Grammarbook

Grammar Book
Theme Based on Mechanics
Grammar: Essential to Your Education, and Your

Greatest Tool to Achieve Success!
Education is a weapon, whose effect depends on who holds it in his hands and at whom it is
aimed.
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
By: Alexis Chavoya

Grammar Book: Essential to Your Education, and
Your Greatest Tool to Achieve Success!
Alexis Chavoya
November 30, 2016
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Table of Contents
Title Page Number
Cover Page.......................................................................................... 2
Table of Contents................................................................................. 3
Introduction..... 4
About The 5
Author.......
Section 1:Parts Of Speech.................................................................... 6
Section 2:Phrases................................................................................ 24
Section 3:Clauses................................................................................ 26
Section 4:Sentences............................................................................. 29
Section 5:Paragraphs............................................................................ 36
Section 6:Essays................................................................................. 43
Section 7:Capitalization......................................................................... 47
Section 8:Punctuation........................................................................... 51
Section 9:Commonly Confused Words................................................... 53
Section 1-9 Quizzes.............................................................................. 55
Section 1-9 Quiz Keys.......................................................................... 64
Glossary.............................................................................................. 73
Work 77
Cited...
Dedication 78
.
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Introduction
What follows from this page is nothing more than a magnificent Grammar Book. The
theme for my book is on Mechanics, and the reason i chose this is because i am very interested
in mechanics, both the scientific side and the hands on side. In this book we will be going over
everything from parts of speech, to essays! We first start by going over all parts of speech and
their functions in the English language. Then we move onto phrases and clauses, which are just
below sentences. Then we transition to sentences and the differences between the many types
of sentences. After this we move onto paragraphs, which are made of up of a few sentences.
After this, we also cover essays, which are made up of a few paragraphs. Next on our journey
we will go over capitalization and proper usage of this idea, followed by punctuation and the
proper usage and meaning of every punctuation mark. To end our journey we cover commonly
confused words, which are words that people commonly mix up in their writing. After going
every section there is also a quiz and quiz key provided for every section of the book. The last
section of the book is the glossary that goes over words you may not know and important
vocabulary in this book.
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About the Author
Hello reader, my name is Alexis Chavoya. Im 16 years old and am currently at my 3rd
year of highschool. I am attending Francisco Medical Magnet High School, and I have very
optimistic plans for my future that I hope to achieve with hard work and dedication. As you may
have already notice my book is themed on mechanics, for a very good reason. I love physics,
mechanics, and anything at all that has to do with hands on repair of mechanical objects. Apart
from mechanics I am interested in all kinds of sciences and because of this I hope to one day be
an engineer. My strengths academically would most likely be mathematics and science.
This book was produced as a project for my English class with Mr. Rodriguez. This class
has pushed me harder than any previous english class, as you can tell. Although my English
skills arent the strongest, recently theyve improved drastically. My English has been very poor
for most of my life especially my spelling and comprehension. Over the years they have gotten
better and I can say that comprehension isn't as big of a problem, but not like it used to be. It
hasn't been until 8th, 10th and 11th grade english classes that i've been really taught to write
and go in depth on some of the writing and how it has changed over generations.
At home I grew up in a spanish speaking family, and spanish was the dominant
language for the earlier part of my life. I would use spanish to communicate to uncles and aunte
and my parents and siblings since they all knew spanish, and english wasn't so used since i
only used it for school which taught very basic english. It wasn't until 8th, 10th, and 11th grade
that my dominant language began to shift from spanish to english. As my english became
stronger and stronger i found myself speaking less spanish to siblings and instead only to family
and parents. Although i was never taught to read and write spanish i am able to accomplish
these tasks very easily as the reading and writing portion of the language itself is very similar to
that of english..
At school I am involved in programs such as EHA to enhance my educational experience
and background, also to prepare myself for highschool. EHA is an Engineering program at my
high school. I am also in the magnet program and Sistema, which is another technology/science
program in my high school that also incorporated media. For my final in my Sistema English
class, a group of friends and I had to create a news show which was 13 minutes long and
included 2 advertisements, also produced by us. I am also in Clubs. The Club I am most active
in is O-Life Gardening Club where I am an officer and help with labs around the club and apply
to project grants. The second club I am in is CSF (California Scholarship Federation) which is a
state run organization.
Outside of my academic life I also enjoy listening to music. Some of my favorite artists
consist of: Iron Maiden, Guns N Roses, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Metallica, Megadeth and David
Bowie. Of these artists I have seen 3 live, Iron Maiden at The Forum, Guns N Roses at Dodger
Stadium, and Megadeth at Hollywood. I also enjoy gaming whenever I can but I prefer going on
long cruises while listening to my favorite music. I also play the Guitar. The reason I started
playing guitar was because I wanted to learn the into to Paradise City by Guns N Roses, but
after I reached my goal, I fell in love with the instrument and it is among my favorite pass time.
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No Matter how busy or tired I am, I will always end the night with a few minutes of playing
everyday.
Grammar Book Section 1: Parts of Speech
The uses and functions of words and their different kinds of speech are to organize
complete thoughts into a sentence and to organize words into groups that have similar
behaviors such as verbs nouns adverbs and adjectives. A group of words form a sentence, a
group of sentences form a paragraph, and a group of paragraphs can form an essay, journal,
article, or story. At the base of everything you read, parts of speech play an important role.
I. Nouns (Person, Place, Thing, or Idea)

A. Types (5):
1. Proper: Name specific or one-of-a-kind item.
a) Spur Gears
b) Internal Ring Gears
c) Helical Gears
d) Helical rack Gear
e) Rack and Pinion Gear
2. Common: Name general items.
a) Gears
b) Pistons
c) Levers
d) Engines
e) Forces
3. Collective: Name of groups, usually composed by people.
a) Design Team
b) Mechanics
c) Engineers
d) Manufacturers
e) Company
4. Concrete: A noun you can sense with one of your five senses
a) Car
b) Piston
c) Gas
d) Levers
e) Gears
5. Abstract: A noun you can't experience with any of your five senses.
a) Energy Loss
b) Energy Gain
c) Torque
d) Radiation
e) Time
B. Identifiers (5):
1. Noun endings:
a) Carsickness -ness
b) Aviation -tion
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c) Mechanism -ism
d) Antimechanist -ist
e) Future -ture
f) Magnitude -tude
g) Management -ment
h) Maintenance -ance
i) Interference -ence
j) Reality -ity
k) Administer -ster
l) Auditory -ory
m) Engineer -eer
n) Hood (of a car) -hood
2. Following a noun marker: a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our,
several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three
a) [B]: The car is really black.
N V Adv Adj
b) [A]: The car is a black lamborghini that has a V8 engine, quickly
N V Adj N Adj Adv
causing it to be sold-out.
V
3. Plural form:
a) Cars
b) Engines
4. Possessive form:
a) Cars engine
b) Engines piston
5. Following a preposition:
a) The pistons in cars, move very quickly, that is until we turn off the
car.
C. Functions (13)
1. Subject (comes before the verb)
a) [B]: Levers are used to hopefully help us move heavy objects.
N V Adv Adj
b) [A]: Levers are used to hopefully help us move heavy objects, and
N V Adv Adj
by putting the objects further away from us, we can effectively
Adv
reduce the effort needed to move the heavy object.
V
2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom)
a) [B]: You can control automatic cars very easily.
V Adj N Adv
b) [A]: You can control automatic cars very easily, since the gears
are
V Adj N Adv
automatic, they change without you having to step on the clutch
Adj V N
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pedal.
3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom)

a) [B]: My dad gave my extremely hard working brother a new car
V Adv Adj N
after finishing high school.
b) [A]: My dad gave my extremely hard working brother a new car

V Adv Adj N
after finishing high school, since he knows it is a major
Prep.
achievement and he knows it will be difficult to go to college
Adj
without a mechanical vehicle.
Adj
4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when)
a) [B]: Engineers work afternoons in order to be fully functional for
N V Adj Prep. Adv Adj
their demanding job.
Adj
b) [A]: Engineers work afternoons in order to be fully functional for
N V Adj Adv Adj
their demanding job, hopefully by the time they get into office,
Adj Adv
they're wide awake and ready to solve the mechanical problems
Adj
facing them.
5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition)

a) [B]: David quickly went to ask the mechanical design team a
Adv Prep. N
question about their new model.
Adj
b) [A]: David quickly and anxiously went to ask the mechanical
design
Adv Adv Prep. N
team a question about their new model, since it has never been
Adj
experimented with before.
6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb)

a) [B]: David is the lead engineer of the incredibly stressful project.
N V Adv Adj
b) [A]: David is the new lead engineer of the incredibly stressful
N V Adj Adv Adj
mechanical project after the old leader had an accident and will no
Adj Adj
longer be able to work for the rest of the year.
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7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it)
a) [B]: The mechanical engineer design team impatiently picked
Adj Adv V
inexperienced David to be the leader of the project.
Adj N
b) [A]: The mechanical engineer design team impatiently picked
Adj Adv V
inexperienced David to be the leader of the project since they
Adj N
needed to start work quickly, otherwise their competitors will get
Adv Prep.
ahead.
8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas)

a) [B]: David, the new mechanical engineer in the office, has been
N Appositive V
insanely optimistic with his first ever project.
Adv Adj
b) [A]: David, the new mechanical engineer in the office, has been
N Appositive V
insanely optimistic with his first ever project, making risky
Adv Adj Adv
adjustments to the final product in order to hopefully optimize the
Adv Adj
efficiency.
9. Adjectival (describes noun following it)

a) [B]: The boss walked angrily into davids mechanically decorated
N V Adv Adj
office.
b) [A]: The new boss walked angrily into davids mechanically

Adj N V Adv Adj
decorated office and was loud and concise about what he eagerly
Adj V Adv
expects from him in the next upcoming projects.
10. Noun in Direct Address

a) [B]: David, can you quickly run through my new mechanical
N N Adv v Adj Adj
design?
b) [A]: David, can you quickly run through and revise my new
N N Adv v V Adj
mechanical design since i'm not sure if i have fully maximized my
Adj Adv V
device's efficiency?
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11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund)
a) [B]: Winning an engineering award, quickly became the start of
G N Adv
Davids successful career.
Adj
b) [A]: Winning an important engineering award, quickly became the
G Adj N Adv
start of Davids immensely successful career, leaving him to
Adv Adj
hopefully get a bonus in his next check.
Adv
12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle)
a) [B]: After winning the engineering contest, David felt extremely
Prep. V N Adv
proud of his hardworking coworkers.
V (Adj)Part. N
b) [A]: After winning the competitive engineering contest, David felt
Prep. V Adj N
extremely proud of his hardworking coworkers and decided to
throw
Adv V (Adj)Part. N
a really nice thank you party for them.
Adv Adj
13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive)
a) [B]: David is impatiently awaiting for next years engineering
N Inf Adv V
competition.
b) [A]: David is impatiently awaiting for next years engineering

