Sie sind auf Seite 1von 41

Petroleum Engineering 613

Natural Gas Engineering


Texas A&M University

Lecture 05:
Gas Material Balance

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.


Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 1
(2005A) Balance
Material Balance
"Accounting" Concept of Material Balance:
Require all inflows/outflows/generations.
(Average) reservoir pressure profile is REQUIRED.
Require rock, fluid, and rock-fluid properties (at some scale).
Oil Material Balance:
Less common than gas material balance (pressure required).
Gas Material Balance:
Volumetric dry gas reservoir (p/z versus Gp (straight-line)).
Abnormally-pressured gas reservoirs (various techniques).
Waterdrive/water influx cases (always problematic) (i.e., we
don't know the influx, so we use a model).
Material Balance yields RESERVOIR VOLUME!

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 2
(2005A) Balance
Material Balance of a Petroleum Reservoir
General Concept of Material Balance...

a. Initial reservoir conditions. b. Conditions after producing Np STB of oil,


and Gp SCF of gas, and Wp STB of water.
From: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
Amyx, Bass, and Whiting (1960).

Material Balance: Key Issues


Must have accurate production measurements (oil, water, gas).
Estimates of average reservoir pressure (from pressure tests).
Suites of PVT data (oil, gas, water).
Reservoir properties: saturations, formation compressibility, etc.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 3
(2005A) Balance
Average Reservoir Pressure for Material Balance
Average Reservoir Pressure

From: Engineering Features of the Schuler Field and


Unit Operation Kaveler (SPE-AIME, 1944).

Average Reservoir Pressure: Key Issues


Must "average" pressures over volume or area (approximation).
Pressure tests must be representative (pavg extrapolation valid).
Can average using cumulative production (surrogate for volume).
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 4
(2005A) Balance
Gas Material Balance Case (1/3)
General Gas Material Balance:
p

1 ce ( p )( pi p )

z
pi pi 1

z i zi G
Gp Ginj Wp Rsw 5.615

1
(Wp Winj ) Bw We

B g

"Dry Gas" Material Balance: (no reservoir liquids )


p pi

1
1
G
z zi
G
p

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 5
(2005A) Balance
Gas Material Balance Case (2/3)
General Gas Material Balance:
p

1 ce ( p )( pi p )

z
pi pi 1

z i zi G
Gp Ginj Wp Rsw 5.615

1

(Wp Winj ) Bw We

B g

"Abnormal Pressure" Material Balance: (cf=f(p))
p pi 1 Gp
1
z zi 1 ce ( p )( pi p ) G
1
VpNNP VpAQ

ce ( p ) S wi cw c f
(cw c f
)
(1 S wi )

VpR

VpR




"Quadratic Cumulative" Approximation:
p pi 1
1 ( ) Gp G 2p
z zi G G

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 6
(2005A) Balance
Gas Material Balance Case (3/3)
General Gas Material Balance:
p

1 ce ( p )( pi p )

z
pi pi 1

z i zi G
Gp Ginj Wp Rsw 5.615

1
(Wp Winj ) Bw We

B g

"Water Influx" Material Balance:
1 Gp
p/z pi /zi 1

W B G


1 e w


GBgi

"Cubic Cumulative" Approximation: (Current Research)
2 3
p pi
Gp Gp Gp
1 (1 )
( )
z zi

G

G

G

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 7
(2005A) Balance
Volumetric Gas Material Balance

"Dry Gas" Material Balance: Normally Pressured Reservoir Example


Volumetric reservoir no external energy (gas expansion only).
p/z versus Gp yields unique straight-line trend.
Linear extrapolation yield gas-in-place (G).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 8
(2005A) Balance
Gas MBE Abnormally-Pressured Reservoir

"Dry Gas" Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Example


Volumetric reservoir no water influx or leakage.
p/z versus Gp yields unique quadratic trend (from approximated MBE).
Quadratic extrapolation yield gas-in-place (G).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 9
(2005A) Balance
Gas MBE "Water Influx" Case

a. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp simulated b. Gas Material Balance Plot: p/z vs. Gp simulated
performance. Note effect of aquifer permeability on performance. Note effect of displacement
field performance. efficiency (Ep).

