,andpsychologicalorpsychiatricevaluation.Invariousembodimentsofthesystem100
usedinsecurityscreeningapplicationsinformationoutputfromthesystem100canbeusedtohelpdetect
malintent.
[0219] Variousembodimentsofthephysiologicalmotionsensorsystem100canbeusedtoprovidephysiologicalmotion
waveformsthatcanbeusedforsynchronizationofmedicalimagingwithchestororganmotionasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/154,176whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0220] Variousembodimentsofthesystemdescribedhereincanbeusedtoprovidephysiologicalmotionwaveformsthat
canbeusedforsynchronizationofmechanicalventilation,includingnoninvasiveventilation,withrespiratoryeffort.
[0221] Variousembodiments,thesystem100canbeintegratedwithapulseoximeter.Thevariousembodiments
describedherein,thephysiologicalmotionsensor100canbeusedtosenserespiratoryinformationandcanbe
operatedinconnectionwithapulseoximeterthatmeasuresthepatient'soxygensaturation.Invarious
embodiments,thecombinationofthetwosensorsystemscanprovideinformationonventilationandoxygenation,
givingamorecompletemeasurementofrespiratoryefficacythaneithercouldaloneasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,839whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Theseembodimentshave
applicationsinthemonitoringofpostsurgicalpatients,patientsusingopioidbasedmedications,patientsatriskof
respiratorydepression,etc.
[0222] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeintegratedwithorconnectedtoapatientcontrolledanalgesia
system,andpreventadditionaldosesofanalgesiaiftherespiratoryratedropsbelowathreshold,indicatingthe
onsetofopioidinducedrespiratorydepression.Variousembodimentscanalsouseadditionalrespiratoryvariables
inthecalculationofwhentopreventadditionaldosesofanalgesia,includingtidalvolume,inhaletimetoexhale
timeratio,depthofbreath,frequencyofnoncardiopulmonarymotion,durationofnoncardiopulmonarymotion,
lengthofpausesinbreathing,frequency,depth,andlengthofgasps,frequency,depth,andlengthofsigns,and/or
shapeofthebreathingwaveform.Thethresholdsinsuchembodimentscanbeatleastoneofpresetinthe
factory,setbythehealthcareprofessional,calculatedbasedonpatientbaselinevalues.Variousembodimentscan
alsoincludealerts.

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[0223] Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedtodetermineifasubjectisbreathingand/orifhis/herheartis
beating.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100candetectpresenceofand/ormonitorcardiopulmonary
information(respiratoryand/orcardiac)fromseveralmetersawayfromasubjecttothepointofcontact.Invarious
embodiments,thesystem100candetectandmonitorcardiopulmonaryinformation(respiratoryandcardiac)while
incontactwiththesubject'sbody.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canmeasurebodysurfacemotion
associatedwithcardiopulmonaryactivity.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canmeasureinternalbody
motionassociatedwithcardiopulmonaryactivity.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canmeasure
electromagneticallymeasureableinternaland/orexternalbodychangesassociatedwithcardiopulmonaryactivity,
includingbutnotlimitedtoimpedancechanges.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canperformtheabove
describedfunctionsbyitselforincombinationwithothermonitoringdevices.
[0224] Invariousembodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsensordescribedhereincanbeusedtodeterminewhethera
subjectrequirescardiopulmonaryresuscitationoruseofadefibrillator(eitheranautomatedexternaldefibrillatorora
hospitaldefibrillator)bydetectingwhetherthepatienthasaheartbeatasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.
61/194,838whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100can
sendasignaltoanexternalmedicaldevicesuchthatitcanintegrateinformationfromthesystemwithinformation
fromothersensorstodeterminewhetherresuscitationisrequired.Thisdeterminationcanbeindicatedtotheuser
visuallyoraudibly.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canprovideasignaltoadefibrillator,suchthatifa
heartbeatisdetected,itisnotpossibletodeliveranelectricalshocktothepatient.Invariousembodiments,the
system100cansendasignaltotriggerexternalmedicaldevices(e.g.,defibrillator,ventilators,oxygenpumps,
externalrespirators,etc.).Thenoncontactphysiologicalmotionsensorcanbeusedafteradefibrillatorisusedon
apatienttodetermineifmechanicalheartactivityhasresumed.
[0225] Invariousembodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsensorsystem100canbeusedtodetecthumanmotionata
distanceand/orthroughradarpenetrablebarriers.Invariousembodiments,thismotioncanincludegrossmotion,
suchaswalking,aswellassmallmotionduetofidgetingorspeech,andminutesurfacedisplacementsresulting
fromcardiopulmonaryactivity.Invariousembodiments,thesignalsfromthedifferentsourcescanbeseparatedby
sophisticatedsignalprocessingandclassifiedintobiometricsignaturesuniqueforeachindividualasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,164,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Invarious
embodiments,empiricalmodedecompositionasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,canbeusedforidentifyingindividualsignaturesofphysiological
motion,includingheartandrespiratorymotionwaveforms.Insomeembodiments,empiricalmodedecomposition
asdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretycan
beusedforidentifyingpatternsinthevariabilityoftheamplitudeofphysiologicalmotion.Invariousembodiments,
empiricalmodedecompositionasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentiretycanbeusedforidentifyingpatternsinthevariabilityofrateofphysiologicalprocesses,
suchasheartratevariabilityandrespiratoryratevariability.Invariousembodiments,empiricalmode
decompositionasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentirety,canbeusedforanalyzingtheinteraction.
[0226] Invariousembodiments,manyvariablesextractedfromthecardiopulmonarymotionsignalcanbeusedfor
biometricidentificationofindividuals.Invariousembodiments,thesevariablesincluderespiratoryrate,inhaletime,
exhaletime,inhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,frequencyofgasps,depthofgasps,lengthofgasps,frequencyof
signs,depthofsigns,lengthofsigns,depthofbreath,presenceofparadoxicalbreathing,degreeofparadoxical
breathing,tidalvolume,ratioofabdominalexcursiontochestexcursion,harmoniccontentofbreathingsignal,ratio
ofthepowersofdifferentharmonicsofthebreathingsignal,airflowrate,heartrate,andheartbeattobeatinterval.
Invariousembodiments,thebiometricidentificationwouldalsoincludethevariabilityofsomeoralloftheabove
mentionedvariablesinanynumberoffrequencybands.Invariousembodiments,thebiometricidentificationwould
alsoincludethecorrelationbetweenheartvariablesandrespiratoryvariables.Invariousembodiments,the
biometricidentificationwouldalsoincludethefrequency,duration,andamountofactivity,and/orthefrequency,
duration,andamountoffidgeting.
[0227] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedtodeterminethepatient'stidalvolume.Variousembodiments
ofthesystem100candeterminetherelationshipbetweendisplacementandtidalvolumefrommedicalrecord
information,suchthatanaccuratelymeasureddisplacementcanbeconvertedtoatidalvolumeestimateas
disclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,021,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.In
variousembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedtodeterminetherelationshipbetweendisplacementandtidal
volumebasedonpatientmaneuversandmedicalrecordinformation,suchthatnocontactingdeviceswouldbe
requiredtoperformacalibrationasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,018,whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentirety.Insomeembodimentsofthesystem,publishedformulaeandthemedicalrecordcanbe
usedtopredictthepatient'svitalcapacity,suchthatifthepatientperformsavitalcapacitymaneuverbyinhaling
asdeeplyaspossibleandexhalingasfullyaspossible,therelationshipbetweenchestdisplacementandtidal
volumecanbecalculated.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbecalibratedbeforemeasurement,such
thatatidalvolumecanbeestimated.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeusedtodetermine
relationshipbetweendisplacementandtidalvolumeviadirectmeasurement:calibrationwithaspirometerorother
devicethataccuratelymeasurestidalvolumeasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,021,whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0228] Invariousembodiments,relativetidalvolumecanbemeasuredwithoutcalibrationbyprovidinginformationabout
whetherthetidalvolumeisincreasingordecreasingfromabaselinevalueduringcontinuousmonitoringofa
patient.Invariousembodimentsoftherelativetidalvolumemeasurement,therelativetidalvolumecanbereset
eachtimenoncardiopulmonarymotionisdetected,therebyavoidingerrorsintherelativetidalvolumethatresult
fromchangesintherelationshipbetweenchestdisplacementandtidalvolumewiththepatientindifferentpositions

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andwithdifferentspatialrelationshipsbetweenthesensorandthepatient.Suchanembodimentcanbeusefulin
nonventilatedornoninvasivelyventilatedcriticalcarepatients.
[0229] Invariousembodiments,datafromthesystem100canbeusedtogenerateanactivityindex.Invarious
embodiments,thesystem100canusethenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmtodeterminethe
frequencyanddurationofsubjectactivityorthepercentageoftimethesubjectisactive.Thisinformationcanbe
usedtoprovideanactivityindex.Insomeembodiments,changesintheactivityindexcanbeusedasindicatorsof
achangeinhealthstate(e.g.,ifapatient'sactivityonedayissignificantlylessthantheirbaseline,itcanindicate
anillness).Invariousembodiments,theactivityindexcanalsobeusedduringmeasurementofsleepingsubjects
toassesssleepingvs.wakingstates,insomnia,restlesslegsyndrome.Invariousembodiments,theactivityindex
canbeusedtoassesscircadianrhythmdisorders,alertness,metabolicactivity,energyexpenditure,anddaytime
sleepiness.
[0230] Invariousembodiments,digitizeddatafromtheDopplerradarbasedsensorcanbeanalyzedbyalgorithmsthat
candifferentiatecardiopulmonarymotion(heartmotion,pulsemotion,respiratorymotion,etc.)fromnon
cardiopulmonarymotion.Insomeembodiments,thenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmflagsthedata
asnoncardiopulmonarymotionifcertainthresholdsarereachedinvariousembodiments,thisanalysiscaninclude
comparingthepowerlevels,eigenvalues,eigenvectors,bestfitline,RMSdifferencefromabestfitline,RMS
differencefromabestfitarcorcircle,originofabestfitcircle,radiusofabestfitcircle,oranycombination
thereof,ofcurrentdataframeswiththepreviousdataframeorframes.Invariousembodiments,theseframe(s)can
beweightedequallyortheweightingcancarrysomemodeleddecayfactor.Invariousembodiments,framesthat
exceedthethresholdscanbeflaggedasnoncardiopulmonarymotionevents.Insomeembodiments,theframes
canbecomparedagainstapowerthresholdandframesthatfallbelowthispowerthresholdareflaggedaslow
powersignalevents.Invariousembodiments,thepowerthresholdcanbeclosetothenoisefloor.Insome
embodiments,aframeisflaggedasanactivityeventifitreceivesanoncardiopulmonarysignalflagbutnotalow
powerflag.Insomeembodiments,framesflaggedasactivityarecountedandstored.Insomeembodiments,the
numberofframesflaggedasactivityeventsaredividedbythetotalnumberofframesfromwhichtheactivity
countisderived.Insomeembodiments,theoutputofthissystemistheactivityindex.Invariousembodiments,
thenumberofframesusedtoderivetheactivityindexcanbevaried.Insomeembodiments,theactivityindexcan
representtheentirehistorysincethesystemwasbeenswitchedon.Inotherembodimentsitcanonlyrepresent
themostrecenthistory,orthehistoryoverarecenttimeperiod(e.g.overthepast5minutes,thepast10minutes,
thepast15minutes,past30minutes,thepast1hour,thepast2hours,etc.).FIG.6Dillustratesablockdiagram
ofanembodimentofasystemconfiguredasanactivityindexindicator.Theembodimentofthesystemillustrated
inFIG.6Dcomprisesamotiondetector608,whichcanbesimilartothesensorunitdescribedabove,apower
thresholder609,andanactivitydetector610.Invariousembodimentsthesystemcanfurthercomprisecounters,
dividers,etc.whichcanbeusedtoderivetheactivitycount.Insomeembodiments,thesystemcanbeconfigured
todisplayand/orrecordahistoryofactivity.Invariousembodiments,theactivityhistorycanbeusedtoassess
changesinthedegreeofactivityovertime.Insomeembodiments,theactivityindexcanbeassessedeachday
fortheprevious24hours,suchthatdaytodaychangesinactivitycanbededucedandusedfordiagnostic
purposes.Insomeembodiments,theactivityindexforperiodslessthanadaycanbecomparedwiththatsame
periodinpreviousdays,suchthatdailypatternsofactivitycanbeassessed,andchangesinthosepatternscanbe
detectedandinvestigated.Insomeembodiments,activitydataand/ortheactivityindexcanbeusedinconjunction
withvitalsignsmeasuredwiththeradarsensortodeterminequalityofsleepaswellassleepstate.Insome
embodiments,thesystemcanbeusedtoprovideanoncontactsleepstatemonitorand/orsleepqualitymonitor.In
someembodiments,thedegreeofactivityatdifferenttimesofthedaycanbeassessedtodeterminediurnal
activitypatterns.Insomeembodiments,theactivityindexcanbeusedtodeterminethedegreeofconvalescence
and/ortoquantifyconvalescence.Insomeembodiments,thesystemcanbeusedbyautonomousvehiclesin
battlefieldtriagetohelpidentifyiffallentroopsmaystillexhibitsignsofactivity.Inanotherembodiment,theradar
sensorcansimplybeusedtomonitoranareaforsignsofactivityabovethatoftheambientnoisefloor.Insome
embodiments,thesystemcanbenetworkenabledsuchthattheactivitydataand/ortheactivityindexcanbe
viewedataremotestationand/orbestoredinanElectronicHealthRecordorotherdatabase.
[0231] Insomeembodiments,theactivityindexcanbeusedaspartofacontinuousDopplerradarrespirationmonitor,
andcanbedisplayedonthescreenofsuchamonitor.ThedisplayofonesuchembodimentisshowninFIG.6E:
thetoptrace614showsaninstantaneousrespiratorywaveformafterfilteringanddemodulation,andthebottom
trace616showsboththesubject'srespirationratehistoryandtheplaceswherethesubjectexhibitedactivity.In
variousembodiments,anactivityindex618canalsobedisplayed.Inthisexampleembodiment,theactivity
indicatorisabletodistinguishbetweenmotionsfromthesubjectbreathingversusmotionsfromthesubject
conductingotherextraneousmotionsuchasrolling,talkingorcoughing.Insomeembodiments,thesystemcanbe
networkenabledsuchthatthedatadisplayedinFIG.6Ecanalsobeviewedbyaremotestationand/orbestored
inanElectronicHealthRecordorotherdatabase.
[0232] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canbeusedtodetectapnea,orthecessationofrespiratoryactivity.For
example,insomeembodiments,ifthephysiologicalmotionsensordetectsnolocalmaximumaboveaspecified
threshold,thesystem100candetectcessationofbreathingasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApplicationNo.
61/072,982whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0233] Invariousembodiments,thedevicecanuseanalgorithmtodeterminewhethertherearenolocalmaximaabove
specifiedthresholdbecausebreathinghasceasedorbecausethesubjectisnolongerpresentasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/123,135,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Insomeembodiments,thisalgorithm
canincludeanalyzingtwofrequencybands:ahighfrequencybandandalowfrequencyband,whichareseparated
bysoftwarefiltersthatisexecutablebyaprocessor.Ifabreathingsubjectexists,thedevicecantellpresenceofa

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subjectfromthebreathingsignalwhichismostlylocatedinthelowfrequencyband(belowapproximately0.8Hz).
However,ifthesubjectisnotbreathing,thedevicecanstilldetectothermotionincludingheartorotherinvoluntary
motioncontaininghigherfrequencycomponents.Consequently,thedevicecandeterminepresenceofanon
breathingsubjectortheabsenceofasubjectbycomparingaveragepowerofdifferentfrequencybandswitha
thresholdpowerlevel.
[0234] Variousembodimentsofthedevicecandifferentiatebetweenthepresenceorabsenceofasubjectbasedon
frequencyanalysisandthresholdsofthecardiopulmonaryandnoncardiopulmonarysignalsobtainedbythemotion
sensor.Invariousembodiments,thenoncontactphysiologicalmotionsensorcouldbeusedtodeterminewhether
asubjectispresentasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/123,135,whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/001,996whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/154,732whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
Forexample,inahomemonitoringscenario,thesystem100canbeusedtotrackhowlongthepatientisina
specificpositionoraspecificroom.Forexample,inakioskscenario,thesystemcoulddeterminewhenasubject
ispresentinthekiosk.
[0235] Invariousembodiments,thenoncontactphysiologicalmotionsensorcanalsobeusedinsecurityapplicationsina
throughthewallmodetodeterminewhethertherearepeoplepresentinacontainer,orinaroom.Becausethe
sensorcanbeusedtodetectheartrate,itcanbeusedtodetectpeoplewhoarehidingand/orholdingtheirbreath.
[0236] Invariousembodiments,thedevicecandetectthepresenceorabsenceofasubjectbasedonanalgorithmas
disclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/123,135,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Insome
embodiments,thisalgorithmcanincludeanalyzingtwofrequencybands:ahighfrequencybandandalow
frequencyband,whichareseparatedbysoftwarefiltersthatareexecutablebyaprocessor.Ifabreathingsubject
exists,thedevicecantellpresenceofasubjectfromthebreathingsignalwhichismostlylocatedinthelow
frequencyband(belowapproximately0.8Hz).However,ifthesubjectisnotbreathing,thedevicecanstilldetect
othermotionincludingheartorotherinvoluntarymotioncontaininghigherfrequencycomponents.Consequently,
thedevicecandeterminepresenceorabsenceofasubjectbycomparingaveragepowerofdifferentfrequency
bandsfromthresholdpowerlevel.Insomeembodiments,whenthedeviceisdirectedtowardsaspecificbedor
chair,subjectpresencecanbedetectedbywhetherornotthephysiologicalmotionactivityisaboveathreshold,
whereinthethresholdissetbasedonbaselinemeasurements.Insomeembodiments,respirationprocessingcan
beswitchedoffifnosubjectispresent.
[0237] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100describedhereinincludearadarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensor.
Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canincludeasourceofradiation,oneormorereceiverstoreceive
radiationscatteredbythesubject,asystem(e.g.,ananalogtodigitalconverter)todigitizethereceivedsignal.
Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canalsoincludeaprocessor,acomputeroramicroprocessortoprocess
thedigitalsignalandextractinformationrelatedtothephysiologicalmotion.Invariousembodiments,theprocessor
canbecontrolledbyacontroller.Theinformationrelatedtothephysiologicalmotioncanbecommunicatedtoa
userinvariousways(e.g.,displayedvisuallyorgraphically,transmittedelectronicallyoverawiredorawireless
communicationslinkornetwork,communicatedaudiblythroughaninternalvoiceoranalarm,etc.).
[0238] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100describedhereincanoperatewithnocontactandworkatadistancefrom
asubject.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canoperateonsubjectsthatareinanyposition,includinglying
down,reclined,sitting,orstanding.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canworkatvariousdistancesfrom
thesubject,from,forexample,0.1to4.0meters.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100canbepositionedin
variouslocationsrelativetothesubject,including,butnotlimitedto,infrontofthesubject,behindthesubject,
abovethesubject,belowthesubject,tothesideofthesubject,oratvariousanglestothesubject.Insome
embodiments,thesystem100canoperatewhilebeingpositionedonthesubject's(e.g.,patient's)chest.Inthese
embodiments,thesystem100canbelaidonthesubject'schest,heldtothesubject'schestbyauser,orwornon
thesubject'schestwithastrap,necklace,orharness.
[0239] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canusemultiplereceiverchannelsincombinationwithspecialized
algorithmstodeterminethedirectionofthetarget,toisolatephysiologicalmotionfromspatiallyseparatednon
physiologicalmotion,tosimultaneouslydetectphysiologicalmotionfromdifferentsubjects,totracktheangleofa
singlesubject,ortoisolatethephysiologicalmotionfromafirstsubjectwhenoneormoreothersubjectsarewithin
thefieldofview
[0240] Invariousembodiments,multiplereceiveantennasandreceivechannelscanbeaddedtoprovidemultichannel
outputs.Theseadditionalreceivechannelscanbeusedtodeterminethedirectionofthetarget,toisolate
physiologicalmotionfromspatiallyseparatednonphysiologicalmotion,tosimultaneouslydetectphysiological
motionfromdifferentsubjects,ortoisolatethephysiologicalmotionfromafirstsubjectwhenasecondsubjectis
withinthefieldofview.Algorithmsusedtoprovidethisinformationfrommultipleantennasinclude,butarenot
limitedto,directionofarrival,independentcomponentanalysis,andblindsourceseparationasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/204,881whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.
No.61/137,519whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0241] Invariousembodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsensorsystem100canbeastandalonedevice,withitsown
display,userinterface,clock,recordinghardwareandsoftware,signalprocessinghardwareandsoftware,and/or
communicationshardwareandsoftwarethiscanallbeintegratedinoneunit,orcanincludemultipleunits,
connectedbyacable,suchasUSB.Alternatively,thephysiologicalsensorcanbeintegratedaspartofasystem
thatcanincludeadditionalmonitoringdevices(physiologicaland/ornonphysiological),andusethatsystem's
display,userinterface,clock,recordinghardwareandsoftware,signalprocessinghardwareandsoftware,and/or
communicationshardware.Invariousembodiments,thesensorcanreceiveananalogordigitalsynchronization

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signalfromthesystem,suchthatdatafromthesensorcanbesynchronizedwithsignalsfromothersensorsand
events,oritcantransmitananalogordigitalsynchronizationsignaltothesystem,oritcanhaveaninternalclock
thatissynchronizedwiththesystemclockandusetimestampsonthedataforsynchronization.Insome
embodiments,thesensorcanbeadevicewithitsownsignalprocessinghardwareandsoftware,withtwoway
communicationtothesystemwhichincludesdisplay,recording,and/orcommunicationsbeyondthesystem,and
possiblyadditionalsignalprocessingofthewaveformsfromthedeviceand,ifincluded,waveformsfromother
sensors.Inthiscase,thedevicewouldreceivecommandsfromthesystemforstartingmeasurements,stopping
measurements,andotherhardwarecontrolsignals.Insomeembodiments,thedevicecanperformtheinitialsignal
processingandprovideawaveformthatisanalyzedbythesystem.Thedatacanbeanalyzedinrealtimeor
throughpostprocessingasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/204,880whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentirety.
[0242] Invariousembodiments,thesensorsystem100canbeprovidedwithalarmswhichcanissuealertsifirregularities
orabnormalitiesinthepatient'sbreathingaredetected.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100canalsoactivate
alarms(e.g.,whenthesubjectisnotbreathingformorethan10secondsorisbreathingfasterthanapproximately
20breaths/minuteformorethan10seconds).
[0243] Invariousembodiments,physiologicalwaveformsrelatedtorespiratoryeffort,chestwallmovementduetothe
underlyingheartmotion,andperipheralpulsemovement,etc.,canbeobtainedbythephysiologicalmotionsensor
asdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
Informationderivedfromthesewaveformscaninclude,butisnotlimitedto,respiratoryrate,inhaletimeas
disclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,exhale
timeasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,
inhaletimetoexhaletimeratioasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentirety,frequency,depth,andlengthofgaspsasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.
61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,frequency,depth,andlengthofsighsas
disclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,depthof
breathasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinits
entirety,presenceofanddegreeofparadoxicalbreathingasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,836
whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,848whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/200,761whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,tidalvolumeasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,021whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,018,whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,abdominalexcursiontochestexcursionratioasdisclosedinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,harmoniccontentofbreathingsignal
asdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,
shapeofthebreathingwaveformasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,airflowrateasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,021whichishereby
incorporatedbyreferenceinitsentirety,distressedbreathingindicationasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.
61/072,983,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,unforcedvitalcapacityasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,021,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,heartandpulserate,
averageheart,pulseandbreathrate,beattobeatinterval,heartratevariability,bloodpressure,pulsetransittime,
cardiacoutput,otherrespiratorysignals,correlationbetweenheartandrespiratoryratesorwaveforms,frequency,
duration,andamountofactivityasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,019,whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentirety,frequency,duration,andamountoffidgetingandlungfluidcontent
[0244] Thevariabilityofthesevariablesinvariousfrequencybandsisalsosubjecttoanalysis,includingheartrate
variabilityandrespiratoryratevariability,butalsovariabilityofchangesoftheshapeoftheheartorrespiratory
waveform,changesinthedepthofbreathing,andchangesinthedegreeofparadoxicalbreathing.Thesecanbe
measuredasaspotcheck,monitoredcontinuouslywhileapatientisatrest,monitoredatspecifictimesrelatedto
questionsbeingasked,statementsbeingmade,orspecifictasksbeingperformed,ortheycanbemonitoredin
subjectsgoingabouttheirnormalactivities.
[0245] Theinformationderivedfromthesewaveformscanbedisplayedonadisplayunit.Invariousembodiments,
informationprovidedonscreencaninclude,butisnotlimitedto,respiratoryrate,inhaletime,exhaletime,inhale
timetoexhaletimeratio,depthofbreath,presenceofanddegreeofparadoxicalbreathing,tidalvolume,abdominal
excursiontochestexcursionratio,heartorpulserate,averageheartrate,averagepulserateandaveragebreath
rate,beattobeatinterval.Invariousembodiments,informationprovidedinwaveformscaninclude,butisnot
limitedto,respiratorywaveform,heartwaveformobtainednoncontact,heartwaveformobtainedwiththedevice
contactingthechest,andpulsewaveform.Invariousembodiments,theanalysisprovidedonscreencaninclude
respiratoryratehistory,heartratehistory,activityindex(thepercentageoftimethesubjectisphysicallyactive)as
disclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,019,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,tidal
volumevs.timeasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,021,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentirety,airflowratevs.lungvolumeasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,021,whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0246] Asdescribedabove,invariousembodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsensor700canbeimplementedasa
continuouswaveradartransceiver.Invariousembodiments,thetransceivercanbeasingletransmitterwitha
singlequadraturereceivechannelasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyasshowninFIG.7.Insomeembodiments,thesensor700canincludeasingle
transmitter701withmultiplereceiverchannelsorantennas702,703,704(e.g.,aSIMOsystem)asdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.

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ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,027,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Insomeembodiments,
thesensor700canincludemultipletransmitters,eachatadifferentfrequency,andmultiplereceiverchannels,or
antennaseachwhichcanreceiveeachfrequencyasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,027,whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/137,519whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0247] Invariousembodiments,thetransceiverincludesatransmitterandareceiver.Inacontinuouswave
implementation,atransceivercangenerateasinglefrequencysignalwhichisfedtotheantenna.Thetransceiver
canoperateatanyfrequencyfrom100MHzto100GHZ,including,butnotlimitedto,frequenciesinthe902928
MHzISMband,the2.4002.500GHzISMband,the5.7255.875GHzISMband,the10.47510.575GHzmotion
detectionband,andthe24.0024.25GHzISMband.Thissignalcanbegeneratedinternallywithavoltage
controlledoscillator(VCO)705,whichcaneitherbephaselockedortooptionallynotphaselockedacrystalor
externalclock.Insomeembodiments,ifthedeviceisintegratedinanexternalsystem,thesignalcanbesupplied
bytheexternalsystem.Invariousembodiments,thesignalsourcecanbegeneratedinternallyandsynchronized
withanexternalsignal,oritcanbegeneratedinanexternalsystem.Invariousembodiments,theboardcan
includeanRFswitch,whichcanchangetheamountofRFpowertransmittedbyapproximately10dBormore.
[0248] Invariousembodiments,thereceivercanbehomodyne(alsoknownasdirectconversion)withcomplexmixers
706,707,708thatcangeneratequadratureoutputs(alsoknownasquadraturedemodulation)asdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/072,983,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereininbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/137,519whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Invariousembodiments,thereceiver
canalsobealowIFreceiverasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentirety,whichincludesaheterodynereceiverinwhichtheintermediatefrequency(IF)canbe
directlydigitized.Invariousembodiments,theintermediatefrequencycanbeintherangefromapproximatelya
fewHztoapproximately200kHz.Insomeembodiments,theintermediatefrequencycanbegreaterthan200kHz.
Invariousembodiments,thetransceivercanalsouseaheterodyneorsuperheterodynereceiverasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Invarious
embodiments,thetransmitterandreceivercanincludeasingleantennaoranarrayofantennasactingasasingle
antenna.Thequadratureoutputsfromthereceiverscanbeprocessedbyananalogsignalprocessor709before
beingdigitizedbyananalogtodigitalconverter710.
[0249] Invariousembodiments,theDCoffsetcanbeeliminatedthroughACcouplingorotherDCcancellationmethods.
Insomeembodiments,theDCcancellationmethodcanutilizeadigitallycontrolledsignalsourcetoactasanon
timevarying(DC)referencethattheoriginalsignaliscomparedagainst.Insomeembodiments,thedigitally
controlledsignalsourceisavoltagedividerwithadigitallycontrolledpotentiometer.Whenthecomparisonis
performedwithadifferencefunction,thisapproachcanremovetheDCoffsetwhilepreservingthetimevarying
signal.Insomeembodiments,DCcancellationisinitiatedwithasearchfunction,whichiterativelysearchesforthe
correctDCoffsetvalue,atthestartoftheDCcancellationcycle.Insomeembodiments,DCcancellationis
initiatedbyusinganadditionalacquisitiondevicetoinstantlyprovidetheroughinitialestimateoftheDCoffsetby
acquiringthefullsignalbeforeamplificationandcompensation.OncetheinitialDCoffsetvalueisfoundand
subtractedfromthesignal,thedigitallycontrolledreferencecanbefinetunedbyanalyzingthenewlycompensated
andamplifiedsignalandthenoptimizingtofindabetterDCoffsetvalue.ThenewDCoffsetvaluecanbefound
utilizingseveralmethodsincluding,butnotlimitedto:thefirstreadvalue,themedianoverarespirationcycle,the
meanoverarespirationcycle,orthecenterpointfindofarespirationarcinacomplexconstellation(foundby
calculatingthemeanoftheinphasesignalandthemeanofthequadraturesignal,andsettingtheDCoffsetvalues
fortheIandQchannelsrespectively).Usingtheabovedescribedmethod,theDCoffsetcancellingreference
signalcanbedynamicallyadjustedinresponsetolargeorsubtlechangesintheradarviewtoensureminimal
signallossordistortionwhilemaintainingproperresolutionoftheacquisitiondevice.Invariousembodiments,DC
cancellationcanincludemodulationofthetransmittedorreceivedRFsignal.Utilizingaphasesensitive
synchronizeddemodulator,amplifierandlowpassfiltering,signalscanbeextractedfromhighnoise,largeDC
offsetenvironments.Insomeembodiments,thiscanbesimilartosignalchoppingwithalockinamplifier.
Modulationcanbeachievedinseveralways,includingbutnotlimitedto:physicalmeanssuchasvibrationor
electricalmeanssuchasmodulatingphase,amplitudeorfrequencyofthetransmittedorreceivedsignal.
[0250] FIG.8illustratesaflowchartofanembodimentofamethodconfiguredtoperformDCcancellation800.Atthe
beginning,ananalogtodigitalconverter(ADC)acquiresthemotionsignalobtainedbytransformingtheDoppler
shiftedreceivedsignalasshowninblock801.Ifinblock802,itisdeterminedthatthesignalisbeingclipped,then
themethodproceedstoblock803.Inblock803,theestimatedDCoffsetisadjusteddependingonatleastoneof
thefollowingfactorsgainofthesystem,inputrangeoftheADCandvariousotherfactorsasshowninblocks803
aand803b.TheestimatedDCoffsetvalueisoutputtoadigitaltoanalogconverter(DAC)asshowninblock803
c.Agoodsignalbufferconfiguredtostorecontinuouslyacquiredsignalthathasnoclippingisclearedasshownin
block804,themethodreturnstoblock801andthesignalisreacquired.
[0251] Ifinblock802,itisdeterminedthatthesignalisnotbeingclipped,thenthemethodproceedstostep805wherein
thegoodsignalbufferlengthischeckedagainstathresholdlength.Invariousembodiments,thethresholdlength
canbesetbyauserorasystemdesigner.Invariousembodiments,thethresholdlengthcanbeatleastthe
numberofsamplesinafullrespirationcyclewhichcanbegreaterthanapproximately6s.Ifthegoodsignalbuffer
lengthislessthanthethresholdlengththenmethodproceedstoblock806whereinthegoodsignalbufferisbuilt
byacquiringmoresignal.However,ifthegoodsignalbufferlengthisgreaterthanthethresholdlengththenthe
methodproceedstoblock807whereintheestimatedDCoffsetvalueisoptimizedasshowninblocks807aand
807b.Duringoptimization,thegoodsignalbufferisanalyzedinseveralways,forexamplebycalculatingthe
average,medianormidrangevoltagevalue.Forquadraturesystems,thearccenterpointcanbeoptimized.After

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optimization,theDCoffsetvalueisoutputtotheDACasshowninblock807candthemethodproceedstoblock
808tocontinuesignalacquisition.
[0252] Invariousembodimentsofthesystem100,thesignalconditioningdoesnotincludehighpassfiltering,DC
blockingorDCcancellationhardware,andtheDCoffsetsareacquiredalongwiththesignal,andremovedin
software.Insomeembodiments,atwostepmethodisusedtosuppresstheDCcomponentinasignal,inwhich
thefirststepconcernstheremovalofthestaticDCoffsetduetothecircuit,whilethesecondstepaddressesthe
suppressionofthetimevaryingDCoffsetduetotheclutter,temperatureandotherfactors.Insomeembodiments,
inthefirststep,anestimateoftheDCoffsetisdeterminedbyvariousmethodsincluding,butnotlimitedto,using
thevalueofthefirstsampleacquired,themeanofthefirstfewsamples,orthemeanofthefirstframe.Inother
embodiments,theDCoffsetcanbemeasuredduringcalibrationatthefactory,andthisfactoryvaluecanbe
subtractedfromeachframe.Insomeembodiments,theestimatedDCoffsetissubtractedfromthesignalpriorto
demodulation.Insomeembodimentsutilizingquadraturereceivers,differentvaluesarecalculatedandsubtracted
foreachquadraturechannel.Insomeembodiments,thesameDCoffsetissubtractedfromeverysampleand/or
everyframeofthesignal.Insomeembodimentsutilizingframebasedprocessing,thesecondstepcandeduce
andsuppressaDCestimatefromeverydemodulatedframebyusingthevalueofthefirstsampleintheframeor
themeanofthesamplesintheframeandsuppressingtheDCoffsetbysubtractingthisvaluefromthatframe
beforefurtherprocessing.Insomeembodiments,abandlimitedsignalcanbereconstructedfromthezeromean
framesbycompensatingforthediscontinuityacrossconsecutiveframes.Insomeembodiments,thediscontinuity
compensationusesthelastsampleofthepreviousframeandthefirstsamplefromthecurrentframe,andthen
addsaconstantvaluetothesamplesinthecurrentframesuchthatthedifferencebetweenthevaluesofthe
samplesspecifiedearlierisclosetozero.Insomeembodiments,thesecondstepisapplyingahighpassfilterto
thesignalafterithasbeenconditionedwiththecoarseestimateoftheDCoffsetsubtractioninthefirststep.In
someembodiments,thehighpassfilterisappliedtothesignalpriortodemodulationinotherembodiments,the
highpassfilterisappliedtothesignalafterdemodulation.Invariousembodiments,thecutofffrequencyofthe
highpassfiltercanbeadjustedtomeetsignalrequirements.Insomeembodiments,thiscutofffrequencycanbe
between0.01Hzand0.1Hz.Insomeembodiments,thehighpassfiltercutoffcanbedeterminedadaptively,such
thatitisashighassuitableforagivenrespiratoryrate.Invariousembodiments,thehighpassfiltercanbe
implementedeitherasafiniteimpulseresponsefilter(FIR)oraninfiniteimpulseresponsefilter(IIR).
[0253] AnembodimentofamethodforDCcompensationisshowninFIG.8A.AsillustratedinFIG.8A,theDCcoupled
signalhasthemeansuppressedasshowninstep810,andthenhighpassfilteredasshowninstep812to
generateanACcoupledsignal.
[0254] Insomeembodiments,highpassfilteringthesignalcanbeoptionalandinsteadofhighpassfilteringthesignal
fittedlineorcurvecanbesubtracted.FIG.8BillustratesaflowchartofanembodimentofamethodforDC
compensationinwhichhighpassfilteringisoptional.InthemethodillustratedbyFIG.8A,acurvefittingorline
fittingandsubtractionalgorithmcanbeusedwithapresetamountofrecordeddata.Invariousembodiments,the
durationoftherecordeddatacanbe15seconds,30seconds,60secondsorsomeotherduration.Themethod
comprisesfittingtherawsignal,orthesignalaftertheroughDCestimateisremoved,orthesignalafterhighpass
filteringtoalineorcurveasshowninstep814.Thefittedlineissubtractedfromthesignal,removingtheslowly
varyingDCoffsettoobtainafitsubtractionsignal.Invariousembodiments,thisfitsubtractioncanbeobtained
beforedemodulation,andcanbeappliedtotheI&Qsignalsindividually.Insomeotherembodiments,thisfit
subtractioncanbeobtainedafterdemodulation.Insomeembodiments,thesignalcanbefittoalineasshownby
trace816ofFIG.8C.Insomeembodiments,thesignalcanbefittoaquadraticpolynomialorparametriccurve,as
shownbytrace818ofFIG.8C.
[0255] Insomeembodiments,demodulationcaninvolveanarctangentbaseddemodulationalgorithmutilizingacirclefind
orarcfindfunction,whichprovidesacenterand/oraradiusasshowninFIG.8D.Insomeembodimentsutilizing
arctangentbaseddemodulation,thecenterisusedasthereferencepointandusedtofindthephasechange
generatedasanobjectmovesbackandforthinspace.Insomeembodiments,themovementofthearccenteris
trackedovertime.Insomeembodiments,thetrackedcenterovertimeisfittoacurvewhichissubtractedin2
dimensions.Insomeembodiments,thepathisinterpolatedbetweentimetrackedcenterkeypoints.Insome
embodiments,thechangeintheradiusistrackedovertime.Insomeembodiments,DCoffsetcompensationsuch
as,butnotlimitedto,ACcoupling,firstsamplesubtractionormeanvaluesubtractioncanbeutilizedafterarc
tangentdemodulation.Insomeembodiments,thetrackingcirclefindalgorithmisusedinsteadofanotherDC
offsetcompensationmethod.Invariousembodiments,centertrackingcanreplacethefirststep,thesecondstep
orthefirstandsecondstepsofthepreviouslydescribedtwostepDCoffsetcompensationalgorithm.
[0256] Invariousembodimentsofthesystem100,thesignaltransmittedbytheoneormoretransmittersdescribedabove
isscatteredbythesubjectandthesurroundingandsubsequentlyreceivedbysaidoneormorereceiversdescribed
aboveasaradarbasedcardiopulmonarymotionsensor.Invariousembodiments,theDopplershiftedsignalcanbe
transformedtoatoananalogmotionsignalwithahomodynereceiveroraheterodynereceiver.Alternatively,the
Dopplershiftedsignalcanbedownconvertedtoanintermediatefrequencywhichcanbedirectlydigitized,andthe
motionsignalcanbegenerateddigitally.Invariousembodiments,theanalogmotionsignalrequiressignalandthe
lowintermediatefrequencyconditioningbeforeitisdigitized.Invariousembodiments,thesignalconditioning
system100canincludeoneormorebasebandamplifiers.Invariousembodiments,thesignalconditioningsystem
100canincludeoneormoreanalogantialiasingfilters.Invariousembodimentsthesignalconditioningsystem100
canincludeamethodtoremoveDCoffset,including,butnotlimitedto,highpassfiltering,ACcoupling,orDC
offsetremovalasdescribedinthisdocument.Invariousembodiments,oneormoreofthebasebandamplifiersare
fixedamplifiers.Invariousembodiments,oneofmoreofthebasebandamplifiersisvariablegainamplifiers(VGA).
Invariousembodiments,theVGAcanhavetwoormorestages.Invariousembodiments,theVGAcanhave
continuouslytunablegain.AVGAiscontrolledbydigitalcontrolsignals.Invariousembodiments,thegainlevelsof

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theVGAcanbedeterminedbytheuserordynamicallybytheprocessorthroughsignalanalysisasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0257] Insomeembodiments,thereceivercanhaveonequadratureoutputperantennaoranarrayofantennae.Insome
embodiments,thereceivercanhavemultipleoutputswithdifferentanalogfilteringand/oramplification,toisolate
differentinformationbeforedigitizationanddigitalsignalprocessing.Thiscanbeadvantageousinimprovingthe
dynamicrangeforeachphysiologicalmotionsignal.Forexample,eachbasebandsignalwouldbesplittohave
differentgainandfilteringfortheheartsignalthanfortherespirationsignalasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.
No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100
canincludedigitalsignalingoradigitaltoanalogconverter(DAC)andhardwaresuchthatthehardwareis
controllablebysoftware.Invariousembodiments,thehardwarecanbecontrolledinseveralways,whichcan
includebutarenotlimitedto:turningsectionsorcomponentsofthetransceiverandthesignalconditioningsystem
onandoff,whichcanbeusedinvariousembodimentstoconservepower,foracontrolledpowerup,orforself
teststurningthereceivedand/ortransmittedRFsignalonandoff,whichcanbeusedinvariousembodimentsto
decreaseexposuretoradiosignalsorforselftestssettingthereceivergain,whichcanbeusedtoincreasethe
dynamicrangeofthesystemcompensationforDCoffsetsinthesignalconditioningcontrollingamountofgainin
signalconditioningbeforeacquisitionmodifyingtherangeofthedataacquisition,whichcanbeusedtoincrease
thedynamicrangeofthesystemmodifyingtheantennapatternofthesystem,whichcanchangethearea
coveredbytheantennabeamandchangingthefrequencyofthetransmittedsignal.Invariousembodiments,the
hardwaresettingscanbeselectedautomaticallybythesoftware,manuallybytheuser,oracombinationof
automaticallyandmanuallyfordifferentsettingsasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0258] Someembodimentsofthesystem100utilizedirectconversionreceiversthatproduceDCoffsetsthataremuch
largerthanthetimevaryingcardiopulmonarysignalafterdownconversiontobaseband.Insuchembodiments,the
DCoffsetisproducedbyhardwarereflectionsinthetransceiversystemandbystaticobjectsorclutterinthe
radarenvironment.IftheselargeDCoffsetsarenotremoved,theylimittheamountofgainthatcanbeusedin
signalconditioning,andthereforetheyreducetheeffectivedynamicrangeofthereceiversystem.Insome
embodimentsutilizingdirectconversionreceivers,DCoffsetsareremovedthroughhighpassfiltersthatACcouple
thesignal,removingtheDCoffsetbeforeamplificationandacquisition.Insomeembodimentsutilizingdirect
conversionsystemstomeasurephysiologicalmotionatrelativelylowfrequencies,thishighpassfilteringcan
distortthephysiologicalsignal,reducingtheaccuracyofassessmentsofvitalsignsandotherparametersfromthe
physiologicalsignal.InsomeembodimentsthatdonotutilizeACcoupling,highresolutionADCsareusedto
providesufficientadequatedynamicrangetocompensateforthereducedamplification.Inthoseembodimentsof
thesystemthatareusedtoobtainheartand/orpulseparametersinadditiontorespiratoryparameters,thedynamic
rangeofthesystemcanberequiredtobeoptimizedtomeasureheart,pulseand/orrespiratoryparameters.In
someembodiments,respirationsignalscanbeinthe100uVrangewithheartsignalsinthe1uVrange,andwith
DCoffsetsashighas500mV,andcommerciallyavailableADCscanbeinadequatetoacquiretheDCoffsetsand
theheartsignalswithadequateresolution.
[0259] FIG.8EshowsanexampleofaDCcoupleddataacquisitionsysteminwhichtheanalogtodigitalconverters
(ADC)820includeantialiasingfilters.Insomeembodiments,heartandrespirationareacquiredwiththeDC
offsetsbyutilizingahighresolutionADCtoprovideadynamicrangeofgreaterthan120dB,whichrequiresan
ADCwithaneffectiveresolution20bitsorhigher.Invariousembodiments,thefactorsthataffectthedynamic
rangeofthesysteminclude,butarenotlimitedtothefollowing:theintrinsicnoiseoftheRFsystem,theintrinsic
noiseoftheRFenvironment,theintrinsicnoiseofthebasebandsignalconditioning,theconverternoiseofthe
ADC,theinputrangeoftheADC,thequantizationnoiseoftheADC,thegaininthebasebandportionofthe
circuit,andthepowerreceivedbytheRFportofmixer.Invariousembodiments,thequantizationnoisecanbea
functionoftheresolutionandrangeoftheADC.Invariousembodiments,thequantizationlevelcanbegivenby
thefollowingequation:
[0000]
QuantizationLevel=(Fullrange)/((2n1))wheren=bitdepth
[0260] Insomeembodiments,thedesiredsignaltobeacquiredshouldbeatleast2timesgreaterthanthequantization
level(whichisalsoreferredtoasquantizationnoise).Insomeembodiments,thedesiredsignaltobeacquired
shouldbeatleast10timesgreaterthanthequantizationlevel(whichisalsoreferredtoasquantizationnoise)to
provideadequateresolutionforratefinding.Insomeembodiments,themaximumgaininthebasebandportionof
thecircuitisrelatedtothemaximumDCoffsetexpectedinallpotentialusesofthedevice.Invarious
embodiments,themaximumgaincanbedeterminedanalyticallyorthroughobservation.Invariousembodiments,
theamplificationisselectedtobeashighaspossiblewhileavoidingcausingtheDCoffsetstoplacethesignal
outsideoftheinputrangeoftheADC.Insomeembodiments,thegainrangecanbefrom5V/Vto100V/V.In
variousembodiments,increasingthepoweroftheVCOdoesnotnecessarilyimprovethedynamicrangeasthis
canalsoincreasetheDCoffsetproportionally.Insomeembodiments,thepowerreceivedbytheRFportofthe
mixercanbeimprovedthroughincreasingantennasensitivityandreducingconnectorandcomponentlosses.In
variousembodiments,thesignalpoweratthebasebandisalsorelatedtotheefficiencyoftheoftheIQ
demodulatorwhichcanbeimprovedbyreducingconversionloss.
[0261] Insomeembodiments,thewholesignal,includingthetimevaryingphysiologicalmotionsignalandtheDCoffset,
isacquiredandtheDCoffsetsareremoveddigitally.Insomeembodiments,thegainisrelativelylow(insome
embodiments,thegainisinthe550V/Vrange)withanADCwitha24bitsorhigherresolution.Insome
embodiments,afullydifferentialsignalpathbetweenthemixerandtheADCisutilizedtoimprovenoiserejection
inthecommonmode.Insomeembodiments,theADCoversamplesthesignalandutilizesinterpolation,
decimationandfiltering,toextractanextrabitofdataforevery4thesignalisoversampled.