N Inf dv V Adj
competition, hoping to do as good as he did this year and impress
Prep. Adj V
the boss.
II. Pronouns
A. Personal: Used to show contrast to an individual such as I, you, he, she, it, we,
they, me, him, her, us, and them.
1. [B]: I was extremely impressed by the teams creative work!
PN Adv V Adj
2. [A]: I was extremely impressed, and left in awe, by the teams creative
PN Adv V Prep. V Adj
work and patience!
Adj
B. Relative: used to connect a phrase/clause to a noun/pronoun, common relative
pronouns are who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that.
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1. [B]: Whoever plagiarized Davids incredibly amazing project should
RP V N Adv Adj
be fired!
2. [A]: Whoever plagiarized Davids incredibly amazing project, should

RP V N Adv Adj
be fired, for no reason whatsoever should anyone claim the work
N V
of another coworker!
N
C. Interrogative: A pronoun that is used to ask a question, the five interrogative
pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and whose.
1. [B]: W
ho's been patiently waiting for the next advanced
IN V Adv V Adj
mechanical project?
2. [A]: Who's been patiently waiting since yesterday because the

IN V Adv V
boss fell behind in work to hear what the next advanced mechanical
Adj
project will be?
D. Reflective:Pronouns that refer back to the subject of the sentence, usually ending
in -self (singular) -selves (plural).
1. [B]: David is too hard on himself lately, always trying to impress our new
N RP Adv Adj
boss.
2. [A]: David is too hard on himself lately, always trying to impress our new
boss with new models that never work.
E. Demonstrative: This pronoun is always followed by a noun and are used for
demonstrative adjectives, such as this, that, these and those.
1. [B]: T
his new design is extremely outdated for todays mechanical
D Adj Adv V Adj
technology.
2. [A]: This new design is extremely outdated for todays mechanical

D Adj Adv V Adj
technology, and cannot be applied to today's work since almost
everything now is electronic or computerized.

Adj Adj
F. Indefinite: Pronoun that does not to refer to anything in particular, some common
indefinite pronouns are, anything,something, anyone, and everyone.
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1. [B]: Nobody knows what the new boss told David as he angrily walked
out
PN Adj N Adv V
of the office.
2. [A]: Nobody knows what the boss told David as he angrily walked out of
PN Adj N Adv V
the office after his new mechanical design did not impress the boss.
Prep. Adj V
III. Verbs
A. Endings (3):
1. -s
a) Copies
b) Works
c) Turns
d) Shifts
e) Runs
2. -ed
a) Copied
b) Worked
c) Turned
d) Shifted
e) Clickeded
3. -Ing
a) Copying
b) Working
c) Turning
d) Shifting
e) Clicking
B. Tense verbs indicate time via tenses: (11)
1. Simple past
a) Walked
b) Turned
c) Clicked
2. Past
a) Played
b) Watched
c) kicked
3. Past perfect
a) Had seen
b) Had played
c) Had moved
4. Past progressive
a) Were reading
b) Were walking
c) Were watching
5. Simple present
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a) Plays
b) Turns
c) Walks
6. Present
a) Play
b) Turn
c) Walk
7. Present perfect
a) Have read
b) Have seen
c) Have met
8. Present progressive
a) Are reading
b) Are watching
c) Are walking
9. Present perfect progressive
a) Had been playing
b) Had been walking
c) Had been watching
10. Future
a) Will walk
b) Will move
c) Will kick
11. Future perfect
a) Will have played
b) will have moved
c) Will have walked
C. Forms (3)
1. Forms of to be: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs
can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verb,
they are always linking verbs true linking verbs = all forms of be,
become, and seem).
a) Is driving
b) Are engineers
c) Were mechanically designed
2. Forms of to do: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as
helping verbs or main verbs).
a) Did mechanical design
b) Does function mechanically
c) Doing mechanical work
3. Forms of to have: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as
helping verbs or main verbs).
a) Had mechanical arm
b) Has cars
c) Having an automatic piston
D. Types (11)
1. Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)
a) Be
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b) Do
c) Have
2. Linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject
of a sentence to other parts of the sentence usually the predicate)
a) Is
b) Are
c) Turned
3. Lexical verbs (main verbs)
a) Sells
b) Gives
c) Trades
4. Dynamic verbs (indicate action)
a) Turn
b) Twist
c) Hit
5. Stative verbs (describe a condition)
a) Feels
b) Recognize
c) Appreciates
6. Finitive verbs (indicate tense)
a) Live
b) Painted
c) Varnished
7. Nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles)
a) Screaming
b) Arriving
c) Excited
8. Regular verbs (weak verbs)
a) Bake
b) Work
c) Turn
9. Irregular verbs (strong verbs)
a) Write
b) Be
c) Become
10. Transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object)
a) Hit
b) Want
c) Drinks
11. Intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
a) Went
b) Lies
c) Lays
E. Voice : The English language has two voices (2)
1. Active: Subject of the verb is doing the action.
a) [B]: David engineered an incredibly expensive mechanical arm.
N V Adv Adj
b) [A]: David engineered an incredibly expensive mechanical arm
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that
N V Adv Adj
will suit the needs of his friends son who had a very tragic
accident.
Adv Adj
2. Passive: Something else but the main subject performs the action.
a) [B]: Davids work has proven to be an incredibly unimaginable
N V Adv Adj
success.
b) [A]: Davids amazing work has proven to be an incredibly

N Adj Adv
unimaginable success, quickly earning him a promotion and an
Adj Adv
increase in salary.
F. Verbals: Verb forms not used as verbs (3)
1. Participle: Word formed from a verb and used as an adjective.
a) David has been periodically researching a way to improve his
sketchy design.
2. Gerund: Word formed from a verb and used as a noun.
a) After years of research, mechanical engineers finally perfected the
diving board for the swimming pool.
3. Infinitive: The basic form of a verb without particular subject or tense.
a) David is impressively going to perfect his new mechanical diving
board allowing his company to make a fortune out of it.
IV. Adjectives: Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.
A. Kinds (3)
1. Demonstrative
a) These wheels
b) This car
c) Those levers
2. Common
a) Small engine
b) Large gears
c) New innovations
3. Proper
a) The Mechanical arm
b) The German car
c) The innovative crank wheel
B. Endings: What suffixes are adjective endings?
1. Mechanical -al
2. Stronger -er
3. Heaviest -est
C. Conversions: How are other parts of speech converted into adjectives?
1. Mechanic Mechanical
2. Innovation Innovative
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3. Power Powerful
D. Articles: What are these? How/when are they used?
1. Explanation: Articles are a type of adjectives, and there are only 3 of
these in the english language, The (Definite) A and An (Indefinite)
a) The automobile
b) A machine
c) An engine
E. Comparatives/Superlatives: superlatives adjectives are adjectives that end in
-est and comparative adjectives are adjectives that end in -er
1. Comparatives
a) Faster
b) Stronger
c) Thicker
2. Superlatives
a) Strongest
b) Fastest
c) Thickest
V. Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

A. Ending
1. Mechanically -ly
2. Forwards -wards
3. -wise
B. Conversations: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs?
1. Mechanically
2. Forcefully
3. Manually
C. Types
1. Manner
a) [B]: David quickly answered the urgent call from his boss.
N Adv Adj
b) [A]: David quickly and without hesitation, answered the urgent call
N Adv Adj
from his boss, discussing his newly designed model of a
Adv
mechanical typing machine.
Adj
2. Frequency
a) [B]: David has been frequently getting long messages from his .
N Adv Adj
boss.
b) [A]: David has been frequently getting long messages from his
N Adv Adj
boss, that has been desperately trying to contact him during his
Adv V
vacation to his work phone to discuss the deadline to his
N
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mechanical design.
Adj
3. Degree
a) [B]: David is very stressed out about his upcoming design
deadline.
N Adv Adj Adj
b) [A]: David is very stressed out about his upcoming design
deadline
N Adv Adj Adj
for his mechanical typewriter, since he spent mostly all of his time
Adj Adv
on vacation to peru.
N
4. Place
a) [B]: David was walking quickly to the boring design meeting.
N V Adv Adj
b) [A]: David, after getting back from vacation and being very far
N Prep. Adv Adj
behind his work, was walking quickly to the boring design
meeting,
V Adv Adj
as an attempt to catch up on his work.
V N
5. Time
a) [B]: Upon his arrival to his exciting engineering office, he instantly
Prep. Adj Adj N Adv
had a dull talk with his boss.
Adj V
b) [A]: Upon his arrival to his exciting engineering office, he instantly
Prep. Adj Adj N Adv
had a dull talk with his boss, who was at the time, not at very
Adj V Prep. Adv
pleased with him.
Adj
D. Conjunctive:
1. Used to join two or more ideas.
a) Accordingly
b) However
c) Nonetheless
E. Intensifiers: c onveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something
1. Emphasizers: (obviously, really, certainly)
a) [B]: David really wanted to impress our boss with his new
mechanical idea.
b) [A]: David really wanted to impress our boss with his new
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mechanical idea, he definitely impressed everyone at the office.
2. Amplifiers: (Well, Absolutely, completely)

a) [B]: The boss was absolutely impressed by davids new innovative
idea.
b) [A]: The boss was absolutely impressed, even left in shock by
davids new innovative idea, leaving him to wonder how david

thinks
of all these things..

3. Downtoners: (Sort of, all but, simply)
a) [B]: All but the incredibly rigorous constraints of davids plan were
perfect.
b) [A]: All but the incredibly rigorous constraints of davids plan were
perfect, he now has to think of a way to get the manufacture price
below $200.
F. Comparatives/Superlatives: Used to show degree.
1. Comparative/superlative adverbs are used to describe the intensity of the
action being described, ex.more quietly.
a) [B]: David slowly turned the crank hoping his new invention will
succeed.
b) [A]: David slowly turned the crank hoping his new invention, that
hes been working hard on, will succeed and not embarrass him in
front of all his coworkers.

VI. Conjunctions
A. Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
1. [B]: A car is both a mechanical and electrical machine that is used to
move
across distance quickly on ground.
2. [A]: A car is both mechanically and electrically built so that it can be used
to move across distance quickly on ground, whereas in the 19th and 20th
century, it was purely mechanical.

B. Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so
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1. [B]: Both the boss and david headed to a really important meeting on
mechanical design today.
2. [A]: Both the boss and david were incredibly excited as they headed to a
really important meeting on ,mechanical design today and would also go

to
a convention on the same topic the very next morning
C. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in
order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where,
whereas, while.
1. [B]: David has been working extremely hard on his new state of the art
mechanical arm while other coworkers just watch.
2. [A]: David has been working extremely hard on his new state of the art
mechanical arm while other coworkers just watch, some even taking
really
quick notes at his ingenious design..
D. Relative Pronoun: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or

animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
1. [B]: The mechanical engineer who won the competition really worked
hard.
2. [A]: The mechanical engineer who shockingly won the competition by a
landslide victory, really worked hard and was a well deserved win on his
part.
VII. Prepositions: Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the
sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions
and complex prepositions. These are some common prepositions:
A. aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along,
alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far
as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below,
beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning,
despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among,
from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in
place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near
to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of,
opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to,
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toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within,
without
1. According to david, after you start this fully automatic mechanical
typewriter, it writes what you say, he uses this instead of dragon because
of its incredible speed, it's faster than other programs when you consider
that you don't have to pause to let the typewriter catch up with you.
2. Alongside of the bosss chair sits david, despite david being in a lower
position, they act as coworker when discussing new mechanical
inventions
3. Near the start button of this incredibly large mechanical contraption, and
above the handles, next to both levers, and between these two hinges, is
the most critical part of my invention.
VIII. Interjections:
A. List of interjections:
1. A- aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw
2. B- bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr
3. C- cheers, congratulations
4. D- dang, drat, darn, duh
5. E- eek, eh, encore, eureka
6. F- fiddlesticks
7. G- gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh
8. H- ha-ha, halleluyah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow
9. O- oh, oh dear, oh well, oh my, oops, ouch, ow
10. P- phew. Phooey, pooh, pow
11. R- rats
12. S- shh, shoo
13. T- thanks, there, tut-tut
14. U- uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh
15. W- wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow
16. Y- yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck
B. Sentences:
1. Yikes, that poorly designed mechanical engine makes the loudest noise
ever, such as eek, eh, hmm, brrr, aw, ahh, arg, bam, shh, phew, pow.
2. Dang, i forgetfully left all my documents on my home computer that are
supposed to explain my mechanical design arg, and i didn't put them into
my flash drive either, oh well.
3. Wahoo, i saved all my incredibly important documents on google drive,
yeah!
IX. Associated Terms:

A. Antecedents: A thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.
1. [B]: He is quickly riding his mechanical bike across the park.
2. [A]: He is quickly and cautiously riding his mechanical bike across the
park,
assuring himself that nobody is around and that he is not going to disturb
20
any plants or animals.
B. Complements: A subject complement is the adjective, noun, or pronoun that

follows a linking verb.
1. [B]: David has been working on inexpensively improving his mechanical
bike.
2. [A]: David has been working on inexpensively improving his old

mechanical
bike that he would excessively ride on as a child..
C. Objects
1. Direct: A noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of
the action of a transitive verb.
a) [B]: David and his boss were testing their newly designed
mechanical contraption.
b) [A]: David and his boss were absolutely amazed while testing
their
newly designed mechanical contraption, when they discovered the
designs were much better that thought at first.
2. Indirect: A noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected

by the action of a transitive verb, but is not the primary object.
a) [B]: David built a mechanical piston on his pricy new workbench.
b) [A]: David built an unusually small mechanical piston on his pricy
new workbench, to see if it could stand up to his future challenges.
D. Modifiers: Words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences.

1. [B]: Poor david, instantly destroyed his newly made piston on the way to
show his boss.
2. [A]: Poor david, instantly destroyed his newly made piston, that he was
so
passionately proud about for construction in under 10 minutes, on the way
to show his boss.
E. Transitions (Transition Chart): Words and phrases
21
that provide a connection between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.
1. [B]: David as well as our new boss were out
on vacation together meanwhile the rest of the
shockingly clueless workers were struggling to
get anywhere without them.
2. [A]: David as well as our new boss were out
on vacation together meanwhile the rest of the
shockingly clueless workers were struggling to
get anywhere without them.David as well as our new boss were out on
vacation together meanwhile the rest of the shockingly clueless workers
were struggling to get anywhere without them, but were all very hesitant
to
call and ask for help, hence, not much got done while they were away.
F. Expletives: (of a word or phrase) serving to fill out a sentence or line of verse.
1. [B]: There are seven new uniquely designed dog feeders on the bosss
small desk today.
2. [A]: There are seven new, and also very large, uniquely designed dog
feeders on the bosss small desk today, leaving it without any room for the
boss to leave a coffee mug on it.
G. Agreements:
1. Subject- verb: When a compound subject contains both a singular and a
plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the
part of the subject that is nearer the verb.
a) [B]: Once the wheel is turned, mechanical energy can be turned
into electrical energy, making a soft yet slightly soothing sound.
b) [A]: Once the wheel is quickly being turned, mechanical energy

can
be turned into electrical energy and other forms of energy such as
22
heat light and sound , making a soft yet slightly soothing sound.
2. Noun- Pronoun: When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are

connected by or or nor, use a singular verb. The book or the pen is in the
drawer.
a) [B]: David is always looking for new ways to better his product, he
always consults many other mechanical engineers before working
on his final design.
b) [A]: David is always looking for new ways to better his product,
whether it be efficiently economically or just aesthetically, he

always
consults many other mechanical engineers before working on his
final design.
23
Grammar Book Section 2: Phrases
I. Phrases a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming
a component of a clause.
A. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb.
1. [A] David, from the mechanical branch, is constantly in the bosss
N Prep. Adj Adv
cramped office.
Adj N
2. [B] David, from the mechanical branch, is constantly in the bosss
N Prep. Adj Adv Adj
cramped office, despite knowing how extremely annoyed the boss gets.
N Prep. Adv Adj
B. Appositives: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify
an appositive.
1. [A] David, the head mechanical engineer, consistently challenges the
N Appositive Adv Adj
innovative ideas of other engineers, which is why he isn't too liked.
Prep.
2. [B] David, the head mechanical engineer, consistently challenges the
N Appositive Adv V
innovative ideas of other engineers, which is why engineers sometimes
Adj Prep.
are hesitant to show him any inventions, for that same reason, he isn't
Prep.
extremely liked.
Adj
C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun (3)
1. Gerund: word ending in ing used as a noun.
a) [A] The very complex swimming machine is entirely mechanical.
Adv Adj N Adv Adj
b) [B] The very complex, and extremely expensive, swimming
Adv Adj Adv Adj
machine is entirely mechanical, since any electrical energy can
N Adv. Adj.
become an issue in contact with water
N
2. Participle: Word ending in ing or ed used as an adjective
a) [A] This embedded device exclusively has traces of once
Adj Adv
mechanical features
Adj.
24
b) [B] This embedded device exclusively has traces of once
Adj Adv
mechanical features in its hard drive, rather than a completely still
Adj. N Adv Adj
solid state drive found in today's market.
N
3. Infinitive: Verb preceded by the word to (to go, to jump) used as noun,
adjectives, or adverbs
a) [A] For this incredibly light machine, it is not a challenge to swim.
Adv Adj N
b) [B] For this incredibly light machine, it is not a challenge to swim,
Adv Adj N
mainly for the reason that it is mechanically powered and the
Adv Adv Adj
chances of any short circuit is zero.
N
25
Grammar Book Section 3: Clauses
I. Clauses
A. Independant: CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple
sentence pattern.
1. The machines get very warm.
N Adv Adj
B. Subordinate (Dependent): CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and
MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. (7)
1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a
subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an
indirect object, or an appositive
a) [B] I love simple mechanics, there are always useful things to
Dep. Clause Adj N
know and can often make your life much easier.
N Adv
b) [A] I love simple mechanics, there are always extremely useful
Dep. Clause Adj N
things to know and can often make your life much easier,
N Adv
especially when you start to think about simple levers.

Adv Adj
2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause
a) [B] When the machines get warm, it is always best to have
Dep. Clause
them all shut down completely.
Adj Adv
b) [A] When the machines get warm, it is always best to have
Dep. Clause
them all shut down completely rather than to have costly damage
Adj Adv Adv Adj
to the equipment due to overheating.
N
3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an
independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used
to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or
concession.
a) [B] If machines are turned off due to overheating, we must slowly
Dep. Clause Adv
wait until temperatures fall below room temperature.
N Adj
b) [A] If machines are turned off due to overheating, we must slowly
26
Dep. Clause Adv
wait until temperatures fall below room temperature, this can take
N Adj
much time and needs to be done by someone who has very much
Adj N Adv
patience.
Adj
4. Essential Clause: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence
a) [B] The designs that most interests the boss are the completely
Dep. Clause Adv
simple designs.
Adj
b) [A] The designs t hat most interests the boss are the completely
Dep. Clause Adv
simple designs, this is because complex designs usually have
minor
Adj Adj N Adv
flaws that cost a lot of money.
N Adj
5. Nonessential Clause: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of
the sentence.
a) [B] I really don't think i can finish my mechanical project before the
Adv Adj N
deadline, which is on october 16th.
Dep. Clause
[A] I really don't think i can finish my mechanical project before the
Adv Adj N
deadline, which is on october 16th, if i do it quickly and recklessly i
Dep. Clause Adv Adv
might make it on time.
V
6. Relative Clause: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun
a) [B] The engineer who finishes their design first gets a extremely
N Dep. Clause Adv
small salary increase.
Adj V
b) [A] The engineer w ho finishes their design first gets a extremely
N Dep. Clause Adv
small salary increase, its surprising how much a small addition to
Adj V Adj Adj
your hourly wage makes a big difference at the end of the year.
Adv N Adj Prep. N
7. Elliptical Clause: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted
27
a) [B] He understands very complex gears more than i understand.
N Adv Adj N Dep. Clause
b) [A] He understands very complex gears more than i understand,
N Adv Adj N Dep. Clause
always surprisingly managing to put them together in his head like
Adv Adj Prep. Prep.
invisible building blocks.
Simile
28
Grammar Book Section 4: Sentences
I. Sentences
A. Sentence parts
1. Subject
a) Complete
(1) Everyone in the office is designing the new mechanical
car.
b) Simple
(1) Everyone in the office is designing the new mechanical
car.
c) Compound
(1) The gears and pistons must be redesigned as there are
too weak for this system.
2. Predicate
a) Complete
(1) David redesigned the piston to fit the needs of the new
mechanical car.
b) Simple
(1) David redesigned the piston to fit the needs of the new
mechanical car.
c) Compound
(1) The piston circles around an axis at its base while moving
up and down at to top of the piston.
B. Sentence types
1. Declarative
a) [B]: David was the very best mechanical engineer in the whole
Adv Adj N
company.
b) [A]: David, the incredibly intelligent young man, was the very best
N Adv Adj Adj N Adv Adj
mechanical engineer in the entire company.
Adj
2. Interrogative
a) [B]: Would you like to know how this extremely complex
Adv Adj
mechanical machine works?
Adj
b) [A]: Would you like to know how this very small yet extremely
Adv Adj Adv
complex mechanical machine works and the really interesting
Adj Adj N Adv v
29
design?
3. Imperative
a) [B]: David, show me how this very tiny machine works.
N Adv Adj N
b) [A]: David, show me how this very tiny machine works, with all its
N Adv Adj N
manufactured parts, and how extremely expensive they are to
V N Adv Adj
produce?
V
4. Exclamatory
a) [B]: I love the way this mechanically working contraption is
V Adv V N
designed!
b) [A]: I love the way this mechanically working contraption is