Gas Material Balance: Water Drive Gas Reservoir


Pressure (hence p/z) is maintained during production via communication
with an unsteady-state aquifer (this study).
From: Unsteady-State Performance of Water Drive Gas Reservoirs, Agarwal
(Texas A&M Ph.D., 1967).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 10
(2005A) Balance
Concept: p/z vs. Gp Water Influx Case

Simulated Performance: Agarwal Dissertation (1967)


Recovery is a function of production rate, Ep, and kaquifer.
p/z vs. Gp performance appears to be cubic (i.e., f(Gp3)).
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 11
(2005A) Balance
Petroleum Engineering 613
Natural Gas Engineering
Texas A&M University

Lecture 05:
Gas Material Balance
(End of Lecture)

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.


Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 12
(2005A) Balance
Petroleum Engineering 613
Natural Gas Engineering
Texas A&M University

A Quadratic Cumulative Production Model


for the Material Balance of
Abnormally-Pressured Gas Reservoirs

F.E. Gonzalez
M.S. Thesis (2003)
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 13
(2005A) Balance
Executive Summary "p/z-Gp2" Relation (1/4)
The rigorous relation for the material balance of a dry
gas reservoir system is given by Fetkovich, et al. as:
p

1 ce ( p )( pi p )
p
i
z zi
pi 1 5.615
Gp Ginj W p Rsw
(W p Bw Winj Bw We )
zi G
Bg

Eliminating the water influx, water production/injection,


and gas injection terms; defining Gp=ce(p)(pi-p) and
assuming that Gp<1, then rearranging gives the follow-
ing result:
p pi 1 2
1
G( ) Gp Gp
z zi G

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 14
(2005A) Balance
Executive Summary "p/z-Gp2" Relation (2/4)

Simulated Dry Gas Reservoir Case Abnormal Pressure:


Volumetric, dry gas reservoir with cf(p) (from Fetkovich).
Note extrapolation to the "apparent" gas-in-place (previous approaches).
Note comparison of data and the new "Quadratic Cumulative Production" model.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 15
(2005A) Balance
Executive Summary "p/z-Gp2" Relation (3/4)

Anderson L Reservoir Case Abnormal Pressure:


South Texas (USA) gas reservoir with abnormal pressure.
Benchmark literature case.
Note performance of the new "Quadratic Cumulative Production" model.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 16
(2005A) Balance
Presentation Outline
Executive Summary
Objectives and Rationale
Rigorous technique for abnormal pressure analysis.
Development of the p/z-Gp2 model
Derivation from the rigorous material balance.
Validation Field Examples
Case 1 Dry gas simulation (cf(p) from Fetkovich).
Case 3 Anderson L (South Texas, USA).
Demonstration (MS Excel Anderson L case)
Summary
Recommendations for Future Work

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 17
(2005A) Balance
Objectives and Rationale
Objectives:
Develop a rigorous functional form (i.e., a model) for
the p/z vs. Gp behavior demonstrated by a typical
abnormally pressured gas reservoir.
Develop a sequence of plotting functions for the
analysis of p/zGp data (multiple plots).
Provide an exhaustive validation of this new model
using field data.
Rationale: The analysis of p/zGp data for abnorm-
ally pressured gas reservoirs has evolved from empi-
rical models and idealized assumptions (e.g., cf(p)=
constant). We would like to establish a rigorous ap-
proach one where any approximation is based on
the observation of some characteristic behavior, not
simply a mathematical/graphical convenience.
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 18
(2005A) Balance
Development of the p/z-Gp2 model
Concept:
Use the rigorous material balance relation given by
Fetkovich, et al. for the case of a reservoir where
cf(p) is NOT presumed constant.
Use some observed limiting behavior to construct a
semi-analytical relation for p/zGp behavior.
Implementation:
Develop and apply a series of data plotting functions
which clearly exhibit unique behavior relative to the
p/zGp data.
Use a "multiplot" approach which is based on the
dynamic updating of the model solution on each
data plot.
Develop a "dimensionless" type curve approach that
can be used to validate the model and estimate G.
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 19
(2005A) Balance
p/z-Cumulative Model: (1/3)
The rigorous relation for the material balance of a dry
gas reservoir system is given by Fetkovich, et al. as:
p

1 ce ( p )( pi p )
p
i
z zi
pi 1 5.615
Gp Ginj W p Rsw
(W p Bw Winj Bw We )
zi G
Bg