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[0262] Insomeembodiments,toincreasethedynamicrange,theDCoffsetcanbecompensatedforinthehardware.
FIG.8Fshowsanembodimentwithahighpassfilter(HPF)822beforeanamplifier824toprovideACcoupling.
WhentheDCoffsetisremovedwithahighpassfilter822,thegainoftheamplifier824canbeincreasedaslong
asthemaximumexpectedsignalamplitudeisnotlargerthantheinputrangeoftheADC820.Inthisembodiment,
thegaincanbeinthe1,000V/VrangetoavoidwastingADCresolutionwithacquiringtheDCoffsetinaDC
coupledsystem.Invariousembodiments,thehighpassfiltercanbedesignedtoreducephaseandamplitude
distortionofthephysiologicalsignal.Highpassfilterscanalsointroducetransientaffects,especiallywithlow
frequencyphysiologicalsignalswherethetimeconstantoftheHPFmustberelativelyhighbecausethefiltermust
havealowcutofffrequency.
[0263] FIG.8Gshowstwosystems826and836thatcanbeusedforDCoffsetcompensation.System826ofFIG.8G
showsamethodofDCoffsetcompensationintroducedatorbeforetheamplifier824whichsubtractsaDCvoltage
fromthesignalbeforeamplificationwithoutahighpassfilter.Insomeembodiments,thisDCoffsetcompensation
canbeprovidedbyadigitaltoanalogconverter(DAC)828andacomparatortoreducemostoftheDCoffsets.In
suchembodiments,thecomparatorchecksforclippingofthesignal,eitherwithanalogcomparatorsneartheinput
rangeoftheADC820ordigitallyafteracquisition.Insuchembodiments,thismethodcannotremovealloftheDC
offset,butitcanallowthegaintobeincreasedbeforeacquisition.Insomeembodiments,thisDCoffset
subtractionmethodcanallowthegaintobeincreasedenoughfortheremainingDCoffset,respiratorysignal,and
heartsignaltobeacquiredbyahighresolutionADC.Insomeembodiments,whentheDCoffsetsareunderstood
tobeatparticularlevelswithoutsignificantchangeovertime,thecompensatingvaluecanbefixedwithout
adjustment.Insomeembodiments,thiscompensatingvaluecanbesetduringafactorycalibration.Insome
embodiments,theDCvalueusedforcompensationcanbeadjustedinrealtimebasedontheDCoffsetofthe
acquiredsignal.Insomeembodiments,anextrastepofACcoupling,asillustratedinthesystem836,canbe
addedaftertheDCoffsetcompensation,suchthatthetransienteffectsofthetimeconstantoftheACcoupling
filterarereducedbecausetheDCoffsetvalueisdecreased,andenablinglessstringentrequirementsofthehigh
passACcoupling,reducingthedistortionsintroducedbythefilter.ACcouplingcanbeaddedbyincludingaHigh
passfilter822beforetheamplifierasillustratedbythesystem836.
[0264] FIG.8Hshowsaparallelacquisitiontechniquethatisutilizedinsomeembodimentstooptimizethesignal
conditioningforbothrespiratoryactivityandcardiacactivity.Insomeembodiments,foroptimalacquisitionofa
respirationsignal,distortionduetoanACcouplingfiltershouldbereduced.Accordingly,aDCcoupledacquisition
forrespiratoryactivityisperformedbychannelA838asshowninFIG.8H.Insomeembodiments,thisisachieved
byahighresolutionADCdevice,withoutanyDCoffsetcompensation.Insomeembodiments,DCoffset
compensationcanbeutilizedforchannelA838.InFIG.8H,channelB840acquirestheheartsignal,andincludes
anACcouplingHPF822inordertoaccommodatethehighergaininchannelBsamplifier,whichisrequiredfor
acquisitionofthemuchsmallerheartsignal.Inthisembodiment,gainfortheheartsignalintheBchannelcanbe
inthe10,000V/Vrangeorhigher,dependingontheimplementationoftheHPFandtheperformanceofthe
amplifier.Insomeembodiments,DCoffsetcompensationcanbeperformedbeforethehighpassfilter822in
channelB840,asillustratedinFIG.8H.Insomeembodiments,theHPF822canbetailoredtheattenuatethe
respirationsignalaswellastheDCoffset.
[0265] Insomeembodiments,frequencyagilityofthevoltagecontrolledoscillator(VCO)canbeachievedwiththe
assistanceofaphaselockedloop(PLL).Insomeembodiments,withdigitalcontrolofthePLL,theradarsensor
carrierfrequencycanbetunedtospecificfrequenciesintheISMband.BecausetheDCoffsetofthesystemis
complex(differentontheIandQchannels),sweepingthefrequencyofthelocaloscillatorcausestheDCoffset
vectortorotateintheI/QplaneasillustratedinFIG.8I.Insomeembodiments,thefrequencyoftheVCOcanbe
selectedtoremoveeithertheinphase,I,orthequadrature,Q,componentoftheDCoffsetvector.Insome
embodiments,highgainamplifierswithoutACcouplingcanbeusedtoimprovethesignaltonoiseratioat
acquisition.Insomeembodimentsinwhichthefrequencyisselectedsuchthatonecomponentisremoved,only
onechannelisneededtoacquireasignal.Insomeembodiments,thefrequencycanbequicklyalternatedbetween
twochosenfrequenciesselectedsuchthatonefrequencycanprovideDCoffsetcompensationforonechannel(Q)
withtheotherfrequencycanprovideDCoffsetcompensationfortheotherchannel(I).Insomeembodiments,
acquisitioncanbetimedtoonlyacquirethechannelthathasitsDCoffsetcompensatedfor,andacquisitioncan
alternateasthefrequencyalternatesbetweenthetwofrequencies.Insomeembodiments,multiplefrequencies
canbeacquiredthatprovideDCoffsetcompensationforeithertheIortheQchannel,andthevaluescanbe
comparedasthefrequencychanges.Insomeembodiments,adjustmentstothefrequencycanbemadeto
compensateforchangesinthehardwaretomatchwithpresetDCoffsetcompensationinbaseband.
[0266] Insomeembodiments,signalchoppingisusedtoavoidorremoveDCoffsets.Insomeembodiments,aPLL
controlledVCOchopsasignaltoprovideDCoffsetcompensation.Choppingisamodulationofthesourceofa
signalatacertainfrequency.Thismodulationfrequencyisusedasareferencewhenthesignalreturns,allowing
staticelements,suchasDCoffsets,toberemoved.Insomeembodiments,theVCOcanbeswitchedonandoff
atthechoppingfrequency.Insomeembodiments,thePLLcancontrolthephaseoftheVCOandmodulatethatthe
phaseatthechoppingfrequency.Insomeembodiments,thefrequencyoftheVCOismodulatedatthechopping
frequencybythePLL.InsomeembodimentsthereceivedsignalisacquiredabovetheNyquistfrequencyofthe
choppingmodulationandthesignalisdemodulateddigitally.Insomeembodiments,alockinamplifierissyncedto
thechoppingfrequencyandusedtoremovetheDCoffsetsofbothI&Qseparately.Insomeembodiments,anRF
switchorphaseshifterintheVCOtoantennapathisutilizedandturnedoffandonatthechoppingfrequency.In
someembodiments,oneormoreoftheaboveembodimentsareutilizedtogether.
[0267] Insomeembodiments,avariablephaseshifterandavariableattenuatorintheLOpathofthemixerareusedto
cancelthehardwarereflectionsofthetransceiversystem.Thephaseissettobeinantipoletothecumulative
hardwarereflectionsandtheattenuatorissettomatchthemagnitudeofthecumulativehardwarereflections.In

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someembodiments,thephaseshifterandattenuatoraresetonceatassemblytomatchthesystem.Insome
embodiments,thephaseshifterandattenuatoraredirectlydigitallycontrolledorcontrolledthroughdigitaltoanalog
convertersbyaprocessortocancelhardwareandclutterreflections.
[0268] Variousembodimentsofthesystemincludingtheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcanincludewiredor
wirelesscommunicationsystems.Thevariousembodimentscanusestandardorproprietarycommunication
protocols,orcombinationsthereof.SuchprotocolscanincludetechnologiesfromalllayersoftheTCP/IP
networkingmodel,including,butnotlimitedto,serial,USB,Bluetooth,Zigbee,WiFi,Cellular,TCP/IP,Ethernet,
SOAP,etc.Forexample,EthernetcanbeusedasthelinklayerprotocolwhileTCP/IPisusedforrouting,and
SOAPisusedasanApplicationlayerprotocol.Ontheotherhand,onlyTCP/IPoverEthernetcanbeused,without
additionalpackagingattheApplicationlevel.Inthelatercase,datacollectedfromtheradarsystem100canbe
formattedanddirectlypackagedasTCPpayload.Insomeembodiments,thiscanincludeatimestampforwhen
thedatawascollected,thedata,andanindicatorforthequalityofthedata.ThisdataisattachedwithaTCP
headerandthenbecomestheIPpayload.TheIPheader(addresses)isattachedtothepayloadandthenis
encapsulatedbyLinklayerheadersandfooters.Finally,physicallayerheaderandfootersareaddedandthe
packetissentviatheEthernetconnection.Toaccessdatafromtheconnection,auseroraclientshouldhavea
programtolistentoaspecifiedportontheirEthernetconnectionwherethepacketsarebeingsent.
[0269] Insomeembodimentsofthesystem100thatutilizesadirectionalantenna,theaccuracyandreliabilityofthe
transmittedradiation(oraimingvector)iswellalignedwiththetarget'storso.Theaimingvectorisdefinedasthe
normalvectorfromthecenterofaplanarantenna.Insomeembodiments,anaimingaidcanprovideguidanceby
indicatingwhatisintheradar'sfieldofview.Insomeembodiments,anaimingaidcanprovideanindicationofhow
wellthesensorhasbeenaimed.Insomeembodiments,anaimingaidcanbeplacedontheradarsensoror
integratedintotheradarsensor.AsillustratedinFIG.8J,someembodimentscanincludeplacingadirectionalLED
850(lightemittingdiode)orsomeothertypeofdirectionallightsourceonthecenteroftheradarfrontpanel.In
someotherembodiments,aninfraredlightand/oraninfrareddetectorcanbeinstalledonthefrontpaneltomake
aninfraredviewfinder854asshowninFIG.8K.Insomeotherembodiments,anopticalviewfinder858canbe
installedasshowninFIG.8L.Insomeembodiments,thedirectionallightcanilluminatetheareawithintheradar
sensor'sfieldofview,suchthattheilluminatedareaisinthepathandthepathiseffectivelyvisible.Inother
embodiments,thedirectionallightcanprovideapointoflightatthecenteroftheaimingvector,suchthattheuser
isawareofthedirectioninwhichthesystem100isaimed.Insomeembodiments,adirectionalinfraredlightcan
beusedinconjunctionwithaninfraredimagingdeviceandadisplaysuchthattheusercanseethefieldofviewon
thedisplay.Insomeembodiments,adisplayonthedevicecanshowtheareawithintheradarsensor'sfieldof
view,sotheusercanseewheretheradarsensorisaimedbylookingatthedevice,withoutknowledgeofthe
target.Insomeembodiments,thiscanbeimplementedasaviewfinder.Insomeembodiments,thiscanbe
implementedasadigitalcameraandadigitaldisplay.
[0270] Insomeembodiments,anaimingaidcanberealizedthroughanadditionaldeviceplacedonthepatient,subject,or
target.Insomeembodiments,thedeviceplacedonthesubjectcanbeatagthatemitsaradiofrequencysignal.In
someembodiments,thistagcanbeplaceddirectlyonthesubject'schestarea,oronthesubject'sclothinginthe
chestarea.Insomeembodiments,thisdevicecanbeaffixedwithanadhesive,wornonalanyard,orclippedto
clothing.Insomeembodiments,thistagcanbedisposable.Insomeembodiments,anaimingaidcanbeachieved
bymeasuringthepowerfromtheradiofrequencysignalofthetagthatisreceivedbyapowerdetectorthatuses
thesamedirectionalantennaasthesensor.Inotherembodiments,thepowerdetectorcanuseitsowndirectional
antenna.Thedetectedpowerfromthetagisgreatestwhenthereceivedradiofrequencypoweratthetag's
frequencyisatitsmaximum.Insomeembodiments,thepowercanbeindicatedwithabargraph.Insome
embodiments,theradiofrequencytagisanactivebeacontag860thatemitsaradiofrequencysignalataslightly
differentfrequencyfromtheradarsensors'transmittedandreceivedsignal.Inotherembodiments,theradio
frequencytagcanbeapassivetag862thatreflectsaharmonicoftheradarsensor'stransmittedsignal,orthat
emitsanothermodificationoftheradarsensor'stransmittedsignal.Inotherembodiments,aradiofrequency
identificationtag(RFIDtag)canbeusedtoprovideadditionalinformationincluding,butnotlimitedto,thepatient's
identificationnumber.AschematicforradiofrequencytagsandasensorsetisshowninFIG.8M.Insome
continuousmonitoringembodiments,thetagcanbeusedtoindicatethepresenceorabsenceofthedesiredtarget
andtoensurethatthedesiredtargetisbeingmeasured.
[0271] Insomeembodiments,theradarsensorcanincludemultipleantennas,eachwithareceiver,suchthatitcan
determinethedirectionofasignalsource.Insomeembodiments,thiscanbeusedtodeterminethedirectionofthe
targetandtoprovidefeedbacktotheuseronhowtobetteraimthedevicetowardthetarget.Insome
embodiments,thismultiplereceiversensorcanbeusedinconjunctionwitharadiofrequencytag,suchthatthe
sensorcandeterminethedirectionofthetagandprovidefeedbacktotheuseronhowtobetteraimthedevice
towardthetag.Insomeembodiments,amultipleantennasensorusedinconjunctionwitharadiofrequencytag
candifferentiateorseparatethedesiredtarget'ssignalfrominterferencewithasoftwaredefinedsmartantenna
technique.
[0272] Insomeembodiments,thepowerofthephysiologicalsignalcanbeusedtoprovideanindicationofwhetherornot
thedeviceisproperlyaimed.Insomeembodiments,ifthephysiologicalsignalpowerishighenough,thedevice
canbeconsideredtobeaimedwellenough.
[0273] FIG.8Nshowsascreenshotofanembodimentofthedisplayassociatedwithacontinuousvitalsignsmonitor
witharadiofrequencytagbasedpowerindicator.Asthedirectionfromtheantennatothetagchanges,theradio
frequencytagpowerindicator864showsstrengthofthereceivedpowerfromtheradiofrequencytag.Thispower
indicatorcanbegreatestwhenthesensorisbestalignedwiththetag.Theusercanchangethesensorposition
untilthisvalueisatitsmaximum.

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[0274] Invariousembodiments,thedigitizedquadraturesignalscanbeprocessedusingvariousalgorithmstoprovide
respiratoryandpulsewaveforms.
[0275] Inthesystem100,deviationofthephaseisproportionaltothechestmotiondividedbythewavelengthofthe
carriersignal,andtheamplitudeofthesignalisnotsignificantlyaffectedbychestmotion,suchthatwhenthe
phaseisplottedintheI/Qplane,theI/Qconstellationisdistributedalonganarcofacircleorafullcircle.In
embodimentsinwhichthechestmotionissmallcomparedtothesignal'swavelength,thearcsweepsasmall
portionofthecircle,suchthatitcanbeapproximatedbyaline,andthephasecanbedemodulatedthroughlinear
methods.Alternatively,ifthechestmotionislargecomparedwiththecarriersignal'swavelength,theI/Q
constellationsamplesaredistributedonalargerarcthatcannotbeapproximatedbyaline.Insomeembodiments
inwhichthetransceiveroperatesatapproximately5.8GHz,whenthechestmotionduetotherespirationis0.5
cm,thephasedeviationduetothechestmotionis70a70arccannotbeapproximatedasalineinthecomplex
constellation.Intheseembodiments,nonlineardemodulationbasedonarctangentfunctioncanextractphase
informationdirectlyfromarcdistributedsamples.
[0276] Invariousembodiments,oneofthreebasictypesofdemodulationcanbeusedtoconvertquadraturesignalstoa
motionwaveform:lineardemodulation,nonlineardemodulation,andheuristicmethodsanyofthesemethodscan
useanyoftheraw(unfiltered)signal,thefilteredsignal,orasegmentedsignalfordemodulation.
[0277] Invariousembodiments,thequadraturesignalscanbedemodulatedusinganyofseveralalgorithms,includingbut
notlimitedtolineardemodulation,arcbaseddemodulationalgorithm(e.g.,arctangentdemodulationwithcenter
tracking)ornonlineardemodulationalgorithm.Demodulationalgorithmscanincludeanyofthefollowingmethods,
butnotlimitedto,projectingthesignalinthecomplexplaneonabestfitline,projectingthesignalinthecomplex
planeontheprincipaleigenvector,oraligningthesignalarctoabestfitcircleandusingthecircleparametersto
extractangularinformationfromthesignalarc.Lineardemodulationcanuseanyofmanyalgorithms,including
projectingthesignalinthecomplexplaneontheprincipaleigenvector,orprojectingthesignalonthebestfitline.
Arctangentdemodulationcanextractphaseinformationwhichiscorrespondingtothechestmotionassociatedwith
cardiopulmonaryactivityasexplainedherein.Inquadraturesystems,datacollectedbytwoorthogonalchannels
(e.g.,Inphase(I)andquadraturephase(Q))lieonacirclecenteredataDCvectorofthechannels.Aftertracking
centervectorofthecorrespondingcircleandsubtractingitfromthedatasamples,phaseinformationofreceived
signalcanbeextractedthroughanarctangentfunction.
[0278] Insomeembodiments,lineardemodulationistheprojectionofthesignalonalinearvector.Insomeembodiments,
thesignalisrotateduntilamaximalprojectiononthexoryplaneisachieved.Insomeembodiments,abestfitline
isestimated,andthedataisprojectedonthebestfitline.Insomeembodiments,specifickeypoints,suchasthe
endpointsofanarc,areconnectedtoformaline,andthesignalisprojectedonthisline.Insomeembodiments,
thesignalisprojectedonthelinethatprovidesthemostvarianceinthesignal.
[0279] Insomeembodiments,thehardwarecanbeusedinconjunctionwiththesoftwaretoenabletypesoflinear
demodulation.Insomeembodiments,thecarrierradiofrequencycanbeadjustedwithaphaselockedlooporother
methodtoputoneofthechannelsinthenull,suchthatmostofthesignalisontheotherchannelthesignalinthe
nonnullchannelisused.Insomeembodiments,aphaseshifterintheRFcircuitcanbetunedtoapointwhere
onechannelisinthenull,andthesignalontheotherchannelcanbeused.
[0280] AnembodimentofalineardemodulationalgorithmisfurtherdescribedbelowandillustratedinFIG.9.Inone
embodiment,thealgorithmcomprisescomputingcovariancematricesforasubsetofinputframesasshownin
block901aincludingthemostrecentframeandprojectingthedataonaprimaryvectororaneigenvectorofsaid
covariancematrixasshowninblock902.Ifitisdeterminedthatthecurrenteigenvectorisinareversedirectionas
comparedtoapreviouslydeterminedeigenvectorthenthealgorithmisconfiguredtorotatethecurrenteigenvector
by180degrees.
[0281] Invariousembodiments,thelineardemodulationalgorithmcomprisesthefollowingsteps:
1.ComputecovariancematrixCM1ofthecurrentinputframexasshowninblock901a.
2.UsingCM1andcovariancematricesC0toCM2ofpreviousframes,computeanAmatrixas
showninblock901bgivenbytheequation:
[0000] A=i=0M1 (M1 ) Ci
wherecorrespondstoadampingfactorandcanbeapositiverealnumber.Invarious
embodiments,thevalueofcanrangefromapproximately0.1toapproximately0.5.Inone
embodiment,canbe0.2.Mcorrespondstothenumberofframesinthebufferandcanrange
from2to15.Inoneembodiment,Mcanbe10.
3.Findtheprimaryvectororeigenvectorv0correspondingtothelargestprimaryvalueoreigenvalue
ofAasshowninblock901c.
4.Computetheinnerproductofv0andv1,wherev1istheeigenvectorfoundinstep3when
performingthealgorithmforthepreviousinputframeasshowninblock901d.
5.Multiplyv0bythesignoftheinnerproductfoundinstep4asshowninblock901e.
6.Projectsamplesofthecurrentinputframexontheeigenvectorv0calculatedinstep5togetthe
demodulatedframeasshowninblock902.
[0289] Ifatarget'speriodicphysiologicalmotionvariationisgivenbyx(t),andthewavelengthoftheradarsignalis,the
quadraturebasebandoutput,assumingbalancedchannels,canbeexpressedas:
[0000] B (t)=Ar exp (i*(+4 x (t)))+D C
[0290] whereDCisacomplexnumberrepresentingthenontimevaryingvoltagevaluesoftheIandQchannels,isthe
constantphaseshiftduetothetransceiverarchitectureandtargetrange,andAristheamplitudeofthebaseband
signal.From(1),itisobviousthatifDC,whichcomesfromclutter,intracircuitreflection,andselfmixingis

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estimatedandremoved,theangledeviation,whichislinearlyproportionaltoactualphysicalmotionofatargetx(t),
canbeextractedsimplybythearctangentfunction.However,ifthelowfrequencyordirectcurrentcomponentof
thephaseshiftcausedbyx(t)isremoved,orifDCisnotremoved,arctangentdemodulationisnotstraightforward.
[0291] Insomeembodiments,afterthesignalisdigitized,arepresentationofthesignalontheI/Qplotisutilized.Insome
embodiments,aDCcoupledacquisitionsystemisusedandtheconstellationduetorespirationintheI/Qplane
canbeastraightline,anarc,anellipse,afigure8likeshape,acrescentshape,anegglikeshape,acircle,ora
combinationoftheabove.Insomeembodiments,digitalsignalprocessingcanremovetheDCoffsetsand/orslow
changesintheDCoffsetovertime.Insomeembodiments,thesignalacquiredbytheADCortherawsignalcan
belowpassfilteredbeforedemodulation,butinotherembodiments,itcannotbelowpassfilteredbefore
demodulation.Insomeembodiments,theraworfilteredsignalcanbesegmentedthroughtimedecimation,
quantizationinIQspace,orthroughtheestimationofkeydatapointsofthesignalshape.Inembodimentsinwhich
keydatapointsareestimated,thesignalprocessingalgorithmcanuseamethodtoreducethesignaltoafew
pointsforrepresentation,including,butnotlimitedtoidentifyingthefollowingpoints:endpointssuchasthe
extremaofanarc,pointsofminimumormaximumvelocitypointsofminimumormaximumaccelerationcenters
ofclustersofpointdensity,pointsoflargestchangeindirection,orpointsoflargestchangeinsegmentlengthself
intersectionpointspointsofintersectionofafittedshapeorafittedshape'saxisormidpointbetweenotherkey
points.Insomeembodiments,theabovemethodsforestimatingkeypointscanalsobeusedona2Dgradientof
thepointsorofthepath.
[0292] Insomeembodiments,thesignalintheI/Qplaneissegmentedbeforefurtherprocessing.Variousembodimentsof
methodstocreateasegmentedrepresentationofthesignalcanuseaweightallsamplesintheframeequally,or
canweightsamplesdifferently.Variousembodimentsofmethodstocreateasegmentedrepresentationofthe
signalcanuseapredefinednumberofsamples,anumberofsampleslimitedbythetimeofonecycle,anumberof
samplesbasedonamultipleofthecycletime,anumberofsamplesbasedonthetimeofmanycycles,an
adaptivelysetnumberofsamples.Insomeembodiments,thesamplesusedwiththeabovemethodstocreatea
segmentedrepresentationofthesignalcanbedefinedspatially,asapresentpathlengthintheI/Qplane,apath
lengthbasedonthelengthofthefullcyclepath,orapathlengthbasedontheshapeoftheI/Qsample
constellation.
[0293] Invariousembodiments,onceeithertheDCvaluein(1)orthecenterofacirclecorrespondingtothequadrature
sampledistributionisestimated,theoutputsamplescanberelocatedwithrespecttotheDCvectororthecenter
ofarccanberelocatedtotheoriginofthecomplexaxis.Insomeembodiments,theangleoftherelocatedarcis
thenlinearlyproportionaltothephysicalmotionofatarget.
[0294] Inembodimentsutilizingnonlineardemodulation,themovementaroundthecenterofacircledescribesthe
movementofobjectsinrelationtothesensor,andacenterfindalgorithmcanbeimplemented.Insome
embodiments,thecenterisfoundbyidentifyingthebestfitcirclethroughleastsquaresmethodsormaximum
likelihoodestimatorwhichcandefineacirclewithbasedwithgeometricoralgebraicmethods,basedonnonlinear
orlinearleastsquaresfittingtosamplesdistributedalonganarc.Insomeembodiments,thesignalcanberotated
beforethecenterfindalgorithmisimplemented.Insomeembodiments,thesignalcanbefittedwithcircles,
ellipses,shapesinparametricpaths,oravarietyofshapesinalookuplibraryofshapesandkeypoints.Insome
embodiments,themethodsabovecanusetherawsignal,afilteredsignal,asegmentedsignalorasetofkey
points.Insomeembodiments,allpermutationsof3pointscanbeusedtocalculateasetofestimatedcenter
pointsbyfindingthepointthatisequidistantfromallthree,andthenthecentercanbecalculatedfromthesetof
estimatedcenterpointsusingageometriccenter,centerofmass,radian,mean,orothermethod.Insome
embodiments,anysubsetofallpermutationsof3pointscanbeusedratherthanallpermutations.
[0295] Insomeembodiments,thearcissegmented(dividedintosections),andtheintersectionoftheperpendicular
vectorsofthesectionsisusedtogiveanestimateofthecenterusingaleastmeansquareerror,maximum
likelihoodestimation,orothermethod.Insomeembodiments,theendpointsofanarcdefineachordofacircle,
andthenormalvectoratthemidpointofthechordisdefinedastheperpendicularaxisofthearcsegmentsalong
thearceachhaveanormalvector,whichintersectsthearc'sperpendicularaxisatthecenterpoint.Insome
embodiments,themean,midpointormedianoftheintersectpointsalongtheperpendicularaxiscanbedefinedas
thecenterofthearc.Insomeembodiments,intersectionoutliersalongtheaxisareremovedbeforethecenter
estimationalgorithmisapplied.Insomeembodiments,alinefitisperformedtofindtheperpendicularaxisofthe
arc,whichintersectsthemidpointbetweentheendpoints.
[0296] Insomeembodimentswherethecarrierwavelengthisshorterthanthedisplacementofthechest,suchthata
completecircleisformedintheI/Qplane,thecentercanbefoundbyabestfitcircle,centerofmass,geometrical
center,2Dlowpassfilterwithpeakfinding,orlookuptablefittingthedatatoavarietyofcircles.
[0297] Insomeembodiments,overaperiodoftime,slightmovementofthesubject,temperaturechange,orothersources
cancauseavariationoftheDCvalue.Insomeembodiments,theerrorbetweenthefittedcircleandthedatais
monitoredandcantriggeranewfittingorcenterfindwhentheerrorisaboveasetthreshold.Insome
embodiments,aftertheinitialcircleisestimated,asecondcircleisestimatedateachframeandusedtotrack
estimationerror.Insomeembodiments,thiserrorcanbedefinedasthedistancebetweenthetrackedcenterand
theestimatedcenter,thedifferencebetweenthetrackedradiusandtheestimatedradius,themeansquareerror
betweenthesignalpointsandthefittedcircle,oracombinationofabove.Forexample,insomeembodiments,if
theerrorbetweentheestimatedandthetrackedcenterexceedsathreshold,thetrackedcenterbecomesthenew
estimatedcenter.Insomeembodiments,thesethresholdscanbesetinthecode,bytheuser,orproportionally
adjustedaccordingtorespiratoryrate,circleradius,and/orphasedisplacement.Forexample,insome
embodiments,thecentererrorthresholdcanbehalftheradiusoftheestimatedcircle.Insomeembodiments,are
estimationofthecirclecentercanbeperiodicovertime,occurringatpredefinedintervals,afteranumberof
respirationcyclesorrepetitionofrespiratorypatterns.Insomeembodiments,reestimationofthecirclecentercan

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betriggeredbynonrespiratorymotion,suchthatafternonrespiratorymotionisdetected,thealgorithmsearches
foranewcirclecenter.Insomeembodiments,thedatathatthetrackedcirclefitstocanbeallthedatafromthe
timethecirclewasestimatedcircletothemostrecentdata,2Dlowpassfiltereddata,timeweighted2Dfiltered,
onlythecurrentrespirationcycle,orothersubsetsand/oralteredversionsofthedata.
[0298] Insomeembodiments,demodulationisperformedinrealtimeasthecenterisestimated.Insomeembodiments,
demodulationisperformedretrospectivelyforanoptimalcenterfromabuiltupbufferinmemory.Insome
embodiments,thecenteristrackedperiodicallyovertimeandfittoaline,quadraticcurve,geometricshapeor
polynomialinterpolationandusedasmovingcenterduringdemodulation.
[0299] Insomeembodiments,beforecenterfindingorcircleestimation,thearcissmoothed,identified,ordefinedviaone
ofseveralmethods.Insomeembodiments,a2Dgradientisappliedtothecomplexsamples,andthearc's
trajectoryisdefinedbythegradientpeakvalues.Insomeembodiments,theprincipalvectorforsmallsegments
canbeestimatedandthoseprinciplevectorscanbeusedtoprovidethetraceofthearc.Insomeembodiments,
theendpointsofthearcareestimatedfromthedensityofthesamples,ashighdensitypointshavehighprobability
tobeanendpointofthearc.Insomeembodiments,theendpointsofthearcareestimatedfroma2Dgradient,to
identifythepointsofdirectionchangeandzerovelocity.Insomeembodiments,anarctrajectoryisadjustedsuch
thatarchastheendpointsidentifiedbyoneoftheendpointfindingmethods.Insomeembodiments,allsamples
areadjustedsuchthattheyarealongthearctrajectorydefinedbyoneormoreoftheabovemethods,atthe
nearestpointtothesample.
[0300] Insomeembodiments,theradiusofthecircleisanalyzed.Theradiusofthecirclehasacorrelationtothedistance
betweentheradarandthesubjectaswellastheradarcrosssection.Theradarcrosssectionisrelatedtothearea
andthereflectivityoftheradartarget.Forvitalsignsmonitoring,theradartargetcanbethemovingpartsofthe
subjectsbodyduringrespiration,suchasthechestandabdomen.Insomeembodiments,theradiusofthecircle,
and/orchangesintheradiusofthecircle,canbeusedtodeterminethepositionofthesubjectrelativetotheradar
and/orchangesofthepositionofthesubjectrelativetotheradar.Insomeembodiments,theradiusofthecircle
and/orchangesintheradiusofthecirclecanbeusedtocalibratethedepthofbreathingcalculation,andadjustthe
calibrationforchangesinposition.Insomeembodiments,theradiusandchestmovementinformationcanbeused
todeterminedrelativetidalvolumerespiration.Insomeembodiments,theradiuscanbeusedtocalibratethe
relativetidalvolumeestimates.Insomeembodiments,changesintheradiusand/orcenterpointcanbeusedto
detectnonphysiologicalmotion.Insomeembodiments,changesinthefitofthesamplesintheI/Qconstellationto
abestfitcirclecalculatedusinghistoricaldatacanbeusedtodetectnonphysiologicalmotion.
[0301] Insomeembodiments,abestfitlineisrepeatedlycomputedforsmallandconsecutivesubsetsofthesamples.In
someembodiments,thechangesindirectionofthebestfitlinesareusedtoinferthecardiopulmonarymotion.In
someembodiments,thesechangesareaccumulatedtoproduceademodulatedsignal.Insomeembodiments,the
velocityisdeducedfromthenumberofpointsinagivenspatialwindowofthesignal.Insomeembodiments,the
velocitiescanbeprocessedbyvariouswaysincludingsummationtoproducethedemodulatedcardiopulmonary
motion.
[0302] Insomeembodiments,demodulationisperformedbasedonselectionofakeypointinthecomplexplot,basedon
thegradients,velocitiesorpointdensities.Insomeembodiments,theresultingkeypointisanendpointinthe
trajectory(e.g.anextrema).Insomeembodiments,thedemodulatedsignaliscalculatedasthedistanceofeach
successivesampletothekeypoint.
[0303] Insomeembodiments,theI/Qdatapointscanbetranslatedtoapolarcoordinateplane.WhentheDCcomponent
isremoved,theoriginbecomesthecenterofthearc.Themovementoftheobjectisdescribedbythechangein
phaseofthedataovertime.
[0304] Insomeembodiments,aratecanbefoundwithoutdemodulationbyfindingpointsofdirectionchange,andusing
themtoestimatearespiratoryrate.
[0305] Insomeembodimentsofthesystem100inwhichbothrespiratoryandheartand/orpulsemotionarebeing
acquired,thesamebestfitlineorcircleisusedfordemodulationofallphysiologicalmotion.Inotherembodiments
ofthesystem100inwhichbothrespiratoryandheartand/orpulsemotionarebeingacquired,thedifferentbestfit
linesorcirclesareusedfordemodulationofrespirationandheartsignals.Insomeembodiments,whenlinear
demodulationisachievedbyprojectingthesignalontheprincipaleigenvector,theheartsignalcanbeestimatedby
independentlycalculatingandoptimizingtheeigenvectorsusedtodemodulatetheheartsignalandthoseusedto
demodulatetherespirationsignal.FIGS.9Aand9Bcontrastthehearttraceobtainedwithavectorlockedtothe
respirationvectorwiththehearttraceobtainedwithindependenteigenvectorsusedforheartandrespiration
demodulation.FIG.9A,withlockedvectors,hasanoisierhearttrace.FIG.9B,withindependentvectors,hasa
lessnoisyhearttrace.
[0306] Insomeembodiments,independentdemodulationoftheheartandrespirationsignalscanbeachievedbyfiltering
theIandQsignalstoisolatetheheartsignalandtherespiratorysignal,beforeusingademodulationmethodto
combinetheheartIandQsignalsandtherespirationIandQsignals.Invariousembodiments,anyofvarious
linear,nonlinear,andheuristicdemodulationmethodscanbeused.Insomeembodiments,thefilteringisperformed
withbandpassfilters.Insomeembodiments,thefilteringisperformedwithadaptivefilters.Insomeembodiments,
thefiltersareIIRfilters.Insomeembodiments,thefiltersareFIRfilters.Insomeembodiments,thesignalsare
processedframebyframe.Insomeembodiments,thesamplerateis100Hzwithaframerateof96
samples/frame.Inotherembodiments,thesamplerateis1000Hzandthedataisdownsampledto100Hzwitha
framerateof96samples/frame.Insomeembodiments,overeachframe,rawdataisfilteredusingaFIRband
passfilterwithcutoffsat0.8Hzand4Hz.Insomeembodiments,thefilterisdesignedwithaKaiserwindowwith
betaof6.Insomeembodiments,thefilterhas420taps.
[0307] Insomeembodiments,acovariancematrixiscalculatedfromthefiltereddataandstoredinaFIFObufferofsize
M.Next,theeigenvectorofthesumofthecovariancematricesintheFIFObufferedarefound.Then,anysign