Adv V N
designed, especially because it is very cheap to produce and is
Adv Adv Adj Prep.
something everybody needs!
N
C. Sentence errors (Incomplete/Incorrect types) -(1 sent, then correction)
1. Fragment
a) The reason this machine works.
b) The reason this machine works, is because it uses something
called a piston.
2. Run-on/Rambling
a) The reason this works is because there is a piston that
compresses the air and the air that is compressed causes more
energy to be released and this happens during combustion and
the combustion causes the piston to be sent back down and this
occurs in a circular motion and it also occurs endlessly until the
engine is shut off or there is a failure in the system such as being
out of gas
b) The reason this works is because there is a piston that
compresses the air. The air that is compressed causes more
energy to be released during combustion. Combustion causes the
piston to be sent back down resulting in a circular motion. This
occurs endlessly until the engine is shut off or there is a failure in
the system such as being out of gas.
3. Fused Sentence
30
a) The engine is very durable and can withstand many years of this
combustion how did david do on his design?
b) The engine is very durable and can withstand many years of this
combustion. How did david do on his design?
4. Misplaced Modifier
a) The torn davids prototype was just sitting on the floor next to his
feet.
b) The davids torn prototype was just sitting on the floor next to his
feet.
5. Comma Splice
a) It is past 3pm, we can't finish the prototype.
b) It is past 3pm. We can't finish the prototype.
6. Double Negative
a) I don't never cheat by stealing mechanical designs from other
engineers.
b) I don't ever cheat by stealing mechanical designs from other
engineers.
D. Sentence patterns
1. Simple: A sentence that is just one Independent clause.
a) [B]: The machines get very warm.
N Adv Adj
b) [A]: The machines get very warm, especially during the summer.
N Adv Adj Adv
2. Complex: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
a) [B]: The machines get very warm, especially during the summer.
N Adv Adj Adv
b) [A]: The very sensitive machines get extremely warm, especially
Adv N Adv Adj Adv
during the warm summer days.
3. Compound: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no

dependent clauses.
a) [B]: The machines often overheat, this often leads to production
N Adj N
being extremely less efficient.
Adv
b) [A]: The machines often overheat, this often leads to production
N Adj N
being extremely less efficient and at times even damaging the
Adv V
extremely fragile machines.
Adv Adj
31
4. Complex/ Compound: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and
at least one dependent clause.
a) [B]: The machines often overheat, this often leads to production
N Adj N
being less efficient, and of course a very angry boss.
Adv
b) [A]: The mechanically designed machines often overheat, this
often
Adv N N
leads to production being less efficient, and of course a very angry
N N Adv Adj
boss.
N
5. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a
subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase).
a) [B]: The machines have to be really taken care of during the
N Adv V
hot summer season.
Adj
b) [A]: The extremely sensitive machines have to be really taken
care
Adv Adj N Adv
of during the very hot and very humid summer season.
Adv Adj Adv Adj
6. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given
at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate
suspense.
a) [B]: Because of rising temperatures, old machines must be kept
on
V N Adj N
close watch as time quickly passes.
Adv V
b) [A]: Because of rising temperatures, machines must be kept on
V N Adj N
close watch as the years pass and temperatures begin to quickly
N N Adv
skyrocket.
V
7. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each
other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length.
a) [B]: Because you always need energy to keep something going,
N Prep N V
32
there will always be a need to have energy very efficient
machines.
N Adv Adj N
b) [A]: Because you always need energy to keep something going
N Prep N V
quickly or slowly, there will always be a need to have extremely
Adv Adv Adv
energy efficient machines.
Adj N
8. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show
that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the
reader comprehend what is being written.
a) [B]: Just as matter cannot be created from nothing mechanically,
it
N V N Adv
cannot be destroyed in any way mechanically.
V Adv
b) [A]: Just as matter or even energy cannot be created from nothing
N V N
mechanically, it cannot be destroyed in any way mechanically, you
Adv V Adv
cannot get something from nothing.
N N
9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases,
or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order.
a) [B]: Because of the newton's second law, force is needed to be
N Adj N Prep
continuously exerted to keep an object moving.
Adv V V
b) [A]: Because of the newton's second law, force is needed to be
N Adj N Prep
continuously exerted to keep an object moving especially to
Adv V V Adv
accelerate it.
N
10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words,
phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
a) [B]: Its obvious very sensitive machines make noise, break, get
N Adv Adj N V N
warm, get cold.
N N
b) [A]: Its obvious very sensitive and extremely complex machines
N Adv Adj Adv Adj N
33
make noise, break, get warm, get cold.
V N N N
11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close
proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a
rhetorical purpose.
a) [B]: Its obvious very sensitive machines make noise and break
and
N Adv Adj N V N
get warm and get cold.
N N
b) [A]: Its obvious very sensitive and extremely complex machines
N Adv Adj Adv Adj N
make noise and break and get warm and get cold.
V N N N
12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word,
words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in
order to place emphasis and draw attention.
a) [B]: The mechanical pencil, this mechanical typewriter, this
Adj N Adj N
mechanical speaker, are all produced by my completely innovative
Adj N Adv Adj
company.
N
b) [A]: The mechanically produce mechanical pencil, this
mechanically
Adv V Adj N Adv
produce mechanical typewriter, this mechanically produce
V Adj N Adv V
mechanical speaker, are all produced by my completely innovative
Adj N V Adv
company.
13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with

the same word or words
a) [B]: When things are produced mechanically, when things function
V Adv V
mechanically, when things function mechanically, it brings joy to
my
Adv V Adv V
hardworking company.
Adj N
b) [A]: When things are produced mechanically, when things function
V Adv V
34
mechanically, when things function mechanically, it brings joy to
my
Adv V Adv V
company and especially to my ears.
N Adv V N
35
Grammar Book Section 5: Paragraphs
I. Paragraphs
A. Introductory Paragraphs: First paragraph of your essay/writing.
1. Hook/Lead: Grabbing the readers attention.
a) Anecdotal: A short story of a related topic
(1) [B]: When david was only two he loved to build things with
N Adj V
his legos and used to call them spaceships, showing off his
N N V
passion for design and very early in his life.
N Adv Adv
(2) [A]: When david was only two he loved to build things with
N Adj V
his legos and used to call them spaceships, showing off his
N N V
passion for design and very early in his life, and proving to
N Adv Adv V
become very successful.
Adv Adj
b) Query Based: Selling your idea
(1) [B]: Kids with the age of two are more likely to be
engineers
N Adj Adv N
when they grow up.
N
(2) [A]: Kids with the age of two are more likely to be
engineers
N Adj Adv N
when they grow up, especially when they realize they're
N Adv V
very amazing talents.
Adv Adj N
2. Thesis Statement (7 types): What your text will be based on.
a) Assertion: A confident declarative statement
(1) [B]: Kids who play with legos at the age of two are more
N V N Adj
likely to grow up to be mechanical engineers.
Adv N Adj N
(2) [A]: Kids who play with legos at the age of two are more
N V N Adj
36
likely to grow up to be mechanical engineers, although
what
Adv N Adj N
type of engineer is specifically too difficult to try and

N Adv Adj
determine.
b) Fact: Proven statement

(1) [B]: Studies show that kids that play with legos at the age
of
N N V N Adj
two are more likely to become engineers in the future.
Adv N N
(2) [A]: Studies show that kids that play with legos at the age
of
N N V N
Adj
two are more likely to become engineers in the future,
Adv N N
therefore, definitely becoming a successful person.
Adv Adj N
c) Opinion: Personal bias
(1) [B]: I think that kids like my son who, played legos as kids,
N N V Adj
are better fit for engineering jobs.
N
(2) [A]: I think that kids, very young, like my son who, played
N Adv Adj N V
legos as kids and loved it ever since, are better fit for
N Adj Adj V
engineering jobs.
N
d) Belief: Personal belief
(1) [B]: I believe that kids who play with legos at the age of
two
V N V N Adj
are more likely to become engineers as they grow older.
Adv N
(2) [A]: I believe that kids who play with legos at the age of
two
V N V N Adj
are more likely to become engineers as they grow older,
37
Adv N
and discover their extremely hidden passions.
N Adv Adj
e) Generalization: Based on general remarks
(1) [B]: Kids who play with legos at an early age like to build
N V N Adj
things, therefore, quickly becoming engineers.
Adv N
(2) [A]: Kids who play with legos at an extremely early age like
N V N Adv Adj
to build things, therefore, quickly becoming engineers,
really
V Adv N
starting to drive the world forward.
V N V
f) Document Based: Based on a text or story
(1) [B]: In Engineering kids by Damian Ladino, It is easy to
N N Adj
see that kids who play with legos at a young age of two are
V N N Adj
more likely to become engineers.
Adv N
(2) [A]: In Engineering kids as written by Damian Ladino, It is
N N Adj
very easy to see that kids who play with legos at a young
Adv V N N
age of two are more likely to become engineers, and
Adj Adv N
become better at drawing and designing like an engineer.
N V V N
g) Theory: Idea or question to be tested.
(1) [B]: Do kids who play with legos at a very young age tend
N V N Adv Adj
to grow up to be very successful engineers?
N Adv Adj N
(2) [A]: Do kids who play with legos at a very young age, and
N V N Adv Adj
love to build and really express themselves, tend to grow
up
V N Adv N N
to be very successful engineers?
Adv Adj N
38
B. Body Paragraphs: paragraphs that add context to your writing.
1. Topic Sentence: Sentence to describe the topic of the body paragraph.
a) [B]: The first step in becoming an engineer is having a strong
V N Adj
passion for building from an early age.
N V Adv
b) [A]: The very first step in becoming an engineer is having a strong
Adv V N Adj
powerfully meaningful passion for building from an early age.
Adv V N Adv
2. Sentence with Examples: Examples on how to build your idea.
a) Quotes (5 ways to integrate quotes into a sentence)
(1) MLA Citation
(a) [B]: Children who love building and are creative,
N Adj N V N
tend to become engineers.
N
(b) [A]: Children who love building and are creative,
N Adj N V N
tend to become engineers.
N
b) Paraphrase: Describe in your own words.
(1) [B]: It is said in the text, that kids who love building and are
V N N Adj N V
creative are more likely to become engineers.
V Adv N
(2) [A]: It is said in the lengthy text, that kids who love building
V Adv N N Adj N
and are profoundly creative are more likely to become
Adv N Adv
engineers in the very distant future.
N Adv N
c) Summary: Summarize
(1) [B]: Throughout the entire text, a lot was said about kids
V N Adj V N
becoming engineers, the most notable are kids loving to
N Adj N V
build and being creative.
N V N
(2) [A]: Throughout the entirety of the text, a lot was said
about
V Adv N Adj V
39
kids successfully becoming engineers, the most notable
are
N Adv N Adj
kids loving to build and being creative.
N V N V N
d) Anecdotes: Short story.
(1) [B]: When my brother was a kid, he loved to build things
N V N Adj N
and later on his life he became a mechanically studied
V N Adv V
engineer.
N
(2) [A]: When my brother was a kid, many long years ago, he
N V N Adj N
loved to build things passionately and later on his life he
Adj N Adv V N
became a mechanically studied engineer.
Adv V N
e) Concrete examples: Strong examples.
(1) [B]: My son played with legos throughout all his childhood
N V N V N
and discovered quickly he wanted to become a mechanical
N Adv V Adj
engineer.
N
(2) [A]: My son played with legos throughout all his childhood
N V N V N
and discovered quickly he wanted to become a
mechanical,
N Adv V Adj
engineer and statistics, luckily, are on his side.
N N Adv V
f) Abstract Examples: Known example.
(1) [B]: Many of the my very close friends kids who are
N N Adv Adj N N
interested in becoming engineers love to build and are very
V N N V Adv
creative.
Adj
(2) [A]: Many of the my very close friends kids who are
N N Adv Adj N N
interested in becoming engineers love to build incredibly
V N N V Adv
40
amazing structures and are very creative.
Adj N Adv Adj
3. Closing Sentence: Sentence to close your body.
a) [B]: Is there more to deciding what makes you an engineer?
V Adj N N
b) [A]: Is there more to deciding what makes you an engineer, or is it
V Adj N N
safe to assume when you're nothing but a tiny child?
N V V Adv N
C. Conclusion Paragraphs: Gather and conclude your writing.
1. Statement Extending the Thesis
a) [B]: Do kids who play with legos from an early age really show if
N V N Adv Adj Adv N
they're going to become an engineer or is that just something us
V N N N
adults like to imply for children?
N Adv N
b) [A]: Do kids who play with legos from an early age really show if
N V N Adv Adj Adv N
they're going to become an engineer or is that just something us
V N N N
adults like to imply for children to make extremely successful
N Adv N V Adv Adj
parents feel better about the unknown future of their lovely child?
N V N Adv N
2. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis

a) [B]: People who are extremely amazing builders and who really
N V Adv Adj N Adv
enjoy building state they would consider becoming engineers.
N V V N
b) [A]: People who are extremely amazing builders and who really
N V Adv Adj N Adv
enjoy building, state they would consider possibly becoming
N V V Adv
engineers, if they at all had a chance to.
N
3. Establishing the significance of thesis
a) [B]: It is very unlikely that having a liking and very happy emotions
Adv V V Adv Adj N
someone get from building signify they will become engineers.
N V Adv N
41
b) [A]: It is very unlikely that having a liking, and very happy
emotions,
Adv V V Adv Adj N
someone get from building signify they will become engineers, but
N V Adv N
this is quickly become fact and not fiction.
Adv N N
4. Final sentence (Smoky the Bear/Drop the mic/dot dot dot moment)
a) [B]: To conclude, think about your passions and if given the
V V N Adj
opportunity would you want the job or not?
Adv V N
b) [A]: To conclude, really think about your passions, and if given the
V V N Adj
opportunity, would you want the job or not, considering you're
really
Adv V N V Adv
happy you'll be able to do a job you love?

Adj N N N
42
Grammar Book Section 6: Essays
I. Essays a short piece of writing on a particular subject
A. Types (6): 6 types of essays
1. Persuasive: Argumentative, an essay meant to convince the reader of
something.
2. Expository: Informative
a) Definition or Description: Investigate an idea
b) Process (How-to): Evaluate evidence
c) Compare and Contrast: Expound on the idea
d) Cause and Effect: Set forth an argument concerning that idea
in a clear and concise manner.
3. Analytical/Critical: An essay analyzing a text or film.
a) Evaluative: Evaluate your information
b) Interpretive: Find the author/directors claim
4. Narrative: Tells a story
a) Personal Anecdote: small story of a part of your life and/or an
experience.
5. Research: Research based essay
a) MLA Citation Format
(1) Text
(a) Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if
book), Other contributors (translators or
editors), Version (edition),Number (vol.
and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date,
Location
(2) Online
(a) Editor, author, or compiler name (if available).
Name
of Site. Version number, Name of
institution/organization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher), date of resource
creation (if available), URL, DOI or
permalink. Date of access (if applicable).
b) APA Citation Format
(1) Text
(a) Author, F.M. (Year of Publication) Title of work.
Publisher City, State: Publisher
(2) Online
(a) Author, F.M. (Year of Publication) Article title.
Website Title, Retrieved month date, year,
from URL
6. Timed: Essay in which a finite amount of time is given.
43
a) Document Based Question (DBQ): Essay based on a document in
which you must analyse the document and write a response.
b) Synthesis: The support of an idea with information and evidence
on what you are supporting.
c) Prompt Based: A question is presented to you in which you must
thoroughly analyze and respond to the question.
B. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps: Outlines
1. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining: Your are given a prompt problem
or task meant to be completed and explained.
2. Research/Evaluation of Sources: Independent research based, evaluation
of a source to be written of.
C. Work Cited Page: The two most common forms of citation are MLA and APA
format. A work cited page is meant to show the texts you've referenced for this
essay or writing. Every line after the first line should be indented.
1. MLA Format:
a) Text
(1) Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book),
Other
contributors (translators or editors), Version
(edition),Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher,
Publication Date, Location
b) Online
(1) Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of
Site.
Version number, Name of institution/organization
affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of
resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or
permalink. Date of access (if applicable).
2. APA Format:
a) Text
(1) Author, F.M. (Year of Publication) Title of work. Publisher
City, State: Publisher
b) Online
(1) Author, F.M. (Year of Publication) Article title. Website
Title,
Retrieved month date, year, from URL
II. Essay Example

A. Prompt: Write an Expository about the use of mechanics in everyday life. Be sure
to include a work Cited
B. Essay:
1. What is the first thing that pops into your mind when you hear
mechanics? The truth is, mechanics are everywhere! If you're like the
44
average person you'll probably think of a car or some sort, or maybe a
mechanic! In reality, there's many more mechanical things than just a car!
Mechanics is the branch of applied mathematics dealing with motion and
forces producing motion. With this understanding of mechanics we can
now look at things we normally use in our everyday lives, covering
everything from hard drives, to machines, to even our own bodies and
simple tools!
Let's start by discussing some obvious mechanical machines, like
cars! You may or may not know that a cars come in two different kinds,
standard and manual. Manual cars used many many different kinds of
gears and levers to make your car easy to move and use. Firstly, let's talk
about the steering wheel. The steering wheel normally is connected to a
tube that twists when you turn the wheel. Which sounds simple but is very
complex. The second major moving part of a car is the transmission
which can come in two forms, automatic and standard. In this case well
talk about manual transmission cars as they aren't as complex as the
automatic transmission cars. This system of manual transmission has 4
major components, the clutch pedal, 4 gears, the gear stick, and
synchronizing gears. When the clutch pedal is pressed, it increases
friction along moving parts of the transmission to get parts spinning in
sync. This is important because it makes it easier to change gear when
the gears are moving in unison versus when they are both spinning at
different speeds. Next you would move the gear stick to the desired gear
which pushes the gears over to pass force from the engineer to that gear,
once power is pushed into this gear you can release the clutch pedal
because the gears are now working in synchrony. People don't realize
how many moving parts there are on a moving car and if there were you
might hesitate to get in one ever again!
Aside from cars there are a lot more mechanical things at work
then you might think in electronic devices. When we think of a computer
we think of a purely electrical device, but no computer is fully electric.
When i say this i am not only referring to a mouse and traditional
keyboard i am also referring to hard drives and fans. A hard drive is not
an electrical system, instead it is a disk that uses magnetized pattern
along its surface to be read and converted into memory that we use and
need, these magnets are detected by mechanical arms that stretch in
over, between drives and over them. For this reason hard drives often fail
after many years of usage as their magnetic properties diminish with the
heat produced by the computer itself. Aside from this, any impact to the
drive can cause damage to the disks or arms.
These examples i have given you are fairly modern devices. What
about old devices? Well we can go far back into the past into the first
mechanical devices we humans produces like door hinges or wheels, but
45
there is a far older mechanical systems far more efficient than any system
we have created. This mechanical system is the human body, or any
animal body in this case. Our bodies are composed of multiple joints such
as ball in socket, gliding, immovable, and hinge joints. These joints allow
us to make almost any movement and cover all areas around our bodies
(But some of us still can't manage to lick our elbows). Engineers have not
been about to produce a machine that moves like we can, sure we have
cars that can go to over 200 mph and airplanes capable of creating sonic
booms and breaking the sound barrier but a machine just like our bodies,
to this day, is unobtainable by scientists. Aside from not being able to
move like us, the cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world, reaching
speeds of up to 60 mph in less than 3 seconds (for a temporary amount of
time as their core temperature rises rapidly at this speed), which outruns
most modern day supercars and race cars in term of acceleration. We like
to think that we have surpassed nature but that is not always true.
Another great example of this is the mantis shrimp that has 12
photoreceptors (eye cells that allow for the distinction between colors)
allowing this shrimp to see almost all wavelengths of light, scientists are
now trying to replicate this in technology.
Now that you know how complicated mechanics can be and how it
is literally everywhere you might stop and recognize the marvelous
technologies that allow you to go to work and even get into your car to
begin with! It is true that mechanics are everywhere and would make life a
lot more difficult if we had not discovered this technology!
C. Work Cited:
1. Aggressive Mantis Shrimp Sees Color Like No Other." Livescience.
N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2016.
2. LearnEngineeringTeam. "Manual Transmission, How It Works ?"

YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2015. Web. 02 Nov. 2016.
46
Grammar Book Section 7: Capitalization
I. Twenty five (25) rules.
A. Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title.
1. [A]: The Fundamental Rules of Mechanics was the title of Davids paper.
Adj N N V N
B. Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the
persons name.
1. [A]: Davids Mom also took physics and knows the fundamental rules
N V N V Adj N
of mechanics
N
C. Capitalize the name of organizations
1. [A]: David hopes to one day go to the mechanical organization of the
N V N V N
Society of Automotive Engineers.
N
D. Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days
1. [A]: Divid loves mechanics and engineering so much he goes to work
N V N N Adj V N
even on Christmas!
N
E. Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part
of a title.
1. [A]: The Tuesday meeting will be about mechanics and their daily use.
N V N N V
F. Capitalize business names.
1. [A]: American Airlines would not be possible without the help of
N V N Adj V
mechanical engineers.
Adj N
G. Capitalize institution names.
1. [A]: The University of Pennsylvania is an amazing engineering school that
N N Adj V N
focuses on mechanical engineers and things to do with mechanics.
V Adj N N V N
H. Capitalize names of particular geographic places.
1. [A]: Japan is a major producer of mechanical machines such as
N Adj V Adj N
automobiles.
N
47
I. Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents.
1. [A]: The Industrial Revolution set the stage for advancements in
Adj N V N V
mechanics and mechanical technology.
N Adj N
J. Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of
churches, and names of a supreme being.
1. [A]: Your religious background, for example being catholic or jewish,
Adj N V N N
doesn't affect your abilities as a mechanical engineer or working with
V N N Adj N V
mechanics.
N
K. Capitalize languages
1. [A]: Most engineers have other languages, which is used during
Adj N V N V N
engineering conferences and ideas, apart from English.
Adj N N V N
L. Capitalize specific names of structures.
1. [A]: The Empire State Building was a direct result of the discovery of
N V N N
steel during the industrial revolution which also led to the result of many
N Adj N V N
mechanical machines.
Adj N
M. Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.
1. [A]: MIT is a popular institution for young mechanical engineers to learn
N Adj N Adj Adj N N
about their field!
N
N. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.
1. [A]: The first thing you must do when designing a new mechanical part is
Adj N V N Adj N
see what went wrong or needs improvement and brainstorming.
V V N V N N
O. Capitalize the pronoun I.
1. [A]: The first time I heard about engineering was in 2007.
Adj N V N N
P. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry.
1. [A]: David loves mechanics, Mechanics has been good to david, David
N V N N V Adj N N
48
loves Physics, Physics has been good to David,
V N N V Adj N
Q. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation.
1. [A]: David once said, Without mechanics, the world wouldn't be where it
V V N N V
is today.
N
R. Capitalize government bodies and departments.
1. [A]: Congress refuses to raise the budget for NASA as they believe space
N V Adj N N V N
travel and spending money on mechanical rovers are pointless.
N V N Adj N V
S. Capitalize races and ethnic groups.
1. [A]: There is a lot of diversity in the mechanical engineering field, there
V Adj N Adj N N
isn't just mostly Asians Whites or Latinos, it's a balanced mix.
Adv N N N V N
T. Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and
Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world.
1. [A]: North America became industrialized during the mid 1800s and had a
N V Adj V N
direct result on the future of the continent.
V N V N
U. Capitalize political parties and their members.
1. [A]: Most Republicans have never thought about the idea that most
Adj N N V N N Adj
mechanical engineers at NASA are doing more than just shooting rovers
Adj N N V V N
into space.
V N
V. Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence.
1. [A]: Did you know that the mechanical engineer Vice-President is soon to
V N Adj N N
be David?
V N
W. Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter.
1. [A]: Mechanics is the greatest invention and discovery of human history.
N Adj N N Adj N
. -Sincerely, David
X. Capitalize a specific, well-known area or event.
1. [A]: Not many mechanical engineers have the luxury to talk to presidents
V Adj N V V N
49
about the mechanical advancements and consequences for military
Adj N N Adj
action.
V
Y. Do not capitalize north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, and
southwest when they are used as directions.
1. [A]: Davids mechanical engineering workplace is just north of this road.
N Adj N N V Adj N
50
Grammar Book Section 8: Punctuation
I. Punctuation- Uses in writing
A. [ ] Used in unison with to show skipping when citing something lengthy.
1. [A]: David once said The laws of mechanics are the greatest laws [...]
N V N Adj N
without these laws there would be no modern day technology.
V N V Adj N
B. ( ) Used to give more information about a topic or a side note.
1. [A]: The CEO (Chief Executive Office) of the greatest mechanical industry
V V Adj N
in the world is David.
N N
C. . Marks the end of a sentence
1. [A]: David loves to work with mechanics and power producing machines.
N V N N Adj N
D. , pause and allows you to switch what's in front of the comma with that's behind
the comma.
1. [A]: David is the CEO of our company, because the old CEO of this
N Adj Adj N
mechanical corporation had to retire.
Adj N V
E. - Used to link words or names together.
1. [A]: David had a mechanical teacher, Ms.Monie-Peralta, who was the
N Adj N N V
most meaningful teacher in his school experience.
Adj V N N
F. Add emphasis to a particular phrase or word.
1. [A]: David loves mechanics mechanics is everything to David.
N V N N V Adj N
G. : Used to list something or in titles.
1. [A]: David requires all mechanical engineers to follow the engineering
N V Adj N V N
design process: Brainstorm, Constraints, Trade-off,Optimization.
N V N N N N
H. ; Used to connect two independent clauses.
1. [A]: David really likes mechanics; David really like Physics.
N Adv V N N Adv N
I. ? Indicates a question.
1. [A]: Will David intelligently ever create a perpetual turing machine?
V N Adv N Adj V N
51
J. ! Indicates strong feeling or excitement.
1. [A]: David has a seemingly successful plan to build a perpetual turning
N V Adv Adj N V Adj V
machine by the end of the year!
N N N
K. Used to show possession.
1. [A]: Davids idea for this extremely complex machine is top secret as the
N V Adv Adj N Adj N
mechanics behind it can be copied easily.
N V Adv
L. Used in dialog or when citing something.
1. [A]: Once creating this mechanical device and testing it, david scram out
V Adj N V N V
God bless the laws of mechanics!
N V N N
M. Used to skip words when citing something.
1. [A]: In david's report for the mechanical device he wrote My company
N Adj N Adj N
has produced a perpetual turing machine this means that we can
V Adj V N N V
generate power with simply the laws of mechanics and gravity.
V N Adv N N N
52
Grammar Book Section 9: Commonly Confused
Words
I. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices Write and wrong ways of using these
words! (supposebly)
A. Connotation/Denotation: Connotation relating to meaning of a word, denotation
meaning literal meaning of a word.
1. [A]: The connotation to a perpetual motion machine is not just eternal
energy but a unification of the world under no need for burning of fuels for
energy.
B. Who/Whom: Who is who is doing the action, whom is which person receives
action.
1. [A] Whom did david give credit to for the perpetual motion machine?
C. Their/There/Theyre: Theyre is they are, there is place, their shows possession.
1. [A]: Theyre making a lot of money from this perpetual motion machine.
D. Lie/Lay: lie is to not tell the truth, lay is to lay down.
1. [A]: David lied to his peers about him doing all the work for the perpetual
motion machine.
E. Laid/Lain: Laid put down, lain past tense of lay.
1. [A]: David has lain at his desk for many hours trying to figure out how to
produce a perpetual motion machine.
F. Affect/Effect: Affect, have an effect on; change the result.
1. [A]: David had an effect on the outcome of total energy produced with the
mechanical engineering masterwork of his perpetual motion machine.
G. Accept/Except: Accept, agree to/with; except, condition/without
1. [A]: David was glad to accept the medal of honor for his work in producing
the perpetual motion machine.
H. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should of: W/W/Should have, possibility; C/W/Should
of, definite change.
1. [A]: David could have made his perpetual turning machine more
expensive for the public.
I. Loath/Loathe: Loath, unwilling; Loathe, dislike.
1. [A]: David loathed the idea of having his mechanical machine used for
negative purposes.
J. Infer/Imply: Infer, conclude; Imply, suggest.
1. [A]: From this machine we can infer that the laws of conservation of
energy must be perfect for this to work mechanically.
K. Weary/Wary: Weary, feeling or showing tiredness; Wary, caution.
1. [A]: David would be weary after a longs day of work with this mechanical
perpetual motion machine.
L. Proceed/Precede: Proceed, continue; Precede, come before.
1. [A]: He who preceded David did not have as much success with this
53
mechanical machine than he did.
M. Discrete/Discreet: Discrete, distinct; Discreet, careful

1. [A]: David was very discrete with the types of materials that will be used
for the machine.
N. Conscience/Conscious: Conscience, what humans perceive as freedom of
thought; Conscious, not passed out- aware of surroundings.
1. [A]: After creating this complex mechanical machine with the laws of
mechanics David began to phase in and out of consciousness.
O. Can/May: Can, asking to have the ability of something; May, asking for
permission for a task.
1. [A]: David can mass produce these mechanical machines with the help of
other electrical and mechanical machines to start production quickly.
P. At least five (5) others
1. Supposebly/supposedly: Supposebly isnt a word! Its supposedly but for
some reason people really like to say supposebly.
a) [A]: David supposedly has the idea to make a second more
efficient mechanical perpetual machine.
2. aisle/isle: aisle, passage between rows; isle, small island or peninsula.
a) [A]: David had to walk down the aisle with his mechanical
perpetual machine in his had, and had to walk quickly as he was
late.
3. all together/altogether: All together, as a group; Altogether, completely.
a) [A]: David stated the company all together produced this machine
when really it was just him and he wants to share his credit.
4. dual/duel: dual, two; duel, battle.
a) [A]: David has the ability to make a dual perpetual motion machine
making his invention the most successful in the history of
mechanical inventions.
5. alright/all right: Alright isn't a word! Its short for all right, but not
recognized as a word.
a) [A]: When David was told to put away his amazingly good
invention, he simply responded, All right.
54
Parts of speech Quiz
Read and connect the given choices to the best problem it pertains to. Some answers may be
used more than once, some may not be used at all.
1. ___ Antecedents A. Noun
2. ___ -ness, -tion, -ity B. Pronoun
3. ___ Personal C. Verb