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changesarecorrectedfor.Finally,theinputframeisprojectedontothesigncorrectedeigenvector,resultinginthe
demodulatedframe.FIG.9Cdepictsthedemodulationprocessasdescribedabove.FIG.9Ddepictsthe
demodulationprocessofsystemswithrespirationbasedheartprocessing.
[0308] Invariousembodiments,manydifferentalgorithmscanbeusedaloneorincombinationtoisolatedifferent
physiologicalmotionsignalsfromthecombinedphysiologicalmotionsignalandsurroundingnoise.Theseinclude,
butarenotlimitedtofixedfiltersasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentirety,adaptivefiltersasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,matchedfilter,wavelet,empiricalmodedecompositionasdisclosed
inU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,blindsource
separationasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinits
entirety,DirectionofArrival(DOA)informationasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,020,whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213which
isincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,independentcomponentanalysisasdisclosedinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,smartantennasasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety,andempiricalmode
decompositionasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentiretyasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinits
entirety.Oneembodimentusedtoisolatetheheartsignalfromthecombinedsignalisfirstextractingthe
respiratorysignal,thensubtractingthisfromthecombinedsignal,andthenfiltering(eitherfixedoradaptive
filtering)theremaindersignaltoobtaintherelativelysmallerheartsignal.Anotherembodimentusedtoisolatethe
heartsignaliscancellingharmonicsofrespirationsignalcombinedwithminimummeansquarederrorestimation.
[0309] Forsomeapplications,itisimportanttodeterminethebeginningandendofbreathsorbeats,ortodeterminethe
peakofeachbreathorbeat,suchthatbreathtobreathorbeattobeatintervalscanbecalculated.Peakdetection
involvesfindinglocalmaximaandminimathatmeetvariousdefinedpropertiesinasignal.Therearemany
variationsofpeakdetectionthatcanbeusedinvariousembodimentsofthisdevice,including,butnotlimitedto
maximaaboveathresholdprecededandfollowedbyminimabelowathreshold(invariousembodiments,the
thresholdcanbefixedorcanbebasedonpreviouspeaksandvalleys)performaleastsquaresquadraticfit
betweenpeaks,valleys,and/orzerocrossingsanddeterminethepeakofthisfunction(thismethodprovides
interpolation).Insomeembodiments,theabovealgorithmscanbeperformedafterremovingthebaselinevariation
ofthesignal.Insomeembodiments,thepeakdetectionalgorithmcanincludefindingzerocrossingsofthe
derivativeofthesignal.Insomeembodiments,itisalsopossibletousezerocrossingstoestimatetheintervalof
eachbreathingcycle,byselectingeitherthepositiveornegativezerocrossings.Insomeembodiments,valley
detectioncanreplacepeakdetection.
[0310] Forsomeapplications,itisdesirabletoestimatetherateofthecardiopulmonarysignals.Insomeembodiments,
therateofthesignalscanbeestimatedinthetimedomain,usingpeakdetectionasdisclosedinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyasdescribedaboveorzerocrossing
detectionasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinits
entirety,andcalculatingeitherthetimerequiredforaspecificnumberofpeaks,bycalculatingtheaveragepeakto
peakinterval,orbydeterminingthenumberofpeaksinaspecifiedtimeperiod.Theratecanalsobeestimatedin
thefrequencydomain.ThiscanbecalculatedastheShortTimeFourierTransform,usingawindowthatcanbeof
predeterminedlengthoravariablelengthdependingonthesignal.Therespirationratecanalsobecalculatedinthe
frequencydomainusingtheinstantaneousfrequencyascalculatedwiththeHilbertHuangTransformafterapplying
empiricalmodedecompositionasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentirety.
[0311] AnembodimentofafrequencydomainrateestimationalgorithmisfurtherdescribedbelowandillustratedinFIG.
10A.Thefrequencydomainrateestimationcomprisesthefollowingsteps:
1.CollectMsamplesofdemodulateddataxandnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interferencedetectioneventsasshowninblock1001a,whereMisthenumberofsamplesforrate
estimationandinvariousembodimentscanbe1440,2880,4320orsomeothernumber.
2.Settozeroallintervalsofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceinxasshownin
block1001b.
3.Subtractthemeanofxfromxasshowninblock1001c.
4.Determinetherateusingfrequencydomaininformationasfollows:
i.AFouriertransform(e.g.,discreteFouriertransform)iscomputedforallthesamplesinxto
providethemagnitudespectrumasshowninblock1001d.Nowindowing,zeropadding,or
interpolationalgorithmsareused.Insomeembodiments,theFouriertransformcanincludea
shorttimefastFouriertransformwithrectangularwindow.
ii.Thefrequencydomainestimateoftherateisthelargestmagnitudefrequencycomponentin
xasshowninblock1001e.Invariousembodiments,thefrequencydomainestimateofthe
ratecanbethelargestmagnitudefrequencycomponentthatliesbetweenabreathingrateof6
andabreathingrateof48.
[0318] AnembodimentofatimedomainrateestimationalgorithmisfurtherdescribedbelowandillustratedinFIG.10B.
Thetimedomainrateestimationcomprisesthefollowingsteps:
1.CollectMsamplesofdemodulateddataxandnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interferencedetectioneventsasshowninblock1001aofFIG.10A,whereMisthenumberof
samplesforrateestimationandinvariousembodimentscanbe1440,2880,4320orsomeother
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2.Settozeroallintervalsofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceinxasshownin
block1001bofFIG.10A.
3.Subtractthemeanofxfromxasshowninblock1001cofFIG.10A.
4.Determinetherateusingtimedomaininformationasfollows:
a.Letzibetheindexofthesamplesuchthatx(zi)0andx(zi+i)>0therebyidentifyingpositive
zerocrossingsintheinputframeasshowninblock1001f.Invariousembodiments,negative
zerocrossingscanalsobeidentified.
b.Letaibethelargestamplitudeintheintervalziandzi+1.
c.LetA=maxaiforalli,suchthatthereexiststhree(twoinquickmode)distinctnumbersi,j,
kwhere:
i.ai>0.1A
ii.aj>0.1A
iii.ak >0.1A
d.Ifinblock1001gitisdeterminedthatthereexistsnosuchA,thentheratecannotbe
determinedasshowninblock1001h.
e.Otherwisedenoteoneperiodofbreathinggi=1ontheinterval[zi,zi+1]andsatisfyingthe
followingconditionsasshowninblock1001i:
i.ai>0.1A
ii.u(n)=1forzi<n<zi+1
iii.v(n)=1forzi<n<zi+1
whereu(n)andv(n)aremotionandclippingwindowsrespectively.
f.Otherwisegi=0.
g.Letbethelargestnumberofconsecutivebreathswheregi=1.Thatisisthelargest
numbersuchthatgi,gi+i,gi+2,gi+3,...,gi+1=1forsomei,asshowninblock1001j.
h.Ifinblock1001k,itisdeterminedthat<3(<2inquickmode),thentheratecannotbe
determined,otherwisetherateisgivenby(60100)/(zi+ zi)breathsperminuteasshown
inblock1001m.
[0338] Invariousembodiments,therateestimationalgorithmcanuseboththefrequencydomainestimateandthetime
domainestimatetodeterminetherespirationrateasillustratedinFIG.10C.Anadvantageofemployingthetwo
methodssimultaneouslyistwofold.First,comparingtheresultofthesetwoapproacheswillhelpdetermineif
breathingisregular.Secondly,theredundancyintroducedbyemployingtwoalgorithmscanhelpinmitigatingrisk
ofinaccuraciesindeterminingtherespiratoryrates.Forexample,withreferencetotheembodimentsofthetime
domainrateestimationalgorithmandthefrequencydomainrateestimationalgorithmdescribedabove,ifthe
algorithmsdeterminedthatallmeasurementsconsistedofnoncardiopulmonarymotionasshowninblock1001n
orothersignalinterferencethenanerrormessageisreported.Insomeembodiments,ifthedifferencebetweenthe
ratesestimatedbythetwoalgorithmsisgreaterthan4asshowninblock1001pthenanerrorisreported.Insome
embodiments,iftherateestimatedbyeitherthefrequencydomainratealgorithmorthetimedomainratealgorithm
islessthan6,thenanerrorisreportedasshowninblock1001q.Insomeembodiments,iftherateestimatedby
eitherthefrequencydomainratealgorithmorthetimedomainratealgorithmislessthan8or12,thenanerroris
reportedasshowninblock1001q.Insomeembodiments,iftherateestimatedbyeitherthefrequencydomain
ratealgorithmorthetimedomainratealgorithmisgreaterthan48,thenanerrorisreported.Invarious
embodimentsiftherateestimatedbytheeitherthefrequencydomainratealgorithmorthetimedomainrate
algorithmisbetweentherangeof12and48,thenthefrequencydomainrateisreported.Insomeembodiments,
therateestimatedbytheeitherthefrequencydomainratealgorithmorthetimedomainratealgorithmcanbe
betweentherangeof8and48or6and48tobeconsideredasaccurate.
[0339] AnembodimentofapeakdetectionalgorithmtoestimatearateisfurtherdescribedbelowandillustratedinFIG.
10D.
1.CollectMsamplesofdemodulateddataxandmotiondetectioneventsasshowninblock1001a
ofFIG.10A,whereMisthenumberofsamplesforrateestimationandinvariousembodimentscan
be1440,2880,4320orsomeothernumber.
2.Settozeroallintervalsofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceinxasshownin
block1001bofFIG.10B.
3.Subtractthemeanofxfromx,asshowninblock1001cofFIG.10C.
4.Thetimedomainestimateoftherateisfoundasfollows:
a.Letpv(n)denotetheinterestpointsasfollows:
[0000] pv (n)={x (n)if (I or II) and III and IV0otherwise x (n) > x
(n1) and x (n) > x (n+1) (I) x (n) = x (n1) (II)u (k)=1
for nkn+(III)v (k)=1 for nkn+(IV)
whereu(k)andv(k)aremotionandclippingwindowsrespectively,asshowninblock
1001s.
b.Nonmaximasuppressionforeverysampleinaneighborhoodoflength2Wisperformed,asshown
inblock1001tbythefollowingmethod:
Foreveryn,find
[0000] m=maxnWkn+W pv (k),where m=pv (m)pv^ (k)={mk=m0nWk
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c.Classifyinterestpointsaseitherpeaksorvalleys,asshowninblock1001u,byusingthe
followingequation:
[0000] pvid (n)={1pv (n)>0(peak)1pv (n)<0(valley)0pv (n)=0(not an interest
point)
d.Resolveconsecutivepeaksandconsecutivevalleys,asshowninblock1001v,sinceabreathing
signalshouldhavealternatingpeaksandvalleys.Invariousembodiments,theresolutioncanbe
doneasfollows:
i.pvid(k1)>0,pvid(k2)>0areconsecutivepeakswhen ksuchthatpvid(k)<0andk1<k<k2.A
similarmethodcanbefollowedtoidentifyconsecutivepeaks.
ii.For2ormoreconsecutiveinterestpointswithsamepolarity,retainonlythelargestifthe
interestpointwasapeakorotherwisethesmallestiftheinterestpointwasavalley.
iii.Theresultinginterestpointsshouldhavealternatingpolarity.
e.Letbethelargestnumberofpeaksinsequence.If<4(<3inquickmode),thentheratecannot
bedetermined,otherwisetherateisgivenby60100/Lbreathsperminute,whereListhelength
oftheintervalboundedbythefirstandlastpeak.Aratecouldbedeterminedsimilarlybyconsidering
thevalleys.
[0354] Insomeembodiments,therespiratoryrateiscalculatedfromthesinusoidcalculationbyfittingasinusoidal
equationtoeachrespiratorycycle,multiplecycles,orcyclesoveraperiodoftimeatleastaslongasthelongest
expectedrespirationperiod,usingleastmeansquaremethodsormaximumlikelihoodestimatormethods.
[0355] Insomeembodiments,arateisestimatedbycountingrepeatingkeypoints.Keypointsarepointsinarespiration
cyclethatareidentifiableusingspecificalgorithms.Insomeembodiments,keypointscanbe,butarenotlimited
to:peaks,valleys,zerocrossings,pointsoffastestchange,pointsofnochangeandpointswherethereisthe
greatestchangeindirection.
[0356] Insomeembodiments,eachpeakisfoundbyusingaparaboliccurvefitasshownbytrace1010ofFIG.10E,and
identifyingthepeakasthemaximaoftheparaboliccurve,orthecenteroftheparaboliccurve.Insome
embodiments,apeakisfoundusingahighthresholdvalue,andfindingthehighestpointabovethatthreshold.In
someembodiments,wheretherearemultiplepeaksinacycle,thepeakcanbethehighest,first,middleorlastin
theclusterofpeaks.Thisclustercaninclude,butisnotlimitedto,oneormoreofthefollowingscenarios:peaks
thathappenwithinaperiodoftimeshorterthantherespirationcycle,peaksthatareclusteredinatimeperiod
determinedinthefrequencydomain,peaksbetweenwhichthesignaldoesnotcrosszero,peaksbetweenwhich
thesignaldoesnotcrossathreshold,peakswithanamplitudemuchlessthantherespirationsignalamplitude,
and/orpeaksfollowingaknownclusteringpattern.Valleykeypointscanbefoundthesamewayaspeaksby
invertingthepolarityofthesignal,orbyidentifyingminimaandlowthresholdsratherthanmaximaandhigh
thresholds.Insomeembodiments,afirstderivativewithpeakfindingmethodsabovecanbeusedtoidentifythe
pointsofpeakvelocityasillustratedbytrace1020andtrace1021ofFIG.10F.Insomeembodiments,afirst
derivativeandzerocrossingcanbeusedtoidentifyfindpeaksandvalleys.Thesezerocrossingsofthederivative
happentwiceacycleonceformaximuminhaleandonceformaximumexhale.Insomeembodiments,afterpeak
detection,therespiratoryrateisestimatedfromthetimebetweenpeaks.Insomeembodiments,thetimebetween
keypointsofarespirationcycleistherespirationperiod,withratebeingtheinverseofperiod.Insome
embodiments,zerocrossingsareexpectedtooccurtwiceacycle,andeveryothercrossingisignoredinrate
finding.Insomeembodiments,zerocrossingsforanexpectedcycledurationareignored.Insomeembodiments,
therateatwhichzerocrossingsoccuriscalculated,andthisvalueisdividedbytwotodeterminetherespiratory
rate.Insomeembodiments,onlythenegativetopositivezerocrossingsareconsidered.Insomeembodiments,
onlythepositivetonegativezerocrossingsareconsidered.Insomeembodiments,therateiscalculatedfrom
negativetopositivezerocrossingsandfrompositivetonegativezerocrossings,andthetworatesareaveraged.
Insomeembodiments,arateiscalculatedfromeveryotherzerocrossing,thencalculatedfromthealternatezero
crossings,andthenthetworatesareaveraged.
[0357] Insomeembodiments,peakfindingalgorithmsareused.Therearemanyvariationsonpeakfindingalgorithms,
including,butnotlimitedto:
Performaleastsquaresparaboliccurvefittothedatabetweentwopeaks,twovalleys,ortwozero
crossingsanddeterminethepeakorvalleyofthisfunction.Seee.g.trace1010ofFIG.10E.
Findamaximaaboveathresholdfollowedbyaminimabelowathresholdanddefinethemaximaas
apeak(invariousembodiments,thesethresholdscanbefixedorcanbebasedonpreviouspeaks
andvalleys)inversely,findaminimawithabsolutevalueaboveathresholdfollowedbyamaxima
aboveathresholdanddefinetheminimaasavalleyasillustratedbythetrace1012ofFIG.10E.
Findamaximaaboveathresholdbetweentwominima,eachbelowathresholdtodetermineapeak
(invariousembodiments,thesethresholdscanbefixedorcanbebasedonpreviouspeaksand
valleys)anddeterminethatisthepeakinversely,findaminimawithabsolutevalueabovea
thresholdbetweentwomaximum,eachaboveathresholdtodetermineavalley
Findthezerocrossingsofthezeromeansignalandlabelthelargestabsolutevaluesbetweenevery
twozerocrossingsaspeaksorvalleysasillustratedbytrace1014ofFIG.10E.
Findthezerocrossingsofthederivativeofthefunction,anddeterminewhethertheyarepeaksor
valleysasillustratedinFIG.10F.
Findmaximaaboveathresholdinamplitudeandseparatedbyatimegreaterthanathresholdsuch
thatiftwomaximaareabovetheamplitudethresholdbutcloserintimethanthesecondthreshold,
theycannotbecountedas2peaks.Thesameprocesscanbeperformedforminima.

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[0364] Insomeembodiments,therespiratoryratecanbedeterminedintheI/Qplane,withoutdemodulatingthesignal.In
someembodiments,specificpartsoftherespirationcycleintheI/Qplanecanbemarkedwithkeypoints.Insome
embodiments,thekeypointsareselectedbypointsinthesignalpaththathavethegreatestchangeindirection,
speed(length),orboth.Insomeembodiments,thekeypointsareselectedbyaseriesofpointsonapaththat
havezeroorsmallvaluesforspeed(length).Ifasignificantnumberofkeypointsoccurinanarea,aneventareais
formed.Insomeembodiments,detectionoccurswhenthesignalmovesinto,leavesorstaysintheeventareafor
acertainperiodoftime.
[0365] Awavelettransformprovidesafrequencyandtransientanalysisofasignal.Insomeembodiments,the
demodulatedsignalusesawavelettransformtoanalyzetherateinformation.Insomeembodiments,event
warnings(suchasnonrespiratorymotiondetectionandlowsignalpower)canbeusedtomarksectionsofthe
transformtobeignoredduringanalysis.Insomeembodiments,thewaveletbasisfunctioncanbetailoredtomatch
certainrespirationwaveshapes.Insomeembodiments,ratecanbetheresultofthestrongestorlongest
frequency.Insomeembodiments,theratecanbetheaverageofthemostprominentfrequencieswithorwithout
weightingduetorelativelengthand/orstrength.Insomeembodiments,ratecanbeprovidedastworates,highest
andlowest,ifthetransformshowsarangeofratesforirregularbreathing.
[0366] Insomeembodiments,asignalthatindicatesirregularbreathingcanbeseparatedintosectionsinwhichbreaths
aresimilar,andtheseratesforeachsectioncanbeestimatedseparately.Insomeembodiments,thewavelet
powerspectrumcanseparatesectionsintimebyfrequencyandpower.Whentimesectionsareseparatedby
frequencyandpower,onecanderiverateandamplitudeirregularitiesinbreathing.Insomeembodiments,the
sectionscanbeseparatedbyempiricalmodedecomposition,whichprovidesinstantaneousfrequencydata.In
someembodiments,amplitudethresholdscanbeusedtomarkwhenthereisachangeinamplitude.Insome
embodiments,theseparatesectionsareanalyzedseparatelyforrate,andtheresultcouldincludebothnumbers,
anaverageofthenumbers,oraweightedaverageofthenumbers,dependingonlengthoftime.
[0367] Insomeembodiments,theirregularbreathingcanhavesomeperiodicpatternthatcanbefoundanddisplayed
usingwaveletsoranalysisoftherepetitionofrateandamplitudeofasequenceofsections.Insome
embodiments,commonpatternscanberecognizableandcomparabletocertainpulmonaryconditions.Insome
embodiments,thewaveletpowerspectrumofcertainpulmonaryconditionscanproduceapatternoffrequencyand
powerovertime.Thispatterncanbecrosscorrelatedtoawaveletpowerspectrumofapatientwithirregular
breathing.Insomeembodiments,thepatient'spatterncanbematchedwithapatternfromalibraryofpatterns,
indicatingparticularpulmonaryconditionstoindicatethepresenceofthatparticularpulmonarycondition.Insome
embodiments,thepatternsinthelibrarycanbetimestretched,timeshifted,frequencystretchedorfrequency
shiftedtofindamatch.Insomeembodiments,anindexcanbemadeforaparticularconditiondependingonthe
correlationtothelibrarypatternduetomatchingofpowermeasuredoveroneormorerespirationcycles.
[0368] Insomeembodiments,therateoftherespiratorysignalcanbeestimatedinthetimedomainbytrackingthepoints
whereasignalcrossesatimedelayedversionofitselfasshowninFIG.10G.Insomeembodiments,thetime
delaycanbeadaptivelyset,possiblybymeansofspectrumanalysisorprelearnedpatientdata,toensurethatthe
delayislongenoughtosuppresssmallvariationsornoisewhileshortenoughdelaycancomparethecorrect
cyclesandaccountforirregularityinthebreathingperiod.
[0369] Insomeembodiments,thetimedomainsignalcanbepreconditionedbeforerateestimation.Insome
embodiments,whenpeaktopeakintervalsareusedtoestimaterate,theenvelopeofthesignalcanbenormalized
toimprovetherateestimationalgorithmbasedonpeakfinding.Insomeembodiments,ifthesignalisclipping,then
theclippingperiodcannotbeusedforestimatingrate.Insomeembodiments,whenthesignalisclipping,the
transmittingpowercanbeadjustedsothatreceivingpoweriswithintheproperrange.
[0370] Insomeembodiments,eachbreathcanbeidentified,andthenthetimebetweentheonsetofbreathscanbeused
toestimatetherespiratoryrate.
[0371] Insomeembodiments,abreathcanbeinferredbytheratioofthedurationofaninhaletothedurationofanexhale.
Insomeembodiments,asegmentofasignalisdeterminedasacandidatebreathbydetectionofapeakanda
valley,calculatingtheratioofthedurationoftheinhaletothedurationofexhale,anddeterminingwhethertheratio
lieswithinacertaininterval,inwhichcasethesegmentisdeclaredabreath.Invariousembodiments,theinterval
isdeterminedbyvariousmethodsincluding,butnotlimitedto,afixedintervaldeterminedfromabasepopulation,
anintervalbasedonthepatient'sheight,weight,andotherinformation,oranadaptiveintervalbasedonprior
observationsforagivenpatient.
[0372] Insomeembodiments,featuresthathighlightthecoreaspectsofabreathingsignalareextractedfromadatabase
ofbreaths.Insomeembodiments,thesefeaturesincludetheinhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,thelengthofpauses
inbreathing,theratioofthelengthofapauseinbreathingtothebreathingperiod,thedepthofbreath,theinflection
pointsofthebreath,and/orthemean,varianceandkurtosisofthebreath.Insomeembodiments,thesefeatures
includeparticularcoefficientsinthewaveletdecompositionofthesignalorparticularcoefficientsoftheFourier
transformofthesignal.Invariousembodiments,thesamefeaturesextractedfromthedatabaseofbreathing
signalsareagainextractedfromthenewsignalbeingconsidered.Insomeembodiments,thenewsignalfeatures
arecomparedtothedatabaseoffeatures,andifamatchisfound,thenthesignalislabeledasabreath.Insome
embodiments,thepeakofthebreathisidentifiedbasedoninformationinthedatabase.
[0373] Insomeembodiments,thesignaliscorrelatedwithadatabaseofbreathingsignals.Ifthecorrelationcoefficientis
aboveacertainthresholdforabreathinthedatabase,thesignalisidentifiedasabreath.Insomeembodiments,
anautocorrelationisperformedtodeterminetheexistenceofapatterninthesignal,andthisidentifiedpatternis
extractedandcorrelatedwithnewsamplestolocatethenewbreaths.
[0374] Insomeembodimentsinwhichthecarrierfrequencyishighenoughthatarespirationtracesatleastafullcirclein
theI/Qplane,aconstantmodulusdetectionalgorithmcanbeusedforabreathdetection.Insomeembodiments,a
constantmodulussignalcanindicateabreath.Insomeembodiments,theconstantmodulusisdeterminedbythe

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distributionofthemodulusofthesamplesintheI/Qplanefromacenterortheoriginwhenthesignaliszeromean.
Insomeembodiments,thesignalisfoundtobeconstantmoduluswhenthedistributionhassmallvariance.
[0375] Insomeembodiments,apatientspecificlibraryofbreathshapescanbeobtainedduringasupervisedinitialperiod
ofuse,andthentheseshapescanbematchedtobreathswithapatternrecognitionalgorithm.Insome
embodiments,thedistancebetweenbreathscanbeusedtoestimatetherespiratoryrate.Insomeembodiments,
duringthisinitialperiodofuse,oneormoreofthepatient'sbreathshapescanbeidentifiedandrecorded,andafter
theinitialtrainingsequence,datacanbebufferedandcrosscorrelatedwiththetrainingbreathorbreaths.Insuch
embodiments,thesubsetofpointswiththehighestcorrelationrepresentsabreath.
[0376] Insomeembodiments,thebreathtobreathratevariabilitycanbeidentifiedbymeasuringthetimetakenper
breath,andcalculatingthevariabilityinthisvariable.Insomeembodiments,anaverageratecanbeidentifiedby
measuringthetimetakenoverNbreathswhereNisgreaterthan1.
[0377] Insomeembodiments,theautocorrelationofasubsetofdatacanbeusedtodeterminetherespiratoryrate.In
variousembodiments,thesegmentofdatacanbeafixedlength,orsetadaptivelybasedontherespiratoryrate.In
someembodiments,therespiratoryrateisestimatedfromtheautocorrelationbytakingthefirstlargepeakfrom
zero.
[0378] Inembodimentswherebreathbreathintervalsareobtained,theratecanbecomputedasanyofthefollowing:the
mostrecentbreathbreathinterval,themeanbreathbreathintervaloveraspecifiedtimeinterval,themedianof
breathbreathintervalsoveraspecifiedtimeinterval,aweightedaverageofbreathbreathintervalsoveraspecified
timeinterval,themeanbreathbreathintervaloveraspecifiednumberofbreaths,themedianofbreathbreath
intervalsoveraspecifiednumberofbreaths,oraweightedaverageofbreathbreathintervalsoveraspecified
numberofbreaths.Thenumberofbreathsorthetimeintervaloverwhichbreathsareaveragedcanbefixedorit
canvaryadaptivelybasedonthebreathbreathintervalortheregularityofrespiration.
[0379] Invariousembodiments,signalprocessingcandetermineboththepointsofinhalationandexhalationandcount
themovertime.Foreveryblockofdata,arespirationratecanbecalculatedandbufferedbasedondetected
inhalationorexhalationevents.Theratescanbestoreduntiladesignatednumberofconsecutiveinhalationevents
orexhalationeventsaredetected(e.g.,3,5,10,15,20).Insomeembodiments,3canbesetasthedefaultrate.In
someembodiments,thedevicecanbeconfiguredtoreturnordisplaythemedianvalueoftheinhalationand
exhalationeventsfound.Invariousembodiments,ifaninterruption(e.g.,nonphysiologicalmotionorother
interferingsignal)isdetectedduringthereading,anyrespirationratevaluesstoredinthebufferwillbeclearedand
novalueswillbebuffereduntiltheinterruptionhasceasedasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743
whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0380] Invariousembodiments,insteadofcalculatingtherespirationbasedonblocksofdata,itisalsopossibleto
calculatetherespirationbasedoneachinspirationpeaktoinspirationpeakintervalasdisclosedinU.S.Provisional
App.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Insomeembodimentsthesystem
(e.g.,aspotcheckmonitor)couldmeasureaspecifiednumberofpeaksbeforedisplayingarespirationrate,orit
couldmeasureforaspecifiedtimeinterval.Invariousembodiments,thetimeintervalorthenumberofpeakscould
beautomaticallyextendedifthemeasuredrespirationrateisvaryingmorethanafewbreathsperminutetoensure
anaccuratereadingofinirregularrateasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/204,880whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0381] Anoncontactspotcheckofrespiratoryparameterscanhaveameasurementmodeinwhichthetimeintervalover
whichrespirationismeasuredisautomaticallyselected.Insomeembodiments,themeasurementlengthis
calculatedbasedonsignalqualityandtherespiratorywaveform,suchthattherespiratorywaveformisonlyusedto
estimatetheratewhenasignalwithadequatesignalqualityisused.Inthiscase,thedevicecanextendthe
measurementsignaluntilalongenoughrespirationsignalwithadequatesignalqualitycanbeobtained.The
automaticselectionofmeasurementmodecanalsobeusedinconjunctionwithrespiratorypatternirregularity
detection,suchthatintervalsareextendedifthesubjectisbreathingirregularly,soanaccurateestimationofthe
subject'srespiratoryratecanbeprovided.Embodimentsofautomatedselectionofthemeasurementinterval
includethefollowingandvariouscombinationsofthefollowing:themeasurementcontinuesuntilitobtainsN
secondsofgoodqualitydatathemeasurementcontinuesuntilitobtainsNcontinuoussecondsofgoodquality
datathemeasurementcontinuesuntilitobtainsMcompletebreathtobreathintervalsofgoodqualitydatathe
measurementcontinuesuntilitobtainsMconsecutive,completebreathtobreathintervalsofgoodqualitydatathe
measurementcontinuesuntilitobtainsNconsecutivesecondsofgoodqualitydataandatleastMconsecutive,
completebreathtobreathintervalsthemeasurementcontinuesuntilitobtainsNconsecutivesecondsofgood
qualitydataorMconsecutive,completebreathtobreathintervals,whichevercomesfirstifbreathingobtainedin
Nconsecutivesecondsofgoodqualitydataindicatesirregularbreathing,extendthemeasurementuntila)
breathingappearstoberegular(theirregularwasafalsealarm),b)aperiodicpatternrepeats,orc)Tsecondshave
passedandbreathingisstillirregularandnonperiodicandifbreathingobtainedinMconsecutivebreathtobreath
intervalsofgoodqualitydataindicatesirregularbreathing,extendthemeasurementuntila)breathingappearstobe
regular(theirregularwasafalsealarm),b)aperiodicpatternrepeats,orc)Tsecondshavepassedandbreathing
isstillirregularandnonperiodic.Variousembodimentsofautomatedmeasurementlengthselectioncanorcannot
haveanassociatedtimeout,wherethedeviceprovidesanerrorcodeorerrormessageifitwasnotabletoobtain
therequiredlengthofgoodqualitydatainthattime.InvariousembodimentsNcanhavevaluesbetween
approximately10secondsandapproximately150seconds.Forexample,invariousembodimentsNcanbe15
seconds,30seconds,60secondsor120seconds.Invariousembodiments,Mcanhavevaluesbetween2to10
breaths.Forexample,invariousembodiments,Mcanbe3or4.InvariousembodimentsTcanhavevalues
betweenapproximately30secondstoapproximately10minutes.Forexample,insomeembodiments,Tcanbe
approximately3minutes.Variousembodimentsofautomatedmeasurementlengthselectioncanrununtilan
answerisobtained.Insomeembodiments,atimeoutcanbeimplementedtolimitthelengthoftimeforwhichthe

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automatedmeasurementlasts.Thetimeoutcanbeafixedtime,ausersettabletime,oritcanbedeterminedby
otherequipments.Thetimeoutcanbedeterminedbyotherequipmentiftherespiratoryspotcheckisintegrated
withothervitalsignsspotcheckssuchasbloodpressureortemperaturethetimeoutcancomeatthecompletion
ofthesemeasurements.Inoneembodiment,thesamebuttonisusedtoinitiatemeasurementofallthevitalsigns.
Insomeembodiments,therespirationspotcheckdevicecandeterminetheratewithasmuchdataofusable
qualityasisobtainedduringtheothervitalsignsmeasurements.
[0382] Insomeembodiments,themeasurementintervalcanbeincreasediftherespirationisirregular,anddecreasedif
therespiratoryrateisveryregular.
[0383] Anyimplementationscanincluderealtimeaudiofeedbackforsomeoralltypesofpoorsignalquality.Forexample,
atickingsoundcanindicatelowreceivedsignalpower,suchthattheuserknowshe/sheneedstorepositionthe
sensor,anddoesnotwaitindefinitelyforareadingwhenthesensorisimproperlyplaced.
[0384] Anyimplementationcanmakeuseofapage,automatedmessage,SMS,emailorotherwisetoalertattending
healthcareprofessionalsifexcessivealertsareoccurringsothesensorcanberepositionedproperlyorthepatient
canreceivethenecessarymedicalattentionthatiscausingthealerttriggers.
[0385] Insomeembodiments,therespirationspotcheckdevicecanautomaticallychoosetheintervalofmeasurement,
givenheuristicsontheminimumqualityofthedataacquired.Forexample,aftertherespirationspotcheckdevice
hasacquiredaminimumnumberofbreathingintervals(insomeembodiments,describedasinspirationpeakto
inspirationpeak)orhasacquiredenoughdataofusablequalityforaspecifiedlengthoftime,itcanautomatically
haltthemeasurementandreturnarate.FIG.10Hillustratesascreenshotofanembodimentofadisplay
associatedwitharadarbasedsensordevicethatisconfiguredtooperateintheAutoMode.Thescreenshotofthe
displayassociatedwiththismethodcanincludeagraphic1030(e.g.ahorizontalbar)thatfillstoindicatethetime
elapsedandthetimeremainingandagraphic1032(e.g.averticalbar)thatfillstoindicatethenumberofbreathing
intervalsthathavebeenobtainedwithsufficientlyhighquality.Theratereturnedcanbecalculatedusingmethods
inthetimedomain,frequencydomain,oranycombinationthereof.
[0386] Insomeembodiments,aspotcheckmonitorincludingtheradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcouldmeasure
aspecifiednumberofpeaksbeforedisplayingarateasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743which
isincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/137,532whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Thespotcheckmonitorcouldmeasureauserselectablenumberofpeaks(e.g.,
3,5,10,15)foracertaintimeinterval(e.g.,10seconds,15seconds,20seconds,30seconds,45seconds,60
seconds,orothertimeinterval)asdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/137,532whichisincorporatedhereinbyreference
initsentirety.
[0387] Invariousembodimentsofthesystem,thesoftwarethatisexecutablebyaprocessorcanautomaticallyextend
thetimeintervalornumberofpeaksincludedforarateestimateifrespirationisirregularorvaryingmorethana
fewbreathsperminuteasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentirety.Insomeembodiments,thesoftwarethatisexecutablebyaprocessorcanonlyprovidea
respiratoryrateifvariabilityinratesislowoverthemeasurementintervalasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.
61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Insomeembodiments,thesoftwarethatis
executablebyaprocessorcanprovideanindicationofthelevelofvariabilityasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.
No.61/128,743whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0388] Informationregardingtheregularityorirregularityofarespiratorywaveformcanbecalculatedanddisplayedor
communicated.Irregularityestimationcanutilizeanyrespiratorywaveform,including,butnotlimitedto,those
obtainedbythesystem100,Dopplerradar,ultrawidebandradar,impedancepneumography,cheststraps,airflow
measurements,andloadcells.Whennursesperformtheobservationalportionofarespiratoryassessment,they
assesstherate,regularity,anddepthofrespiration.Manycurrentlyavailabletechnologiesprovidearespiratory
rate,andsomeprovideinformationondepthofbreath.However,noneprovideinformationontheregularityor
irregularityofrespiration.
[0389] Variousembodimentsoftheassessmentoftheregularityofrespirationareintendedtoidentifyperiodsofapnea,
periodicbreathing,orCheyneStokesrespiration.Insomeconditions,periodsofapneadonotoccurinregular
cycles,butperiodicbreathingandCheyneStokesrespirationstypicallyhavearegularcyclelength.Accordingto
theliterature,thecyclelengthofperiodicbreathingvariesfromlessthan10secondsforinfantswithhigh
respiratoryrates,to150secondsforpatientswithseverecongestiveheartfailure(CHF).Otherconditionsthatcan
causeperiodicbreathinginclude,butarenotlimitedto,opioidoverdose,altitudeacclimation,sleep,andpulmonary
hypertension.Irregularityinbreathingcanoccurintheamplitude,ordepth,ofbreathsandinthedurationof
breaths.
[0390] Insomeembodiments,therespiratorywaveformcanbeanalyzedbyperforminganautocorrelationfunction.Auto
correlationisamethodtofindrepeatingpatternswithinasignalbycomparingasignalwithitselfovertime.In
someembodiments,thesampledsectionismuchlongerthantheexpectedperiodrespirationrepetition.Insome
embodiments,thesamplesectionisclosetothelengthoftherespirationrepetition.Insomeembodiments,the
autocorrelationfunctioncanbeusedtodetermineregularityorirregularityofthesignal,andtofindtheperiodsof
irregularbreathingisirregularbyfindingpeaksoftheautocorrelationfunction.Ifbreathingisirregularwithno
periodicity,therecanbenomajorpeaksintheautocorrelationfunction.Ifthebreathingrateisregular,butthe
amplitudeismodulatedorthereareperiodicapneas,thefirstmajorpeakintheautocorrelationfunctioncanbethe
respiratoryperiod,andthesecondmajorpeakthatisnotamultipleoftherespiratoryperiodcanbetheperiodof
theperiodicbreathing.Thus,insomeembodiments,theautocorrelationfunctioncanbeusedtodeterminethe
regularityofbreathing,therespiratoryrate,andperiodofperiodicbreathing.
[0391] Insomeembodiments,awavelettransformfunctionisutilizedtocreateanindexofrepeatingpatternsinthe
respirationsignal.Awavelettransformlocalizesasignalinbothfrequencyandtimebylookingthroughawindow

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thatisbothtranslatedintimeandfrequency.Insomeembodiments,thetransformrevealsthelongerrepetition
patternofrespiration.Insomeembodiments,thetransformrevealstheperiodicityoftheirregularbreathingpattern,
ifitisperiodic.Insomeembodiments,thetransformrevealsthepowerspectrumofthesectionstocomparethe
amplitudeofthesections.Insomeembodiments,bothfrequencyandamplitudeofthedifferentsectionsare
analyzed.Insomeembodiments,thepatternsofthetransformcanbecomparedtoknownpatternscreatedby
particularrespiratoryconditionstoprovideaninitialdiagnosisofapatientdependingonthecorrelationwiththe
knownconditions.
[0392] Irregularitiesinrespirationcanbeinthedepthofrespirationandinthelengthofthebreathtobreathinterval.
Therefore,theirregularityindexcanencompassoneormoreofassessmentoftheregularityofthebreathtobreath
interval(orrespiratoryrate)andassessmentoftheamplitudeoftherespiratorysignal(orthetidalvolumeordepth
ofbreath).Variousembodimentscanpresentthisinformationinoneofthefollowingways:anindicationof
regularityorirregularityofrespiration(abinarystate)anintegratedregularityindexthatcompilesavarietyof
informationabouttheregularityofrespirationintoasinglenumberorasinglebargraphseparateindicationsofthe
regularityofthebreathtobreathintervalandofthedepthofbreathand/orindividualindicationsofseveral
measuresofirregularity.Insomeembodiments,theusercanbeabletoselectamethodtodisplaytheinformation
onregularityfromoptionsincludingsomeoralloftheabovemethods.
[0393] Variousembodimentsoftherespiratoryregularityassessmentalgorithmcanalsoassessthecyclelengthof
periodicorCheyneStokesrespiration,eitherforanindividualcycleorasanaverageoverseveralcycles,and
provideinformationonthis.Variousembodimentsoftherespiratoryregularityassessmentalgorithmcanalso
assessthelengthofapneaineachcycleortheaveragelengthofapneaoverseveralcycles,andprovide
informationonthis.Insomeembodiments,thedisplaycanincludeinformationonthecyclelengthofperiodic
breathing,andthehistoryofthecyclelengthofperiodicbreathing.Insomeembodiments,thedisplaycaninclude
informationaboutthelengthofapneaineachcycle,andthehistoryofthelengthofapneaineachcycle.
[0394] Insomeembodiments,theirregularitycanbeassessedoverseveralintervals,whichcanbedescribedintime
(secondsorminutes)orinnumberofbreaths.Forexample,insomeembodiments,theintervalscaninclude10
breaths,30breaths,and60breaths.Inotherembodiments,forexample,theintervalscaninclude20seconds,60
seconds,and150seconds.Inotherembodiments,asingleintervalcanbeselectedforestimationofirregularity,
basedonthelongesttimeperiodorgreatestnumberofbreathsthatwouldberelevant.Insomeembodiments,this
valuecanbeadefaultvalue(insomeembodiments,150seconds)thatcanbechangedbytheuser.Inother
embodiments,thevaluecanbefixed.
[0395] Someembodimentscanusebreathbreathintervalsinthecalculations.Invariousembodiments,breathtobreath
intervalscanbedefinedasthetimebetweenmaximuminhalationpoints,thetimebetweenmaximumexhalation
points,thetimebetweenconsecutivepositivezerocrossings,thetimebetweenconsecutivenegativezero
crossings.
[0396] Irregularityinbreathdurationcanbecalculatedfromoneormoreofthefollowing:standarddeviationofbreathto
breathinterval(orrespiratoryrate)frequencyofapneaicevents(absenceofbreathslongerthanathreshold)or
coefficientofvariationofbreathtobreathinterval(orrespiratoryrate).
[0397] Irregularityinbreathdepthscanbecalculatedfromoneormoreofthefollowing:standarddeviationofbreath
depths(orsignalamplitudeortidalvolume)orcoefficientofvariationofbreathdepths(orsignalamplitudeortidal
volume).
[0398] Inembodimentswhichuserespiratoryratefordeterminationofirregularity,therespiratoryrateispreferably
calculatedinarelativelyshortintervalsuchthattheratedoesnotaveragesomanybreathsthatirregularityisnot
detected.
[0399] Variousembodimentsoftherespiratoryregularityassessmentalgorithmcandeterminewhetherirregularbreathing
isperiodic.Invariousembodiments,oneormoreofthefollowingmethodscanbeusedtodeterminewhether
irregularbreathingisperiodic:
Interpolatebetweenthebreathbreathintervalcalculations(withthedatasetencompassingthe
lengthoftheintervalvs.time,withthetimepointattheendofthebreathforwhichtheintervalin
whichitwascalculated)andperformtheFouriertransformorcalculatethepowerspectraldensityof
theresultingwaveform.Determineifithasasignificantperiodiccomponent.
Interpolatebetweenthebreathbreathintervalcalculations(withthedatasetencompassingthe
lengthoftheintervalvs.time,withthetimepointattheendofthebreathforwhichtheintervalin
whichitwascalculated)andperformanautocorrelation.Determineifithasasignificantperiodic
component.
Interpolatebetweenthebreathbreathintervalcalculations(withthedatasetencompassingthe
lengthoftheintervalvs.time,withthetimepointattheendofthebreathforwhichtheintervalin
whichitwascalculated)anddeterminepeaksoftheresultingwaveform.Determineifthedifference
betweenthepeaksisconsistentbycalculatingthecoefficientofvariationofthedifferencebetween
thepeaksanddeterminingwhetheritislowenoughtoindicateperiodicbreathing.
Identifythecessationofapneaicevents,anddeterminethecessationofapneatocessationofapnea
intervals.Determinewhetherthedifferencebetweenthecessationofapneasisconsistentby
calculatingthecoefficientofvariationofthedifferencebetweentheeventsanddeterminingwhether
itislowenoughtoindicateperiodicbreathingbycomparingtoathreshold.
[0404] Insomeembodimentsthemethodsdescribedabove(FouriertransformorPSD,autocorrelation,coefficientof
variation)canbeappliedontheenvelopeoftherespirationsignaltodeterminetheperiodicityintheamplitude
irregularities.Invariousembodiments,theenvelopeisdeterminedbyavarietyofmethodsincluding,butnotlimited
to,interpolatingthepeakamplitudesorsquaringthesignalandapplyingalowpassfilter.