D. Adverbs
4. ___ Modifies adjective verbs and adverbs
E. Conjunctions
5. ___ Direct/Indirect Objects
F. Prepositions
6. ___ Under, over, with
G. Interjections
7. ___ FANBOYS H. Associated terms
8. ___ Link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to I. None of the above
other parts of the sentence.
9. ___ -ly, -wards, -wise
10. ___ Modifies nouns and pronouns
11. ___ Groups of words that function as a part
of speech.
12. ___ Groups of words with a subject and a
verb
13. ___ Agreements (Subject-verb)
14. ___ -al, -er, -est
15. ___ Common Noun
16. ___ Indefinite (Anybody, Anyone, Anything)
17. ___ Expletives
18. ___ Transitions
19. ___ -s, -ed, -ing
20. ___ Following a preposition
55
Phrases Quiz
Underline all phrases in a sentence, label whether it's an Appositive, Verbal, or Prepositional
phrase. Note: Some sentences may have more than one phrase.
1. David, the head mechanical engineer, consistently challenges the innovative ideas of
other
engineers, which is why engineers sometimes are hesitant to show him any inventions,
for that same reason, he isn't extremely liked.
2. According to david, after you start this fully automatic mechanical typewriter, it writes
what
you say, he uses this instead of dragon because of its incredible speed, it's faster than
other programs when you consider that you don't have to pause to let the typewriter
catch
up with you.
3. The very complex, and extremely expensive, swimming machine is entirely mechanical,
since any electrical energy can become an issue in contact with water
4. David, from the mechanical branch, is constantly in the bosss cramped office, despite
knowing how extremely annoyed the boss gets.
5. Near the start button of this incredibly large mechanical contraption, and above the
handles, next to both levers, and between these two hinges, is the most critical part of
my
invention.
56
Clauses Quiz
1. ___ Which subordinate clause is defined as: Used as the A. Independent Clause
noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a B. Subordinate Clause
predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, C. Noun Clause
an indirect object, or an appositive D. Adjective Clause
2. ___ Which subordinate clause is defined as: Adverb E. Adverb Clause
clauses in which part of the clause is omitted F. Essential Clause
3. ___ Which subordinate clause is NOT necessary to the G. Nonessential Clause
meaning of the sentence. H. Relative Clause
4. ___ Is considered a fragment if stands alone I. Elliptical Clause
5. ___ Has 7 branches
6. ___ Is not considered a fragment
7. ___ Which subordinate clause is used to modify verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause,
introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to
indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition,
and/or concession.
8. ___ Which subordinate clause is a dependent clause that
begins with a relative pronoun
9. ___ CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a
simple sentence pattern.
10. ___ Which subordinate clause is used to modify a noun in
an independent clause
11. ___ Which subordinate clause is necessary to the meaning
of the sentence
12. ___ Which kind of subordinate clause is underlined in this
sentence: The designs that most interests the boss are the
completely simple designs.
sentence: When the machines get warm, it is always best
to have them all shut down completely.
14. ___ Typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part
of and is dependent on a main clause
sentence: Jessica had five dollars; Monica, three.
57
Sentence Quiz
1. Predicate____ A. Sentence Errors

2. Exclamatory____ B. Sentence Patterns
3. Misplaced Modifier____ C. Sentence Type
D. Sentence Parts
4. Asyndeton____
5. Simple____
6. Compound____
7. Epistrophe____
8. Fragment____
9. Loose____
10. Comma Splice____
11. Double Negative____
12. Declarative____
13. Interrogative____
14. Complex/ Compound____
15. Parallel Structure____
16. Chiasmus____
17. Imperative____
18. Complex____
19. Run-on/Rambling____
20. Simple____
58
Paragraph Quiz
1. Contains hook/lead____ A. Introductory Paragraph

2. Contains your Topic Sentence____ B. Body Paragraph
3. Contains sentences to back up your claim____ C. Concluding paragraph
4. This paragraph is made up of three parts____
5. Consequences of disregarding the thesis____
6. You will usually have multiple of this paragraph per
writing____
7. Restate the thesis in this paragraph____
8. Describes the Rest of your essay/writing____
9. This paragraph is made up of only two parts____
10. Final sentence____
11. First paragraph of the writing____
12. Allows for 6 types of sentences to be used for
support____
13. Contains Thesis____
14. Statement expanding the thesis____
15. Allows you to conclude your writing____
16. Can be Anecdotal____
17. Can be Query Based____
18. Contains a closing sentence____
19. Establishing the Significance of your thesis____
20. Contains a Topic Sentence____
59
Essay Quiz
1. Expository___ A. Types
2. Analytical___ B. Strategies/Planning
3. Strategies___ Tips/Steps
4. APA Format___ C. Work Cited Page
5. Tips___
6. Planning___
7. Critical___
8. Persuasive___
9. Research___
10. Narrative___
11. MLA Format___
12. Outline___
13. Prewriting___
14. Analysis___
15. Citations___
16. Story___
17. Evaluation___
18. Research___
19. Steps___
20. Solutions for Prompt___
60
Capitalization Quiz
1. There are 25 rules for capitalization.____ A. True

2. Important words of a title are capitalized.____ B. False
3. Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a
replacement for the persons name.____
4. Capitalize the name of organizations.____
5. Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special
days.____
6. Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies
unless the nouns is part of a title.____
7. Capitalize business names.____
8. Capitalize all single letter words.____
9. Capitalize institution names.____
10. Capitalize names of particular geographic places.____
11. Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical
documents.____
12. Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious
documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme
being.____
13. Capitalize north east south and west in directions.____
14. Languages should not be capitalized____
15. Capitalize jobs.____
16. Don't capitalize names of buildings.____
17. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.____
18. Capitalize all words in poetry.____
19. Capitalize ethnic groups.____
20. Don't capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast,
Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a
region of the country or world.____
61
Punctuation Quiz
1. [ ] are the same as ( ) ____ A. True

2. ( ) Used to give more information about a topic or a B. False
side note.____
3. . Marks the end of a sentence____
4. , can be used as semicolons. ____
5. - Used to link words or names together.____
6. Add emphasis to a particular phrase or word.____
7. : cannot be used in a sentence..____
8. ; Used to connect two independent clauses.____
9. ? Indicates a question.____
10. ! Indicates strong feeling or excitement.____
11. This is a quotation mark.____
12. This is an apostrophe.____
13. can be used as a period.____
62
Commonly Mistaken Words Quiz
1. Connotation A. An idea or feeling that a word invokes in

2. Denotation addition to its literal or primary meaning
3. Loath B. Deduce or conclude (information) from
evidence and reasoning rather than from
4. Loathe
explicit statements
5. Infer C. Strongly suggest the truth or existence
6. Imply of (something not expressly stated).: "the
7. Proceed salesmen who uses jargon to imply his
8. Precede superior knowledge
D. An inner feeling or voice viewed as
9. Conscience
acting as a guide to the rightness or
10. Conscious wrongness of one's behavior
11. Duel E. A contest with deadly weapons arranged
12. Dual between two people in order to settle a
point of honor
F. Feel intense dislike or disgust for
G. Come before (something) in time
H. The literal or primary meaning of a word,
in contrast to the feelings or ideas that
the word suggests
I. Aware of and responding to one's
surroundings; awake
J. Begin or continue a course of action
K. Reluctant; unwilling
L. Consisting of two parts, elements, or
aspects
63
Parts of Speech Quiz Key
1. H
2. A
3. B
4. E
5. B
6. G
7. F
8. G
9. E
10. D
11. I
12. I
13. H
14. D
15. A
16. B
17. H
18. H
19. C
20. A
64
Phrases Quiz Key
1. David, the head mechanical engineer, consistently challenges the innovative ideas of
other
App.
engineers, which is why engineers sometimes are hesitant to show him any inventions,
for
that same reason, he isn't extremely liked.

Prep.
2. According to david, after you start this fully automatic mechanical typewriter, it writes
what
Prep. Prep.
you say; he uses this instead of dragon because of its incredible speed, it's faster than
Prep.
other programs when you consider that you don't have to pause to let the typewriter
catch
up with you.
3. The very complex and extremely expensive swimming machine is entirely mechanical,
Verbal
since any electrical energy can become an issue in contact with water
4. David, from the mechanical branch, is constantly in the bosss cramped office, despite
App.
knowing how extremely annoyed the boss gets.
Prep.
5. Near the start button of this incredibly large mechanical contraption, and above the
Prep. Prep.
handles, next to both levers, and between these two hinges, is the most critical part of
my
Prep. Prep.
invention.
65
Clauses Quiz Key
1. I
2. G
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. E
7. H
8. A
9. D
10. F
11. F
12. D
13. B
14. I
66
Sentence Quiz Key
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. C
11. C
12. B
13. B
14. D
15. D
16. D
17. B
18. D
19. C
20. A
67
Paragraph Quiz Key
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. A
10. C
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. B
68
Essay Quiz Key
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. A
11. C
12. B
13. B
14. B
15. C
16. A
17. A
18. A
19. B
20. B
69
Capitalization Quiz Key
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. T
10. T
11. T
12. T
13. F
14. F
15. F
16. F
17. T
18. F
19. T
20. F
70
Punctuation Quiz Key
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. T
11. F
12. F
13. F
71
Commonly Mistaken Words Quiz Key
1. A
2. H
3. K
4. F
5. B
6. C
7. J
8. G
9. D
10. I
11. E
12. L
72
Glossary
Antecedents: (Noun) A thing or event that

A existed before or logically precedes another.
Abstract Noun: (Noun) A noun you can't Appositive: (Noun): An appositive is a noun
experience with any of your five senses. or noun phrase that renames another noun
Accept: (Verb) consent to receive. right beside it.
Adjectives: (Noun) Adjectives modify, Assertion: (Noun) Thesis; A confident
describe, limit, and identify nouns and declarative statement
pronouns. Asyndeton: (Noun) A sentence that leaves
Adjective Clause: (Noun) Used to modify a
out conjunctions between words, phrases, or
noun in an independent clause
clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
Adverbs: (Noun) Adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs. B
Adverb Clause: (Noun) Used to modify Balanced Sentence: (Noun) A sentence
verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an where phrases or clauses parallel each other
independent clause, introduced by a by virtue of their likeness of structure,
subordinating conjunction and used to meaning, or length.
indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, Body Paragraphs:(Noun) Paragraphs that
condition, and/or concession. add context to your writing.
Aisle: (Noun) a passage between rows of
seats in a building such as a church or C
theater, an airplane, or a train. Can: (Verb) Be able to.
Affect: (Noun) have an effect on; make a Capitalization: (Noun) Proper use of a
difference to. capital letter at the head of a word.
All Right: (Adjective) satisfactory but not Chiasmus: (Noun) A sentence that includes
especially good; acceptable. a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or
All Together: (Adverb) Completely; totally clauses) in inverted (reversed) order.
Alright: Not a word, used as alright. Clause: (Noun) a unit of grammatical
Altogether: (Adverb) completely; totally. organization next below the sentence in rank
Analytical/Critical Essay: (Noun) An essay and in traditional grammar said to consist of a
analyzing a text or film. subject and predicate.
Closing Sentence: (Noun) Sentence to close
Anaphora: (Noun) A sentence that features
your body.
the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or
Collective Noun: (Noun) Name of groups,
a phrase at the beginning of several
usually composed by people.
successive clauses in order to place Common Nouns: (Noun) Name general
emphasis and draw attention. items.
Anecdotal Hook: (Noun) A short story of a Complements: (Noun) A subject
related topic. complement is the adjective, n oun, or
Anecdotes: (Noun) A short story. pronoun that follows a linking verb.
Antecedents: (Noun) A thing or event that Complex-Compound Sentence: (Noun) A
existed before or logically precedes another. sentence with multiple independent clauses
and at least one dependent clause.
73
Loose Sentence: (Noun) A sentence that
I contains an independent clause plus a
Indefinite Pronoun: (Noun) Pronoun that
does not to refer to anything in particular, subordinate construction (either a clause or
some common phrase).
Indefinite pronouns are, anything,something, M
anyone, and everyone.
May: (Verb) Expressing permission.
Independant Clause: (Noun) CAN stand
Modifiers: (Noun) Words, p hrases, or
alone as a complete sentence, known as a
clauses that provide description in sentences.
simple sentence pattern.
Infer: (Verb) Deduce or conclude N
(information) from evidence and reasoning Narrative Essay: (Noun) Tells a story
rather than from explicit statements. Nonessential Clause: (Noun) Clauses that
Infinitive: (Noun) The basic form of a verb. are NOT necessary to the meaning of the
Interjection: (Noun) An exclamation, sentence.
especially as a part of speech Noun: (Noun) A person place thing or idea.
Interrogative Pronoun: (Noun) A pronoun Noun Clause: (Noun) Used as the noun in a
that is used to ask a question, the five sentence and may function as a subject, a
interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a
whom, and whose. preposition, an indirect object, or an
Introductory Paragraphs: (Noun) First appositive.
paragraph of your essay/writing.
Imply: (Verb) Strongly suggest the truth or P
existence of (something not expressly Parallel Structure: (Noun) A sentence using
stated). the same pattern of words to show that two or
Isle: (Noun) An island or peninsula, more words or ideas are of equal importance
especially a small one. and to help the reader comprehend what is
being written.
L Participle: (Noun): A word formed from a
Laid: (Verb) Put down, especially gently or verb and used as an adjective.
carefully. Parts of Speech: (Noun) A category to which
Lain: (Verb) Be in or assume a horizontal or a word is assigned in accordance with its
resting position on a supporting surface syntactic functions. In English the main parts
Lay: (Verb) Put down, especially gently or of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective,
carefully. determiner, verb, adverb, preposition,
Lie: (Noun) An intentionally false statement. conjunction, and interjection.
Paraphrase: (Noun) Describe/Rewrite in your
Loath: (Adjective) Reluctant; unwilling
own words.
Loathe: (Verb) Feel intense dislike or disgust
Periodic Sentence: (Noun) A sentence in
for.
which the independent clause is given at the
end of the sentence in order to create interest
or generate suspense.
74
Personal Pronoun: (Noun) I, you, he, she, Relative Pronoun: (Noun) Used to connect a
it, we, they, me, him, her, us,them. phrase/clause to a noun/pronoun, common
Persuasive Essay: (Noun) Argumentative, relative pronouns are who, whom, which,
an essay meant to convince the reader of whoever, whomever, whichever, and that.
something. Research Essay: (Noun) Research based
Phrases: (Noun) A small group of words essay
standing together as a conceptual unit, S
typically forming a component of a clause. Sentence: (Noun) a set of words that is
Plural: (Adjective) More than one. complete in itself, typically containing a
Polysyndeton: (Noun) A sentence that uses subject and predicate, conveying a
multiple conjunctions in close proximity to
statement, question, exclamation, or
each other between words, phrases, or
clauses for a rhetorical purpose. command, and consisting of a main clause
Preceed: (Verb) Come before (something) in and sometimes one or more subordinate
time. clauses.
Prepositional Phrase: (Noun) A group of Simple Sentence: (Noun) A sentence that is
words that begins with a preposition and ends just one Independent clause.
Subordinate Conjunction: (Noun) After,
with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an
though as, as if, as long as, as thought,
adverb. because, before, if, in order that, provided
Prepositions: (Noun) Prepositions link that, since, so, so that, that, though, till,
nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts unless, when, where, whereas, while.
of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER Supposebly: Not a word; Used in place as
followed by verbs. supposedly.
Proceed: (Verb) Begin or continue a course Supposedly: (Adverb) According to what is
of action. generally assumed or believed.
Pronouns: (Noun) Takes the place of nouns
that have already been established. T
Proper Noun: (Noun) Name specific or Their: (Determiner) Belonging to or
one-of-a-kind item. associated with the people or things
Punctuation: (Noun) The marks, such as previously mentioned or easily identified.
period, comma, and parentheses, used in There: (Adverb) In, at, or to that place or
writing to separate sentences and their position.Thesis Statement: (Noun) What
elements and to clarify meaning.
your writing will be based on.
Query Based Introductory Paragraph: (Noun)
Theyre: (Contraction) They are
Selling your idea.Reflexive Pronouns:
Timed Essay: (Noun) Essay in which a finite
(Noun) Pronouns that refer back to the
amount of time is given.
subject of the sentence, usually ending in
Topic Sentence: (Noun) Sentence to
-self (singular) -selves (plural).
describe the topic of the body paragraph.
R Transitions: (Noun) Words and phrases that
Relative Clause: (Noun) Dependent clause provide a connection between ideas,
that begins with a relative pronoun sentences and paragraphs.
75
V
Verbs: (Nouns) Actions.
Verbals: (Noun) Verb forms not used as
verbs.
W
Wary: (Adjective) Feeling or showing caution
about possible dangers or problems.
Weary: (Adjective) Feeling or showing
tiredness, especially as a result of excessive
exertion or lack of sleep.
Who: (Pronoun) What or which person or
people.
Whom: (Pronoun) Used instead of who as
the object of a verb or preposition.
Work Cited Page: (Noun) References; The
two most common forms of citation are MLA
and APA format. A work cited page is meant
to show the texts you've referenced for this
essay or writing. Every line after the first line
should be indented.
76
Works Cited
"Adverbs." Adverbs. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
"English-Grammar-Revolution.com Sitemap. Find It Here!" English-Grammar-Revolution.com

Sitemap. Find It Here! N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
EasyBib. Chegg, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
"Grammar Book Project." Padlet Is the Easiest Way to Create and Collaborate in the World.
N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
"List of Interjections." List of Interjections. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
Nweinham. "Convert a Word Document to Epub." WikiHow. N.p., 09 Jan. 2016. Web. 30 Nov.
2016
"Prepositions List." Prepositions List | English Club. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
Simmons, Robin L. "Terms." Terms at Grammar Bytes! N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016
"The Parts of the Sentence | The Writing Centre | University of Ottawa." The Parts of the
Sentence | The Writing Centre | University of Ottawa. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
"Welcome to the Purdue OWL." Purdue OWL: Verb Tenses. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
77
Dedication
For my brother Robert
For keeping you up so late with my computer monitor and keyboard/mouse clicking and because you printed this.
78

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Grammar Book

Theme Based on Mechanics

Grammar: Essential to Your Education, and Your

By: Alexis Chavoya

Title Page Number

Section 1:Parts Of Speech.................................................................... 6

Section 9:Commonly Confused Words................................................... 53

Section 1-9 Quizzes.............................................................................. 55

Section 1-9 Quiz Keys.......................................................................... 64

I. Nouns (Person, Place, Thing, or Idea)

3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom)

b) [A]: My dad gave my extremely hard working brother a new car

5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition)

6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb)

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas)

9. Adjectival (describes noun following it)

b) [A]: The new boss walked angrily into davids mechanically

10. Noun in Direct Address

b) [A]: David is impatiently awaiting for next years engineering

2. [A]: Whoever plagiarized Davids incredibly amazing project, should

2. [A]: Who's been patiently waiting since yesterday because the

boss with new models that never work.

2. [A]: This new design is extremely outdated for todays mechanical

everything now is electronic or computerized.

b) [A]: Davids amazing work has proven to be an incredibly

V. Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

2. Amplifiers: (Well, Absolutely, completely)

b) [A]: The boss was absolutely impressed, even left in shock by

davids new innovative idea, leaving him to wonder how david

of all these things..

perfect, he now has to think of a way to get the manufacture price

front of all his coworkers.

across distance quickly on ground.

century, it was purely mechanical.

mechanical design today.

really important meeting on ,mechanical design today and would also go

a convention on the same topic the very next morning

mechanical arm while other coworkers just watch.

quick notes at his ingenious design..

D. Relative Pronoun: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or

2. [A]: The mechanical engineer who shockingly won the competition by a

IX. Associated Terms:

B. Complements: A subject complement is the adjective, noun, or pronoun that

2. [A]: David has been working on inexpensively improving his old

bike that he would excessively ride on as a child..

newly designed mechanical contraption, when they discovered the

designs were much better that thought at first.

2. Indirect: A noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected

b) [A]: David built an unusually small mechanical piston on his pricy

new workbench, to see if it could stand up to his future challenges.

D. Modifiers: Words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences.

show his boss.

passionately proud about for construction in under 10 minutes, on the way

to show his boss.

E. Transitions (Transition Chart): Words and phrases

on vacation together meanwhile the rest of the

shockingly clueless workers were struggling to

get anywhere without them.

2. [A]: David as well as our new boss were out

on vacation together meanwhile the rest of the

shockingly clueless workers were struggling to

vacation together meanwhile the rest of the shockingly clueless workers

small desk today.