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[0405] Variousembodimentsrequiremultipleperiodsofirregularbreathingtodeterminewhetherirregularbreathingis
periodic.Insomeembodiments,theintervalusedtocalculatewhetherbreathingisregularcanbeofadequate
lengthforthisdetermination.Inotherembodiments,thatintervalcanbeextendedtoensuremultipleperiodsare
included.Insomeembodiments,theintervalusetocalculateirregularitycanbedoubledortripledforthisstep.
[0406] Insomeembodiments,thealgorithmcancalculatethecycletimeofperiodicbreathingorCheyneStokes
respirations.Oneormoreofthefollowingmethodscanbeusedtocalculatethecycletime.
Interpolatebetweenthebreathbreathintervalcalculations(withthedatasetencompassingthe
lengthoftheintervalvs.time,withthetimepointattheendofthebreathforwhichtheintervalin
whichitwascalculated)andperformtheFouriertransformorcalculatethepowerspectraldensityof
theresultingwaveform.Determinethefrequencyofthemaximumpowerfrequencycomponent,and
invertthistocalculatethecyclelengthofperiodicbreathing
Interpolatebetweenthebreathbreathintervalcalculations(withthedatasetencompassingthe
lengthoftheintervalvs.time,withthetimepointattheendofthebreathforwhichtheintervalin
whichitwascalculated)anddeterminepeaksoftheresultingwaveform.Calculatetheaveragetime
differencebetweenthepeaksasthecyclelengthofperiodicbreathing.
Identifythecessationofapneaicevents,anddeterminethecessationofapneatocessationofapnea
intervals.Calculatetheaveragetimedifferencebetweenthecessationofapneasasthecyclelength
ofperiodicbreathing.
[0410] Insomeembodiments,thelengthofapneaiceventscanbecalculated.Algorithmstoestimatethisvalueinclude:
isolatethebreathbreathintervalslongerthanathreshold(insomeembodiments,20seconds,orausersettable
value)andidentifytheseasapneaiceventswithalengthequaltothebreathbreathintervaloridentifytheplateaus
betweenthecessationofexhalationandthebeginningofinhalation(orviceversa)thatarelongerthanathreshold
(insomeembodiments,20seconds,orausersettablevalue)andidentifytheseasapneaiceventswithalength
equaltothedurationoftheplateau,orpauseinbreathing.
[0411] Insomeembodiments,thefrequencyofnonperiodicapneaiceventscanbecalculatedanddisplayed.Insome
embodiments,thisvalueisestimatedbyisolatingthebreathbreathintervalslongerthanathreshold(insome
embodiments,20seconds,orausersettablevalue)andidentifyingtheseasapneaicevents.Insome
embodiments,thetotalnumberofapneaiceventsinthemeasurementintervalarecounted,anddividedbythe
lengthofthemeasurementintervaltodeterminethefrequencyofapneaicevents.Insomeembodiments,the
averagetimebetweenapneaiceventsiscalculated,andinvertedtodeterminethefrequencyofapneaicevents.
[0412] Insomeembodiments,anintegratedirregularityindexcanbecalculated.Possibleimplementationsofanintegrated
irregularityindexinclude:
Avalue,thatis0forregularrespiration,andcanvaryupto6,with1pointaddedforeachofthe
following:irregularbreathbreathintervalirregularbreathdepthsperiodicbreathbreathinterval
periodicbreathdepthperiodicbreathdepthperiod>threshold(insomeembodiments,60seconds)
periodicbreathbreathintervalperiod>threshold(insomeembodiments,60seconds)periodic
breathingincludesapnea>threshold(insomeembodiments,20seconds)nonperiodicirregular
breathingincludesapnea>threshold(insomeembodiments,20seconds)morefrequentlythan
threshold(insomeembodiments,onceper10minutes)
Avaluethatis0forregularrespiration,thatincreasesbyonepointforeachN%inthecoefficientof
variationofthebreathtobreathintervalandbyonepointforeachN%inthecoefficientofvariation
inthedepthofbreath.(Insomeembodiments,Ncanbe20%)
[0415] Theinformationabouttheregularityorirregularityofrespirationcanbedisplayedinavarietyofways.Some,but
notall,embodimentsofthedisplayincludethefollowing:
Ifrespirationisregular,indicatethatrespirationisregular.Ifrespirationisirregular,indicateeither
periodiccycletimeXwhereXisthecycletimeorirregular.Ifapneaiceventsexist,indicate
averageapnealengthYwhereYistheaverageapnealengthand,ifrespirationisnotperiodicalso
indicateZapneaicevents/minute,whereZisthefrequencyofapneaicevents.
Displaytheintegratedirregularityindexasanumber.
Displaytheintegratedirregularityindexasabargraph,whichisgreenforveryregularbreathing,
yellowforsomewhatirregularbreathing,andredforveryirregularbreathing.
Displayanalertonthescreen,withanaccompanyingaudioalert,ifrespirationisirregular.
[0420] Insomeembodiments,theusercanselectthedisplaymethodfromavarietyofchoices,including,butnotlimited
to,someorallofthoselistedabove.
[0421] FIG.10Iillustratesaflowchartofamethodthatisusedtoassesstheregularityofrespiration.Themethod
comprisesthefollowingsteps:
1.Estimatethebreathtobreathintervalandthedepthofbreathforeachbreathasrespirationis
processedasshowninblock1040.
2.Overanintervalof50breaths,calculatethemeanandstandarddeviationofthebreathbreath
interval,andthemeanandstandarddeviationofthedepthofbreathasshowninblock1042.
3.Calculatethecoefficientofvariationofthebreathtobreathintervalandthedepthofbreathas
showninblock1044.Ifneitheroneisaboveathreshold,therespirationisconsideredregularas
showninblock1046.Ifthecoefficientofvariationofeitherthebreathbreathintervalorthedepthof
breathisaboveathreshold,therespirationisconsideredirregularasshowninblock1048,and
additionalprocessingisperformed.Insomeembodiments,thethresholdcanbe25%.
4.Iftherespirationisirregular,determinewhetherthecycletimeisperiodicbyinterpolatingbetween
breathbreathintervalsanddepthofbreathestimates,takingaFouriertransformofeachwaveform,
anddeterminingwhetheraperiodiccomponentexistsineitherwaveformasshowninblock1048.Ifa

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periodiccomponentexistsinatleastoneofthewaveforms,thecycletimeisperiodicasshownin
block1052.Ifaperiodiccomponentdoesnotexistineitherwaveform,thecycletimeisnotperiodic
asshowninblock1054.
5.Ifthecycletimeisnotperiodic,repeatstep2withalongerintervalofbreaths(150breaths).Ifthe
cycletimeisstillnotperiodic,skiptostep7.
6.Ifthecycletimeisperiodic,calculatethecycletimefindingbypeaksintheinterpolatedbreath
breathintervalinstep4anddeterminingthemeantimebetweenthepeaksasshowninblock1052.
Ifmultiplepeaksarenotavailable,extendtheintervalusedforthisstep.
7.Ifthecycleisnotperiodic,isolatethebreathbreathintervalslongerthan20secondsasshownin
block1056.Calculatethenumberoftheseintervalsdividedbythetotaltimeintervalusedfor
calculation.Calculatethemeanoftheseapneaicevents.
8.Ifthecycleisperiodic,determinethelengthofapneaineachperiod,andaveragethisnumberto
gettheaverageapnealengthpercycleasshowninblock1058.
9.Displaythedataasshowninblock1060.Ifrespirationisregular,indicatethatrespirationis
regular.Ifrespirationisirregular,indicateeitherperiodiccycletimeXwhereXisthecycletimeor
irregular.Ifapneaiceventsexist,indicateaverageapnealengthYand,ifrespirationisnot
periodicalsoindicateZapneaicevents/minute.
[0431] Insomeembodiments,thefollowingalgorithmisusedtoprovideindicationofirregularity.Ratescalculatedbythe
rateestimator1074arestoredinaFIFObuffer1070oflengthNwhereNisaninteger.Nrepresentstheamountof
datausedtocalculatetheirregularbreathingindex.Thesumoftheabsolutevalueofthedifferencesoftherate
valuesstoredintheFIFObuffer1070isthentaken,asshowninFIG.10J.Forelements1toNofbufferx,the
blockDIFF1072willreturn[x2x1x3x2...xnxn1].Theoutputofthiscalculationistheirregularbreathing
index.Thisindexcanthenbecomparedwithapredeterminedthresholdsuchthatiftheirregularbreathingindexis
greaterthanthethreshold,asubject'srespiratorypatternisconsideredirregular.
[0432] Anoncontactphysiologicalmeasurementsystemcanprovidemanyrespiratoryvariables,includingrespiratory
rate,depthofbreath,irregularityofpattern,inhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,durationofapnea,frequencyofapnea,
andcyclelengthofperiodicbreathing,aswellasthehistoryandchangesfrombaselineforallofthesevariables.
However,thiscanbetoomuchinformationforanurseornurseaidetoprocessandtrackadequately,especiallyin
situationswheretimeonlypermitsaquickglanceatthemonitor.Insomeembodimentsofthesystem,inaddition
to,orinsteadof,displayingsomeoralloftherespiratoryvariables,anintegratedrespiratorystatusvaluecouldbe
displayed,whichcombinesalltherespirationrelatedvariablesobtainedintoasinglenumberthatindicatesthe
patient'soverallrespiratorywellbeing.Invariousembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatusindexcanbe
displayedasanumber,asabargraph,andcanadditionallybedistilledtoagreenyellowredsystem,suchthatthe
colordisplayedindicatesgooduncertainpoorrespiratorystatus.Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratory
statuscanbecalculatedasaspotcheckvariable.Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuscanbe
calculatedcontinuously.
[0433] Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuscantakeinformationfrommultiplesources.Insome
embodiments,thiscanbeapulseoximeterandameasurementofrespiratoryeffort.
[0434] Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuswouldusethresholdstoassignpointsbasedoneach
parameterinrealtime,withthethresholdsfactoryprogrammed.Eachparametercanhaveonethreshold,orcan
haveseveralthresholdsindicatingthedegreeofseverity.Thesumofthepointsforeachthresholdwouldbethe
integratedrespiratorystatus.Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuswouldusethresholdsto
assignpointsbasedoneachparameterinrealtime,withthethresholdsfactoryprogrammed,andwouldalsouse
historicinformationoneachparametertodetectchangesineachvariableandassignadditionalnegativeorpositive
pointsbasedonchangesinagoodorbaddirection.Invariousembodiments,eachparametercanhaveone
threshold,orcanhaveseveralthresholdsindicatingthedegreeofseverity.Insomeembodiments,thesumofthe
pointsforeachthresholdwouldbetheintegratedrespiratorystatus.
[0435] Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuswouldbealinearcombinationofalltherealtimevariables.
Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuswouldbeanonlinearcombinationofallrealtimevariables.
Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuswouldbealinearcombinationofallrealtimevariablesand
ofthederivativeofeachvariablesuchthatchangesinthevariablewouldbeincluded.Insomeembodiments,the
integratedrespiratorystatuswouldbeanonlinearcombinationofallrealtimevariablesandofthederivativeof
eachvariablesuchthatchangesinthevariablewouldbeincluded.
[0436] Insomeembodiments,theintegratedrespiratorystatuswouldbecomputedbasedonasubsetofparameters
determinedbyanurseornurseaide.Inthiscase,theparameterschosenwouldbethemostappropriateforthe
monitoredpatient.
[0437] Insomeembodiments,thesoftwarethatisexecutablebyaprocessorcanmakeanassessmentofsignalquality
topreventthedisplayofincorrectrates.Invariousembodiments,theassessmentcanincludefoursteps.In
variousembodiments,thefirststepcanemploythenonrespiratorysignaldetectionalgorithmtosuppressany
portionsofthesignalwithmotionotherthanrespiration.Inthesecondstep,thesoftwarethatisexecutablebya
processorcancomputetherespirationrateusingatimedomainapproachandafrequencydomainapproach,
describedabove,separately,therebyproducingtworespirationratesforthesamesignal.Thethirdstepincludes
comparingthetworatesresultingfromthetimeandfrequencydomainapproachesanddeterminingiftheyare
closetoacertainnumberofbreaths.Invariousembodiments,asmallerdifferencebetweenthetworatescan
implyregularbreathingintervalsandregularbreathingdepths.Invariousembodiments,thesoftwarethatis
executablebyaprocessorcanregardregularbreathingintervalsandregularbreathingdepthsasthetwosignal
qualitymeasuresuponwhichitcanconfidentlyprovideanaccuraterate.Invariousembodiments,thefourthstep
includescheckingifeitheroneoftheratesliesoutsideofapredeterminedintervalforrespirationratesinwhich

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casethesoftwarethatisexecutablebyaprocessorcannotprovidearate.Otherwise,therespirationratecanthen
becomputedinvariousembodimentsastheaverageofthetworatesorbysimplychoosingeitheroneoftherates.
[0438] Invariousembodimentsdescribedherein,aDopplerradarsystemwithcomplexsignalprocessingcanmonitor
paradoxicalbreathingbasedonthecomplexconstellationofthereceivedmotionsignalbasedontargetmotion,
includingbothchestandabdomenmotion.Thecomplexconstellationistheplotofthequadraturesignalvs.thein
phasesignal.Invariousembodiments,paradoxicalbreathingcanbeanimportantsignofobstructedbreathing,
respiratorymuscleweakness,orrespiratoryfailure.Paradoxicalbreathingcanalsooccurwithsometypesof
paralysis.Withparadoxicalbreathing,theabdomenandribcagemoveinoppositedirectionsratherthaninunison,
examplewhentheribcageexpands,theabdomencontracts,andwhentheabdomenexpands,theribcage
contracts.
[0439] Obstructiveapneaiscommonlydefinedasan80100%reductioninairflowsignalamplitudeforaminimumof10
secondswithcontinuedrespiratoryeffort.Theribcageandabdomencanmoveoutofphaseasthepatienttriesto
breathe,buttheairwayisblocked.AquadratureDopplerradarsystem,suchastheonedescribedabove,can
monitorthisparadoxicalbreathingbasedonthecomplexconstellationduetothetarget'schestandabdomen
motion.Sinceahuman'sphysiologicalsignalsuchasbreathingisaverynarrowbandsignal(lessthan1KHz)
comparedtotheradarcarriersignal,allthereflectedsignalswillbephasemodulatedonacoherentcarriersignal.
Therefore,ifhumanbodyparts,forexamplethechestandabdomen,areexpandingorcontractingsimultaneously,
thereceivedreflectingsignalsfromdifferentpaths(reflectingfromdifferentbodyparts)willonlyshiftthephasorof
thecarriersignalbutnotthephasemodulatednarrowbandcarriersignals.Shiftofthephasorofphasemodulated
narrowbandcarriersignalscanalsooccurwhendifferentbodypartsaremovingatthesamefrequencybutwith
differentamplitudeorphasedelay,asisthecaseinparadoxicalbreathing.Consequently,intheformercase,the
shapeofthecomplexplotatthebasebandduetotherespirationwillnotchangeandwillformafractionofacircle
(anarc)whichissimilartotheonefromtheasinglesource,whileinthelattercasethephasorofthebaseband
signalchangesduringtheperiodicmotion(suchasbreathing),resultingindistortionofthecomplexconstellation.
Thisfactcanbeusedtodetectparadoxicalbreathing.Simplifiedphasordiagramsofthosethetwocasesinthe
previousparagrapharedescribedinFIGS.11Aand11BasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,836
whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,848whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/200,761whichisincorporated
hereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0440] FIG.11AillustratesthephasordiagramsfornormalbreathingandFIG.11Billustratesthephasordiagramsfor
paradoxicalbreathing.Duringthenormalbreathing,onlythephasorofcarriersignalisshiftedasdifferentphase
delayedcarriersignalsrepresentedbythedashedvectoraresuperimposed,whileduringtheparadoxicalbreathing,
notonlythephasorofcarriersignalbutalsothatofbasebandsignalareshiftedthusresultingindifferentcomplex
constellationshapefromFIG.11A.
[0441] Invariousembodiments,comprisingmeasurementofamotioncausingaDopplershiftthatisnarrowband
comparedtothecarriersignal(<<1%),multiplereflectionsfromsynchronizedsourcesdonotdistorttheshapeof
thecomplexmotionsignal,butreflectionscanchangethesignalpowerduetodestructiveorconstructive
interferenceofreflectedcarriersignalswithdifferenttimedelays.Invariousembodiments,comprising
measurementofamotionsignalcausingaDopplershiftthatisnarrowbandcomparedtothecarriersignal(<<1%),
multiplereflectionsfromsynchronizedsourcesdonotresultindistortionofthecomplexmotionsignalunlessthe
multipathoccursoverarangethatiscomparable(>1%)totheelectricalwavelength(>300km)correspondingto
thefrequencyofthecardiopulmonarysignal(<1kHz),whichisthefrequencyofthephasemodulationonthe
carriersignal.Invariousembodiments,thesignalsreflectedfromdifferentbodypartscanbehandledasmultipath
signalscausingDopplershiftsonthecarriersignalwithaverynarrowsignalbandandwithtimedelaysmuchless
thanthosecorrespondingtothewavelengthofthephasemodulationfrequency(>300km),andconsequentlythere
isnoshapechangeofthecomplexsignalaslongasallthebodypartsexpandorcontractsimultaneously.
However,ifthereistimedelay(orphaseshift)betweentheexpandingorcontractingmotionofdifferentbodyparts,
suchasinparadoxicalbreathing,thecomplexconstellationisdistortedandbecomesanellipticorribbonshape
ratherthanasmallarcorlineshape.Paradoxicalbreathingcanbedetectedbycomparingtheratiooftwoprimary
vectors(e.g.,eigenvectors)andamplitudesofthesignalsprojectedoneachprimaryvector.Adedicatedcost
functiongivenbytheequationcanidentifyparadoxicalbreathingeventsfromtheprocessedoutputsandprovide
indicationofparadoxicalbreathing.
[0442] Theparadoxicalfactorcanbecalculatedastheratioofthelargesteigenvaluetothesecondlargesteigenvalue
multipliedbytheratioofthemaximumamplitudeofthesignalprojectedontheprincipalvectortothemaximum
amplitudeofthesignalprojectedontothevectororthogonaltotheprincipaleigenvector.Acostfunctioncan
converttheparadoxicalfactortoaparadoxindicator,whichcanbeusedtoindicateparadoxicalbreathing.
[0443] Theinputtothecostfunctionwillbetheparadoxicalfactorandthecostfunctionwilltransformittoavaluewhich
isbetween0and1.Insomeembodiments,thecostfunctioncanbegivenbythefollowingequation
[0000] Cost (input)=1v2 x 1x 2 exp ((inputm)22v2) x,
[0000] wherex1,x2arerangeofparadoxicalfactorwhichcanbe0and1,whilemandvareboundaryinputvalues
betweenparadoxicalandnonparadoxicalandvisemphasizingfactorofparadoxicalfactor.Forexample,ifmis
closetox1thenparadoxicalindicatorthresholdissettolowerparadoxicalfactor.Ontheotherhand,asv
increasesparadoxicalindicatorchangesmoredramaticallyasparadoxicalfactorchanges.Iftheparadoxical
indicatorisnearone,itislikelythatthereisparadoxicalbreathingiftheparadoxicalindicatorisnearzero,itis
unlikelythatthereisparadoxicalbreathing.Athresholdcanbesetontheparadoxicalindicatortoprovideayes/no
output,ortwothresholdscanbeappliedtoachieveagreenyellowredoutputcorrespondingtolikelyparadoxical
breathing,uncertainoutput,andunlikelyparadoxicalbreathing.

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[0444] Inoneembodiment,ofthisinvention,missetto0.3andvisset0.04.Thecostfunctionwiththesevaluesofm
andvisshowninFIG.11C.
[0445] FIGS.11Dand11Eillustratethebasebandoutputswithmultipathdelayedsignalswhenthebodypartsexhibit
simultaneousbodyexpansionandcontractionmotionwhileFIGS.11Fand11Gillustratethebasebandoutputswith
multipathdelayedsignalswhenthebodypartsexpandorcontractwithdifferentphasedelays.ReferringtoFIGS.
11Dand11E,referencenumeral1101ofFIG.11Dillustratesamotionsignal(e.g.,chestdisplacementsignal).The
multipathbasedcomplexsignalsareshowninplotsidentifiedby1102.Thesummedmultipathsignalisshownin
plot1103ofFIG.11E.Plot1104showsthedemodulationsignalwhichisapproximatelylinearindicatingabsenceof
abnormalbreathing(e.g.,paradoxicalbreathing).
[0446] ReferringtoFIGS.11Fand11G,referencenumeral1105ofFIG.11Fillustratesamotionsignal(e.g.,chest
displacementsignal).Themultipathbasedcomplexsignalsareshowninplotsidentifiedby1106.Thesummed
multipathsignalisshowninplot1107ofFIG.11G.Plot1108showsthedemodulationsignalwhichis
approximatelylinearindicatingabsenceofabnormalbreathing(e.g.,paradoxicalbreathing).
[0447] Variousembodiments,representingalternatemethodsfordistinguishingparadoxicalbreathingfromnonparadoxical
breathingareproposedthesemethodsincludemethodsfordistinguishinganellipse,circle,moonshape,orother
shapesfromanarcorline.ThequadraturedatafromaDopplerradarsensorusedtomeasurerespiratorymotionis
visualizedwithaplotoftheinphaseandquadraturedataontheabscissaandordinateaxisrespectively,hereby
referredtoasanI/Qplot.OnanI/Qplot,afullrespirationcycle,ofnonparadoxicalmotioncanproduceanarclike
shape.Ifthereisoneobjectoscillatingtowardsandawayfromtheradar,suchasachestduringrespiration,there
canbeanarc.Ifrespirationinvolvesmorethanonesignalsourcesuchastheabdomenmovingoutofphasewith
thechest,anellipticalshapeorothershapecanform.Inthiscase,therecanstillbeanunderlyingarcpathbuta
distinguishableseparationoftheinhaleandexhalepathsintheI/Qplane,creatinganellipseoracurvedellipse
shapesimilartoakidneybeanshape.Duetopathlengthdifferencescausingaphasedifferencebetweenthe
signalsources,thesignalshapeontheI/Qplanecanalsolooklikeacrescentmoon,afigure8orribbonshape,an
eggshape,acircle,oracombinationofabove.
[0448] Insomeembodiments,aprocesstodeterminewhethertheshapeisanarcoranothershapeisexecutedononeor
moresuccessiveframesofthedata.Insomeembodiments,theframelengthisdeterminedbasedonthe
algorithm'sabilitytodeterminealinefittothedatainthecorrespondingframelength.Insomeembodiments,the
framelengthisfixedandshorttoallowalinefitonmostoftheexpectedsignals.Insomeembodiments,theframe
lengthchangesadaptively.Insomeembodiments,theframelengthischangedadaptivelybasedontherespiratory
rateofthesubject.Insomeembodiments,theframelengthischangedadaptivelybasedontheerrorbetweenthe
dataandthebestfitline.
[0449] Insomeembodiments,astepintheprocessofdeterminingtheshapeconsistsofdeterminingthebestfitlineto
segmentsofthedata.Thebestfitlinecanbefoundusingvariousmethodsincluding,butnotlimitedto,theeigen
decompositionofthecovariancematrixformedbytheinphaseandquadraturedatafromthetimeframe,orusinga
leastsquaresestimationtofindaandbintheequationy=ax+b.Insomeembodiments,anorientationvector
pointingtothedirectionofmovementintheI/Qplotisthendeducedforeverytimeframe.Theorientationvectors
computedinthatprocessservetoidentifythetypeoftrajectoryintheI/Qplot.Theellipseandarc/lineare
differentiatedbythechangeinphasebetweenconsecutiveorientationvectors:inanellipse,thesignofthephase
changeisconstant,whileinanarc/linethesignofthephasechangeflipsattheendpoints.Insomeembodiments,
anarc/lineisconcludedwhenthepositiveandnegativephasesignsareequallypresent,andtherefore,normal
breathingisconcluded.Insomeembodiments,anellipse,andtherefore,paradoxicalbreathing,isconcludedwhen
onephasesignisdominant.Inalineoranarc,thereisa180degreephaseshiftattheendofthearc/line,while
thephasechangeislessinanyoftheothershapesthatcanindicateparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,
thetotalphasechangebetweensuccessiveorientationvectorsorasmallsetoforientationvectors(insome
embodiments34vectors)isassessed,andifitisgreaterthanathreshold(insomeembodiments,170degrees),
thisindicatesnonparadoxicalbreathing,andifthereisneveraphasechangegreaterthanthethreshold,
paradoxicalbreathingisindicated.
[0450] Insomeembodiments,amodelofthesignalgeneratedbytwoormoresourcescanbecreated.Insome
embodiments,thismodelcanincludesuchfactorsascarrierfrequency,relativesignalreflection,relativeangleof
arrival,relativepathdistancedifference,sourceobjects'movementintermsofdisplacement,phasedifference,
frequencyofrespirations,andrespiratorypattern.Insomeembodiments,themodelcanbeabletodistinguish
differentpatternssuchasasinusoidalpattern,asquarewavelikepattern,apulsetrainpattern,atrianglewave
likepattern,asawtoothlikewavepattern,orarectifiedsinusoidalwavepattern.Insomeembodiments,a
representativeequationofthemodeliscomparedandfittedagainstthesignalintheI/Qplotandusedtodescribe
themovementoftheobjects.Insomeembodiments,ifthesignalmatchesamodelofnonparadoxicalbreathing
mostclosely,nonparadoxicalbreathingisindicated,andifthesignalmatchesamodelofparadoxicalbreathing
mostclosely,paradoxicalbreathingisindicated.
[0451] Insomeembodiments,acirclefittingalgorithmisusedthatcanestimatethecenterofthecircleonwhichthedata
lies,identifyingabestfitarcforthedata.Insomeembodiments,acarrierfrequencyisselectedtoproduceanarc
shapethatiseasierforthearcdetectionalgorithmtodetect.Highercarrierfrequenciesproducehigherphaseshifts
forthesameamountofdisplacement,andthereforethearcsubtendsalargercentralangleforthesameamountof
displacementwithahighercarrierfrequency.
[0452] Insomeembodiments,thedatasamplesintheI/Qplanearefittedtoanarc.Insomeembodiments,therecanbe
anexpectedanglesubtendedbyanarcfortherespiratorymovement,whichcanbeboundedontheupperend.In
someembodiments,thisupperboundaryofthephasechange,canberelatedtothecarrierfrequencyandthe
maximumexpecteddisplacementcausedbyrespirationforallbodytypes.Insomeembodiments,thisupper
boundaryfortheanglesubtendedbyrespirationcanbespecifictothepatientandthecarrierfrequency,utilizing

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patientinformationand/orhistoricallymeasuredbreathingdata.Insomeembodiments,duringparadoxical
breathing,anarccanbefittedtodatathathasanellipticalshape,asshowninFIG.12.Insomeembodiments,the
ellipsefittingalgorithmcanbelimitedtofindingellipseswhosemajorradiusislessthanaconstantmultipliedby
thecircle'sradius,dependingonthecarrierfrequency.Insomeembodiments,thedimensionsoftheellipseare
comparedtothedimensionsofthecircleasanindicatorofparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,anellipse
canbefittedtothedatasamplesintheI/Qplane.Insomeembodiments,thesignaltobefittedtoanellipseshape
isdefinedbyafullrespirationcycle,bymanyrespirationcycles,oroveraperiodoftimelongerthanarespiration
cycle.Insomeembodiments,theeccentricityoftheellipseisanindicatorofparadoxicalbreathing.
[0453] Insomeembodiments,thebeginningandendingofinhalationandexhalationoftherespiratorycyclearemarked
andusedtoseparatethedataintotwosections:inhalationandexhalation.Insomeembodiments,eachsectionis
analyzedseparatelyandcomparedwithoneormoremethodstodeterminewhetherparadoxicalbreathingis
present.Insomeembodiments,acircleisfittoeachsectionandthecenters,radii,orbotharecompared,andif
theyaresignificantlydifferent,thatindicatesparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,thecentersforexhale
andinhalearecomparedtothecenterofthebestfitcircleforthewholerespiratorycycle,andiftheyare
significantlydifferent,thatindicatesparadoxicalbreathing.InthecaseofthecrescentmoonshapeintheI/Q
plane,showninFIG.12,theinhaletraceandexhaletracewouldindicatedifferentcirclecenters.Insome
embodiments,ifthecenterofthecircleflipstotheoppositesideofthesignal,thenthereisachangefroma
concaveshapetoaconvexshape,andthisindicatesparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,alinearfitis
usedandtheposition,angle,leastmeansquareerror,and/orcombinationofthesearecompared,andifthe
comparedvaluesaresignificantlydifferent,thisindicatesparadoxicalbreathing.
[0454] Insomeembodiments,theareaboundedbythesignalcanbeusedtoindicateparadoxicalbreathing.Thisareacan
beboundedbyasinglerespirationcycle'spathbyarepresentationofthesignalbyparametricpath,connected
arcsoftwobestfitcircles(seeabove),orbyapolygoncreatedbysignalkeypointsorbymultiplecyclesand
boundedbytheoutermostdatapoints.Insomeembodiments,iftheareaboundedbythesignalisgreaterthana
threshold,paradoxicalbreathingisindicated,andiftheareaboundedbythesignalislessthanathreshold,normal
breathingisindicated.Invariousembodiments,thethresholdorthresholdscanbesetpermanently,ortheycanbe
basedonthecarrierfrequency.
[0455] Insomeembodiments,abestfitcirclecanbefoundforthewholebreathingcycle,suchthatthecenterofthis
signalcanbedetermined,andthevarianceinthedistancebetweenthedatapointsandthecentercanbetracked.
Insomeembodiments,ifthevarianceinthedistancebetweenthedatapointsandthecenterisbelowathreshold,
normalbreathingisindicated,andifthevarianceinthedistancebetweenthedatapointsandthecenterisabovea
threshold,paradoxicalbreathingisindicated.Insomeembodiments,theaveragedistanceandvarianceofthe
distancebetweendatapointsandthecenteraretrackedduringinhalationandexhalationseparately,andifthe
distanceissignificantlydifferentbetweeninhaleandexhale,paradoxicalbreathingisindicated.
[0456] Insomeembodiments,theshapeintheI/Qplanecanbecomparedwithalibraryofshapesincludingshapes
indicativeofparadoxicalbreathingand/orshapesindicativeofnonparadoxicalbreathingshapes,suchthatthe
shapeintheI/Qplanecanbematchedtoashapeinthelibraryandthecategorizationoftheshapefromthelibrary
canbeusedtoindicateparadoxicalbreathingornonparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,thelibraryof
shapesincludesindividualimages,andeachoftheseimagescanbecrosscorrelatedwithanormalizedimageof
theI/Qplane.Insomeembodiments,theimagethatresultsinthehighestcorrelationrepresentstheshapemost
similartotheoneontheI/Qplane,indicatingamatchbetweenthedataandtheshape.Insomeembodiments,
eachshapeinthelibrarycanbeassociatedwithinformation,including,butnotlimitedto,whetherornotit
indicatesparadoxicalbreathingand/orthedegreeofparadoxicityindicatedbytheshape.Insomeembodiments,
theaveragecrosscorrelationfactorbetweentheshapeandallparadoxicalimagesintheexhaustivesearchis
comparedwithaveragecrosscorrelationfactorbetweentheshapeandallnonparadoxicalimagesinthe
exhaustivesearch,andthegroup(paradoxicalornonparadoxical)withhighercorrelationindicatesthe
classificationofthedataasparadoxicalornonparadoxical.Insomeembodiments,thelibraryofimagesformsub
imagestoalargeimageencompassingtheentirelibrary,whiletheI/Qplaneimageisusedasthemaskforthe
crosscorrelation.Theresultofthecrosscorrelationcanbeanalyzedindividuallyforeachsubimageorasagroup
forparadoxicalvs.nonparadoxicalshapes.Insomeembodiments,thesubimagescanbestrategicallyplacedto
formagradient,inthexorydirection,ofparadoxicitylevelsfromleasttomostparadoxicalorviceversa.Insome
embodiments,thealgorithmtomatchshapescanbebasedontheimageprocessingtechniqueoflocatingkey
pointsinthecomplexconstellation.Insuchembodiments,thekeypointsareselectedsuchthattheycanbe
detectedconsistentlyundervariousdistortionsofthecomplexconstellationincludinghomographictransformations.
Insomeembodiments,everyshapeinthelibraryhasanassociatedsetofkeypoints,andthealgorithmmatches
thekeypointsfoundintheunknownshapetothekeypointsforeveryshapeinthelibrary.Insomeembodiments,
thematchingprocessassumesthattheshapeinthelibraryundergoesaffinetransformationstoresultinthe
unknownshape.Insuchembodiments,theparametersofthetransformationcanbededucedfromtheinputand
outputpointsofthesystem.Insomeembodiments,theRANSACalgorithmisusedtooptimallyselectthesetof
pointsthatcanleadtodeterminingtheparametersofthetransformation.Theunknownshapecanthenbematched
toalibraryshapebyfindingthelibraryshapewiththelargestnumberofkeypointsmatchedwiththekeypointsin
theunknownshape(byanaffinetransformation).
[0457] Insomeembodiments,paradoxicalbreathingcanbeindicatedbylookingatthevariancebetweenthesamplesand
theprincipalvectorintheI/Qplane.Insomeembodiments,paradoxicalbreathingcanbedetectedbyanalyzingthe
variancebetweenthesamplesandthebestfitarcorcircle.Insomeembodiments,ineachframe,thevarianceof
samplesandtheprincipalvector,bestfitarc,orcircleiscomputed.Nonparadoxicalbreathingshouldhavea
smallervariancethanparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,athresholdcanbeusedtodetermineifdatais
paradoxicalornot.Insomeembodiments,ifthevarianceisgreaterthanasetthreshold,thenthedataissaidto

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indicateparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,thenumberofsamplesusedtocomputethevariancecan
containthecurrentframeorthecurrentframeplusahistoryofframes.Insomeembodiments,thesaidthreshold
canbecomputedthroughanycombinationofthesamplesize,theoreticaldata,and/orsimulateddata.
[0458] Insomeembodimentsinwhichthecarrierfrequencyishighenoughthatarespirationcycletracesatleastafull
circleintheI/Qplane,aconstantmodulusdetectionalgorithmcanbeusedforparadoxdetection.Insome
embodiments,aconstantmodulussignalcanindicatenonparadoxicalbreathing,andanonconstantmodulus
signalcanindicateparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,theconstantmodulusisdeterminedbythe
distributionofthemodulusofthesamplesintheI/Qplanefromacenterortheoriginwhenthesignaliszeromean.
Insomeembodiments,thesignalisfoundtobeconstantmoduluswhenthedistributionhassmallvariance.
[0459] Insomeembodiments,directionofarrivalalgorithmscanbeusedtoidentifytwoormorepointsthataremoving
withrespiratoryactivity.Insomeembodiments,paradoxicalbreathingisindicatedbyanegativecorrelation
betweenmotionatonepointandmotionatanotherpoint.Insomeembodiments,ahighresolutionsensorcanbe
usedinconjunctionwithDOAalgorithmstomapthechestmotionandidentifythedirectionofmotionatdifferent
points.Pointsmovingoutofphasewouldindicateparadoxicalbreathing.
[0460] Invariousembodiments,theradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorcandetectnoncardiopulmonarysignalsor
motioneventsasdescribedherein.Invariousembodiments,asignalwithasinglestablesourcecanbeconsidered
asacardiopulmonarysignalandasignalthatisunstableorhasmultiplesourcescanbeconsideredanon
cardiopulmonarysignalasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/123,017whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,019,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentirety.Invariousembodiments,asignalwithasinglestableperiodicscatterercanbeconsidereda
cardiopulmonarysignal,andasignalthatisunstableorhasmultiplescattererscanbeconsideredtoincludenon
cardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference.
[0461] Invariousembodiments,thephysiologicalsignalscanbeanalyzedtodeterminethequalityofthesignal,including,
butnotlimitedto,detectionofnoncardiopulmonarymotion,detectionofhighsignaltonoiseratio,detectionoflow
signalpower,detectionofRFinterference,anddetectionofsignalclipping.Additionally,signalqualitycanbe
measuredbyanalyzingthesignalinthecomplexplanetodeterminehowmuchthescattereddatasamplesare
smearedwithrespecttoanarcoraprinciplevector.Thesamplesofahighqualitysignalshouldlieverycloseto
anarcoraprinciplevector,andsignificantdeviationfromthatarcorvectorcanindicatealowerqualitysignal.In
someembodiments,thelowsignalcutoffcanbecalculatedbasedonathreshold,eitherinthespectraldomainor
thetimedomain.Insomeembodiments,thelowsignalpowerthresholdcanbecalculatedfromtheeffective
numberofbitsprovidedbytheanalogtodigitalconverterandthefullscalevoltageofthebasebandcircuit.In
someembodiments,theclippingindicatorcanbetriggeredwhenthedigitizedvoltageexceedsamaximumvalue
asdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0462] Invariousembodiments,noncardiopulmonarymotion(e.g.,motionofobjectsinthevicinityofthesubjector
physicalmovementbythesubject)canbedetectedinavarietyofways.Forexample,insomeembodimentsan
excursionlargerthanthesubject'smaximumchestexcursionduetocardiopulmonarymotion(orbreath)canbean
indicationofnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Similarly,asignificantincreaseinsignalpowercanindicatemotion.
[0463] Inthosesystemswherelineardemodulationissuitable,significantchangestothebestfitvector,primaryvectoror
eigenvectorofthecovariancematricescanindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotion.Thebestfitvector,primary
vectororeigenvectoristhevectoronwhichthesignalsareprojected.Significantchangestothebestfitvector,
primaryvectororeigenvectorcanalsoindicateanewrelationshipbetweentheantennaandthesubjectandfurther
indicatesnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Changestothebestfitvector,theeigenvectorortheprimaryvectorcanbe
detectedbycalculatingtheinnerproductofthenormalizedcurrentvectorandthenormalizedpreviousvector.Ifthe
innerproductisbelowathreshold,thenitispossiblethatnoncardiopulmonarymotionispresent.Whenlinear
demodulationisused,asignificantchangeintheratiooftheeigenvalues,oroftheRMSerrorofthedatatothe
bestfitline,oroftheRMSdifferencebetweenthecomplexconstellationofthesignalandthebestfitvector,
indicatesthatthedetectedmotiondoesnotfitthelinewellwhichcanindicatepresenceofnoncardiopulmonary
motionorsignalinterferenceasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentirety.
[0464] Whenarcbaseddemodulationisused,significantchangesinthelocationoftheorigin,changesintheradiusofthe
circlethearcison,orchangesinthepositionofthearconthecirclecanindicateachangeintherelationship
betweentheantennaandsubject,whichcaninturnindicatepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Inthose
systemswherearcbaseddemodulationisused,achangeintheRMSerrorofthedatatothebestfitarcorRMS
differencebetweenthecomplexconstellationofthesignalandthebestfitcircleisanindicationofanon
cardiopulmonarymotionsignalorothersignalinterferenceasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/141,213
whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0465] Invariousembodiments,noisethataffectstheIandQchannelsequally,includingthermalnoiseandsometypes
ofnoisefromradiointerference,canbeestimatedbytheexcursionofthesignalfromalineorarcinthecomplex
plane,andthesignalpowercanbecalculatedbythelengthofthelineorarc.Thus,asignaltonoiseratiocanbe
estimated,andcanbeusedasanindicatorofthequalityofthesignalasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.
61/141,213whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0466] Invariousembodiments,whenmotionoranothernonrespiratorysignalisdetected,thedevicecannotdisplaya
respiratoryrateasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/123,017whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentirety.Thenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmcanbeusedtoenablesomeembodimentsto
operateasanactivitymonitor.
[0467] AnexampleofanoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmisfurtherdescribedbelowandillustratedinFIGS.
12A12D.Thealgorithmcanbeexecutedbyaprocessorandisconfiguredtodetectnoncardiopulmonarymotionor
othersignalinterferencebylookingatthechangeindirectionoftheeigenvectors,theratiooftheeigenvaluesand

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thechangeofenergyinthesignal,asshowninblock1201b.Thealgorithmstartsinmode1,asshowninblock
1201a,byassumingthatnononcardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceispresentandswitchesto
mode2asshowninblock1201cassoonasanynoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceis
detected.Wheninmode2,thealgorithmsimilarlychecksthechangeindirectionoftheeigenvectorsandtheratio
ofeigenvalues,asshowninblock1201atodetermineifthenoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interferencehasceased.Ifmotionceases,thenthealgorithmwillfindtheearliesttime(theretrospect)withno
motion,asshowninblock1201e.Thealgorithmcomprisesthefollowingsteps:
[0468] 1.Mode=1
a.ComputecovariancematrixCM1ofthecurrentinputframexh2filteredwithafirstfilterhavinga
filterfunctionh2,asshowninblock1201fofFIG.12B.Insomeembodiments,thefirstfiltercanbe
alowpassfilter.
b.UsingCM1andthecovariancematricesC0toCM2ofpreviousframes,computeanAmatrix
[0000] A=i=0M1 CiM,
[0000] asshowninblock1201gofFIG.12B,whereMisthenumberofprecedingframestoconsiderandinsome
embodimentscanbe32.InvariousembodimentsMcanbelargerorsmallerthan32.
c.Findtheeigenvectorv0correspondingtothelargesteigenvalueofA,asshowninblock1201hof
FIG.12B.
d.Computetheabsolutevaluechdoftheinnerproductofv0andv1,wherev1istheeigenvector
foundinstepcwhenperformingthealgorithmforthepreviousinputframe,asshowninblock1201i
ofFIG.12B.
e.Computetheratiopcofthelargesttothesecondlargesteigenvalue,asshowninblock1201jof
FIG.12B.
f.Computetheenergyeioftheinputframex3filteredwithasecondfilterhavingafilterfunctionh3.
Invariousembodiments,thesecondfiltercanbeahighpassfilter,asshowninblock1201kofFIG.
12B.
g.Computetheaverageenergyperframee2ofallM1previousinputframesx3filteredwithh3,as
showninblock12011ofFIG.12B.
h.Computetheratiodetectp=ei/e2,asshowninblock1201mofFIG.12B.
i.If(chd<th1ORpc<thev1ORdetectp>thp1)ANDdetectp>thp1d),asshowninblock1201band
1201cthennoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferenceisdetected,switchtoMode=2.
Invariousembodimentsth1canhaveavaluebetweenapproximately0.6andapproximately1.In
variousembodiments,thev1canhaveavalueintherange4and12.Invariousembodiments,thp1
canhaveavalueintherange4and20.Invariousembodiments,thp1dcanhaveavaluebetween
approximately0.1andapproximately0.8.
[0478] 2.Mode=2
a.CalculateanAmatrixgivenbytheequation
[0000] Am,n=i=mn Cinm+1,
[0000] whereCiisacovariancematrixfromframei(framenbeingthemostrecent),asshowninblock1201nofFIG.
12C.
b.Computeamatrixpofeigenvectorsasfollows,asshowninblock1201pofFIG.12C:
[0000]
Forj=0ToSeqM
{
Fori=0ToSeqM
{
i. m=M(minM+i1)
ii. n=Mj
iii. i,j=vm,n

}
}

[0000] =[V M(min M1),M1V M(min M1),MSeqMV M(min M

SeqM 1),M1V M(min MSeqM 1),MSeqM],
[0000] whereSeqMisabout5insomeembodimentsandcorrespondstothenumberofprecedingframestoconsider,
whereminMisthenumberofframespriortocurrentframetoconsiderandisabout8insomeembodiments,where
vm,nistheeigenvectorcorrespondingtothelargesteigenvalueofAm,n.
c.Computetheratiopci,M1ofthelargesttothesecondlargesteigenvalueofthematrixAi,M1,as
showninblock1201qofFIG.12C.
d.Findtheminimumchdoftheabsolutevalueoftheinnerproductofallpairsofvm,nin,asshown
inblock1201rofFIG.12C.
e.Computetheenergyratioi=k=0Nxh3i(k)/j=iM1k=0Nxh3j(k),wherexh3i(k)issamplekfrom
frameifilteredwithh3,asshowninblock1201sofFIG.12D.
If(chd>th2ANDpcM(minM1),M1>thev2)thennoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignal
interferencehasstopped,switchtoMode=1,asshowninblocks1201dand1201eofFIG.12A.In

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variousembodiments,th2canhaveavaluebetweenapproximately0.6andapproximately1.In
variousembodiments,thev2canhaveavaluebetweenapproximately4andapproximately12.
g.Retrospect:Compute4indicesidx1,idx2,idx3,idx4asfollows,asshowninblock1201t.
idx1:thelargestisuchthatvMH(minM1),M1vi,M1<th3.

idx2:thelargestisuchthatvMH(minM1),M2vi,M1<th3.
idx3:thelargestisuchthatpci,M1<thev2.
idx4:thelargestisuchthati<thp2.
Invariousembodiments,th3canhaveavaluebetweenapproximately0.6andapproximately1.In
variousembodiments,thp2canhaveavaluebetweenapproximately4and12.Inoneembodiment,
thp2canbe5.Inoneembodiment,th3canbeapproximately0.97.
h.Then,noncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferencehasstoppedduringframeindex
max(idx1,idx2,idx3,idx4),asshowninblock1201u.
[0492] Anoscillatingobjectwitharelativedisplacementgreaterthanhalfthewavelengthofthecarrierwavelengthin
DopplerradarcanproduceaconstellationontheI/Qplotintheshapeofacircle.Movementlessthanhalfthe
wavelengthcanproduceanarc,oraportionofacircle.ThecenterofthecircleandarcisthecombinedDCoffsets
fromhardwareandfromclutterreflections,whichproduceselfmixinginadirectconversionsystem.Insome
embodiments,acenterfindalgorithmisusedtocalculatethecenterofthecircleonwhichthedatapointslie.In
someembodiments,themovementofthecenterofthecircleorarcmorethanathresholdvalueisanindicatorof
noncardiopulmonarymovement.Insomeembodimentsthecenterofthemass,orgeometriccenter,ofpointsin
thesignalisanestimateoftheDCoffsets,andmovementofthecenterofmassmorethanathresholdvalueisan
indicatorofnonrespiratorymovement.Insomeembodiments,achangeintheexcursionoftheenvelopeinthe
constellationofdatapointsmorethanathresholdvaluecanbeanindicationofnonrespiratorymotion.Insome
embodiments,achangeinthedistancefromthecentertothepointsgreaterthanathresholdvalueisanindicator
ofnonrespiratorymovement.
[0493] Insomeembodiments,theonsetofmotioncanbedeterminedbycomparingthefrequencycontentofthesignalin
consecutiveframes.Ingeneral,thecardiopulmonarysignalstendtohavefairlylocalizedfrequencycontentwith
verylittlechangeoffrequencycontentintime,andthenoncardiopulmonarysignalsaremorespreadoutinthe
frequencyspectrum.Forthisreason,insomeembodiments,theonsetofmotioncanbedeterminedbycomparing
thefrequencycontentofconsecutiveframes.Insomeembodiments,whenthedifferenceinfrequencycontentof
consecutiveframesexceedsacertainthreshold,theonsetofnoncardiopulmonaryisidentifiedinthecurrent
frame.Insomeembodiments,spectralsubtractionisusedtodeterminethesimilaritybetweenthefrequency
contentofconsecutiveframes:themagnitudespectrumofthecurrentframeissubtractedfromaweightedsumof
themagnitudespectrumofpreviousframes.Insomeembodiments,theweightscorrespondtoadecaying
exponential.Insomeembodiments,iftheresidualenergyfromspectralsubtractionisaboveathreshold,non
cardiopulmonarymotionisidentifiedinthecurrentframe,and,conversely,absenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotion
isreestablishedwhenevertheresidualfromspectralsubtractionisbelowathreshold.Insomeembodiments,the
methodisappliedseparatelyonthesignalspredemodulationandpostdemodulation.Insomeembodiments,a
Cepstrumbasedmethodcanbeusedasanalternativetothespectrumbasedmethoddescribedabove.Insome
embodiments,thefrequencypropertiesareassessedafterthesignalisdemodulated.Inotherembodiments,the
frequencypropertiesareassessedbeforethesignalisdemodulated.
[0494] Insomeembodiments,theonsetofmotioncanbedeterminedfromthewaveletdecompositions.Insome
embodiments,thecoefficientsofthewaveletdecompositionprovidethenecessaryinformationtoidentifythetype
ofmotionobserved:inthecaseofnoncardiopulmonarymotion,thecoefficientsofinterestarethosethat
correspondtothesmallscalesofthewaveletdecomposition,andalargemagnitudeforthesecoefficientsis
indicativeoftheonsetofnoncardiopulmonarymotion.
[0495] Insomeembodiments,aconstantmodulusdetectionschemecanbeusedtodifferentiateacardiopulmonarysignal
fromacardiopulmonarysignalplusnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Asignalthatisconstantmodulushasaconstant
complexmagnitude.Althoughcardiopulmonarysignalsdonotnecessarilyhaveaconstantphase,aDCcoupled
cardiopulmonarysignalcanhaveaconstantmodulusifthereisnononcardiopulmonarymotionpresent.
[0496] Insomeembodiments,thesignaliscomparedtoacardiopulmonarymotionsignal.Insomeembodiments,no
directattemptismadetoidentifyanoncardiopulmonarymotionsignal,butitisinferredassuchwhenthesignal
doesnotfitoneofthepossiblecardiopulmonarymotionsignals.Insomeembodiments,featuresareextractedfrom
adatabaseofcardiopulmonarymotionsignals.Insomeembodiments,thesefeatureshighlightthecoreaspectsof
acardiopulmonarysignal.Insomeembodiments,thesefeaturesincludetheinhaletoexhaleratio,thedepthof
breathandtheinflectionpoints.Inotherembodiments,thesefeaturesincludethemean,varianceandkurtosisof
thebreath.Thesamefeaturesextractedfromthedatabaseofcardiopulmonarysignalsareagainextractedfromthe
newsignalbeingconsidered.Thenewsignalfeaturesarecomparedtothedatabaseoffeatures.Insome
embodiments,ifamatchisfound,thenthesignalislabeledasacardiopulmonarymotion,andotherwise,anon
cardiopulmonarymotionsignalisinferred.Insomeembodiments,thefeaturesareselectedfromthewavelet
decompositionofthecardiopulmonarysignal.Insomeembodiments,amotherwaveletischosenappropriatelyfor
thisdecomposition,andthewaveletcoefficientsfromdifferentscalesarechosentoexemplifyaspecific
cardiopulmonarysignal.
[0497] Invariousembodiments,atagattachedonapatient'storsocanmodulatethereflectedsignalbyphaseshift
keying,frequencyshiftkeying,oranothermodulationmethod,toprovideauniqueidentitycodeofapatient.In
someembodiments,thecodeonthismodulatedsignalcanbeapatientIDcode,whichcanbesynchronizedwith
hospitaldatabases.Whenthetagisonthepatient'storso,theencodedsignalisalsophasemodulatedwiththe

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Dopplereffectassociatedwithatarget'scardiopulmonarymotion.Insomeembodiments,theDopplershifted
signalfromthetagcanbecomparedwiththeDopplershiftedsignalfromnontagreflectionsinacorrelatororby
calculatingthecorrelationcoefficientbetweenthetwosignals.Insomeembodiments,whenthecorrelationishigh
betweenreflectedsignalsencodedwiththeidentificationcodeandthereflectedcarriersignal,itindicatesthe
absenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Insomeembodiments,thiscorrelationcanbeusedtodeterminewhether
thereceivedsignalsarecontaminatedbyotherinterferingDopplersignalsduetononcardiopulmonarymotion,
suchasthemotionofthesubject'sotherbodyparts,ormotionofobjectsotherthanthedesiredsubject.Insome
embodimentsifthereisastrongcorrelationbetweenthereflectedcarriersignalandthetagencodedsignal,the
systemcannotindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotion,andifthecorrelationisweak,thesystemcanindicate
cardiopulmonarymotion.Insomeembodiments,theindicationofnoncardiopulmonarymotioncanceasewhenthe
correlationbetweenthereflectedcarriersignalandthetagencodedsignalishigh.
[0498] Insomeembodiments,thetagcanincludeanaccelerometertoprovidesimilarinformationasthatfromthe
correlatorwithencodedsignal.Insomeembodiments,accelerationinformationcanbeincludedintheinformation
encodedonthereflectedsignal,suchthatthereceivercandeterminetheamountofaccelerationonthetag.In
someembodiments,accelerationofthetaggreaterthanathresholdcanbeusedtoindicatenoncardiopulmonary
motion.
[0499] Insomeembodiments,itispossibletodetectthenumberofsignalsources,orthenumberofmovingitemsinthe
fieldofview,and/orthelocationofthesesignalsourcesusingoneormoreofseveralmethods,including,butnot
limitedto:identifyingpatternsintheI/Qplotthatareassociatedwithaspecificnumberofsourcesutilizing
empiricalmodedecompositiontodeterminethenumberofmodes,andderivingthenumberofsourcesfromthe
numberofmodesutilizingindependentcomponentsanalysis,withanumberofindependentreceivers,toidentify
thenumberofindependentsourcesutilizingblindsourceseparationwithanumberofindependentreceiversand
utilizingadirectionofarrivalalgorithms,withanarrayofreceiversatknownspacing,todeterminethenumberof
sources.
[0500] Invariousembodiments,oncethenumberofsourcesisidentified,athresholdcanbesetonthenumberof
sources,suchthatwhenthenumberofsourcesexceedsthatthreshold,noncardiopulmonarymotionisindicated.
Invariousembodiments,oncethedirectionsofthesourcesareidentified,ifthedirectionsofthesourceschange
morethanathresholdvalue,noncardiopulmonarymotionisindicated.Inembodimentsutilizingmethodssuchas
ICAandBSS,inwhichthedirectionofsources,assuch,isnotidentified,thelinearcombinationofinputsignals
fromdifferentsourcescanbeusedasananalogfordirection,suchthatchangesinthislinearcombinationgreater
thanathresholdareidentifiedasnoncardiopulmonarymotion.
[0501] Insomeembodiments,avideocamerawithmotiondetectionsignalprocessingcanbeusedtoidentifynon
cardiopulmonarymotion.Insomeembodiments,infrareddetectorsorcamerascanbeusedastemperature
sensorstomonitorfornoncardiopulmonarymovement.Insomeembodiments,pressuresensorsinthebed,chair
orfloorcanbeusedtodetectnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Insomeembodiments,laserscannersandrange
finderscanbeusedtomonitorchangeindistanceand/orposition,indicatingnoncardiopulmonarymotion.Insome
embodiments,passiveacousticscannerscanlistenformovementand/orbreathing,andmovementabovea
thresholdcanindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotion.Insomeembodiments,activeultrasoundscannersandrange
finderscanbeusedtodetectnoncardiopulmonarymotion.
[0502] Asthecarrierfrequencyisincreasingorthewavelengthisdecreasing,thereisagreaterphasemodulationdueto
thesamephysicaltargetmotion.Insomeembodiments,whensamplesliealonganarcwithalargercentralangle,
thecenterofthecirclecanbemoreaccuratelydeterminedwithaLMSEalgorithm.Thus,insomeembodiments,if
thefrequencyofacarriersignalincreases,moreaccuratecircleparameterscanbeestimated.Someembodiments
canusea24GHzsystem,withawavelengthof1.25cm,whichresultsinmorethan360degreesofphase
modulationwitha1cmtargetmotion.Insomeembodiments,noncardiopulmonarymotioncanbeindicatedby
changesinthecenterpointortheradiusofthecircleorarcwherethedatasampleslienoncardiopulmonary
motioncanbeindicatedwhenthecenterpointdeviationortheradiuschangeisgreaterthanacorresponding
thresholdvalue.Insomeembodiments,noncardiopulmonarymotioncanbeindicatedwhentheconstantmodulus
conditionisviolatedforthearcorcircle.Insomeembodiments,aweightedcombinationoftheseindicatorscanbe
usedtoprovideindicationofnoncardiopulmonarymotion.
[0503] Invariousembodiments,severalofthesemethodsandothermethodscanbecombinedinavarietyofways.There
aredifferentmethodsforweighingdifferentdatathatcanbeused.Forexample,insomeembodiments,ifasystem
usesthechangeinpowerandchangeineigenvaluetodetectmotion,ratherthanindependentlyidentifyingmotion
withtheseparameters,theirchangingvaluescanbejointlyanalyzed.LetPbethenormalizedchangeinpowerand
Ebethenormalizedchangebetweeneigenvaluefromeachframe.LetTHbeanacceptablethresholdtoindicate
motion.Insomeembodiments,thejointdetectionmethodcanbecharacterizedbyP*+E*>TH.Inthese
embodiments,theweightfactorsareforboththeeigenvalueandthenpowerissetto.Inotherembodiments
theymaynotbeweighedequally.Inotherembodiments,powercanbeseparatedintoseparatebandsand
weighted.Assuch,insomeembodiments,thejointdetectioncanbecharacterizedby
P1*W1+P2*W2+Pi*Wi+E*We>TH,wherePiisthenormalizedchangeinpowerinaparticularbandandWiis
weightfactorforthepowerband.Invariousembodiments,theweightscanbeequalorcertainbands,suchas
respirationband,canbeweighedmoreheavily.
[0504] Insomeembodiments,astatemachinemodelcanbedevelopedtomodelmotiondetection.Insome
embodiments,insteadofmotionornomotion,morestatescanbeaddedtobettermodeltherealworldsystem.In
someembodiments,4statescanrepresentnomotion,possiblemotion,probablemotion,andmotion.Insome
embodiments,statescanchangeorremainthesamedependingonthenumberoftriggereventsthathave
occurred.Invariousembodiments,triggereventscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,changesinpowerlevels,
changesineigenvectors,andchangesineigenvalues.Insomeembodiments,triggereventscanbereplacedbya

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pointsystemwheretheeventandtheseverityoftheeventcanbeaccountedfor.Insomeembodiments,the
transitiontablecanbeasshowninFIG.12E,andthestatediagramcanbeasshowninFIG.12F.Insome
embodiments,thestatemachinecanbeaMarkovchainwithtransitionprobabilitiesasfollows:
[0000] P= a0a1a21a0a1a2a00a11a0a10a001a000a01a0
[0505] whereaiistheprobabilityieventsoccur.Insomeembodiments,aicanbecharacterizedbyaPoissonrandom
variablewithmean.
[0506] Insomeembodiments,additionalstatescanbeaddedtoprovidemorequantizationlevelsfordescribingmotion.
[0507] Invariousembodiments,threesignalqualitymeasuresarecomputedbeforeapplyingtherateestimationalgorithm
onthedemodulatedsignal.First,analgorithmisusedtohighlightsubsetofsamplesofthedemodulatedsignal
withnonrespiratorysignalorinterference.Secondly,analgorithmisusedtohighlightsubsetsofsamplesofthe
demodulatedsignalthathavelowpowercomparedtoathreshold.Thirdly,analgorithmisusedtohighlightsubsets
ofsampleswithclipping.Invariousembodiments,therateestimationalgorithmalsotakesintoaccountthelow
qualitysamplesasdeterminedbythethreealgorithmsandflagsthemsuchthattheywouldnotaffecttheaccuracy
oftherateresult.Invariousembodiments,therateestimationalgorithmusesonlythesamplesthatpassedthese
qualitychecksandattemptstoproducearatebasedonthese.Invariousembodiments,therateestimation
algorithmcansettheflaggedsamplestozero.Iftoomanyofthesamplesareflagged,thesystemwillnotdetecta
sufficientnumberofbreathsintheintervaltoforthetimedomainrateestimation,anditwillreportanerror.In
variousembodiments,therateestimationfurtherusesitsownqualitycheckmeasure.Invariousembodiments,the
rateestimationalgorithmisacrosscheckoftherateresultsofatimedomainapproachandafrequencydomain
approachforrateestimation.Invariousembodiments,iftheratedeterminedbythetimedomainapproachdiffers
fromtheratedeterminedbythefrequencydomainmethodbymorethanathreshold,thecrosscheckqualitycheck
fails.Invariousembodiments,ifthecrosscheckqualitycheckfails,therateestimationcommunicatesthe
possiblereasonforthisfailure.Itwillattributethefailuretooneoftheseconditionswhenmetinthisorder:low
signalpower,signalclipping,nonrespiratorysignalorinterference.Ifnoneoftheseconditionsaremet,therate
estimationfailswithagenericerror.
[0508] Inthoseembodimentsofthesystemwhenthecenterofthecircleisestimatedfromthearc,itispossibleto
distinguishbetweeninhalationandexhalationbywhetherthephaseofthesignalviewedinthecomplexplaneis
movingclockwiseorcounterclockwise(whetherthephaseisdecreasingorincreasing).Differentiationbetween
inhaleandexhaleisimportantforsomeembodimentsoftriggeringapplications,someembodimentsof
synchronizationapplications,andforembodimentsthatrequirecalculationofinhaletime,exhaletime,ortheinhale
timetoexhaletimeratio.Someexamplesofapplicationsthatwouldbenefitfromdifferentiationbetweeninhaleand
exhaleforinhaletime/exhaletimeratioincludebutarenotlimitedtomonitoringofchronicillness,biofeedbackfor
managementofchronicillness,andbiofeedbackforstress.
[0509] Insomeembodiments,informationsuchasdifferentiationbetweeninhalationandexhalationcanbefoundusing
nonlineardemodulation.Withlineardemodulation,thedirectionofmovementisambiguoushowever,directionof
motionisdirectlyrelatedtothedirectionofphasechange.Insomeembodiments,thetimeofexhalationandthe
timeofinhalationcanbecompared.Insomeembodiments,eveniflineardemodulationisused,thesideoftheline
onwhichthecenteriscanbeestimated,suchthatinhalationcanbedifferentiatedfromexhalation.
[0510] Signalsfromthesystem100canbeusedtocalculateinhalationtime,exhalationtime,thelengthofpausesin
breathing,andtheratioofinhalationtimetoexhalationtime.Todeterminetheinhaletimeexhaletimeratio,the
peakinhalationandexhalationpointscanbedetermined.Thisrequiresthattheradarpreservethephase
information,suchthatthedirectionofphasechangecanbedetermined.Inacontinuouswave,directconversion
Dopplerradar,thisrequiresthatthesignalbedownconvertedwithaquadraturemixer,alsoknownasanI/Q
demodulator.Thequadraturedownconversionpreservesallthephaseinformationofthesignal.Afterquadrature
downconversion,thesignalcanbeplottedintheI/Qplane,andifthetargetismoving,itcantraceoutanarcora
circleintheI/Qplane.Dependingonhowtheinphase(I)andquadrature(Q)downconversionisimplemented,
eitherclockwisemotionorcounterclockwisemotionintheI/Qcanindicatemotiontowardsthesensor,andmotion
intheotherdirectioncanindicatemotionawayfromthesensor.Thisdependsonthedesignofthesensor,andcan
beconsistentforallmeasurementswiththatsensordesign.Themaximuminhalationpointandmaximum
exhalationpointcanbedeterminedintheI/Qplaneorafterdemodulation.Todeterminemaximuminhalationpoints
andmaximumexhalationpoints,itispreferabletodeterminewhetherthemotionisclockwiseorcounterclockwise
aroundtheoriginoftheI/Qplane.ThecenteroftheI/Qplanecanbechallengingtodetermineinsomecases
becauseofDCoffsetsintroducedtotheIandQchannelsarenotrelatedtothephaseofthesignal.Whilethe
centerofthecircleisobviouswhenafullcircleormostofacircleistracedintheI/Qplane,itmaynotbeobvious
ifthearcintheI/Qplaneisverysmall,anditcanbeapproximatedbyaline,especiallywhenthereisnoiseonthe
signal.Thephaseresolutionandsignaltonoiseratioispreferablyadequatetodeterminewhetherthearcis
concaveorconvex,orwhichsideofthelinethecenterofthearcison,soitcanbedeterminedwhetherthephasor
ismovingclockwiseorcounterclockwise.Whilethecenterofthecircleiscalculatedtouseanarcbased
demodulationalgorithm,fordeterminingtheinhaleexhaleratio,insomeembodiments,itisonlynecessaryto
determinewhichsideofthearcthecenterison.Insomeembodiments,thiscouldbeusedincombinationwitha
lineardemodulationmethod.
[0511] Invariousembodiments,algorithmsthatcanbeusedtodeterminewhichsideofthearctheoriginisoninclude,
butarenotlimitedto:determiningthebestfitcircletothearcwithamethodsuchasleastsquaresormaximum
likelihoodestimatordrawingalinebetweentheendsofthearcanddeterminingwhichsidemostofthepointsare
onfittingtheshapewithalibraryofshapes,forwhichthelocationofthecenterisknownandusingseveral
permutationsofkeypoints,andidentifyingpointsthatareequidistantfromthesepoints,anddeterminingwhich

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sideofthedatamostofthesepointsareon.Insomeembodiments,ifthesideofthearcthecenterisoncannot
bedeterminedwithadequatecertainty,thedevicecanprovideanerrormessageratherthananinhale/exhaleratio.
[0512] Insomeembodiments,thedemodulateddatacanusecenterfindingandnonlineardemodulationtodetermine
whetherthephaseischangingintheclockwiseandcounterclockwisedirection.Iftheclockwisedirectionrelates
toinhalation(dependingonhardwareimplementation),thenafterdemodulation,peaksaremaximuminhalation
pointsandvalleysasmaximumexhalationpoints.Invariousembodiments,anypeakfindingmethods,including,
butnotlimitedto,thosedisclosedelsewhereinthisdocumentcanbeusedforfindingthepeaks,anditcanbe
usedintheinversetofindvalleys.
[0513] Afterexhalation,therecanbeapausebeforeinhalationbegins.Insomeembodiments,themaximumexhalation
pointcouldbeestimatedatthepointwhereinhalationbeginsratherthanwhenexhalationstopsorattheminimum
valleypoint.Insomeembodiments,thelengthofthispausecanbeassessedseparatelyfrominhalationtimeand
exhalationtime.Insomeembodiments,thefirstderivativeofdemodulateddatacanbeusedtoestimatethe
exhalationstoppointsasshowninFIG.10F.Theoutputofthefirstderivativefunctioncanprovideasignificantly
differentvalueatthepointwhereinhalationstartsrelativetothevaluesduringexhalationthroughtothemaximum
exhalationpoint.Moreover,thesignofthefunctionoutputduringinhalationcanbeoppositetothoseofexhalation.
Itcanbeachievedbytrackingthedifferenceofthesignalsamplesadjacenttoeachotherforthefixedsamplesfor
example500sampleswhichcanbeabout0.5secondat1kHzsamplingratefollowedbyaveraging499outputs.
AssumingthatnoiseiscomingfromadditivewhiteGaussiannoise,byaveragingdifferencesnoisecanbe
significantlyreduced.Insomeembodiments,thealgorithmdefinesthemaximumexhalationpointasthelastpoint
inaplateaubeforeadecrease(orincrease)greaterthanathresholdtheplateaucontinuesaslongasthethreshold
isnotcrossed.Insomeembodiments,whentheabsolutevalueofthefirstderivativeofthedemodulateddatais
belowanamplitudethresholdforaperiodlongerthanatimethreshold,thatperiodisconsideredapause.Insome
embodiments,thepauseisaddedtotheprevioussegment(eitherinhalationorexhalation).Insomeembodiments,
thepauseisanalyzedseparately,andnotincludedintheinhaletimeexhaletimeratiocalculation.
[0514] Insomeembodiments,thebeginningofinhalationisdeterminedbycomputingthepowerofthesignalin
consecutiveintervalsbeginningfromthepeakofexhalationofthepreviousbreathandcontinuingtothepeakofthe
inhalationofthefollowingbreath.Insomeembodiments,theconsecutiveintervalsareoflength100milliseconds.
Inhalationstartsatthebeginningofthelongestsequenceofmonotonicpowerlevels.Insomeembodiments,the
inhalationperiodisthetimeabovethezerolineandtheexhalationisthetimebelowthezerolineasshownby
trace1014ofFIG.10E.
[0515] Insomeembodiments,peaksandvalleyscanbefoundafterremovingaDCoffsetand/orbaselinevariationofthe
signal.Invariousembodiments,thebaselineofthesignalcanberemovedbyanymethod,includingbutnotlimited
to:highpassfilteringempiricalmodedecompositionlinefittingandsubtractionand/ormeanfindingand
subtraction.
[0516] Insomeembodiments,maximuminhalationandexhalationpointsaredeterminedbeforedemodulation.Thedata
constellationontheI/Qplotcanmarkcertainpointsthathavesignificanceafterdemodulation.Insome
embodiments,thepointswherethegradientoftheI/Qsignalbecomeszeroareeithermaximalinhaleormaximal
exhalepoints.Insomeembodiments,theirpositionrelativetotheotherpointsandthecenterofthearcorcircle
canbeusedtodeterminewhethertheyaremaximuminhalationpointsormaximumexhalationpoints.
[0517] Insomeembodiments,acombinationofthedifferentpeakfindingandvalleyfindingapproachescanbeusedto
ensurethataninhalationorexhalationhasnotbeenmissed.
[0518] Insomeembodiments,theinhaleexhaleratiocannotbecalculatedifthetotalinhaleinhaleorexhaleexhaletime
isgreaterthanathresholdwhichisbasedonthepreviousbreathorseveralpreviousbreaths,sothatifamaximum
inhalepointoramaximumexhalepointismissedbythealgorithm,theinaccuratedatacannotbeusedto
calculateaninhaleexhaleratio.Insomeembodiments,thiscanbeanindicationofirregularbreathing.Insome
embodiments,noncardiopulmonarymotiondetectioncanbeimplementedbeforecalculationoftheinhaleexhale
ratio.Insomeembodiments,breathsinwhichnoncardiopulmonarymotionisdetectedcannotbeusedfor
calculationoftheinhaleexhaleratio.Insomeembodiments,samplesinwhichnoncardiopulmonarymotionis
detectedcanberemovedbeforethesignalisdemodulatedand/orthemaximuminhaleexhalepointsareremoved,
andifadequatedataremains,themaximuminhaleandmaximumexhalepointscanbecalculatedfromthe
remainingdata.
[0519] Oncethemaximuminhalationandmaximumexhalationpointsaredetermined,theinhaletimeandexhaletimefor
eachbreathcanbecalculated.Insomeembodiments,theinhaletimeiscalculatedasthetimebetweena
maximumexhalationandthefollowingmaximuminhalation.Insomeembodiments,theexhaletimeiscalculated
asthetimebetweenthemaximuminhalationandthefollowingmaximumexhalation.Insomeembodiments,the
inhaletimetoexhaletimeratioistypicallycalculatedusinganinhaletimeandthefollowingexhaletime,butit
couldbecalculatedusinganexhaletimeandthefollowinginhaletime.Insomeembodiments,theratiois
calculatedbydividingtheinhaletimebytheexhaletimeforeachbreath.
[0520] Insomeembodiments,thevalueoftheratiocanbeupdatedwitheachbreath.Invariousembodiments,thevalue
foreachbreathcanbedisplayed,oranweightedaverageofpreviousvaluescanbeused.Insomeembodiments,
theweightedaveragecanhaveanexponentialweight.Invariousembodiments,ahistoryfortheinhaletimeto
exhaletimeratiocanbedisplayedinadditiontothecurrentvalue.
[0521] Invariousembodiments,ofthesystem100,thedeviationofthephaseisproportionaltothechestmotiondivided
bythewavelengthofthecarriersignal,suchthatthephasedeviationcanbeassessedinsignaldemodulation,and
thedepthofbreathingcanbeobtainedbymultiplyingaconversionfactortothephasedeviation.
[0522] Assumingthattarget'speriodicphysiologicalmotionvariationisgivenbyx(t),thequadraturebasebandoutput
assumingbalanceschannelscanbeexpressedas:
[0000] B (t)=Ar exp ( *(+4 x (t)))+D C

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[0523] whereDCiscomplexnumberrepresentingeachchannel'sstaticvoltagevalue.
[0524] Nonlineardemodulationextractsthephaseinformation,+4x(t)/.Thestaticvalue,,causedbythenominal
distanceofthetarget,canberemovedeasilybysubtractingthemeanvalueoftheoutput,assumingx(t)iszero
meanperiodicmotion.Thedirectionofthephasetrajectorycanbeusedtodifferentiatebetweeninhalationand
exhalation.Forexample,insomeembodiments,ifthedirectioniscounterclockwise,thetargetisinhalingand
whenthedirectionisclockwise,thetargetisexhaling.Afternonlineardemodulation,theoutputisdirectly
proportionaltothephasedeviationcausedbythephysicalchestmotion,4/x(t)[rad].Theabsolutemotionin
thedirectionoftheantennacanbecalculatedbymultiplying/4[cm/rad1]tothedemodulatedoutput.
[0525] Depthofbreathingcanbedefinedasabsolutedisplacementofthechestorlungsfromthemaximuminspiration
pointtothemaximumexpirationpoint.Insomeembodiments,thisparametercanbeestimatedastheabsolute
distanceoftheminimumtothemaximum.Insomeembodiments,thisparametercanbeestimatedastheabsolute
distancefromthemaximumexpirationpositiontomaximuminspiration.Insomeembodiments,thiscanbe
calculatedbycalculatingtheanglesubtendedbythearcatthecenterineachbreath.Inotherembodiments,the
averageoverseveralbreathscanbeused.
[0526] Insomeembodiments,theendpointsofthearccanbeestimatedusingvariousalgorithms,including,butnot
limitedto:pointsofminimalvelocity,thecenterofclustersofpointdensity,orpointsoflargestchangeindirection.
Invariousembodiments,theseendpointscanbeusedinconjunctionwithacenterfindingalgorithmthatidentifies
thecirclecentertoidentifytheanglesubtendedbythearc.
[0527] Insomeembodimentsinwhichahighfrequencycarriersignalcanbeusedwheretheexpectedchest
displacementofahumansubjectismanytimesthecarrierwavelength,thedepthofbreathisestimatedby
countingtherotationsofthesignalaroundthecenter.Insomeembodiments,directionofrotationbetween
clockwiseandcounterclockwisecanindicateinhaleorexhale.
[0528] Insomeembodiments,movementfromrespirationuponthechestandabdomencanbedifferentiatedthrough
directionofarrivaltechniques.Insomeembodiments,twosignals,onefromthechestandonefromtheabdomen,
combineinthecomplexI/Qplaneandcanprovideinformationabouttheirmovement,suchasdisplacement.In
someembodiments,thesesignalsfromdifferentpointsonthechestcanbecombinedtoprovideanoverall
estimateofdepthofbreath.
[0529] Insomeembodiments,thedepthofbreathcanbecalculatedalongwithotherrespiratoryparameters,including,but
notlimitedto:respiratoryrate,inhaletimetoexhaletimeratio,andirregularityofrespiration.Insome
embodiments,thresholdscanbeset,andwhenthedepthofbreathcrossesthosethresholds,analarmcanbe
sounded.Forexample,inoneembodiment,apostoperativepatientcanhaveathresholdsetfortheminimum
acceptabledepthofbreath.Ifthedepthofbreathdropsbelowthisthresholdformorethan3consecutivebreaths,a
visual,audio,and/orremotealarmcanbeinitiated.Insomeembodiments,thedepthofbreathcanbeusedto
triggerothermedicaldevices.Forexample,onapatientreceivingpatientcontrolledanalgesia,thePCApumpmay
notallowadditionalopioiddosestobeinitiatedifthedepthofbreathisbelowathreshold.Invariousembodiments,
thethresholdcanbesettoafactorydefaultvalue,canbesettablebytheuser,orcanbeautomaticallysetbased
onapatient'sbaselinevaluesorotherinformationfromthepatient'smedicalrecord.
[0530] Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canperformaselfchecktocheckforimproperoperationand/or
environmentalinterference.Insomeembodiments,theselfcheckcanbeperformedautomatically.Invarious
embodimentsofthesystem,aselftestcanbeperformedperiodicallytodetermineifportionsofthehardwareare
malfunctioning.Invariousembodiments,theselftestcanbeperformedbydigitallycontrollingtheactivationof
variouscomponentsofthesystemandanalyzingcharacteristicssuchas,butnotlimitedto,channelnoiselevel,
channelimbalanceandDCoffsetvalues.Althoughtheselftestcanbeintegratedaspartofthesystem'sstartup
procedures,invariousembodiments,thesystem100canrequirecommandsfromthecentralcontrollertoinitiate
thevariousselftestchecks.Inadditiontohardwarestatus,RFinterferencetestscanbeperformedbycomparing
thenormaltransmittedRFpowerandreducedtransmittedRFpower.Thiscanensurethatthereceivedsignalis
notaresultofanextrasensordeviceproducingcardiopulmonarylikesignals.
[0531] FIG.13illustratesablockdiagramofaselftestingcircuit1300.Invariousembodiments,theselftestingcircuit
includesanabsorptiveSPDTswitch,1301andvoltagecontrolledphaseshifter1302.TheSPDTswitch1301can
beusedforselectingeithertransmittingpath1303orselftestingpath1304.Avoltagecontrolledphaseshifter
implementedonselftestingpathgeneratesanartificialsignalwhichisinputtedintoRFinputportofIQ
demodulator1305through0degreepowersplitter1306.Thesignalmakeseitherfullcircleorpartialofarc
dependingonthecontrolvoltageoncomplexconstellationplot.Theplotcanbeusedtotestthesignalsource,IQ
imbalance,externalinterference,basebandsignalconditioning,anddataacquisition.
[0532] Invariousembodiments,aprocessorconfiguredtoexecuteadirectionofarrivalalgorithmcanbeusedtoisolate
cardiopulmonarymotionfromspatiallyseparatednoncardiopulmonarymotionbasedontheirdifferinganglesfrom
theantennaasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,027,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinits
entiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,020,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.In
variousembodiments,aprocessorconfiguredtoexecuteadirectionofarrivalalgorithmcanbeusedtoisolate
separatetwospatiallyseparatedcardiopulmonarymotionsignalsbasedontheirdifferinganglesfromtheantenna.
Invariousembodiments,aprocessorconfiguredtoexecuteadirectionofarrivalalgorithmcanbeusedtotrackthe
angletoasubject.Tousedirectionofarrival,theradarbasedphysiologicalmotionsensorincludesatleasttwo
antennasineachplaneinwhichitisdesiredtoassessthedirectionofthesource,and/ortoseparatespatially
separatedmotionforsubjectseparationandfornoncardiopulmonarymotioncancellation.
[0533] Invariousembodiments,itisoftendesirabletohaveawideantennabeamwidth,toensurethatthebeamcovers
thesubjectinallprobablepositions.However,thiswidebeamwidthmeansthatmotionawayfromthesubjectcan
stillbeintheantenna'smean,andthereforecanstillaffectthemeasurement.Invariousembodiments,directionof
arrival(DOA)processingfrommultiplereceiveantennascanprovideawideangleofscanningtodetectthe

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subject,andthenanarrowerangleformeasurementofasubject'sphysiologicalmotion,avoidinginterferencefrom
motionawayfromthesubject.Insomeembodiments,thesignalsfromtheantennascanbeprocessedasan
antennaarray,whichhasanarrowerbeamwidththananyoftheindividualantennas.Throughprocessing,the
beamofthisarraycanbeeffectivelysteeredtowardsthedesiredsource,sotheantennabeamisfocusedonthe
sourceandanymotionoutsidethebeamwillbeattenuatedaccordingtotheantennapatterninthatdirection.
Additionallyinvariousembodiments,theangletothetargetsubjectcanbedetectedandpresentedintheinterface,
eitherastheangleorasamoregeneralindicationofthedirection(i.e.,straight,left,orright),effectivelyproviding
trackingofthesubject.
[0534] Invariousembodiments,thesignalsfromthedifferentantennascanbeusedtodetectandtracktheangleofan
interferingsource,andthesignalsfromtheantennascanbecombinedsuchthatthereisanullintheantenna
patterninthedirectionoftheinterferingmotion,enablingcontinueddetectionofrespiratorywaveforminthe
presenceofspatiallyseparatedmotion.AnyofseveralDOAalgorithmscanbeusedforthistechnique.These
approachescanbeusedinaSIMOsystemincludingonetransmitterandmultiplereceiverantennas.TheDOA
algorithmscanbeimplementedinaMIMOsystemincludingmultipletransmitters,eachtransmittingatadifferent
frequency,andmultiplereceivers.OtheradvancedDOAalgorithmsincludingbutnotlimitedtoMUSICorESPRIT
couldalsobeusedtoseparatesourcesatdifferentanglesfromtheantenna.
[0535] Invariousembodiments,DOAprocessingcanbeusedtoisolateribcageandabdominalbreathingasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,020,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Invarious
embodiments,DOAprocessingcanbeusedtoisolatelegmotionfromcardiopulmonarymotion,enablingdetection
ofrestlesslegsyndromeduringsleep.Invariousembodiments,multiplesubjectscanbemonitoredwithone
deviceusingDOAprocessingasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,880whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentirety.Asdescribedabove,invariousembodiments,aDopplerradarsystem100canmonitor
ahuman'sphysiologicalsignalssuchasrespirationorheartwaveforms,andrespiratoryandheartratescanbe
extracted.Byemployingmultipleantennasinthesystem,directionofarrival(DOA)processingcanbeachieved,
enablingdetectionoftheangulardirectionoftargets.Invariousembodiments,multipletargets'physiological
signalscanbeseparatedbasedonDOAprocessingobtainedbyanarrayedDopplerradar.Invarious
embodiments,separatingthesephysiologicalsignalscanenablethewaveformsofeachtargettobeseparatedfor
thedisplayorcommunicationofwaveformsandfortheextractionofrates.Ifmultiplepeoplearewithinthe
antennas'fieldofview,eachperson'srespiratoryratescanbeobtainedwiththissignalprocessingscheme,as
longastheirangularseparationisgreaterthantheresolutionofthearrayandtherearenomorepeoplewithinthe
fieldofviewthanantennasandreceiversintheplanethepeopleandtheantennashareislessthanthenumberof
antennasandreceivers.Insomeembodiments,themultipleantennascanbeseparatedbyadistance/2.In
variousembodimentsemployingthreeantennas,twosubjectswhoareseparatedbyapproximately15to20
degreescanbesimultaneouslytrackedandmonitored.Byincreasingthenumberofantennastheangular
separationbetweenthetwosubjectscanbefurtherreduced.
[0536] OneembodimentofamethodforseparatingmultiplecardiopulmonarysignalsisillustratedinFIG.14andincludes:
1.Asillustratedinblocks1401a1401d,themethodincludesdeterminingthefrequencycomponents
f=f1,f2,...,fnofthebuffereddatathataremostlikelytocontainthecardiopulmonarysignals.In
someembodiments,thesefrequencycomponentscanbedeterminedbymeasuringthepower
spectraldensityofthecombinationofthechannels,andapplyingacostfunctiontotheoutput.In
someembodiments,thepowerspectrumdensityofthecombinationofchannelscanbedetermined
byobtainingthepowerspectraldensityfromeachreceiverandmultiplyingthemtogetacombined
spectrum.Insomeembodiments,alowpassfilterisappliedbeforeobtainingthepowerspectral
densityfromeachreceiver.Insomeembodiments,thecutofffrequencyofsaidlowpassfilteris1
Hz.
2.Asshowninblock1402,themethodfurtherincludesidentifyingtheangulardirectionofeach
frequencycomponent.Insomeembodiments,theangularfrequencycomponentsareidentifiedby
formingachannelmatrixHwhoseentriescorrespondtothefrequencycomponentsmostlikelyto
containthecardiopulmonarysignalsfoundinStep1,usingthischannelmatrixandanarrayvector
correspondingtoeachanglefromthetargettocalculatethemaximumaveragepowerateachangle.
Insomeembodiments,themthrowandnthcolumnofthechannelmatrixentrycanbehmn=smn(fn),
correspondingtothereceiverantennamandmovingscatterer,wheresmnrepresentsfrequency
spectrumofthechannel.Insomeembodiments,anarrayvectorcorrespondingtoeachanglefrom
thetargetisformed.Insomeembodiments,thearrayvectorisgivenbyequation(1):
[0000]
g()=[1exp[jkdsin()]...exp[jkd(M1)sin()]]T(1)
wherekisthewavenumber,d=/2istheseparationdistancebetweeneachreceiverantenna
andistheanglefromtheantennanormalvectortothetarget,whileMisthenumberof
receivedantennas.Insomeembodiments,themaximumaveragepowerthatcanbeobtained
ateachtheangleofthescatterersisgivenbyequation(2):
[0000]
Pav ()=|HHg()|2(2)
3.Asillustratedinblocks1403aand1403b,themethodfurtherincludeseliminatinganglesthatare
separatedfromeachotherbyanangulardistancelessthantheangularresolutionofthemultiple
receiverantennaarray,andidentifyingatleastafirstandsecondangulardirectionsuchthateach
angulardirectionisseparatedfromeachotherangularsourcebyanangulardistancegreaterthanor

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equaltoanangularresolutionofsaidmultiplereceiverantennaarray.4.GeneratingaDOAvectorwith
unitymagnitudeforeachtargetinthesaidangulardirection.Invariousembodiments,anMNarray
matrixAisformed,whoseithcolumnisgivenbytheequation(3)
[0000]
g(i)=[1exp[jkdsin(i)]...exp[jkd(M1)sin(i)]]T(3)
whered=/2andarethereceiveantennaseparationandanglerespectively,whileMisthe
numberofreceivedantennas.Inthoseembodimentswherethereareothermovingobjectsin
thevicinityofthesubjectwhichcanscattertheradarsignalandareseparatedbyanangular
distancegreaterthantheangularresolutionofthemultiplereceiverantennaarray,Ndenotes
thenumberofmovingscatterers.
4.Invariousembodiments,smoothingtheDOAvectorswithaweightedaverageofthecurrentDOA
vectorsandpreviousDOAvectorsinabuffer,asshowninblock1405.
5.Separatingthesignalfromeachangulardirectionbysteeringspatialnullstowardstheother
angulardirections,asshowninblock1404.Invariousembodiments,thesignalseparationcanbe
achievedbysteeringspatialnullstowardunwantedsignalsourcesbyapplyinginverseofmatrixA,
estimatedinstep4,totheconditionedchanneldata.
[0000]
S=A1Rx (4)
6.Invariousembodiments,applyingthenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectortoeachseparated
output,andifnoncardiopulmonarymotionisdetected,clearingthebufferofDOAvectors
7.Invariousembodiments,demodulatingeachoftheseparatedsignalsindividually,andprocessing
eachsignaltoobtaininformationcorrespondingtocardiopulmonarymotion.
8.Outputtinginformationonatleastoneoftheangletoeachtarget,cardiopulmonarymotionrelated
tothetarget.
[0547] FIG.15illustratestheseparationofrespiratorysignalsfromtwotargets.Plot1501illustratesamixedbaseband
signalwhichisseparatedusingDOAprocessing.Plot1502illustratestherespiratorysignalfromafirstsubjector
sourceandplot1503illustratestherespiratorysignalfromasecondsourceorsubject.Invariousembodiments,a
bodywornidentificationtagincludingasystemconfiguredtoperformDOAprocessingcanbeusedtohelpidentify
andenhancemeasurementofatargetedsubjectasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/200,876whichis
incorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0548] Alternativelytoseparatingandanalyzingtwodistinctsignals,invariousembodimentsofthedevice,thesystem
100canusetheDOAalgorithmtotrackasingle,desired,cardiopulmonarysignal,whilenullingoneormore
undesiredcardiopulmonaryornoncardiopulmonarysignals.Insomeembodiments,thedesiredsubjectcanbe
trackedwithanRFIDtag.Insomeembodiments,thedesiredsubjectcanbetrackedwithbiometrics.Insome
embodiments,thedesiredsubjectcanbetrackedbasedonaknowninitialposition.Inthiscase,onlythedesired
signalwillbedemodulatedandonlytheangleinformationand/orcardiopulmonaryinformationrelatedtothedesired
targetwillbeoutputted.Thevariousembodimentsofthesystem100canincludeDOAprocessingalgorithmsto
trackasubjectorpatientasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,020,whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,836whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentirety.Forexample,insomeembodiments,DOAprocessingcanbeusedtotrackasleepingsubject
throughoutthenightasthesubjecttossesandturnswhilesleeping.
[0549] Oneembodimentalgorithmfortrackingthedirectionofoneormorecardiopulmonarysignalsisdescribedbelowas
illustratedinFIG.16andincludes:
1.Asillustratedinblocks1601a1601c,themethodincludesdeterminingthefrequencycomponents
f=f1,f2,...,fnofthebuffereddatathataremostlikelytocontainthecardiopulmonarysignals.In
someembodiments,thesefrequencycomponentscanbedeterminedbymeasuringthepower
spectraldensityofthecombinationofthechannels,andapplyingacostfunctiontotheoutput.In
someembodiments,thepowerspectrumdensityofthecombinationofchannelscanbedetermined
byobtainingthepowerspectraldensityfromeachreceiverandmultiplyingthemtogetacombined
spectrum.Insomeembodiments,alowpassfilterisappliedbeforeobtainingthepowerspectral
densityfromeachreceiver.Insomeembodiments,thecutofffrequencyofsaidlowpassfilteris1
Hz.
2.Asillustratedinstep1601d,themethodfurtherincludesidentifyingtheangulardirectionofeach
frequencycomponent.Insomeembodiments,theangularfrequencycomponentsareidentifiedby
formingachannelmatrixHwhoseentriescorrespondtothefrequencycomponentsmostlikelyto
containthecardiopulmonarysignalsfoundinStep1,usingthischannelmatrixandanarrayvector
correspondingtoeachanglefromthetargettocalculatethemaximumaveragepowerateachangle.
Insomeembodiments,themthrowandnthcolumnofthechannelmatrixentrycanbehmn=smn(fn),
correspondingtothereceiverantennamandmovingscatterer,wheresmnrepresentsfrequency
spectrumofthechannel.Insomeembodiments,anarrayvectorcorrespondingtoeachanglefrom
thetargetisformed.Insomeembodiments,thearrayvectorisgivenbyequation(1):
[0000]
g()=[1exp[jkdsin()]...exp[jkd(M1)sin()]]T(1)
wherekisthewavenumber,d=/2istheseparationdistancebetweeneachreceiverantenna
andistheanglefromtheantennanormalvectortothetarget,whileMisthenumberof

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receivedantennas.Insomeembodiments,themaximumaveragepowerthatcanbeobtained
ateachtheangleofthescatterersisgivenbyequation(2):
[0000]
Pav ()=|HHg()|2(2)
3.Asillustratedinblock1604e,themethodfurtherincludeseliminatinganglesthatareseparated
fromeachotherbyanangulardistancelessthantheangularresolutionofthemultiplereceiver
antennaarray,andidentifyingatleastafirstandsecondangulardirectionsuchthateachangular
directionisseparatedfromeachotherangularsourcebyanangulardistancegreaterthanorequalto
anangularresolutionofsaidmultiplereceiverantennaarray.
4.GeneratingaDOAvectorwithunitymagnitudeforeachtargetinthesaidangulardirection.In
variousembodiments,anMNarraymatrixAisformed,asshowninblock1601f,whoseithcolumn
isgivenbytheequation(3)
[0000]
g(i)=[1exp[jkdsin()]...exp[jkd(M1)sin(i)]]T(3)
whered=/2andarethereceiveantennaseparationandanglerespectively,whileMisthe
numberofreceivedantennas.Inthoseembodimentswherethereareothermovingobjectsin
thevicinityofthesubjectwhichcanscattertheradarsignalandareseparatedbyanangular
distancegreaterthantheangularresolutionofthemultiplereceiverantennaarray,Ndenotes
thenumberofmovingscatterers.
5.Invariousembodiments,smoothingtheDOAvectorswithaweightedaverageofthecurrentDOA
vectorsandpreviousDOAvectorsinabuffer,asshowninblock1601g.
6.Separatingthesignalfromeachangulardirectionbysteeringspatialnullstowardstheother
angulardirections.Invariousembodiments,thesignalseparationcanbeachievedbysteeringspatial
nullstowardunwantedsignalsourcesbyapplyinginverseofmatrixA,estimatedinstep4,tothe
conditionedchanneldata.
[0000]
S=A1Rx (4)
7.[Invariousembodiments,applyingthenoncardiopulmonarymotiondetectortoeachseparated
output,andifnoncardiopulmonarymotionisdetected,clearingthebufferofDOAvectors.
8.Invariousembodiments,demodulatingeachoftheseparatedsignalsindividually,andprocessing
eachsignaltoobtaininformationcorrespondingtocardiopulmonarymotion.
9.Outputtinginformationonatleastoneoftheangletoeachtarget,cardiopulmonarymotionrelated
tothetargetasshowninblock1601j.
[0561] Invariousembodiments,empiricalmodedecomposition(EMD)algorithmscanbeusedtoisolatethesignalfrom
motionasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinits
entiretyincludingmotionduetobutnotlimitedtononcardiopulmonarymotionbythesubject,cardiopulmonary
motionofoneormorepeopleotherthantheintendedsubject,noncardiopulmonarymotionofanotherpersonor
otherpeople,motionofotherobjectsintheenvironment,motionoftheradarsystem.
[0562] Variousembodimentsofthesystem100canincludeacombinationofEmpiricalModeDecompositionand
DirectionofArrivalprocessingasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,027,whichisincorporatedherein
byreferenceinitsentirety.Insomeembodiments,theDOAprocessingcanbeusedtoseparatemotionsignals
thatoccuratdifferentangles.SubsequentlyEMDprocessingcanbeusedtoextractthedesiredphysiological
motionsignalfromnonphysiologicalmotionandothersignalinterferencethatremainsafterDOAprocessing.
Variousembodimentscanincludeaprocessorconfiguredtoexecuteamotioncompensationalgorithm.Motion
compensationcansuppressinterferencewithcardiopulmonarysignalscausedbymovementofotherbodypartsor
movementbyanotherpersonintheantenna'sfieldofview.Thecardiopulmonarysignalcanbeinalowfrequency
rangee.g.,fromafewHztoafewkHzevenincludingharmonics,whileothernoncardiopulmonarymotioncanbe
widebandbecauseitmovesmorequicklyforexample,animpulseresponsecanincludeallfrequency
components.Insomeembodiments,themotioncompensationalgorithmcanseparatelowpassfilteredandhigh
passfilteredversionsofthedataorsignalandfindatleasttwoprimaryvectors(e.g.,principleeigenvectors)forthe
highpassfiltereddataorsignal.Thelowpassfiltereddataorsignalswhichincludethecardiopulmonarysignal,
canbeprojectedontheorthogonalsubspacespannedbytheseprimaryvectorsofthehighpassfilteredsignal.
Thissubspacecancontainreducedorminimalmotioninterference.Thisapproachcanprovideinformationrelated
totherespiratorysignalwithgreateraccuracywhenusedwithmultiplespatiallyseparatedantennas.
[0563] InDopplerradarbasedmonitoringofphysiologicalmotion,differentsourcesofmotioncanbedifferentiatedusing
variousmethods,includingthefollowing:
[0564] DirectionofArrivalalgorithmswithmultiplereceivers
[0565] BlindSourceSeparationwithmultiplereceivers
[0566] EmpiricalModeDecompositionwithasinglereceiver
[0567] IndependentComponentsAnalysiswithmultiplereceivers
[0568] Asignalreceiverwithamechanicallysteeredantenna
[0569] Anactivearray,withanelectricallysteeredantennabeam
[0570] Invariousembodiments,facialrecognitionsoftwarecanbeusedtoidentifythenumberofpeopleintheantennas'
fieldofview,andcanbeusedinconjunctionwithDOAalgorithmsorothersourceseparationalgorithmstofocus
onthedesiredsubject.

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[0571] Invariousembodiments,thedesiredtargetcanwearatagthatcanbeusedforaimingand/oridentificationofthe
desiredtarget.Insomeembodiments,thesignalstrengthfromthetagcanbeusedtoaidwithaiming.Insome
embodiments,atagcanbeusedinconjunctionwithDOAprocessingtodeterminethedirectionofthetagandto
focusthereceivebeamofamultiplereceiversysteminthisdirection.Insomeembodiments,thetagcanprovidea
harmonicofthetransmittedsignaloramodulatedversionofthetransmittedsignal.Insomeofthese
embodiments,thesignalcanbeobtainedfromthetagsignalratherthantheoverallDopplersignal,toensurethat
thesignalcomesfromthedesiredsource.Insomeembodiments,aretrodirectiveantennasendsthesignalback
inthesamedirectionusingaphasedarrayorcornerantennas.
[0572] Insomeembodiments,monopulsetrackingtechniquescanbeappliedtotrackthedirectionofthesourcewith
higherresolutioninconnectionwiththeDOAprocessillustratedinFIG.16BA.Ratherthanfindingthemaximum
powercomingfromthedirectionofthesummationoftwosquintedbeams,thismethodtrackstheminimumpower
comingfromthedirectionofthesubtractionofthetwobeams.Anerrorsignalvoltagecanbecalculatedby
multiplyingthedifferencebetweenthetwobeamswiththesumofthetwobeams.Abiggerabsolutevalueofthe
errorsignalvoltageimpliesthemoreoffsetofthesourcedirectionfromtheestimateddirection.Thepolarityofthe
errorsignalvoltageprovidesthedirectionoftheoffset.Forexample,negativemeansasourceislocatedontheleft
fromtheestimateddirection,whilepositivemeanstherightside.
[0573] InvariousembodimentsutilizingDOAalgorithms,theDOAalgorithmscanincludesecondlobecancellation,
MUSIC(eigenvectordecomposition)and/orEsprit.VariousDOAalgorithmscanincludestepsoffindingtheangle
ofthedesiredsourceandofundesiredsource,andofmaximizingthedesiredsourcepowertoundesiredsource
powerratio.
[0574] Invariousembodimentswhichrequiremultiplereceivers,thefollowingarrangementsofantennaarrayscanbe
used:linear,circular,random,rectangular2Darray,antennasorplacedintheroomcorners.Insomeembodiments
2Darrayiscomposedofplanarantennasthataredistributedontheplanewhosevectorisdirectingtotargets.In
someembodiments2Darrayiscomposedofomnidirectionalantennasthataredistributedontheplanewhose
vectorisparalleltotargets.Insomeembodimentswhereantennasareplacedintheroomcorners,atleast3
antennascanbeusedtodetermineapointatwhichthemotionoccurs.
[0575] Insomeembodiments,arraysizecanbereducedbysharingantennasasshown,forexample,inFIG.16BB.In
thefigure,fourantennascompriseonesinglecellthathas6dBhighergainthanasingleantenna.Furthermore,
columnantennasineachcellaresharedforitsadjacentcells,resultinginacompactarrayfeature.
[0576] Insomeembodiments,abistaticradarcanbeused,wherethereceiverisspatiallyseparatedfromthetransmitter.
[0577] Noisereductioncanbeobtainedthroughfiltering,whereinthefilterpassessignalsinthephysiologicalbandand
attenuatessignalsoutsideofthatband.
[0578] Sincethecardiopulmonarysignalhaslowfrequencycomponents,anoversamplingandaveragingmethodcanbe
appliedtoreducenoisewithinexpensivedataacquisitiondevices.Byoversampling,theuncorrelatednoisepower
(suchasAWGN)onbasebandsignalscanbereducedbyafactorof1/NbyaveragingNsamples,whilekeeping
thesamesignalpower,resultinginaSNRthatisNtimesgreaterwithoversamplingandaveragingthanwith
Nyquistsampling.
[0579] Noisereductioncanbeobtainedthroughperformingempiricalmodedecompositionandselectingtheoneormore
modesthatcontainthephysiologicalsignal(s)andusingonlythosetoreconstitutethesignal.Theempiricalmode
decompositionalgorithmadaptivelyseparatesthesignalintointrinsicmodefunctions(IMFs)whichareadaptively
createdbasedonthehighestenergyintrinsictimescalesinthedata,andthuscapturethemostimportant
informationinthesignal.IMFshavewelldefinedHilberttransforms.Thisempiricalmodedecompositionalgorithm
canbeusedtoprocessthedigitizedoutputofaradardesignedtomeasurecardiopulmonarymotionofasubject.
ThequadratureoutputsoftheradarsignalcanbeprocessedwithanEMDalgorithmincludingatleastoneof
bivariateEMD,complexEMD,orrotationvariantEMD.TheIMFsoftheIandQchannelscanbecombinedwitha
linearornonlineardemodulationalgorithm.ThenamotionsignalcanbeconstructedfromtheIMFscontainingthe
signal,withouttheIMFsthatcontainonlynoise,resultinginsignificantnoisereductionasdisclosedinU.S.
ProvisionalApp.No.61/125,023,whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0580] Invariousembodiments,anidentification(ID)systemisusedtoprovidepositivepatientidentificationin
conjunctionwithremotevitalsignalsensingasillustratedinFIG.16C.VariousembodimentsofanIDsystemhave
twobasiccomponents:areader1610andatag1612.Thetag1612isadeviceplacedonornearthepatientthat
emitsorreemitsasignal.Thisemittedorreemittedsignalismodulatedinsuchawaythatitisencodedwith
uniqueidentificationthatmarksthatsignalasbeingfromaspecifictag.Insomeembodiments,thisunique
identificationindicatesapatientidentificationnumberthatisusedinhospitalrecords.Thereader1610isadevice
thattakesthemodulatedsignalfromthetag1612andidentifiesthecodedinformation.Insomeembodiments,the
reader1610canalsoprovidethesourcesignalthatthetag1612modulatesandreemits.Inorderforan
identificationsystemtolinkthevitalsignassessmenttoaparticularpatient,itissufficienttoensurethatthe
patientiswithintheareainwhichthedirectionsensitiveandrangesensitivesensorcanmeasure.Insome
embodiments,directionsensitivityinaremotesensingradarisachievedthroughuseofadirectionalantennathat
isinsensitivetosignalsoutsideofalimitedanglerangeintwodimensions.Invariousembodiments,range
sensitivityislimitedeitherthroughpowersensitivityorrangegatingofpulsesignals.AlocationspecificIDsystem
shouldbehaveanactiveareawithinofthisthreedimensionalspaceofsensorsensitivity.
[0581] Insomeembodiments,thetagscanbeencodedwithapatientidentificationnumber.Insomeembodiments,the
vitalsignsmonitorcouldaccesspatientinformation(name,etc.)withinformationobtainedfromthistaganddisplay
patientinformationforthepatientbeingmeasuredonthedisplay.Insomeembodiments,thevitalsignsmonitor
couldtransmitvitalsignsinformationwiththepatientidentificationnumbersuchthatinacentralnursingstation,
thevitalsignswouldbedisplayedwiththepatientidentificationnumber,orsuchthatthevitalsignswouldbe
storedwiththepatient'selectronicmedicalrecord.

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[0582] Insomeembodiments,attheinitiationofacontinuousmeasurement,thenursewouldsynchronizethevitalsigns
monitorwiththetagwornbythepatient,suchthatitcanonlymonitor,display,transmit,and/orrecordvitalsigns
whenthattagisinthefieldofview,untilanewmeasurementisinitiated,withanewtag.
[0583] FIG.16Dshowsanembodimentofanactivetag1612emittingasignalmodulatedwithauniqueIDsignaturethat
isreceivedbythereaderdevice1610.Inthisembodiment,thereader1610hasadirectionalantennathatdetects
thetag's1612signalfromaspecificanglerange.Invariousembodiments,thepowerofthetag1612canbe
adjustedtolimittherangeinwhichthetagcanbesensedsuchthattheIDareaisthesameareasensedbythe
vitalsignmonitor.
[0584] FIG.16Eshowsatag1612receivingasignalandeitherreemittingthesignalmodulatedwithuniqueID
information(passive)oremittinganewsignal(active).Invariousembodiments,inorderfortheIDtobelocation
specific,thetransmitand/orthereceiveapparatusshouldbedirectional.Invariousembodiments,thetag1612can
eitheremitorreemitinanomnidirectionalfashionorutilizingsomesortorretrodirectivemethodsuchasacorner
reflectororaphasedarray.
[0585] Insomeembodiments,asignalissentbyanexciter,receivedbythetag,reemittedinanomnidirectional
direction,withthesignalmodulatedbythetaginsuchawaythatthereisidentifiableinformationinthesignal,and
thendetectedbyareceiver.Insomeembodiments,thetagreflectsthesignalbacktothesourceusing,for
example,aretrodirectivearrayoracornerreflector.Insomeembodiments,theexcitercanbecolocatedwiththe
receiver.Insomeembodiments,theexciterandreceiveraretogetherinatransceiverarchitecture.Insome
embodiments,modulationcanbeamplitudemodulation,phasemodulation,orfrequencymodulationofthecarrier
signal.Insomeembodiments,thetagcanreturnasignalthathasorthogonalpolarizationforlinearpolarizationor
counterrotation,forcircularpolarization.Insomeembodiments,thetagcanreturnasignalthatisaharmonicof
thecarriersignal.Insomeembodiments,digitalinformationismodulatedbymethodsincluding,butnotlimitedto:
pulsewidth,pulsedelay,pulseamplitude,andpulsedensity.
[0586] FIG.16FissimilartoFIG.16Einwhichthetagreceivesasignalandemitsorreemitsamodulatedsignalwitha
uniqueID.However,thisisamoregeneralforminwhichtheexciter1614andthereader1610areseparateand
notnecessarilycolocated.Inthiscaseboththeexciter1614andthereader1610canbedirectionalinorderto
maketheaffectiveareaspecifictotheareasensedbythevitalsignmonitor.Insomeembodiments,theexciter
andthereadermaynotbecolocated.
[0587] Insomeembodimentsofanactivetag,abatteryoperatedRFIDtagissensedbyareaderwithadirectional
antennacolocatedwithvitalsignsensor.
[0588] Insomeembodiments,aninfraredLEDtagpulsesauniqueID,whichisreadbyanIRsensitivecamera.This
cameradataisanalyzedtorestrictvitalsignsensingtoperiodswhentheLEDisinaspecificareainthecamera's
view.Invariousembodiments,thecameraiseitherceilingmountedorcolocatedwiththesensor.
[0589] Insomeembodiments,anultrasonictagisutilizedwhichhasamodulatedsonicsignalatafrequencyabovethat
whichhumanscanhear.Insomeembodiments,ultrasonicmicrophonescanbeplacedfortriangulationtoposition
oftag,andthetagpositioncanbeanalyzedtoindicatewhetheritiswithintherangeandanglefromwhichthe
radarbasedvitalsignssensorcanoperate.
[0590] Insomeembodiments,thereaderislocatedwiththepatientandidentifiescodedinformationinthevitalsign
sensor'sRFsignal.ThereaderrespondswithanomnidirectionalsignalindicatingproperIDacquisition.Invarious
embodiments,thisresponsesignalcaninclude,butisnotlimitedto:IEEE802.11(wifi),Bluetooth,zigbee,ultra
sonic,infraredand/orISMbandRFradiation.
[0591] Insomeembodiments,atagreemitsRFradiationfromvitalsignsensor'stransmittermodulatedwithitsunique
ID.Invariousembodiments,thereader,withadirectionalantenna,canbeceilingmounted,floormounted,orco
locatedwiththevitalsignsensor.Insomeembodiments,thereadercanhaveadirectionalantenna.Insome
embodiments,thetagreemitsanomnidirectionalsignal.
[0592] Insomeembodiments,acameraismountedontheceilingorcolocatedwiththesensor,andusesfacial
recognitionalgorithmstoindicatewhetherthepatientisinspecificareasofahospitalroombeforerecordingvital
signs.Insomeembodiments,whenthehealthcarepractitionerinitiatesthemeasurements,heorshesynchronizes
thesensorwiththefaceofthepatient.
[0593] Insomeembodiments,acameraismountedontheceilingorcolocatedwiththesensor,andthepatient'stagor
hospitalgownhasauniquepatternthatcanbededucedbytheimageprocessingalgorithms.
[0594] SomeembodimentsofthesystemcanuseaDopplerradarbasedidentificationsystemthatcanprovidepositive
patientidentificationwhileacquiringvitalsignsignals.Insomeembodiments,theidentificationsystemcanprovide
alternativemeansofacquiringphysiologicalsignals.FIG.16Gillustratesthebasicconceptofenablingpositive
identification(ID)usingatagattachedonthepatient.Thetagreader,orreaderunit1620,transmitsacontinuous
wave(CW)signaltowardsthesubject1622usingasomewhatdirectiveantennabeamilluminatingthesubject
1622.Asthesignalisreflectedfromthesubject'sthorax,itsphaseismodulatedproportionallytothethorax's
cardiacandrespiratorymotion.Whenthissignalisreceivedanddownconverted,thereisabasebandDoppler
signalatthecardiopulmonarysignalfrequency.Invariousembodiments,theIDtag1624canbeattachedtothe
patient'supperbody,eitherattachedtotheclothingoradheredtotheskinofthepatientwithanadhesive.Insome
embodiments,thetag1624canbebatteryoperatedhowever,itcanbepassiveinthesensethatitcannot
generatetransmitsignalsonitsown,butwhenthesignaltransmittedbythereaderunit1620illuminatesthetag
1624,thetag1624canmodulatethebackscatterbychangingthereflectioncoefficientfromtheantennaata
programmedfrequency.Insomeembodiments,thereflectioncoefficientfromtheantennacanbechangedby
periodicallyconnectingtheantennatoaloadbycontrollingthebiascurrentofadiodeconnectingtheantennaand
aload,resultingingenerationofsidebandsthatcarryIDinformation.Insomeembodiments,theperiodic
connectionoftheantennatoaloadrequiresalocalbatteryonthetag.

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[0595] OneembodimentofthepassivetransponderRFIDtechnologyisshowninFIG.16H.Theillustratedembodimentis
acrystal1632basedtwowayradiopoweredbyawatchbattery.Thistagispassiveinthesensethatitdoesnot
generateasignalbyitself,howeveritrequiresabatterytopoweramicroprocessor1626andprovideamodulating
currenttothediode.Thebackscatterfromthetagismodulatedbythebiascurrenttothediode1628,which
changestheimpedanceseenbythetagantenna1630,andthusthepowerreflectedfromtheantenna.The
modulatingcurrentisproducedbyamicroprocessor1626drivenbyalowfrequencyclock,(insomeembodiments,
theclockisinthe10kHzrange).Thus,themodulatedbackscatterappearsatthesidebandfrequency(insome
embodiments,inthe10kHzrange),andcanbeeasilyseparatedfromthebasebandDopplersignalthroughfiltering
inthedigitaldomain.Thedataacquisitionsamplingrateispreferablygreaterthantwicethesidebandfrequency
range(insomeembodiments,20kHz)toavoidaliasing.InsomeembodimentsinwhichalowIFarchitectureis
used,thesamplingrateisselectedconsideringthatthesamplingrateispreferablyatleastdoublethelowIF
frequency+doublethesidebandfrequency.Insomeembodiments,thetagantenna1630isomnidirectionalto
ensurethatthebackscattercanbedetectedbythereaderifthesubjectchangesposition.Insomeembodiments,
multipletagscanbeusedtoprovidesignaldiversity,forexampleonthefrontandbackofthesubject,butinother
embodiments,onlyonetagisneeded.Insomeembodiments,thetagcanconveyauniquepatient'scodeon
carriersignalorreflectedsignalbyoneofseveralmethods,includingbutnotlimitedto:frequencymodulation,
frequencyshiftkeying(FSK),pulsewidthmodulation,andphaseshiftkeying(PSK).Insomeembodiments,these
modulatedreflectedsignalsarethendemodulatedandconvertedtobinaryidentificationnumbers.
[0596] Insomeembodiments,apatient'sIDnumberisencodedonthereflectedcarriersignalbyusingconventional
modulationmethodsincludingbutnotlimitedtoPSKorFSKmodulation.Insomeembodiments,codescanbeset
byseveralbitsincludingpilotbitsforbothcases.Insomeembodiments,pilotbitscanletthesystemknowthe
firstbitofthepatients'IDnumberandcanbeconsecutivethreebitswithvalueoneorhigh.IncaseofPSK,a
fixedoffsetfrequencyofmorethanonecyclecancompriseonebitofcodebit.Insomeembodiments,eachbit's
valuecanbeassignedbyshiftingthephaseofmodulatedsignalfrom0to180degree.Insomeembodimentsusing
thesystemillustratedinFIG.16H,PSKcanbeachievedbyswitchingtheloadattachedtotheantennaviathe
diodetoprovidethephaseshift.Insomeembodiments,thebitvalueschangewheneverthecurrentbitphaseis
180degreesdifferentfromthepreviousbit.InsomeembodimentsutilizingFSK,twodifferentfrequenciesareused
formodulatingthereflectedsignal,oneofwhichrepresentszerowhiletheotherdoesone.Insomeembodiment
usingthesystemillustratedinFIG.16H,thiscouldbeachievedbyswitchingthediodeatthecrystalfrequency
andhalfthecrystalfrequencyforafixedperiod.InotherembodimentsusingthesystemillustratedinFIG.16H,
fourfrequenciescanbeusedtoprovide2bitdata.InotherembodimentsusingthesystemillustratedinFIG.16H,
morethan4frequenciescanbeused.
[0597] Insomeembodiments,thesameradarfrontendcanbeusedtodetectboththeIDinformationappearinginthe
sidebands,andtheDopplershiftgeneratedbythesubject'sphysiologicalmotion,fromtheportionofthesignal
reflectedbythethoraxandnotthetagasshowninFIG.16I.ThemostimportantdifferencebetweentheID
informationandtheDopplershiftgeneratedbyphysiologicalisthebandwidth,whichaffectstherequiredsampling
rate.ThesamplingrateforthecombinationradarsensorIDreaderispreferablyadequatefordetectionofthe
sidebandsgeneratedbythetagandforthebasebandDopplershiftgeneratedbythesubject'sphysiological
motion.Aftercomplexdownconversion,thesidebandscanappearatalowIFfrequency(insomeembodiments,
thiswouldbeinthe10kHzrangethesamefrequencyasthecrystal)thatcanbedigitizedandfurther
demodulatedindigitaldomain.ThebasebandDopplershiftcanbenearDC,atfrequenciesbelow10Hz.The
basebandsignalconditioningisessentiallythesameforboththetagreaderandthedirectconversionDoppler
radarsensorofphysiologicalmotion,butinthetagreadersystem,itneedstoacceptsignalsthataresufficiently
widebandtoincludeboththebasebandDopplersignalandthesidebandsgeneratedbythetag.Insome
embodiments,thesignalgeneratedbythetagcanhaveamuchlowerpowerthanthatreflectedfromthetorso,in
whichcasethedynamicrangeofthereceiverispreferablyadequatetodetectbothsignals.Invarious
embodiments,thiscanrequireoneormoreofthefollowingmethods:ACcouplingthesignaltoremoveDCoffsets
beforeamplificationandusingahighresolutionanalogtodigitalconverterapplyingamethodofDCcancellationor
DCcompensationinanalogprocessingbeforeahighgainstageandusingahighresolutionanalogtodigital
converterseparatelyprocessingthesidebandandthebasebandDopplersignalsuchthateachhasappropriate
gainandfilteringand/orusingahighresolutionanalogtodigitalconverter.
[0598] Insomeembodiments,inadditiontotheidentificationsignalsprovidedbythetag,itisalsopossibletoobtain
signalsaboutphysiologicalmotionfromtheDopplershiftofthesidebandsignalsgeneratedbythetag,referredto
hereasthesidebandDopplersignal.Oncethesignalisdigitized,thesidebandsignals(thosegeneratedbythe
motionofthetag)canbeseparatedfromthebasebandDopplersignals(thosereflectedbythethoraxwithoutthe
tag).Insomeembodiments,thesidebandDopplersignalcanbedigitallydownconvertedtobaseband,and
processedthesamewaythatthebasebandDopplersignalisprocessed.SincetheIDtagitselfisattachedtothe
movingsurface,signalsreflectedfromthetagantennacancontainasimilarDopplershiftasthatproducedbythe
movingchest.Iftherewerenomodulationonthetag,thesetwosignalswouldaddanditwouldbechallengingto
separatethem.However,sincethetagbackscatterisshiftedinfrequencybymodulatingdiodebiascurrent,the
Dopplershift,aswellastheIDinformation,canappearonthesesidebands.Sincethemodulatedbackscatterfrom
thetag(sidebandDopplershift)isoriginatingonlyfromthechestregionphysicallyattachedtothetag,andthe
carrierDopplershiftresultsfromtheilluminationofalargerareathatcanincludethehands,arms,shoulders,and
legs,itisexpectedthattwosignalscanexhibitsubtledifferences.Insomecases,themodulatedbackscattercan
bemoreimmunetofidgetingmotion,sincetherearefewerpotentialsourcesofnoncardiopulmonarymotion
attachedtothetag.Insomeembodiments,theDopplershiftsignalobtainedfromthetagcanbecomparedwith
theDopplershiftsignalobtainedfromthenontagreflections.Insomeembodiments,significantdifferencesinthe
twosignalscanindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotioninthesignalobtainedwiththenontagreflections.Insome

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embodiments,thetwosignalscanbecomparedwithacrosscorrelationfunction,andthedegreeofcorrelation
betweenthesignalscanbeusedtodeterminewhetherornottoindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotion.Insome
embodiments,theDopplershiftsignalobtainedfromthetagreflectioncanbeusedforphysiologicalprocessing.An
additionaladvantageofthesidebandsignalsisthattheycannotsufferfromdistortionduetoaccoupling,in
embodimentswhereanaccoupledreceiverisused,andtheycanalsobelessaffectedby1/fnoise.
[0599] Insomeembodiments,adesiredordesignatedsubjectinahomeenvironmentcouldbecontinuouslymonitored,
providedthereisadequatecoverageofallroomswithoneormorereaderandthesubjectiswearingatag.
[0600] FIG.16Jisaflowchartillustratinganembodimentoftheidentificationreadingandvitalsignssignalsprocessingof
thesidebandsignals.Inthisembodiment,theIDcodeisencodedonthesignalbytheRFIDtag,usingfixedlength
PSKcodesatafixedoffsetfrequency.Inthisembodiment,theencodedsignalismodulatedonthesignalreflected
bytheRFtag'smicroprocessor,resultinginasidebandsignaloffsetfromthecarriedfrequencybythefrequencyof
thePSKmodulation.Sincetheamplitudeofthecorrelationcoefficientisproportionaltothepositionordelayofthe
reflectedencodedsignal,theamplitudevariationofthecorrelationcoefficientcanbeusedtoprovidevitalsigns
whichcanbeusedforinformationdiversityorconfirmationwhenobtainingvitalsignsfromthebasebandDoppler
signal
[0601] Thesystem100includingtheradarbasedphysiologicalsensorcanbeconfiguredinvarietyofwaysasdescribed
below.
[0602] AnexamplesystemconfigurationcanincludeaSpotCheckmonitorconfiguredasasinglepieceoratwopiece
systemandadaptedtooperateat2.4GHz.Thesystem100canfurtherincludeasingleantenna,directconversion
orahomodynereceiverandahighpassfilter.Thesystem100canfurtherincludeaprocessorconfiguredto
processsignalsusingthelineardemodulationalgorithmdescribedabove.Invariousembodiments,theprocessor
canalsobeconfiguredtoestimatetherate(e.g.,respiratoryrate,heartrate,etc.)usingoneormoreratefinding
algorithms.
[0603] Asdescribedabove,invariousembodiments,themonitorcanincludeahomodynereceiver.Invarious
embodiments,thehomodynereceiverisusedforitssimplicityandforitsphasenoisecancellationproperty.In
variousembodiments,toeliminatemirrorimagingatbasebandafterdownconvertingtheRFsignal,thesystem
includescomplexdemodulation,whichprovidesquadratureanalogoutputs.Invariousembodiments,togeta
focusedbeam,a2by2arrayedpatchantennasareused.Invariousotherembodiments,smallerorlargerarray
patchantennasorasingle(nonarray)patchantennacanbeused.Forexample,togetamorefocusedbeam,more
antennascanbeusedinthearray.Invariousotherembodiments,other(nonpatch)antennaconfigurationscanbe
used.Invariousembodiments,thequadratureoutputscanbeantialiasfilteredandtheDCsignalcanberemoved
withahighpassfilter.Thefilteredsignalcanbesampledwithananalogtodigitalconverter(ADC)andthe
digitizeddataissubsequentlyprocessedintheprocessor.Insomeembodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsignal
isanalyzedtodeterminewhetherthesignalhaslowqualityduetonoise,interference,and/ornonphysiological
motion.Insomeembodiments,thephysiologicalmotionsignalisseparatedfromnoise,interferenceand/ornon
physiologicalmotion.Thenthephysiologicalmotionsignalisprocessedtodeterminerespiratorywaveform,andthe
respiratoryrate.Insomeembodiments,therespiratoryrateisextractedfromtherespiratoryratewaveform.
[0604] FIG.17illustratesanembodimentofthesystem100configuredasrespiratoryratespotcheckmeasurement
device.ThedeviceillustratedinFIG.17includesasourceofelectromagneticradiation1701(e.g.,avoltage
controlledoscillator)andatransceiver1702.Insomeembodiments,thetransceiver1702canincludeasingle
antennatotransmitandreceivethesignals.Thesignalreceivedfromsaidoneormoreobjectsthatscatter
radiationandhavemotionisdirectedtoatleastonemixer1704throughapowersplitter1703.Insome
embodiments,thepowersplittercanbea2way0degreepowersplitter.Invariousembodiments,thesignalfrom
thesource1701canbemixedwiththereceivedsignalatthemixer.Invariousembodimentsthesystem100can
includetwomixers(e.g.,1704and1705)thatcanoutputaninphaseandaquadraturephasecomponent.The
signalsoutputfromthemixercanbeconditionedandsampledbyadataacquisitionsystem(DAQorDAS)1706.
Invariousembodiments,thesignalcanbeconditionedtoremovealiasing,forexamplebylowpassfiltering.In
variousembodiments,thesignalcanbeconditioned,forexample,byhighpassfiltering,lowpassfiltering,DC
cancellation,amplifying,etc.Thedigitalacquisitionsystem1706canincludemultiplexers,analogtodigital
converter(ADC),digitaltoanalogconverter(DAC),timers,buffers,etc.Theoutputofthedigitalacquisition
system1706canbecommunicatedtoacomputeroraprocessorforfurthersignalprocessing.Insome
embodimentsthecomputerortheprocessorcanbeinelectroniccommunicationwithanoutputunitthatis
configuredtoperformanoutputactionbasedontheinformationobtainedaftersignalprocessing.Forexample,in
someembodiments,theoutputunitcanincludeadisplayunitconfiguredtodisplay.Insomeembodiments,the
outputunitcanincludeaprinterconfiguredtoprintoranaudiblesystemconfiguredtosoundanalarmorand
audiblesystemconfiguredtospeaktherespiratoryreadoramedicaldevice(e.g.,adefibrillator)configuredtouse
theinformationorahomehealthcaredeviceconfiguredtocollectinformationfromvariousmedicaldevicesand
transmittheinformationtoacentraldatabaseorahealthkioskcomputerconfiguredtotransmittheinformationtoa
remotehealthcarepractitioner.Insomeembodiments,thecomputerorprocessorcanbeinelectronic
communicationwithaninputunitthatisconfiguredtocontrolsystem.Insomeembodiments,theinputunitcanbe
astartbuttonorahealthkioskcomputerconfiguredtoallowaremotehealthcarepractitionertoinitiatethe
measurementorahomehealthcaredeviceconfiguredtoinitiatethemeasurement.
[0605] Invariousembodiments,thecardiopulmonaryrelatedmotionofthebodysurfacecanbemeasuredeitherfroma
distanceorbycontactingthebodysurface.Inthoseembodiments,whereintheantennaisincontactwiththebody
methodstoisolatebodysurfacereflectionsfrominternalreflectionsareusedtoenablemeasurementoftheinternal
bodymotion.Variousinternalcardiopulmonaryrelatedchangescanalsobeelectromagneticallymeasuredfor
surfaceandinternalbodypartsandtissues,includingimpedancechangesassociatedwithheartbeat.

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[0606] OneembodimentofarespirationratespotcheckerisillustratedinFIG.18.Thesystemincludesaradarbased
physiologicalsensor1801similartothevariousembodimentsdescribedabove,acomputationalunit,andadisplay
unit.Invariousembodiments,thecomputationalunitandthedisplayunitcanbehousedtogetherinsinglehousing
1802(e.g.,alaptop,ahandheldcomputer,aPDA,etc.).Thesensor1801cancommunicatewiththecomputation
unitand/orthedisplayunitwirelesslyoroverawiredconnectionusingthevariouscommunicationprotocols
discussedabove.Invariousembodiments,thesensor1801,thecomputationunitandthedisplayunitcanbe
housedtogetherinasinglehousing.Incertainembodiments,thesensor1801andthecomputationalunitcanbe
housedtogetherinsingleunitandthedisplayunitcanbeseparate.
[0607] Invariousembodiments,thespotcheckmonitorcanbeconfiguredtooperatewhenastartbuttonisactuated.In
variousembodiments,themonitorcanstartmeasuringthephysiologicalmotionsignalintheoperationalmode.In
variousembodiments,ausercanselectoneofthreemodes:quickmode,extendedmode,orcontinuousmode.
Eachofthethreemodescanrequireadifferentnumberofconsecutivebreathswithoutmotionbeforeprovidinga
rate.Forexample,inthequickmode,approximately2consecutivebreathswithoutmotioncanberequiredto
calculatetherate,intheextendedmode,approximately6consecutivebreathswithoutmotioncanberequiredto
calculatetheratewhileinthenormalmode,approximately3consecutivebreathscanberequiredtocalculatethe
rate.
[0608] FIG.19illustratesanembodimentofaninterface(e.g.,adisplayscreen)configuredtooutputcardiopulmonaryor
cardiovascularrelatedinformation(e.g.,respirationrate,respiratorywaveform,heartrate,pulserate,etc.).The
embodimentillustratedinFIG.19isascreenshotofadisplaydisplayingthemeasuredrespiratoryrate.Invarious
embodiments,asignalprocessingunit(e.g.,thecomputationunitofFIG.18)candeterminethepeakinhalation
pointsofthesubjectandcountthemovertimeusingoneormorealgorithms.Invariousembodiments,thesystem
100canbufferarespirationrateforeveryblockofdata.Invariousembodiments,ifaninterruption(e.g.,interruption
createdduetononcardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference)isdetectedduringthereading,any
respirationratevaluesstoredinthebufferwillbeclearedandnovalueswillbebuffereduntiltheinterruptionhas
ceased.Oncetheapproximaterequirednumberofbreathsisreadconsecutively,thedevicereturnsthemedian
valuerecorded,toensurethatthereadingisasaccurateaspossible.Insomeembodiments,therequirednumber
ofbreathscanbe3.Invariousembodiments,therequirednumberofbreathscanbe5,10,15,20orsomeother
valueintherangefrom330.Invariousembodiments,theinterfacecanhaveastatusindicator1901configuredto
showastatus.Forexample,thestatusindicator1901canbeabarwhichwillgrowaseachconsecutivebreathis
read.Assoonastherequirednumberofbreathsisread,thestatusindicatorcanstopgrowing.Themeasured
respiratoryratecanbeindicatedinarea1902ofthedisplay.Invariousembodiments,controlscanbeprovidedon
theinterfaceconfiguredtocontrolthesystem.Forexample,astartandastopbutton1903and1904canbe
providedonthedisplayinterfaceillustratedinFIG.19.Invariousembodiments,themeasurementcanbe
interruptedifthestopbuttonisactuated,inwhichcasenovaluescanbereturned.
[0609] Invariousembodimentsofthesystem,therespirationratecanbedeterminedbyusingarateestimationalgorithm
whichusestwoprocesses,e.g.,atimedomainapproachand/orafrequencydomainapproachtodeterminethe
respirationrate:afrequencydomainestimateandatimedomainestimate.Afirstadvantageofemployingtwo
methodsisthatcomparingtheresultofthetwoapproachescanhelptodetermineifbreathingisregular.Asecond
advantageisthattheredundancyintroducedbyemployingtwoalgorithmscanhelpinriskmitigationforinaccurate
respiratoryrates.Invariousembodiments,thetimedomainrateestimationusesthezerocrossingswithpositiveor
negativeslopeinthesignaltorecognizeabreath.Thepeakofthesignalbetweentwoconsecutivepositivezero
crossingsortwoconsecutivezerocrossingsiscomparedagainstathresholdtodetermineifthetwoconsecutive
zerocrossingsactuallyincludeabreath.Insomeembodiments,thepositivezerocrossingswillbeused,andif
therearenotenoughbreathsforaratetobecalculated,thenegativezerocrossingswillbeused.Additionally,a
Fouriertransformiscomputedonallthesamplestoprovidethesignalspectrum.Invariousembodiments,the
frequencydomainestimateoftheratecanbethelargestmagnitudefrequencycomponentinthesignal.Thetime
domainandthefrequencydomainrateestimatescanbecompared.Invariousembodiments,thedifference
betweenthetworesultscanindicatethedegreetowhichthesignaldoesnotfittheassumptionsofeitherthetime
orfrequencydomainapproaches.Forexample,adifferenceof0canindicateaperfectmatchbetweenthetime
domainandthefrequencydomainapproach.Invariousembodiments,thefrequencydomaincalculationcanserve
asacrosschecktothemeasurementobtainedfromthetimedomainapproachorviceversa.Invarious
embodiments,thetworatescanserveasacrosscheckforaccuracy.Amismatchbetweenthefrequencydomain
andtimedomaincalculationscanalsoindicatepossibleirregularbreathing.Variousembodimentsofthedevicecan
requirealowvariabilityintherespiratoryratetoprovideameasurementorareadingtoensurethatmeasurement
orreadingsprovidedareaccurate.Insomeembodiments,thesystemcoulddisplayorotherwisecommunicatean
indicationoflevelofvariabilityofthemeasuredrate,i.e.,howmuchtheratevariedduringthemeasurement
interval.Thevariationinthemeasuredratecanbeusedinmedicalanalysisbythehealthcareprofessional.
[0610] FIG.20illustratesascreenshotofadisplaydevice.Thedisplaydeviceisincommunicationwithasystem100
thatusesbothtimedomainapproachandfrequencydomainapproachtocalculatetherespirationrateasdiscussed
above.Thesystem100canbeconfiguredtoperformthemeasurementoverafixedperiodinarangebetween
approximately15secondstoapproximately1minute.Forexample,insomeembodiments,inthequickmodethe
system100canperformameasurementovera15secondtimeinterval,inthenormalmode,thesystem100can
performameasurementovera30secondtimeintervalandintheextendedmode,thesystem100canperforma
measurementovera60secondtimeinterval.Thesetimeintervalscorrespondtointervalscommonlyusedby
healthcarepractitionerswhencountingrespiratoryexcursionstoestimaterespiratoryrate.Inotherembodiments,
thetimeintervalsforthethreemodescanbedifferent.Astatusindicator2001canindicatethetimethathas
passedduringthemeasurementandthetimethatremainsforthemeasurement.Insomeembodiments,the
displaycanalsohaveacontrolbutton2002thatcanallowausertochooseamodeofoperation(e.g.,quick,

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normalorextended).Othercontrolssuchasastartbutton2003andastopbutton2004canalsobeprovidedon
thedisplaytocontrolthesystem.Insomeembodiments,thedisplaycanalsoprovideastatusindicationofthe
system.Forexample,inFIG.20,thedisplayindicatesthestatusofthepowersourceandthebatterypowerforthe
computationunit.Insomeembodiments,thepreviouslymeasuredratecanalsobedisplayed.Insome
embodimentsaclearbutton2005canalsobeincludetoremovethedisplayedrespiratoryratesfromthescreen.In
variousembodimentserrorsinestimatingarespirationrateforexampleduetothepresenceofnon
cardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterferencecanalsobedisplayedonthedisplaydevice.
[0611] FIG.21illustratesanotherembodimentofasystem100includingasensor2101,acomputationalunitanda
displayunithousedinasinglehousing2102.
[0612] Invariousembodiments,therateestimationalgorithm,describedabove,operatesonallthedataobtainedduring
themeasurementinterval.Invariousembodiments,therateestimationalgorithmcandetectanonrespiratory
signal(e.g.,noncardiopulmonarysignalorothersignalinterference)andusethisinformationtoidentifythesignal
quality.Samplesofdatahavinglowsignalqualitycanberejected.Forexample,sampleshavinganexcursion
largerthanthesubject'smaximumbreathcanresultfromnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference
andthuscanberejected.Insomeembodiments,samplesexhibitingasignificantincreaseinsignalpowercanalso
resultfromnoncardiopulmonarymotionandthuscanberejected.Insomeembodiments,thenoncardiopulmonary
motiondetectionalgorithmdescribedabovecanbeusedtodetectnonrespiratorysignalsorothersignal
interference.Invariousembodiments,additionalinputstosignalqualityindicationcanincludelowsignalpower,
signalclippingduetohighsignalpower,andlowestimatedsignaltonoiseratio.Invariousembodiments,the
valuesthatarerejectedduetolowsignalqualitycanbesettozerobeforeproceedingwithrateestimation.
[0613] Asdiscussedabove,invariousembodiments,thetimedomainrateestimationusesthezerocrossingswith
positiveornegativeslopeinthesignaltorecognizeabreath.Thepeakofthesignalbetweentwoconsecutive
positivezerocrossingsortwoconsecutivezerocrossingsiscomparedagainstathresholdtodetermineifthetwo
consecutivezerocrossingsactuallyincludeabreath.Insomeembodiments,thepositivezerocrossingswillbe
used,andiftherearenotenoughbreathsforaratetobecalculated,thenegativezerocrossingswillbeused.
Additionally,aFouriertransformiscomputedonallthesamplestoprovidethesignalspectrum.Invarious
embodiments,thefrequencydomainestimateoftheratecanbethelargestmagnitudefrequencycomponentinthe
signal.Thetimedomainandthefrequencydomainrateestimatescanbecomparedandtheaccuracyofthe
estimatedratecanbedetermined.
[0614] Invariousembodimentsofthesystem(e.g.,asystemusinga2.4GHzISMband)usinglineardemodulation
algorithmtodemodulatethesample,significantchangestothebestfitvectororeigenvectoronwhichthesignals
areprojectedcanindicateanewrelationshipbetweentheantennaandthesubject,whichcanindicatethe
presenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionorsignalinterference.Whenlineardemodulationisused,achangeinthe
ratiooftheeigenvalues,oroftheRMSerrorofthefittothebestfitline,canalsoindicatethatthedetectedmotion
doesnotfitthelinewellconsequentlyindicatingnoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference.
[0615] Thevariousembodimentsoftherespiratoryratespotcheckmeasurementdevicedescribedabovecanbeadapted
tobeusedinahealthkiosk.ThespotcheckmeasurementdevicedescribedwithreferencetoFIGS.1721canbe
incommunicationwithoneormoremastercontrolsystemssuchthatthespotcheckmonitorcanbecontrolledby
oneormoremastercontrolsystems.Variousembodimentsofthesysteminitiateameasurementbyatleastoneof
alocaloperatorbypressingabuttononthedevice,remoteactivationbyahealthcarepractitioner,automatic
initiationwhenthepresenceofthepatientinthekioskissensed.Variousembodimentsofthedevicecansense
thepresenceofapatientinthekioskandcommunicatethatinformationtothekioskcomputer.Various
embodimentsofthedevicecantakeaninputfromanothersensor,communicatedthroughthekioskcomputerthat
indicatesthepresenceofthepatientinthekiosk.Variousembodimentsofthesystem100cancommunicatewith
theoneormoremastercontrolsystemsusinganystandardorproprietarycommunicationprotocol,orany
combinationthereof.Suchprotocolscanincludeanycommunicationtechnology,whichcanorcannotbeincluded
inTCP/IPorOSInetworklayers,including,butnotlimitedto,serial,USB,Bluetooth,Zigbee,WiFi,Cellular,
WiMAX,Ethernet,andSOAP.Forexample,EthernetcanbeusedasthelinklayerprotocolwhileTCP/IPisused
forrouting,andSOAPisusedasanApplicationlayerprotocol.Ontheotherhand,onlyTCP/IPoverEthernetcan
beused,withoutadditionalpackagingattheApplicationlevel.Inthelatercase,datacollectedfromtheradar
system100canbeformattedanddirectlypackagedasTCPpayload.Thiscanincludetimestampforwhenthe
datawascollected,thedata,andanindicatorforthequalityofthedata.ThisdataisattachedwithaTCPheader
andthenbecomestheIPpayload.TheIPheader(addresses)isattachedtothepayloadandthenisencapsulated
byLinklayerheadersandfooters.Finally,physicallayerheaderandfootersareaddedandthepacketissentvia
theEthernetconnection.Toaccessdatafromtheconnection,theclientshouldhaveaprogramtolistentoa
specifiedportontheirEthernetconnectionwherethepacketsarebeingsent.Variousembodimentsofthesystem
100cancomplywiththeContinuaHealthAlliancemedicaldevicecommunicationsguidelines,includingcontrol
andcommunicationviaUSBorBluetooth.
[0616] FIG.21Aillustratesanembodimentoftheradarbasedcardiopulmonarymonitoringsystemconfiguredasanon
contactrespiratoryratespotcheckmeasurementdevice.Thetransceiver2110illustratedinFIG.21Aincludesa
sourceofelectromagneticradiation(e.g.,avoltagecontrolledoscillator).
[0617] Inembodimentsusingadirectconversionradarsystemoperatingataradiofrequencyofapproximately2.4GHzto
measurerespiratorymotion,thephasedeviationduetocardiopulmonaryactivitycanresultinacomplex
constellationintheI/Qplanethatwithpointswithadistributionthatislinear,arcshaped,FIG.8,elliptical,egg
shaped,oracombinationofabove.Insomeembodiments,aphaselockloop(PLL)circuitisemployedtocontrol
thefrequencyoftheRFoscillator.FrequencyselectivitywithintheISMbandispossibleinembodimentswitha
broadbandantennathatmatchesovertheISMbandandwitharadiationsourcethathasfrequencyagilityoverthe
sameISMbandprovidedbyatunablefrequencysynthesizer.

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[0618] Insomeembodiments,antennaelementsutilizinganairdielectricareusedtoprovidedirectionalradiationwithlow
lossandbroadbandmatching.Insomeembodiments,spreadspectrumtechniquesareusedtointroducea
pseudorandomphasenoisetoafrequencysynthesizerthatutilizesaphaselockedoscillator,andthereforewould
otherwisehavelowphasenoise.Insomeembodiments,pseudorandomphasenoisewithrangecorrelationin
directconversionsystemscanbeusedtomitigateRFinterference,becauseothertransceiverscannothavethe
samepseudorandomphasemodulation.Insomeembodiments,thespreadspectrumisoptimizedforphysiological
monitoringthroughmanipulationofnoisebandwidthandamplitude.Insomeembodiments,thepseudorandom
phasemodulationisprovidedwithaprogrammablelogicdevice(PLD).
[0619] Insomeembodiments,thecomplexconstellationhasanarcthatcanusenonlineararcbaseddemodulation.In
someembodiments,lineardemodulationcanbeusedtoprovideanestimationofrelativemovement.
[0620] Insomeembodiments,thetransceiver2110includesanactiveIQdemodulatorthatprovidesdifferentialquadrature
baseband(orintermediatefrequency)signals.Insomeembodiments,thebasebandsignalsfromadifferential
activequadraturedemodulatorarefilteredandamplifiedinafullydifferentialbasebandsignalconditioningstage,
andthendigitizedwithadifferentialinputanalogtodigitalconverter(ADC).Insomeembodiments,DC
cancellation,ratherthananACcouplingfilterisusedtoreducesignaldistortion.Insomeembodiments,thehigh
dynamicrangeofahighresolutionADCallowsfortheextractionofarelativelysmalltimevaryingsignalfroma
relativelylargeDCoffsetofadirectconversionsystemwithDCcoupling.Insomeembodiments,a24bitADCis
used.Insomeembodiments,thesignalisoversampledandthendecimatedandinterpolatedtoimprovethe
resolutionofthesystem.
[0621] Someembodimentsusearcbaseddemodulationtoextractphaseinformationfromthebasebandsignal,suchthat
thedemodulatedsignalislinearlyproportionaltotheactualchestmotionanditispossibletoestimatedepthof
breath.Invariousembodiments,asthelengthofthearcincreases,theambiguityinthesignalpolaritycanbe
reduced,whichenablesdifferentiationbetweeninhalationandexhalation,suchthatitispossibletoestimatethe
durationofinhalationandthedurationofexhalation,aswellasestimationoftheratiobetweeninhaletimeand
exhaletime.
[0622] ThesystemillustratedinFIG.21Ashowsasystempoweredthrough5VUSBbuspower,withaprocessor2112,
memoryand/orstorage2114,anaiminglight2116,andatouchscreenOLEDdisplay2118integratedinthesensor
unit.Thisexamplesystemalsohasatransceiver2110,orradiosection,thatincludesabroadbanddirectional
antenna2120,aPLLcontrolledoscillatorwithfrequencyagilitywithpseudorandomphasenoise,andanactive
directconversionquadraturedemodulatorwithdifferentialIFports.FullydifferentialDCcoupledbasebandsignal
conditioningleadsintoahighresolutionADCforacquisition.
[0623] Insomeembodiments,theprocessor2112canbeintegratedintothesamehousingasthesensorradioandcan
processtheradarsignalstoprovidevitalsigninformationontheintegrateddisplayinasinglestandaloneunit.In
someembodiments,theintegratedprocessorrunsthecorealgorithmsandprovidesrateandotherinformationtoa
separatehostcomputer.Insomeembodiments,theintegratedprocessorcanrunarealtimeopensourceoperating
systemwithmemoryandfilemanagementtorununderthecorealgorithms.Insomeembodiments,theintegrated
userinterface(intheexample,theOLEDtouchscreendisplay2118)isusedtoinitiatearespiratorymeasurement.
Insomeembodiments,thehostcomputerprovidesacommandoveracommunicationsinterface(intheexample,
USB)toinitiatemeasurements.
[0624] Insomeembodiments,properaimingofthedevicecanbeaidedthroughanintegratedlightsource.Insome
embodiments,ahighintensitydirectionalLEDcanbeusedtovisuallyilluminatetheareasthatareincludedinthe
antennafieldofview.Insomeembodiments,thesensorcontainsabuttonthatcanbeusedtoturntheintegrated
lightsourceonandoffinthisexample,thisbuttonisontheintegratedOLEDtouchscreen.
[0625] Insomeembodiments,thesensor'sintegrateddisplayprovidesinstantfeedback,including,butnotlimitedto
progress,errormessages,retrymessages,lowsignalinformation,results,andotherinformation.Insome
embodiments,theintegratedscreenistouchsensitiveallowingforcontextspecificuseofbuttonsandaneasyto
useuserinterface.Insomeembodiments,anorganiclightemittingdiode(OLED)displayisusedforitsincreased
colorgamut,viewingangles,brightness,contrast,andpowerusageduetothelackofneedforabacklightaswith
aliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD).
[0626] OnepossibleembodimentofarespirationspotcheckdevicecanbesimilartothesystemillustratedinFIG.21
abovewhichcomprisesasensor2101andacomputationalunit2102thatisintegratedwithadisplay.Inthe
illustratedembodiment,thecomputationalunitanddisplayarehousedtogetherinthelaptop.However,insome
embodiments,allthreepartscanbehousedinsideonesingleunit,individually,oranycombinationthereof(i.e.,
computationalunitandsensorinonehousingwithdisplayasaseparateunit).FIG.21Billustratesascreenshotof
anembodimentofadisplaydevice.Thedevicecanstartmeasuringthesubjectwhenthestartbutton2128is
depressed.Theusercanselectoneofthreemodes:quick,extended,ornormal,whichrequiresadifferentnumber
ofconsecutivebreathswithoutmotionbeforeprovidingarate.Insomeembodiments,thesignalprocessingcan
determinethepeakinhalationpointsofthesubjectandcountthemovertime.Foreveryblockofdata,thedevice
canbufferarespirationrate.Ifaninterruptionisdetectedduringthereading,anyrespirationratevaluesstoredin
thebuffercanbeclearedandnovaluescanbebuffereduntiltheinterruptionhasceased.(Interruptionscanbe
causedbynonrespiratorymotionorotherinterference.)Insomeembodiments,oncethedesignatednumberof
breathsisreadconsecutively(3issetasthedefaultvalue),thedevicecanshowaratecalculatedfromthe
medianbreathtobreathinterval.Aseachoftheseconsecutivebreathsareread,theverticalbar2130illustratedin
FIG.21Bcanfillhigher,untiltheithasreachedthedesignatednumber.Whenthebarisfilled,arespiratoryrate
2132canbedisplayed.Thereadingcanalsobeceasedifthestopbuttonisdepressed,inwhichcasenovalues
canbereturned.Ifthemaximumtimeintervalforthemeasurementmodeexpiresbeforetheminimumnumberof
breathsaremeasured,thedevicecandisplayanerrormessage.Insomeembodiments,ratherthancalculatingthe
respirationbasedonblocksofdata,itisalsopossibletocalculatetherespirationbasedoneachinspirationpeakto

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inspirationpeakinterval.Insomeembodiments,thespotcheckmonitorcouldmeasureaspecifiednumberof
peaksbeforedisplayingarespirationrate,oritcouldmeasureforaspecifiedtimeinterval.Insomeembodiments,
thetimeintervalorthenumberofpeakscouldbeextendedifthemeasuredrespirationrateisvaryingmorethana
fewbreathsperminute,toensureanaccuratereadingofinirregularrate.Insomeembodiments,therespiration
spotcheckcanbenetworkenabledsuchthatsettingscanbesetandtakenremotely,andresultsof
measurementscanbestoredinanElectronicHealthRecord.
[0627] Insomeembodiments,thespotcheckhardwaredescribedabovecanbeconfiguredsuchthatrespiratory
measurementscanbeprogrammedtooccurintermittently,periodically,oratpredefinedintervals.Insome
embodiments,anexternalcomputer,including,butnotlimitedto,atablet,adesktop,alaptop,aPDA,ora
smartphone,canbeusedtocontrolthespotcheckdeviceinintervalmode.Insomeembodiments,theexternal
computercancommunicatecontrolcommands(start,stop,reset,etc)andcapturedatafromthespotcheck
deviceusingeitheracustomorstandardcommunicationsprotocol.Insomeembodiments,softwareonthe
externalcomputercanprovidestatisticalanalysisofratehistoryandcancommunicatewithanelectronichealth
record(EHR)tostoredataorcrossreferencewithotherdataintheEHRtoimprovetheidentificationofstatistical
trendsandanomalies.Insomeembodiments,thedisplayoftheexternalcomputercanbeusedtodisplaythe
historicaldata,andtoprovideotherinformationonthepatientbeingmeasured.
[0628] Insomeembodiments,therespiratoryrateintervalmeasurementdevicecanoperateasastandalonedevice.The
standalonedevicewouldincludetimingoftheintervalmeasurements,displayofthehistoryofmeasurements,and
allalertsandalarmsrequired.
[0629] Theintervalrespiratorymeasurementdevicehasrealtimesignalqualitydetection,suchthatportionsofcollected
datawithpoorsignalqualityduetolowsignalpowerorsubjectmotionarenotusedtoestimatetherespiratory
parameters,andportionsofthecollecteddatawithadequatesignalqualityareusedtoestimatetherespiratory
parameters.Thedeviceusesanautomaticmodesuchthatthemeasurementlengthischosenautomaticallybased
onsignalqualityand/orregularityofbreathing.Insomeembodiments,thedevicecancontinueretryinga
measurementuntilenoughsignalofadequatequalityisobtainedtoprovidearespiratoryspotcheck.
[0630] Communicationscanbeusedtolinktheintervalrespiratorymeasurementwithacentralmonitoringstation,such
asanursesstationoraremotecarecenter,oritcantransmitdatatoacentralstoragearea,suchasanelectronic
medicalrecordoranonhospitalclinicalinformationdatabase.
[0631] Theintervalrespiratorymeasurementdevicecanbeconfiguredtodisplayanyparameterthatcanbemeasuredby
aDopplerradarsensor,includingbutnotlimitedtorespirationrate.Theintervalrespiratorymeasurementcan
operatefromavarietyofanglesanddistancessolongasthedeviceisaimedonthesubject.
[0632] Inonepossibleconfiguration,ahomodynereceiverisusedforitssimplicityandphasenoisecancellationproperty.
ToeliminatemirrorimagingatbasebandafterdownconvertingtheRFsignal,thesystemhascomplex
demodulation,whichprovidesquadratureoutputs.Asinglehighgainantennaarraycanbeusedfortransmitand
receive,providingafocusedbeamwidth,whichcanmitigatepossibleinterferencesourcesinthesurrounding
environment.Thesensorcanbemountedonthebedrailduringintervalmeasurements.Thequadratureoutputsare
antialiasfilteredandsampledbyananalogtodigitalconverter(ADC)followedbysignalprocessing,which
isolatesthephysiologicalmotionsignalfromnoise,interference,andnonphysiologicalmotion.Insome
embodiments,thesignalisDCcoupledanddigitizedwitha24bitADC,andtheDCoffsetisremovedinsoftware.
Thenthephysiologicalmotionsignalisprocessedtodeterminetheparameter(s)ofinterest.
[0633] Onepossibleembodimentofaintervalrespiratorymeasurementdeviceisasfollows.Thesystemcancomprisea
sensorunitthatmeasurestherespiratoryrate,andacontrollingPCthatsendsmessagestothesensorunitto
startmeasurementsatpredefinedintervalsandprovidestheintervaluserinterface.Insomeembodiments,a
singlesensorunitcanincludethedisplay,userinterface,andtimingforintervalmeasurements,suchthata
controllingPCisnotrequired.Insomeembodiments,anothermedicaldevicecancontrolthesensorunit.Insome
embodiments,aportionofthesensorunitcanbeplacedinacontrollingmedicaldevice,andinotherembodiments,
thecontrollingmedicaldevicecanonlycommunicatewiththesensorunit.ThecontrollingPCcansendamessage
tothesensorunittostartameasurementwhenthestartbuttonisdepressed,andatpredefinedintervalsfollowing
themeasurement.
[0634] Insomeembodiments,fromthemainmenuoftheintervalrespiratoryratemeasurementsoftwareonthecontrolling
PC,operatorscanchoosetooperatethedeviceinmanualmode(forwhichthebuttoncanbepressedtoinitiatea
measurement),orchooseatimeperiodforintermittent,orinterval,measurements.Oneembodimentofauser
interfaceforanintermittentspotcheckisshowninFIG.21C.Forexample,ifauserchooses5fromthemenu,
thenameasurementcanbeginevery5minutesstartingwhenthestartbuttonisdepressed.Insome
embodiments,intermittentmeasurementscanonlystoprepeatingwhenthestopbutton2134isdepressed.In
someembodimentsoftheintermittentmode,ahistoryofthemeasurementsandtheirassociatedtimecanbe
displayedasinFIG.21D.Insomeembodiments,amessagebarcanalsobeavailabletoprovidefurther
informationsuchasthecurrentmodeandperiodofmeasurementsasillustratedinFIG.21Eorinstructionsto
mitigateapotentialerrorduringameasurement.Insomeembodiments,thismessagebarcanalsobeusedto
providepertinentinformationduringmanualmeasurementsasshowninFIG.21F.Insomeembodiments,the
intervalrespiratorymeasurementdevicecanbenetworkenabledsuchthatsettingscanbesetandtakenremotely,
andresultsofmeasurementscanbestoredinanElectronicHealthRecord.
[0635] Anexampleconfigurationofsystem100canincludespotcheckmonitorconfiguredinvariousembodimentsasa
singlepieceoratwopiecesystemandadaptedtooperateataradiofrequencyofapproximately5.8GHz.Various
embodimentsofthesystem100canincludeDCcancellationcircuittoreducethedelaybetweenthemotionsignal
andtheelectronicindicationofthemotion.Invariousembodiments,DCcancellationcanenablefaster
synchronizationbetweenthemotionsensorandtheoutputdevice(e.g.,adisplayoranimagingsystem).DC

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cancellationorlowIFat5.8GHzcanmakearcdemodulationrelativelymoreaccurate.DCcancellationtypically
improvesthesynchronizationtime,whichcanbeimportantforintegrationwithanimagingsystemoraventilator.
[0636] Inembodimentsusingradiofrequencyinthe5.8GHzrange,thephasedeviationduetothechestmotion
associatedwithcardiopulmonaryactivitycanincreasebymorethantwotimeswhencomparedtoembodiments
usingradiofrequencyinthe2.4GHzrange.Invariousembodiments,thisphenomenoncanresultinnonlinear
basebandoutputsuchthatthecomplexconstellationmorecloselyapproximatesanarcratherthanaline.Inthese
embodiments,arcbaseddemodulationalgorithmscanbepreferredoverotherdemodulationalgorithms.Invarious
embodiments,arcbaseddemodulationalgorithmscanprovideresultshavinggreateraccuracybyappropriately
resolvingthisnonlineareffect.Invariousembodiments,DCcancellationcanbepreferredoveranACcoupledfilter
asDCcancellationcanreducesignaldistortion.InembodimentswithoutDCcancellation,theoriginofthecircle
wheresignalsamplesarescatteredcannotbedeterminedwithsufficientaccuracy.
[0637] Whenarctangentdemodulationisused,significantchangesinthelocationoftheorigin,orchangesintheradiusof
thecircleofthearcison,orchangesinthepositionofthearconthecirclecanindicateachangeinthe
relationshipbetweentheantennaandsubject,whichcanindicatethepresenceofnoncardiopulmonarymotionor
othersignalinterference.Insomeembodiments,achangeintherelationshipbetweenthesubjectandtheantenna
canbedetectedifthecalculatedinnerproductofthenormalizedcurrentvectorandthenormalizedpreviousvector
isbelowathreshold.Inasystemwherearctangentdemodulationisused,achangeintheRMSerrorofthefitto
thebestfitarccanalsoindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference.
[0638] Anexampleconfigurationofsystem100canincludeacontinuousphysiologicalmonitorconfiguredtooperatein
thefrequencyrangeofapproximately2.4GHzandfurtherconfiguredasatwopiecesystem.Thecontinuous
physiologicalmonitorisconfiguredtoprovidevitalsignsinformationand/orphysiologicalwaveformsoverextended
periodsoftimeandnotjustperiodicsnapshots.Variousembodimentsofthecontinuousvitalsignsmonitorcanbe
configurabletooperateinaspotcheckoracontinuousmode.Variousembodimentsofthemonitorcanbe
configuredtomonitoratleastoneoftheheartwaveformsandvariablesandrespiratorywaveformsandvariables.
Variousembodimentsofthemonitorcanincludeasingleantennaoranantennaarraycombinedtooperateasa
singleantenna,adirectconversionorhomodynereceiverandahighpassfilter.Invariousembodiments,multiple
antennascanbeused.Variousembodimentsofthemonitorcanincludeotherelectroniccomponentssuchas
filters,amplifiers,multiplexers,etc.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canincludeaprocessorconfiguredto
executetheeigenvectorbasedlineardemodulationalgorithmoranarcbaseddemodulationalgorithmother
algorithmdescribedabove.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100canbeconfiguredtodeterminetheheartrate
and/ortherespiratoryrate.
[0639] ThesystemillustratedinFIG.17canbeadaptedtooperateasacontinuousvitalsignsmonitor.Thesystem
illustratedinFIG.17isacontinuouswaveradartransceiverwithahomodynereceiver.Oneadvantageofthis
configurationisthesimplicityofthesystem.Anotheradvantageofthesystemisitsabilitytocancelorreduce
phasenoise.Invariousembodiments,thetransceiver1702canoperateinthe2.4GHz2.5GHzorthe5.8GHz
ISMband.Invariousembodiments,thetransceivercanoperateinafrequencyrangeoutsidethisband.Invarious
embodiments,thesource1701canbeconfiguredtogenerateboththetransmittedsignalandthelocaloscillator
signalforthereceiver.Suchaconfigurationcanbereferredtoasaninternalvoltagecontrolledoscillator.Invarious
embodiments,theoscillatorcanbefreerunning,phaselockedtoacrystal,orphaselockedtoanexternal
reference.Inotherembodiments,thelocaloscillatorcanbegeneratedexternallytotherestofthecircuit.In
variousembodiments,complexdemodulationcanbeusedtogeneratequadratureoutputs.Anadvantageofthis
techniquecanbetheeliminationofmirrorimagingatbasebandafterdownconvertingtheRFsignal.Invarious
embodiments,anotheradvantageofthistechniqueistheabilitytouselinearornonlinearcomplexdemodulation
algorithmstoavoidphasedemodulationnullsthatcanplaguesinglemixerreceiversusedforthisapplication.In
someembodiments,thequadratureoutputscanbeamplifiedandantialiasfilteredbeforeanalogtodigital
conversion.Toimprovethedynamicrange,invariousembodiments,theDCoffsetcanberemovedwithahigh
passfilter,andvariablegainamplifiers(VGAs)canbeprovidedtoensurethatthefullinputrangeoftheADCis
utilized.Invariousembodiments,theVGAscanbecontrolledbydigitalcontrolsignals.Invariousembodiments,
thegainlevelsoftheVGAcanbedeterminedeitherbytheuserordynamicallybytheprocessorthroughsignal
analysis.Invariousembodiments,DCcancellationcanbeusedinsteadofahighpassfilter.Invarious
embodiments,afterthesignalissampledbytheanalogtodigitalconverter(ADC),itcantransmittedoverawired
orwirelesscommunicationlink(e.g.,Bluetooth,USB,etc.)toaprocessorthatperformssignalprocessing.In
variousembodiments,theprocessorcanincludeadigitalsignalprocessor,amicroprocessororacomputer.In
variousembodiments,theprocessorcanbeonthesameboardastheADC,onaseparateboard,orinaseparate
unit.Invariousembodiments,theprocessorcanusealineardemodulationalgorithmtogeneratethecombined
physiologicalmotionwaveform.Invariousembodiments,theprocessorcanusedigitalfilterstofurtherisolate
respirationandheartsignalsfromthecombinedphysiologicalmotionsignal.Invariousembodiments,the
respirationandheartsignalcanbeisolatedusingwithfixeddigitalfilters.Thesignalprocessingalgorithmcanalso
determineasignalqualityparameter,includingwhetherthesignalhasverylowpower(below0.00010.0004W)or
veryhighpower(above5to10W).Invariousembodiments,thealgorithmcanalsodetermineifthereisnon
physiologicalmotion.Invariousembodiments,theprocessorcanstreamdataonaframebyframebasisover
EthernetusingTCP/IP.Inotherembodiments,theprocessorcanstreamdatawithaprotocolcompliantwiththe
ContinuaHealthAllianceguidelines.Inotherembodimentstheprocessorcanstreamdatawithaproprietary
protocol.Invariousembodiments,eachpacketwillcontainatimestampofwhenthedatawastaken,andatleast
oneofthecombinedphysiologicalwaveform(heartandrespirationbeforetheyareseparated),respiration
waveform,andheartwaveform,respirationrate,heartrate,andsignalqualityparameter.FIG.22illustratesan
embodimentofacontinuouswavemonitor2201describedaboveincommunicationwithaprocessor2202.As

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illustrated,inthisembodiment,thecontinuousmonitor2201communicateswiththeprocessor2202overawired
USBlink2203.
[0640] FIG.23showsascreenshotofanembodimentofadisplaydevicewhichdisplaystherespirationsignalandthe
heartsignalinadditiontootherinformationtoauserlocatedlocallyorataremotelocation.Plot2301showsthe
respirationtraceobtainedbythemonitor2301whileplot2302showsthehearttraceobtainedbythemonitor2301.
[0641] Anexampleconfigurationofthesystem100canincludeacontinuousphysiologicalmonitorincludingoneormore
antennasconfiguredtooperateinaradiofrequencyrangeof2.42.5GHz,adirectconversionorahomodyne
receiverandanantialiasingfilter.VariousembodimentsincludeeitherahighpassfilteroraDCcancellation
circuit.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canincludeaprocessorconfiguredtoexecutealinear
demodulationalgorithm.Insomeembodiments,theprocessorcanalsobeconfiguredtoexecutethenon
cardiopulmonarymotiondetectionalgorithmand/orarateestimationalgorithm.Insomeembodiments,multiple
receiveantennasandmultiplereceiverswillbeusedsuchthattheDOAalgorithmdescribedcanbeexecutedby
theprocessorforseparationand/ortrackingpurposes.Invariousembodiments,therateestimationalgorithm
describedabovecanbeusedhereintoestimatetherateofrespirationorcardiacactivity.Forexample,invarious
embodiments,afrequencydomainrateestimationalgorithm,atimedomainrateestimationalgorithm,apeak
detectionalgorithmoracombinationofthesecanbeused.Invariousembodiments,theaccuracyofthe
determinedrespirationorcardiacactivitycanbeimprovedbyemployingthemethodslistedaboveasdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/204,881whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.Insome
embodiments,therateestimationalgorithmcanbeperformedperiodically(e.g.,every10seconds,every20
seconds,every30seconds,etc.).
[0642] Invariousembodiments,thecontinuousphysiologicalmonitorcanincludeanactivitymonitorconfiguredtoprovide
anindicationwhenandforhowlongthetargetsubjectperformsanonrespiratorymovement.Insome
embodiments,theactivitymonitorcanbeconfiguredtoprovideanactivityindexthatcanprovideanindicationof
thefrequencyanddurationofmotionoverameasurementperiod.Invariousembodiments,providedwithmultiple
antennas,DOAprocessingcanenabledeterminationofasubject'spositionandthefrequencywithwhichthe
subjectchangesposition.Forexample,itispossibletodeterminewhetherthesubjectisrollingtotheleft,rollingto
theright,ormovingwithoutchangingposition.FIG.24isascreenshotofadisplaydeviceorunitillustratingthe
respiratoryrate,activityindicatorandpositionofasleepingsubject.Plot2401illustratesthebreaths/minuteasa
functionoftimeforthesubject.Plot2402illustratesactivityofthesleepingsubjectwhileplot2403showsthe
positionofthesubjectwhilesleeping.
[0643] Invariousembodiments,thevitalsignsinformation(e.g.,respirationrateorheartrate)canbebufferedandplotted
toprovidehistoricaldataforthesubject.FIG.25Ashowstheapplicationofthesysteminahospitalenvironmentto
measuretherespiratoryand/orcardiacactivityofapatient.FIG.25Bisascreenshotofthedisplaydevice
illustratedinFIG.25A.Insomeembodiments,thedisplaydevicecandisplaytherespiratoryorrespirationrate
2501andawaveformindicativeoftherespiratoryactivity2502(e.g.,displacementofthechestovertime).The
displaydevicecanprovideadditionalinformationrelatedtothepatient2503and2504(e.g.,age,gender,etc.).The
displaydevicecanalsoincludeastartandastopbutton2505and2506.Invariousembodiments,thedisplay
devicecanbeapartofadeviceoperatedbyhealthcareprofessionals.FIGS.26Aand26Billustratescreenshots
ofadisplaydevicethatcanbeusedforviewingthevitalsignsprovidedbythedevice.FIG.26Ashowsan
embodimentofadisplaydevicethatdisplaysarespirationrate2601,averagerespirationrateovertime2602and
waveformsrelatedtorespiratoryactivity2603(e.g.,chestdisplacement).FIG.26Bshowsanembodimentofa
displaydevicethatdisplaysarespirationrate2604,waveformsindicativeofrespirationactivity2605andcardiac
activity2606andaheartrate2607.
[0644] Anexamplesystemconfigurationincludesasystemconfiguredtodetectparadoxicalbreathing.Thesystem
includesasingleantennaconfiguredtooperateintheradiofrequencyrangeofapproximately2.4GHz,adirect
conversionorhomodynereceiver,andaDCcancellationcircuit.Invariousembodiments,thesystemcanbe
configuredtodetectparadoxicalbreathing.Insomeembodiments,thesystem100canalsoincludealgorithmsto
estimatetherateofarespiratoryactivityorcardiacactivity.
[0645] Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canincludeacontinuouswaveradartransceiverwithadirectconversion
orhomodynereceiverasdescribedabovewithreferencetoFIGS.17,18,19and20.Asdiscussedabove,
advantagesofthisapproacharethesimplicityofthesystemandtheabilitytocancelorreducephasenoise.In
variousembodiments,thetransceiveroperatesinafrequencyrangeincluding,butnotlimitedto,the2.4GHz2.5
GHzISMband.Asdiscussedabove,invariousembodiments,asinglesignalsourcecanbeusedtogenerateboth
thetransmittedsignalandthelocaloscillatorsignalforthereceiver(e.g.,source1701ofFIG.17).Invarious
embodiments,thehomodynereceivercangeneratequadratureoutputsusingcomplexdemodulation.Invarious
embodiments,thequadratureoutputsareamplifiedandantialiasfilteredbeforebeinginputtoasystemconfigured
toconvertanalogsignalstodigitalsignals.
[0646] Invariousembodiments,toimprovethedynamicrange,theDCoffsetcanberemovedorreduced.Invarious
embodiments,aconventionalmethodofusinganACcouplingfiltercanbeusedtoreduceorremovetheDC
offset.However,usinganACcoupledfilterorahighpassfilteringcanremovenotonlytheDCoffsetitselfbutcan
alsosuppresslowfrequencycomponentsofthesignalaswellasdistorttheirphase.Consequently,thiscausesan
exponentialattenuationofthestaticsignalwhichisnotDCoffset,ordistortsthephaseofthesignal.Additionally,
asystemhavingACcouplingcangenerateorincreasethegroupdelayofthefilteredsignals,whichcausesalong
settlingtimeoradelayedversionofthesignal.Theseeffectscanresultinthesignalsamplebeingdistributedina
ribbonshaperatherthananarcinthecomplexconstellation.Thisdistortioncanadverselymaketheparadoxical
breathingdetectionalgorithminaccurate.SomeorallofthesedefectscanbeeliminatedbyusingaDC
cancellationcircuit2700,illustratedinFIG.27,whichisconfiguredtosubtractonlyDCvaluefromthesignals
withoutdistortingoradverselyaffectingtherestofthesignalcomponents.TheDCcancellationcircuit2700

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comprisesadifferentialamplifierwithgain2701,ananalogtodigitalconverter2702,adigitaltoanalogconverter
2703andaDSP/digitalcontrol2704.Invariousembodiments,theDCcancellationcircuitcanremoveorreduce
theDCoffsetbyusingfeedbackloopsbetweenADCandDACorvoltagedividerwithdigitalpotentiometer.Dueto
verysmallphasedistortion,settlingtime,andgroupdelay,systemsincludingDCcancellationcanbeusedto
synchronizecardiopulmonarymotionorothermotiontoimaging(e.g.,CTscansorMRI)andtosynchronize
spontaneousrespiratoryefforttononinvasiveorinvasiveassistiveventilation.Theimprovedphasedistortionand
settlingtimealsomakesiteasiertosynchronizecardiopulmonarymotiontoquestionsaskedandothersensorsin
polygraphs,tostimuliandothersensorsforsecurityscreening,andforbiofeedbackapplications,asdisclosedin
U.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/204,881whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0647] Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeconfiguredtoincludeanantennaarraythatcanbeusedfor
transmittingandreceivingradarsignals.Insomeembodiments,asingleantennacanbeusedfortransmittingthe
radarsignal,andanarrayofantennascanbeusedforreceivingradarsignals.Thereceivercanbeconfiguredasa
homodynereceiverwhichisconfiguredtogeneratequadratureoutputsusingcomplexdemodulationalgorithms.An
advantageofthistechniqueasdiscussedaboveiseliminationofmirrorimagingatbasebandafterdownconverting
theRFsignal.Invariousembodiments,thequadratureoutputsareantialiasfilteredandtheDCsignalisremoved
orreducedwithaDCcancellationsystemsimilartotheonediscussedabove.Thefilteredsignalissampledbyan
analogtodigitalconverter(ADC)andthedigitaldataisprocessedtoisolatephysiologicalmotionfromnoise,
interference,andnonphysiologicalmotion.Thephysiologicalmotionsignalcanbeprocessedtoextractthe
waveformsandparameter(s)ofinterest.
[0648] Asdiscussedabove,invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeconfiguredtodetectthepresenceoforthe
degreeofparadoxicalbreathing,whichisasignatureofobstructedbreathing,respiratorymuscleweakness,or
respiratoryfailure.Thesystem(e.g.,acontinuousmonitor,quadraturecontinuouswaveDopplerradarsystem)can
monitorthedegreeofparadoxicalbreathingbasedonanalysisoftheshapeofthecomplexconstellationand/orthe
traceoftheplotoftheinphase(I)vs.quadrature(Q)signalsfromthequadratureradarreceiver.Anembodimentof
amethodtodetermineaparadoxicalbreathingindicatorisillustratedinFIG.28andincludes:
1.Theparadoxicalfactorcanbeestimatedbymultiplyingtheratioofthebiggesteigenvaluetothe
secondbiggesteigenvaluebytheratioofthemaximumpeaktopeakvalueofthesignalprojectedon
theprincipaleigenvectortothemaximumpeaktopeakvalueofthesignalprojectedonthevector
orthogonaltotheprincipalvector,asillustratedinblock2801.
2.Theparadoxindexcanbecalculatedasacostfunctionperformedontheparadoxicalfactor.
3.Iftheparadoxindexiscomparedwithoneormorethresholds,itcanbeinterpretedastheabsence
orpresenceofparadoxicalbreathingorthedegreeofasynchronousrespiration.
[0652] FIGS.29and30arescreenshotsofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplaytheoutputfromasystemconfiguredto
detectparadoxicalbreathing.Informationrelatedtoparadoxicalbreathingcanbedisplayedgraphically(e.g.,as
bars)2901and3001.ForexampleasillustratedinFIGS.29and30,whenparadoxicalbreathingisdetectedthe
barsindicatingtheaveragerespirationratecanchangecolor(e.g.,fromyellowtored,orgreentored,orredto
green,etc.).Otherinformationsuchasrespiratorywaveform2902and3002orarespiratoryrate2903and3003
canalsobedisplayed.ThedisplayofFIG.30alsoshowsthetidalvolume(amountofairflowingthroughthenasal
passageateachbreath)graphically(e.g.,asabargraph)3004.Thecolorofthebarsrepresentingtidalvolumecan
alsochangecolors(e.g.,fromyellowtored,orgreentored)whenparadoxicalbreathingisdetected.Otherwaysof
indicatingparadoxicalbreathingcanalsobeused.
[0653] Anexampleconfigurationincludesasystem100configuredtooperateatafrequencyofapproximately2.4GHz.In
someembodiments,thesystemincludesasingleantennaconfiguredasatransmitterandthreeormoreantennas
configuredasareceiver.Invariousembodiments,thereceiverantennascanbespacedhalfwavelengthapart.In
variousembodiments,adifferentnumberoftransmittingandreceivingantennascanbeused.Insome
embodiments,thesystemfurtherincludesaquadraturedirectconversionorhomodynereceiver,ahighpassfilter
oraDCcancellationcircuitorboth.Thesystem100canfurtherincludeaprocessorconfiguredtoexecutelinear
demodulationalgorithmasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/204,881whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentiretyandinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/137,519whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferencein
itsentirety.
[0654] Asdiscussedabove,invariousembodiments,ahomodynereceiverisusedforitssimplicityandforitsphase
noisecancellationorreductionproperty.ToeliminatemirrorimagingatbasebandafterdownconvertingtheRF
signal,thesystemincludescomplexdemodulation,whichprovidesquadratureoutputs.Invariousembodiments,
anantennaarraycanbeusedtotransmitandreceiveradarsignals.Insomeembodiments,asingleantennacan
beusedtotransmit,andanarrayofantennascanbeusedforreceiving.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100
canbeconfiguredtoexecutetheDirectionofArrival(DOA)algorithmorprocessingcanbeprovidedwithatleast
tworeceiverantennasineachplaneofinterest.Invariousembodiments,oneormorereceiverantennaarrayscan
beusedtoexecutetheDOAalgorithm.Antennaarrayscanbemorecompactlydesignedbysharingantennasfor
differentarrayclustersasillustratedinFIG.31.Thesystem3100illustratedinFIG.31comprisesacentral
antenna3101,anantennaonleft3102incommunicationwithareceiver3104andanantennaontheright3103in
communicationwithareceiver3105.WithreferencetoFIG.31,thecenterantenna3101belongstobothleftand
rightarrayclustersandisincommunicationwithboththereceiver3104and3105whichresultsintwoindependent
arrayclusterscomposedoftwosingleelements.Inoneembodiment,thisapproachcanreducethenumberof
antennasrequiredascomparedtoaconventionalantennaarraydesignwhereineachclusterisdesignedtohave
twoelements,therebyreducingthetotalarearequiredforthenumberofantennas.Asdiscussedabove,the
quadratureoutputscanbeantialiasfilteredandinvariousembodiments,theDCsignalcanberemovedeitherwith
ahighpassfilteroraDCcancellationsystem.Thefilteredsignalcanbesampledbyananalogtodigitalconverter
(ADC)followedbysignalprocessing,whichcanisolatethephysiologicalmotionsignalfromnoise,interference,

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andnonphysiologicalmotion.Thephysiologicalmotionsignalcanbeprocessedtodeterminethecardiopulmonary
parameter(s)ofinterest.FIG.32illustratesanembodimentofasystemincludingtworeceivingantennas3201and
3202.ThesystemofillustratedinFIG.32canbeextendedtoanynumberofreceivingantennas,orcanbe
modifiedtoincludeonlyonereceivingantenna.Insomeembodiments,eachreceivercanhaveitsownantenna.
[0655] Invariousembodimentsthatincludemultipleantennasandmultiplereceivers,DOAalgorithmorprocessingcanbe
usedtoprovideseveralbenefitsinthedetectionofvitalsigns.Whensensingphysiologicalinformationwitharadar
system,itisdesirabletohaveawideantennabeamwidthtocoverthesubjectinallprobablepositions.However,
thewidebeamcancausedetectionofmotionawayfromthesubject,whichcanaffectthemeasurement.DOA
processingfrommultipleantennascanprovidethewidebeamwidthneededtodetectandtrackasubjectaswell
asawaytosteeranarrowerbeamtoconcentratetheradarsignalonthephysiologicalmotionandavoidinterfering
motionfromthesurrounding.Inordertofocusthebeamonthetarget,anarrayantennaconfigurationcanbeused
asatransceivingantenna.Invariousembodiments,DOAprocessingcanalsonulloutangleswithhighamplitude
interferingsignals.
[0656] Theradarsystem100canuseDOAtoseparatesourcesofmotionsensedbytheradarsystembasedontheir
differinganglesfromtheantenna.AnyofseveralDOAalgorithmscanbeusedforthistechnique.Thesignalsfrom
theantennascanbeprocessedasanantennaarray,whichhasanarrowerbeamwidththananyoftheindividual
antennas.Throughprocessing,thebeamofthisarraycanbeeffectivelysteeredtowardsthedesiredsource,so
theantennabeamisfocusedonthesourceandanymotionoutsidethebeamwillbeattenuatedaccordingtothe
antennapatterninthatdirection.Additionally,theangletothetargetsubjectcanbedetectedandpresentedinthe
interface,eitherastheangleorasamoregeneralindicationofthedirection(i.e.,straight,left,orright).
[0657] Themultipleantennascanalsobeusedtodetectandtracktheangleofaninterferingmotionsource.Thesignals
fromtheantennascanthenbecombinedsuchthatthereisanullintheantennabeampatterninthedirectionof
theinterferingmotion.Thiscanbeusedtoseparatesignalsources,bymeasuringonesourcewhileplacinganull
inthedirectionoftheinterferingmotion.
[0658] Oneembodimentofanalgorithmforseparatingmultiphysiologicalsignalsisdescribedbelowandincludes:
1.Determiningthefrequencycomponentsofinterestf=f1,f2,...,fn.Insomeembodiments,this
canbedonebymeasuringcombinationofspectralpowerofmultichannels.Aspecifiedcostfunction
canprovideoutputthatcandistinguishfrequencycomponentsfromthetargets'chestmotion.
2.FormingachannelmatrixHwhoseentriescorrespondtofi,f2,...,fn.Forexample,themthrow

andnthcolumnofthechannelmatrixentrycanbehmn=smn(fn),correspondingtothereceiverantenna
mandsignalsourcen,wheresmnrepresentsfrequencyspectrumofthechannel.
3.Forminganarrayvectorgivenbyequation(1):
[0000]
g()=[1exp[jkdsin()]...exp[jkd(M1)sin()]]T(1)
wherekisthewavenumber,d=/2istheseparationdistancebetweeneachreceiverantenna
andistheanglefromtheantennanormalvectortothetarget,whileMisthenumberof
receivedantennas.
4.Calculatingthemaximumaveragepowerthatcanbeobtainedattheangleofthesourcesandis
givenbyequation(2):
[0000]
Pav ()=|HHg()|2(2)
5.Eliminatinganglesthatareseparatedfromeachotherbyanangulardistancelessthantheangular
resolutionofthemultiplereceiverantennaarray,andidentifyingatleastafirstandsecondangular
directionsuchthateachangulardirectionisseparatedfromeachotherangularsourcebyanangular
distancegreaterthanorequaltoanangularresolutionofsaidmultiplereceiverantennaarray.
6.ForminganMNarraymatrixAwhoseithcolumnisgivenbytheequation(3)
[0000]
g(i)=[1exp[jkdsin(i)]...exp[jkd(M1)sin(i)]]T(3)
whered=/2andarethereceiveantennaseparationandanglerespectively,whileMisthe
numberofreceivedantennas.Inthoseembodimentswherethereareothermovingobjectsin
thevicinityofthesubjectwhichcanscattertheradarsignal,Ndenotesthenumberofmoving
objects.
7.Includingsignalseparationthatcanbeachievedbysteeringspatialnullstowardunwantedsignal
sourcesbymultiplyinginverseofmatrixA,estimatedinstep4,tothechanneldata(S=A1Rx ).
[0668] Invariousembodiments,theseapproachescanbeusedasaSIMO(singleinputmultipleoutput)system,withone
transmitterandmultiplereceiverantennas,orcouldbeimplementedasaMIMO(multipleinputmultipleoutput)
system,withmultipletransmitters,eachatadifferentfrequency,andmultiplereceivers.Invariousembodiments,
otherDOAalgorithmscouldalsobeusedtoseparatesourcesatdifferentanglesfromtheantenna.
[0669] Invariousembodiments,afterDOAprocessing,thesubject'svitalsigns,suchasrespiratoryrate,chest
displacement,tidalvolume,and/orheartratecanbeextractedfromthephysiologicalmotionwaveformandoutput
totheoutputdevice.
[0670] Invariousembodiments,thevitalsignsand/ordirectionalinformationcanbebufferedandplottedtoprovide
historicaldataforthesubject.FIG.33showsthescreenshotofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtooutput
cardiopulmonaryinformationoftwopeopleafterDOAprocessingseparatedtheirrespiratorysignals.Plot3301
showsthebasebandsignalobtainedfromboththesubjects.Plot3302showsawaveformcorrespondingtoa

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respiratoryactivityofafirstsubjectwhileplot3303showsawaveformcorrespondingtoarespiratoryactivityofa
secondsubject.Invariousembodiments,thedisplaydevicecanbeconfiguredtodisplayinformationrelatedto
respiratoryactivity(e.g.,waveformrelatedtorespiration,averagerespirationrate,etc.).Invariousembodiments,
otherinformationsuchastidalvolume,heartand/orangleorpositionofthesubjectcanalsobedisplayed.FIG.34,
illustratesascreenshotofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplaytherespiratorywaveform3401andthetidal
volumeandahistoryofrespirationrate.Insomeembodiments,thepositionofthetargetwithreferencetothe
sensorcanalsobedisplayedonthedisplay3402.Invariousembodiments,thedisplaycanincludeacontrolarea
3403toswitchbetweenpatients.FIG.35illustratesascreenshotofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplaythe
respiratorymotionwaveformsfortwopeople.Plot3501showsthemixedbasebandsignalobtainedbythesystem
fromtwosubjects.ThemixedbasebandsignalisprocessedusingaDOAalgorithmtoextractinformationrelated
totherespiratoryactivityofthetwosubjects.Plot3502showstherespiratoryactivityofafirstsubjectpositioned
about24degreestotherightofthesystemandplot3503showstherespiratoryactivityofasecondsubject
positionedabout13degreestotheleftofthesystem.Ahistoryoftherespiratoryratesforthetwosubjectsis
showninplot3504.
[0671] Anexampleconfigurationincludesasystem100configuredtooperateatapproximately5.8GHzwithalowIF
receiver.Invariousembodiments,thesystemfurtherincludesasingleantennaconfiguredtotransmitradarsignals
andasingleantennaconfiguredtoreceiveradarsignals.Invariousembodiments,thesystemincludesalowIF
receiverconfiguredtotransformthereceivedsignaltoasignalincludingfrequenciesintherangefromafewHzto
afewkHz.Forexample,insomeembodiments,theIFreceivercanbeconfiguredtotransformthereceivedsignal
toasignalhavingafrequencyintherangeforabout1Hzto200kHz.Invariousembodiments,thesystem's
processorcanbeconfiguredtoexecuteanarcdemodulationalgorithm.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100
canbeconfiguredasaspotcheckmonitororacontinuousmonitor.
[0672] Invariousembodiments,thesystemincludesanoscillator(e.g.,avoltagecontrolledoscillator)configuredto
operateatapproximately5.8GHzandastablecrystaloscillatorconfiguredtogenerateradiationinthekHztoMHz
range.Thesignalfromtheoscillatorissplitinbyapowersplitter.Thesignalfromafirstoutputofthepower
splitterisprovidedtothetransmittingantennaandthesignalfromasecondoutputofthepowersplitteris
multipliedbythesignalfromthecrystaloscillatortogenerateareferencesignalforthereceiver.Sincethe
referencesignalwillstillbenefitfromtherangecorrelationeffect,thephasenoiseofthereferencesignalwillnot
adverselyaffecttheresidualphasenoisetheresidualphasenoisewillbelimitedbythecrystaloscillator,which
typicallyhasaverylowphasenoise.Invariousembodiments,alowIFreceiverarchitecturecanmitigateproblems
causedby1/fnoise,channelimbalance,anddcoffsetwithlowphasenoise.Invariousembodiments,lowIF
signalscanbedirectlysampledbyanADCanddownconvertedtoquadraturebasebandsignalsinthedigital
domain.Thus,whenarctangentdemodulationisused,significantchangesinthelocationoftheorigin,changesin
theradiusofthecirclethearcison,orchangesinthepositionofthearconthecirclecanindicateachangeinthe
relationshipbetweentheantennaandsubject,whichcanindicatenoncardiopulmonarymotion.Asdiscussed
above,noncardiopulmonarymotioncanbedetectedbycalculatingtheinnerproductofthenormalizedcurrent
vectorandthenormalizedpreviousvector.Asignificantchangeintherelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthe
antennaisindicatedifthevalueoftheinnerproductisbelowathreshold.Inthoseembodiments,wherearctangent
demodulationisused,achangeintheRMSerrorofthefittothebestfitarccanalsoindicatenoncardiopulmonary
motionorothersignalinterference.
[0673] Anexampleconfigurationincludesasystem100configuredtooperateataradiofrequencyofapproximately5.8
GHzwithadirectconversionreceiverandDCoffsetcancellation.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100
includesasingleantennatotransmitradiationandasingleantennatoreceiveradiation.Invariousembodiments,
oneormoreantennascanbeusedtotransmitand/orreceivesignals.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100can
includeaprocessorconfiguredtoexecuteanarcdemodulationalgorithm.
[0674] Inembodimentsusingaradiofrequencyofapproximately5.8GHz,thephasedeviation,canresultinnonlinear
quadraturebasebandoutputoranarctraceratherthanalineinthecomplexconstellationasshowninFIG.36A.
Consequently,arcdemodulationcanbepreferredoverotherdemodulationalgorithmstoobtainaccuratesignalsin
systemswith5.8GHzcarriers.Furthermore,DCcancellationratherthanACcouplingfiltercanbepreferredto
reducesignaldistortion,andtoenabledeterminationoftheoriginofthecirclewheresignalsamplesarescattered
withsufficientaccuracy.Sincearcdemodulationcanextractphaseinformationfrombasebandsignalwhichcanbe
linearlyproportionaltotheactualchestmotion,itispossibletoestimatedepthofbreathfromarcdemodulation.
Thedepthofbreathinformationobtainedfromarcdemodulationcanalsobeappliedtotidalvolumeestimation
therecanbealinearrelationshipbetweenthelinearchestexcursionandthetidalvolume.FIG.36Bshowsaplot
3601ofthedepthofbreathversustime.Thedepthofbreathshowsaninhalationpeak3602andanexhalationnull
3603.Fromthisplotthetidalvolume(amountofairinhaledTiandamountofairexhaledTeineachrespiratory
cycle)canbeestimated.Plot3604showsacorrespondingmeasurementobtainedbyaconventionalsensor.FIG.
36Cshowsasnapshotofadisplaydeviceillustratingthetidalvolume3605,awaveformcorrespondingtothe
respiratoryactivity3606andarespiratoryrate3607.Invariousembodiments,asthelengthofarcincreases,the
ambiguityinthesignalpolaritycanbereducedwhichcanenableestimationofinhalingandexhalingtimeduration,
whichenablesestimationoftheratiobetweeninhaletimeandexhaletime.Thecardiopulmonaryrelatedmotionof
thebodysurfacecanbemeasuredeitherfromadistanceorincontactwiththebody.Inthoseembodiments,
whereintheantennaisincontactwiththebody,methodstoisolatebodysurfacereflectionsfrominternal
reflectionscanbeusedandinternalbodymotioncanbemeasured.Invariousembodiments,otherinternal
cardiopulmonaryrelatedchangescanalsobeelectromagneticallymeasuredforsurfaceandinternalbodypartsand
tissues,includingimpedancechangeassociatedwithheartbeat.
[0675] Anexampleconfigurationincludesamultireceiversystemconfiguredtooperateataradiofrequencyinthe5.8
GHzband.Thesystemincludesasingleantennatotransmittheradarsignalandfourormoreantennastoreceive

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theradarsignals.Invariousembodiments,thereceiverantennascanbeplacedahalfwavelengthapart.Insome
embodiments,thesystem100canincludemorethanonetransmittingantennaandlessthanfourreceiving
antennas.Thesystemfurtherincludesadirectconversionorhomodynereceiverforeachreceivingantenna.In
variousembodiments,thesystem100canincludeaDCcancellationcircuittoremoveorreducetheDCoffset.
Thesystem100canalsoincludeaprocessorconfiguredtoexecuteanarcdemodulationalgorithm.
[0676] Inembodimentsofthesystemconfiguredtooperateinafrequencyrangeofapproximately5.8GHz,itispossible
todesignandmanufacturecompactantennaarrays.Thus,insystemsconfiguredtooperateatapproximately5.8
GHzitispossibletogetanincreasednumberofarrayedelementswithinsubstantiallythesameareaasasystem
configuredtooperateatapproximately2.4GHz.Inotherwords,itispossibletoachievehigherspatialresolutionin
systemsconfiguredtooperateatapproximately5.8GHzascomparedtosystemsconfiguredtooperateat
approximately2.4GHz,withanantennaofthesamefootprint.FIG.37illustratesaschematiclayoutofanarray
elementincludingatransmittingantenna3701andatleastfourreceivingantennas3702a3702d.Thus
embodimentsofsystemsconfiguredtooperateatapproximately5.8GHzcanbeadvantageouswhenusedfor
DOAprocessingbecauseagivenareacanincludeahighernumberofantennasascomparedtoasystem
configuredtooperateatapproximately2.4GHz.Anincreaseinthenumberofantennascanenabledetectionand
trackingofsubjectswhoarecloselyspaced(e.g.,angularseparationbetweentwosubjectscanbelessthan15
degreeswith4antennas).
[0677] TheDOAalgorithmorprocessingtechniquedescribedabovecanbeemployedtotracksubjectsinvarious
embodimentsofthesystem.Insomeembodiments,arcdemodulationcanbeemployedafterusingDOA
algorithmstotrackingsubjectorsuppressinterferencefromnoncardiopulmonarymotionoracardiopulmonary
motionofasecondperson.Aftersignalsfromthemultiplesubjectsareseparated,noncardiopulmonarymotion
detectionalgorithmcanbeemployed.Invariousembodiments,thesignalfromeachdirectioncanbedemodulated
withanarcbaseddemodulationalgorithm,whichusestheparametersofthebestfitcircletoobtainangular
informationfromthecomplexconstellation.Significantchangesinthelocationoftheoriginifthebestfitcircle,
changesintheradiusofthebestfitcircle,orchangesintheangularpositionofthearconthecirclecanindicatea
noncardiopulmonarymotionorothersignalinterference.Theprocessorcanthenprovidecardiopulmonary
informationononeormoresubjects.
[0678] Invariousembodiments,asystem100includingasensorplacedonthebodyformeasuringwhetherthereis
respirationand/orheartmotionisdescribed.Thesystem100canbeconfiguredaswearableMicrowaveDoppler
radarwhichcanbeplacedincontactwithasubject(e.g.,incontactwithasubject'schest).Thewearable
MicrowaveDopplerradarcanbeusedtoestimateasubject'srespiratoryrateandheartrate,and/orothervital
signs,bydetectingthemotionofthebodysurface,motionofinternalorgans,oracombinationofthesemotions.
Variousembodimentsofthissystem100canoperateatapproximately2.4GHz,approximately5.8GHzorsome
otherfrequencyband.Invariousembodiments,thesystem100canbeconfiguredasastandalonedeviceorcan
beintegratedwithawirelesscommunicationsystemtocommunicatewithotherlocaldevicesand/orremotedata
centersorinterfacesasdisclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,838whichisincorporatedhereinby
referenceinitsentirety.
[0679] Invariousembodimentsasystemcomprisingasensorplacedonthebodyformeasuringarespiratoryactivity
and/orheartmotionisdescribed.ThesystemcancompriseawearableMicrowaveDopplerradarwhichcanbe
placedincontactwithasubject(e.g.,incontactwithasubject'schest).ThewearableMicrowaveDopplerradar
canbeusedtoestimateasubject'srespiratoryrateandheartrate,and/orothervitalsigns,bydetectingthemotion
ofthebodysurface,motionofinternalorgans,oracombinationofthesemotions.Variousembodimentsofthis
systemcanoperateatapproximately2.4GHz,approximately5.8GHzorsomeotherfrequencyband.Invarious
embodiments,thesystemcanbeconfiguredasastandalonedeviceorcanbeintegratedwithawireless
communicationsystemtocommunicatewithotherlocaldevicesand/orremotedatacentersorinterfacesas
disclosedinU.S.ProvisionalApp.No.61/194,838whichisincorporatedhereinbyreferenceinitsentirety.
[0680] FIG.38Ashowstheinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonaryactivitywhenawearableradarsystemsimilarto
system100isplacedincontactwithasubjectwhoisholdinghis/herbreath.Plot3801illustratesaraw
cardiopulmonarysignalwhichhasnotbeenprocessedandplot3802illustratesaprocessedheartsignal.FIG.38B
showstheinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonaryactivitywhenawearableradarsystemisplacedincontactwith
thesubjectwhoisholdinghis/herbreathincomparisontoareferencesignal.Plot3802showsthereceivedradar
signalandplot3803showsthereferencesignal.Plot3804showsthecomparisonbetweentheradarsignalandthe
referencesignal.
[0681] FIG.38Cshowstheinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonaryactivitywhenawearableradarsystemisplacedin
contactwithasubjectwhoisbreathingnormally.Plot3805showstheunprocessedsignalandplot3806showsthe
respirationsignalobtainedafterprocessingtherawsignal.Plot3807isaheartsignalobtainedafterprocessingthe
rawsignal.Theheartsignalappearsirregularduetocouplingwithbreathingand/orharmonicsofthebreathing
signal.However,asubstantiallyaccurateheartratecanbemeasuredwiththeembodimentsdescribedinthis
application.
[0682] FIG.38Dshowstheinformationrelatedtocardiopulmonaryactivityascomparedtoareferencesignalusinganon
contactradarbasedphysiologicalsensordescribedaboveonasubjectwhoisbreathingnormally.Plot3808shows
theunprocessedsignalandplot3809showstherespirationsignalobtainedafterprocessingtherawsignal.Also
showninplot3809istherespirationsignalmeasuredwithaconventionalsensorsuchasacheststrap.Plot3810
isaheartsignalobtainedafterprocessingtherawsignalascomparedtoaheartsignalobtainedusingafinger
sensor.
[0683] FIGS.38Eand38Fareembodimentsofadisplaydeviceconfiguredtodisplayrespirationwaveform3811,heart
waveform3812,respirationrate3813,andindicationofactivity3814.Invariousembodiments,thisuserinterface
canbeusedfordetectingthepresenceofasubjectorfordetectingwhetherornotasubjectisbreathingora

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subject'sheartisbeating.Invariousembodiments,thedisplayinterfacecanbeusedfortriageandresuscitationas
wellasdetectingasubject'spresence.Invariousembodiments,ifactivityorrespirationorheartisdetected,a
subjectispresentifneitherispresent,asubjectisnotdetected.Invariousembodiments,thedisplayinterface
canbeusedtodetectwhetherornotasubject'sheartisbeatingand/orthesubjectisbreathingfortriageandto
determinewhetherCPRand/ordefibrillationand/orotherresuscitationisrequired.Invariousembodiments,ifa
subject'spresenceisdetected,forexampleduetocardiopulmonaryactivityofthesubjectthenanindicationcan
beprovided.Forexample,the3815canturngreenifasubjectispresent.However,ifasubject'spresenceisnot
detectedthen,theindicator3815canturnredandrespirationwaveformorrespirationrateisnotdisplayasshown
inFIG.38F
[0684] FIGS.38G38JarealternateembodimentofthedisplaydeviceshowninFIGS.38Eand38Fthatareconfiguredto
displayarespirationwaveform,arespirationrate,aheartrate,aheartwaveform,indicationofactivity,indicationof
subject'spresenceetc.InFIG.38G,asubject'spresenceisdetectedbytheheartsignal3812andtherespiration
signal3814andisindicatedbytheindicator3815turningyellowand/ortheactivityindicator3814glowing.InFIG.
38H,asubject'srespirationsignalisdetectedasshownbytherespirationwaveform3811andcanbeindicated
whentheactivityindicatorturnsgreen.StartandStopcontrolscanbeprovidedonthedisplayasshownby3816
and3815respectively.
[0685] InFIG.38I,norespirationsignalisdetectedandsotheindicator3815isred.In38Jarespirationsignal3812is
observedwhichindicatesasubject'spresenceandbytheactivityindicatorturningred.
[0686] Insomeembodiments,thesensorcanalsodetectmechanicalphysiologicalmotionincludingcardiopulmonary
activityviadirectcontactwithasubject'schest.Whenthesensorisnotincontact,someofthesignalemitting
fromanantennaisreflectedonthesurfaceofthechest,andsomeoftheemittedsignalcanbypassthesubject
altogether,suchthatmotioninthesurroundingenvironmentcaninterferewiththephysiologicalmotionsignal.
Whenthesensorisincontact,nearlyallofthesignalcoupleswiththebody,andalmostnoneofthesignalby
passesthesubject.Inembodimentswherethesensordoesnotcontactthebody,anantennaarrayisusedsothe
antennaradiationpatternhasanarrowbeamwidthtoenablefocusingthetransmittedsignalinthedesireddirection
toavoidsensingmotioninthesurroundingenvironment.Inembodimentswhereinthesensorcontactsthebody,
nearlyallofthetransmittedsignalcoupleswiththebody,sotheantennabeamwidthisnotanissue,anditis
feasibletodetectacardiopulmonarysignalwithasingleantenna(ratherthananarray)withoutanysignificant
interferencefromthesurroundingenvironment.Theuseofasingleantennaratherthanmultipleantennasresultsin
amorecompactdevice.
[0687] Whenasensorisincontactpositionwithasubject'schest,chestmotionduetocardiopulmonaryactivitycanbe
amplitudemodulatedonthereflectedsignal.Insomeembodiments,thisamplitudemodulatedsignal,whichis
proportionaltoasubject'schestmotion,correspondingtohis/hercardiopulmonaryactivity,canbeextractedbya
lowIFsinglechannelreceiverarchitecture.Invariousembodiments,oncethereflectedsignalisdownconvertedto
thelowIF,thesignalwillbesampledathigherthanNyquistratetoobtainnonaliaseddigitalsignal.Invarious
embodiments,theHilberttransformperformedonthedigitizedinputsignaltoobtainacomplexsignalwherethein
phasepartistheinputsignalwhilethequadraturepartistheoutputofHilberttransform.
[0688] Invariousembodiments,theenvelopeofthereflectedsignal,whichisproportionaltothecardiopulmonaryactivity,
canbeobtainedbytakingtheabsolutevalueofthecomplexvalueobtainedinpreviousstep.Thismethodcan
achieveacompactdevicebyusingasinglechannelreceiverwithoutanyconcernofimbalancefactors.The
demodulationcircuitismuchsimplerthanthatofquadraturearchitecture.
[0689] InsomeembodimentsofacontactingDopplerradarsensorformonitoringormeasuringinternalcardiopulmonary
activityratherthaninducedchestsurfacemotion,itisdesirabletoincreasethereflectedsignalpowerfromthe
heartrelativetothesignalfromthechestsurface.TheratiobetweenthesepowerscanbeimprovedwhentheRF
signalpenetrateswellintothehumanbody.Insomeembodiments,aspiralantennacanprovideafrequency
independent,orbroadbandantenna,reducingthemismatchbetweentheantennaandtheskinwhentheantennais
incontactwithhumanskin.Insomeembodiments,bettermatchingcanbeachievedbycoveringaspiralantenna
withalayerofsiliconeand/orwithaliquidtypegel.Insomeembodiments,thesiliconecanbealowdurometer
siliconesuchthatitcanconformtoboththeantennaandtheskineasily,withoutanyairgaps.Insome
embodiments,anadhesivecanbeplacedaroundtheantennaoronthesiliconesurfacetotightlyadherethe
antennaand/orsiliconetotheskinsurface.FIG.38Killustratesanembodimentofaspiralantennaforcontact
sensor.Intheillustratedembodiments,thewidthofthelineisapproximately0.3mmandiswindingbythefunction
r=awhereaisapproximately0.35mmand045radian.FIG.38Lshowsthematchingpropertyofthisspiral
antennafrom2GHzto5GHz.Itshowsmorethan17dBS11forthesimulatedfrequencyrange.FIG.38M
illustratessimulationresultsofRFsignalpowercoupledthroughthespiralantennaintothebody.Itshowsthata
2.4GHzRFsignalcanpenetrateupto8mm,withpenetrationdefinedaslessthan20dBlossfromthe
maximumfieldstrengthatthefeedpoint.
[0690] VariousembodimentsofacontinuousDopplerradarsystemcanbeusedtomonitorordetectphysiologicalsignals
includingmechanicalheartmotion(alsoreferredtoasheartpulse)andlungmotionwithcontacttothebody.In
embodimentsinwhichtheradarsystemiscollectingreflectedsignalswithoutcontactingahumanbodyorwitha
smallairgapbetweentheantennaandtheskin,thereceivedsignalismostlythatreflectedattheboundary
betweenskinandair.Insuchembodiments,becausethemagnitudeofthechestmotionishighlycorrelatedwith
internalheartmotion,itisfeasibletomonitorheart'sphysicalmotionwithanairgapbetweentheantennaandthe
chest.Inembodimentsinwhichtheradarantennaiscompletelyincontactwithhumanskin,theradiosignalis
reflectedmostlyataninternalinterface(forexample,theheartmusclewall),whichhasahighercorrelationwith
theactualheartmotion.Thereflectedsignalpowerandthedemodulatedheartsignalpowerareproportionaltothe
displacementofheartmotionbecausethesensortoheartdistanceisnearlyfixedwithacontactsensor.Therefore,
therelativepulsepower(whichisproportionaltobloodpressureinsomecases)canbeestimated.Withproper

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calibration,absoluteheartmotionand/orabsolutebloodpressurecanbeestimatedfromtheDopplerradarbased
signals.Thisinformationcanbeobtainedwithacontactingsensororwithasensorplacedonthechestwallthat
hasanairgapbetweentheantennaandtheskin.
[0691] Embodimentsofacontactingsensordesignedtomeasureinternalheartmotionincludesaradarsystemthatis
composedofthefollowing:afrontendcoupler,aradiotransmitterandreceiverabasebandsignalconditioning
systemananalogtodigitalconverterandasignalprocessor.Embodimentsofradarsystemsthatcanbeusedto
senseheartmotionincludeairgapsensors,contactsensors,andesophagealsensors.Insomeembodimentsof
anairgapsensor,thefrontendcouplerisanantennawhichisdesignedtotransmitasignalthroughair.Insome
embodimentsofacontactingsensor,thefrontendcouplerisanantennawhichisspeciallydesignedfor
impedancematchingwiththehumanbody.Insomeembodimentsofanesophagealsensor,acoaxialcablewitha
rightangleconnectorcoveredinrubberisinsertedintheesophaguswiththeopenendoftheconnectorfacing
towardtheheart.Insomeembodiments,thepartsoftheradarsystemotherthanthefrontendcouplerarethe
sameforallairgap,contactingsensors,andesophagealsensors,suchthatthefrontendcouplercanbechanged
fordifferenttypesofmeasurements.Insomeembodiments,theradarsystemscanoperateatanyfrequency
between10MHzand100GHzinsomeembodiments,sensorscanoperateinthe2.4GHzand5.8GHzISM
radiobands.Theradiotransmittergeneratesandemitsaradiosignal.Theradioreceivercollectsreflectedradio
signalanddownconvertsittoacomplexbasebandsignal,withinphaseandquadraturecomponents,whileadding
minimalnoise.Thiscomplexbasebandsignalthatcontainscardiopulmonarymotioninformationisamplifiedand
filtered,inthebasebandsystem.Insomeembodiments,itisACcoupledinthebasebandsystem,butinother
embodimentsaDCcoupledsignalisdigitized.Insomeembodiments,theconditionedsignalissampledat1kHz,
whichissufficienttoavoidaliasingofheartpulsesignal'ssignificantharmonics.Insomeembodiments,the
conditionedsignalcanbesampledatanyfrequencybetween50Hzand100MHz.
[0692] Oneembodimentofthefrontendcouplerforthecontactsensorisaspiralantenna.Insomeembodiments,a
siliconelayerplacedbetweentheantennaandthebodytendstodistributetheRFsignaluniformlyinthehuman
body.Insomeembodiments,thesiliconebolusalsobufferstheimpedancechangebetweenairandthehuman
body,thusprovidingamatchinglayerwhichhelpstheRFsignaltopenetratedeeperinthebody.Insome
embodiments,usingasiliconelayerwithacontactingantennamakesitfeasibleforaradarsensortogeta
reflectedsignalfromabroaderanddeeperbodymusclearea.Insomeembodiments,thelayerofsiliconebetween
theantennaandthebodymanybe3.5mmthick.Insomeembodiments,agelcanprovidecompletecontact
betweentheantennaorsiliconelayerandtheskinsurface.Insomeembodiments,completecontactcanprovide
betterimpedancematching,resultinginhigherpowerpenetrationthroughthebodyandthushigherreflectedpower
fromtheheartmuscle.Insomeembodiments,gelsof0%saline,3%saline,4%saline,and10%salinecanbe
used.
[0693] Insomeembodiments,airgapsensorscanbeusedinsteadofcontactingsensors.Insomeembodiments,airgap
sensorsuseasinglerectangularpatchantennadesignedtopropagatethroughair.
[0694] Insomeembodiments,thereflectedradiosignalsreceivedbytheantennaaredownconvertedtoacomplex
basebandsignal,whichincludescardiopulmonarymotioninformation.Insomeembodiments,thesesignalsare
sampledat1kHzanddecimatedtoa100Hzsignaltoincreasethesignaltonoiseradio(SNR).Insome
embodiments,thedecimatedsignalsarerecorded.Subsequently,insomeembodiments,thesesignalsare
demodulatedtogetasignalthatisproportionaltothecardiopulmonarymotionacquiredbythesensor.Insome
embodiments,thedemodulatedsignalsarefilteredbyFIRKaiserwindowedfilterstoisolatethedesiredheart
signalsfromothersignals,resultinginaheartpulsetrace.Insomeembodiments,therelativepowerofmechanical
heartmotionduringvariouspathologicstageswascalculatedusingtheenvelopeoftheheartpulsetrace.Insome
embodiments,theRMSvoltageisusedtocalculatethepulsepoweritisthesquarerootofthemeanofthe
voltagesquared.Insomeembodiments,thispulsepowerisproportionaltomeanarterialpressure,andcanbe
usedtodetectchangesinthemeanarterialpressure.Insomeembodiments,withcalibration,thepulsepowercan
beusedtoestimatethemeanarterialpressure.
[0695] Toverifyfunctionalityoftheradarsensorformonitoringheartmotion,theheartwallmotionofswinewasmeasured
indifferentpathologicalconditionsincludingpulselesselectricalactivityandventricularfibrillationwithtwodifferent
antennas.Duringthesepathologicalstate,theswinebloodpressureandcardiacoutputdroppedsignificantly.
Duringpulselesselectricalactivity,thehearthasnormalelectricalactivity,whilethecardiacoutputisverylow.In
theseexperiments,thesystemwasabletodetectheartmotionatmeanarterialbloodpressuresaslowas5
mmHgasillustratedinFIG.38Nandhadsignalpowerthatwasproportionaltothebloodpressure(asillustratedin
FIG.38R).Thesedataindicatethatsuchasystemcanbeusedtosenseheartmotionduringpathologicalstates,
andcanbeusedinconjunctionwithanelectrocardiographtodetectpulselesselectricalactivity,whichcanappear
likenormalheartbeatswhentheelectrocardiographisusedalone.
[0696] Variousembodimentsofacontactingorairgapradarbasedsensor,operatingat2.4GHz,canbeusedtosense
mechanicalheartmotion.Insomeembodiments,thepowerofthesignalfromtheboththecontactingradarbased
sensorandtheairgapradarbasedsensorareproportionaltothemeanarterialpressure.Insomeembodiments,
theairgapandcontactingsensorscandetectheartmotionatmeanarterialpressuresbelow10mmHgwhen
positioneddirectlyovertheheart.
[0697] Insomeembodiments,acontactingradarbasedsensorcouldbeintegratedwithdefibrillationelectrodes,todetect
heartmotionandrelativechangesinbloodpressureduringventricularfibrillationandpulselesselectricalactivity.
Thiscouldhelptoguidedecisionsofwhentodeliverashockfordefibrillation,orwhenchestcompressionsare
required.Insomeembodiments,thiscouldbeintegratedinanautomatedexternaldefibrillator,oramechanical
chestcompressiondevice.Insomeembodiments,theantennaintegratedinthedefibrillationwouldbebuiltona
flexiblesubstrate,suchthattheyareflexibleandconformingtotheskin.Insomeembodiments,thisflexible
substratewouldincludesiliconeand/oragelbetweentheantennaandtheskin.

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[0698] Insomeembodiments,thisdevicecouldbeusedinconjunctionwithECGtodeterminethepresenceofpulseless
electricalactivity,whentheheartmotionisverysmallandthebloodpressureisverylow,buttheheart'selectrical
activityisnormal.ThisisacaseinwhichanECGalonecannotdetecttheneedforCPR,butamechanical
measurementcould.Insomeembodiments,oneadhesivepatchcouldbeplacedontheskin,containingbothan
ECGelectrodeandacontactradarsensor.Insomeembodiments,siliconeand/orgelwouldbeincludedbetween
theantennaandtheskin,andtheadhesivewouldbearoundtheantennaassembly.
[0699] InsomeembodimentsinwhichacontactingDopplerradarsensorisusedformonitoringormeasuringinternal
cardiopulmonaryactivity,ratherthaninducedskinsurfacemotion,(asisdonewithairgapornoncontactradar
basedsensors),itisdesirabletoincreasethereflectedsignalpowerfromtheinternalmotionrelativetothesignal
fromtheskinsurface.Insomeembodiments,interferenceinducedbymotionofotherbodyparts,suchaschest
motionduetobreathing,canbeeliminatedorreducedbyusingalightweight,conformingantennaorsystem.In
someembodiments,wherethatsensorisplacedontheneck,breathingmotioncanbemuchlessthanthemotion
ofthecarotidartery.Atthecarotidarteryandthetemporalartery,thebloodvesselisneartheskinsurface,such
thatitispossibleforthesignaltopenetratetheskinsurfaceanddetectthepulsedirectlyfromthebloodvessel
whenthesensorismountedontheneck.Insomeembodiments,anantenna,antennaarray,orasystem
implementedonaflexiblesubstratefitsandcontourstothehumanneckwell,suchthatthesensorisconformal
andcomfortable,anddoesnotshiftsignificantlywithmovement.
[0700] InorderfortheRFsignaltopenetratethehumanbody,theantennashouldhavebroadbandmatching.Thebroad
bandpropertyoftheantennareducesthemismatchbetweentheantennaandtheskinwhentheantennaisin
contactwithhumanskin.Insomeembodiments,aflexibleantenna3816withbroadbandmatchingcanbe
achievedbyusinganairgapantennastructure,whichhasairbetweentheantenna(ontheflexiblesubstrate)and
thegroundmetal3818asshowninFIG.38P.Theairgaphasalowdielectricconstant,whichfacilitatesdesignof
aplanarantennawithabroadbandmatch.Insomeembodiments,theantennastructureisplacedonathinflexible
substrate,alayerofsoftflexiblefoamprovidinganairgapofuniformthicknessisplacedontopofthesubstrate
withtheantennastructure,andthenalayerthinmetal,suchasaluminumorcopperfoilisplacedontheotherside
ofthefoamtoprovideagroundplane.Thisstructureprovidesalightweight,flexible,broadbandplanarantenna.
[0701] Insomeembodiments,anadhesivecanbeplacedonthebroadbandantennasuchthatitadheresdirectlytothe
neck.Insomeembodiments,alowdurometersiliconecanbeplacedbetweentheantennaandtheadhesiveto
improvematchingbetweentheantennaandtheneck,andthiscanhelptheRFsignaltopenetratedeeperintothe
body.Insomeembodiments,agelcanbeusedbetweentheantennaandthebody,withadhesivearoundthe
edges.Insomeembodiments,thegelcanbewaterbased.Insomeembodiments,thewaterbasedgelcaninclude
saline.Insomeembodiments,thesalinecanbebetween1and15%.Insomeembodiments,thesalinecanbe
10%.Insomeembodiments,bothsiliconeandagelcanbeusedbetweentheantennaandthebody,withadhesive
aroundtheedgessuchthattheantennaadheresdirectlytotheneck.
[0702] Insomeembodimentsofthearterialsensor,anarrayofsmall,inflexiblebroadbandantennascanbeplacedona
flexiblesubstrate,suchthatthesmall,inflexibleantennaecaneachconformtotheskinoftheneck.Thereceived
signalfromeachelementcanbecombinedbyacombinerthat,insomeembodiments,isfabricatedontheother
sideoftheantennagroundplane.Insomeembodiments,whenthecombinersharesthegroundplanewiththe
antennae,thegroundmetalisthickerthantheskindepthofthecarriersignalinordertominimizecrosstalk
betweenantennasandanRFcircuit.
[0703] Insomeembodiments,thebroadbandantennacanbeaspiralantenna.Insomeembodiments,anarrayofspiral
antennaecanbeusedtomakethesystemrobusttopositioningontheneck,suchthattheantennacanbequickly
placedontheneckwithoutregardtopositioningoverthecarotidartery.Insomeembodiments,anelongatedspiral,
withanellipselikeshape,canbeusedtoproviderobustnesstopositioning.Insomeembodiments,onebowtie
antennaoranarrayofbowtieantennaecanbeused.Insomeembodiments,oneairdielectricrectanglepatch
antennaoranarrayofpatchantennaecanbeused.Insomeembodiments,oneannularmicrostripantennaoran
arrayofannularantennaecanbeused.
[0704] Insomeembodiments,antenna(s)andaRFcircuitorapartialRFcircuitasillustratedin38Qcanbemountedona
subject'sbodytoeliminateorrelieveinterferencewiththesignalthatisinducedbycablemotionbetweenantenna
andRFcircuit.Inotherembodiments,theRFcircuitisplacedontheshoulder,withashortcablebetweenthe
antennaandtheRFcircuit.
[0705] Insomeembodiments,therecanbeawirelessconnectionbetweentheRFcircuitandtheprocessoranddisplay
unit.Insomeembodiments,thisconnectioncanbewired.Insomeembodiments,theprocessoranddisplaycan
becolocatedwiththeRFcircuit,allplacedontheshoulderorsomeotherbodypart.
[0706] Insomeembodiments,thesensorisusedtosensethecarotidarterialpulseduringCPR,toprovidefeedbackon
theeffectivenessofchestcompressionsiftheyarenotprovidingadequatepulsestothecarotidartery(and
thereforealsothebrain),anautomatedCPRdeviceorahealthcarepractitionercouldadjustthecompressionsuntil
thedeviceindicatesthatadequatebloodisreachingthebrain.Insomeembodiments,thesensorisusedto
measurethecarotidarterialpulseinanunstablepatient,insomeinstancesfollowingdefibrillation,todetermineif
theheartiseffectivelypumpingbloodtothebrainornotifapatienthaspulselesselectricalactivity,although
electricalsignalsarebeinggeneratedbytheheart,thepatientmaynotbegettingadequatebloodflowtothebrain,
andthissensorcouldhelpdetectthat.
[0707] Toverifyfunctionalityoftheradarsensorformonitoringinternalorgans'motion,heartwallmotionofswinewere
measuredinseveraldifferentpathologicalconditionswithtwodifferentantennas.Thesetestswerefocusedon
measuringmechanicalmotionoftheheartnottheexpansionoftheartery.Aspiralantennawasusedforthe
contactsensortotransmitRFsignalintothebodyandtocollectthesignalreflectedfromtheheartwall.A
rectangularpatchantennawasusedfortheairgapsensortocollectinformationrelatedtochestsurfacemotion,
whichcorrelateswithheartmotion.Thereflectedradiosignalsreceivedbytheantennaaredownconvertedtoa

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complexbasebandsignal,whichincludescardiopulmonarymotioninformation.Insomeembodiments,these
signalsaresampledat1kHzanddecimatedtoa100Hzsignaltoincreasethesignaltonoiseradio(SNR).In
someembodiments,thedecimatedsignalsarerecorded.Subsequently,insomeembodiments,thesesignalsare
demodulatedtogetasignalthatisproportionaltothecardiopulmonarymotionacquiredbythesensor.Insome
embodiments,thedemodulatedsignalsarefilteredbyFIRKaiserwindowedfilterstoisolatethedesiredheart
signalsfromothersignals,resultinginaheartpulsetrace.Insomeembodiments,therelativepowerofmechanical
heartmotionduringvariouspathologicstageswascalculatedusingtheenvelopeoftheheartpulsetrace.Insome
embodiments,theRMSvoltageisusedtocalculatethepulsepoweritisthesquarerootofthemeanofthe
voltagesquared.Thispulsepowerisproportionaltomeanarterialpressure,andcanbeusedtodetectchangesin
themeanarterialpressure.Withcalibration,thepulsepowercanbeusedtoestimatethemeanarterialpressure.
[0708] Thecorrelationbetweenmeanarterialpressureandradarsignalpulsepowerwashighduringtheventricular
fibrillationmeasurements.DuringasphyxialPEA,theheartmotionsignalpowerobtainedwiththecontacting
sensorcloselytrackedthemeanarterialpressure,increasingatthebeginningoftheasphyxiation,anddecreasing
asasphyxiationpersisted.Thecorrelationcoefficientbetweenthetwomeasurementswas0.97inboth
measurementswithcontactingsensorsandthemeasurementwiththeairgapsensor.Thecontactingsensorwas
abletodetectcardiacmotionasthemeanarterialpressuredroppedtovaluesaslowas5.6mmHgand7.5mmHg
inthetwomeasurements.Theairgapsensorwasabletodetectcardiacmotionasthemeanarterialpressure
droppedaslowas7mmHg.
[0709] Overall,thepowerofthepulsesignalfromtheradarsensorcorrelatedwellwiththemeanarterialpressure.The
correlationcoefficientsforallexperimentsareshowninthebargraphsinFIG.38R.Nocorrelationwiththe
differenceinthesystolicdiastolicpressurewasfound.
[0710] Invariousembodiments,asensornetworkincludingmanythincardiopulmonarysensorsworksinconjunction
withacentralizedprocessingappliance.FIG.39Adescribesacentralizedtopologysuchthatmanythinnon
contactcardiopulmonarysensorsformclusters3901aand3901b.Thesensorclusterscanbecontrolledbya
networkappliance3902whereallprocessingwilltakeplace.Embodimentsofthistopologycanbeusefulwhere
sensorscanbedeployedinadensearea(i.e.,oneperhospitalbed).Inthiscase,ratherthanhavingeachsensor
beafullfledgedcardiopulmonarymonitor,eachsensorwillonlypossessminimalhardware,insome
embodiments,onlyenoughfordataacquisitionandforwardingadatastream.Invariousembodiments,each
sensorwillincludeadataacquisitionmoduleandanetworkmodule.Invariousembodiments,rawdatawillbe
streamedtothenetworkappliance3902wherefurtherprocessingwillbedone.Invariousembodimentsdescribed
above,thesystemcanprocesstherawdatainternally.Invariousembodiments,processingwillincludethe
demodulationoftheIQchannels,anyDOAprocessingfortracking,respirationrate,etc.Invariousembodiments,
thecalculatedstatisticsandprocesseddatawillthenresideonthenetworkappliance3902ortheycanbe
forwardedtoanelectronichealthrecordserver.Aremoteclientcanthenaccessthisdataviaacomputer,mobile
phone,PDA,etc.Thedatacanalsobeviewedviaaterminallocallyorremotelyinvariousembodiments.FIG.39B
showsanalternateembodimentofFIG.39Ashowingthedirectionofinformationtravelbetweenthesensorcluster
3901a,thenetworkappliance3902andvariousothercomponentsofthenetwork.
[0711] Theconfigurationabovecanalsobeusefulinsecurityapplicationswhereinformationneedstobeprocessedata
centralizedlocation.Forexample,inhomesecurity,thenetworkappliance3902canbesettosoundanalertif
morethanthesetnumberofsubjectsisdetectedinthehome.Anotherapplicationforthevariousembodimentof
thethinsensornetworkishomelandsecurity,wheremanypeopleneedtobescreenedquicklysuchasatports.
Alivingdatabasecanbebuiltandaccessedinwhichbiometricsinformationforcertainindividualscanbeacquired,
compared,andanalyzedforsecuritypurposes.
[0712] Althoughcertainpreferredembodimentsandexamplesaredisclosedabove,inventivesubjectmatterextends
beyondthespecificallydisclosedembodimentstootheralternativeembodimentsand/orusesandtomodifications
andequivalentsthereof.Thus,thescopeoftheclaimsappendedheretoisnotlimitedbyanyoftheparticular
embodimentsdescribed.Forexample,inanymethodorprocessdisclosedherein,theactsoroperationsofthe
methodorprocesscanbeperformedinanysuitablesequenceandarenotnecessarilylimitedtoanyparticular
disclosedsequence.Variousoperationscanbedescribedasmultiplediscreteoperationsinturn,inamannerthat
canbehelpfulinunderstandingcertainembodimentshowever,theorderofdescriptionshouldnotbeconstruedto
implythattheseoperationsareorderdependent.Additionally,thestructures,systems,and/ordevicesdescribed
hereincanbeembodiedasintegratedcomponentsorasseparatecomponents.Forpurposesofcomparingvarious
embodiments,certainaspectsandadvantagesoftheseembodimentsaredescribed.Notnecessarilyallsuch
aspectsoradvantagesareachievedbyanyparticularembodiment.Thus,forexample,variousembodimentscan
becarriedoutinamannerthatachievesoroptimizesoneadvantageorgroupofadvantagesastaughtherein
withoutnecessarilyachievingotheraspectsoradvantagesascanalsobetaughtorsuggestedherein.Thus,the
inventionislimitedonlybytheclaimsthatfollow.

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CLASSIFICATIONS

U.S.
600/425
Classification
International
A61B6/00
Classification
Cooperative A61B5/7239,A61B5/1113,A61B5/7207,A61B5/1118,A61B5/1102,A61B5/1114,A61B5/726,G01S13/88,A61B5/7221,A61B5/113,
Classification A61B5/05,A61B5/7257,G01S13/56,G01S13/583,A61B5/7203,A61B5/165,A61B2560/0204
European A61B5/113,G01S13/88,G01S13/58F,A61B5/16H,A61B5/05,G01S13/56,A61B5/72B,A61B5/11N,A61B5/11Q,A61B5/72D,
Classification A61B5/11N2

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https://www.google.com/patents/US20100292568 79/79