Eliminating the water influx, water production/injection,


and gas injection terms, then rearranging gives the
following definition:

p i /z i Gp
p/z 1
[where Gp c e ( p)( pi p)]
(1 Gp )
G

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 20
(2005A) Balance
p/z-Cumulative Model: (2/3)
Considering the condition where:
D Gp 1

Then we can use a geometric series to represent the D


term in the governing material balance. The appropriate
geometric series is given by:
1/
1 x
1 x x 2 x 3 ... (1 x 1)
or, for our problem, we have:
1
1 Gp (1 Gp 1)
(1 Gp )
Substituting this result into the material balance relation,
we obtain:
p pi 1
1 ( ) Gp G 2p
z zi G G

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 21
(2005A) Balance
p/z-Cumulative Model: (3/3)
A more convenient form of the p/z-cumulative model is:
p pi
Gp G 2p
z zi
1 pi pi
( )
G zi G zi
We note that these parameters presume that is con-
stant. Presuming that is linear with Gp, we can derive
the following form:
p pi 1 p a p b pi 3
( a ) i Gp ( b) i Gp2 Gp
z zi G zi G zi G zi
where a bGp

Obviously, one of our objectives will be the study of the


behavior of vs. Gp (based on a prescribed value of G).
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 22
(2005A) Balance
-Gp Performance (Case 1) (1/2)

a. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Plot of b. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Plot of
versus Gp (requires an estimate of gas-in- p/z versus Gp. The constant and linear trends
place). Note the apparent linear trend of the match well with the data essentially a con-
data. Recall that Gp=ce(pp-p). firmation of both models.

Simulated Dry Gas Reservoir Case Abnormal Pressure:


A linear trend of vs. Gp is reasonable and should yield an accurate model.
is approximated by a constant value within the trend.
A physical definition of is elusive Gp=ce(p)(pi-p) implies that has units of
1/volume, which suggests is a scaling variable for G.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 23
(2005A) Balance
-Gp Performance (Case 3) (2/2)

a. Case 3: Anderson L Reservoir Case (South b. Case 3: Anderson L Reservoir Case (South
Texas, USA) Plot of versus Gp (requires an Texas, USA) Plot of p/z versus Gp. Both
estimate of gas-in-place). Some data scatter models are in strong agreement.
exists, but a linear trend is evident (recall that
Gp=ce(p )(pi-p)).

Anderson L Reservoir Case Abnormal Pressure:


Field data will exhibit some scatter, method is relatively tolerant of data scatter.
Constant approximation is based on the "best fit" of several data functions.
The linear approximation for is reasonable (should favor later data).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 24
(2005A) Balance
Validation of the p/z-Gp2 model: Orientation
Methodology:
All analyses are "dynamically" linked in a spread-
sheet program (MS Excel). Therefore, all analyses
are consistent should note that some functions/
plots perform better than others but the model
results are the same for every analysis plot.
Validation: Illustrative Analyses
p/z-Gp2 plotting functions based on the proposed
material balance model.
-Gp performance plots used to calibrate analysis.
Gan analysis presumes 2-straight line trends on a
p/z-Gp plot for an abnormally pressured reservoir.
pD-GpD type curve approach use p/z-Gp2 material
balance model to develop type curve solution this
approach is most useful for data validation.
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 25
(2005A) Balance
p/z-Gp2 Plotting Functions: Case 1 (1/5)

pi p Gp

1 1
a. ( p/z ) vs. Gp b. ( p/z ) vs. Gp c. ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp
Gp Gp 0
zi z

Gp Gp

1 Gp 1 1

1 ( p/z )
( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp
d. ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp e. ( p/z ) ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp f.
G 2p 0 Gp 0 Gp
Gp 0

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 26
(2005A) Balance
-Gp Plotting Functions: Case 1 (2/5)

a. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Plot of b. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Plot of
ce(p)(pi-p) versus Gp (requires estimate of G). 1/ce(p)(pi-p) versus Gp (requires estimate of G).

c. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Plot of d. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Plot of
versus Gp (requires estimate of G). versus Gp/G (requires estimate of G).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 27
(2005A) Balance
-Gp Plotting Functions: Case 1 (3/5)

Simulated Dry Gas Reservoir Case Abnormal Pressure:


Summary p/zGp plot for =constant and =linear cases.
Good comparison of trends, =linear trend appears slightly conservative as it
emerges from data trend but both solutions appear to yield same G estimate.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 28
(2005A) Balance
Gan-Blasingame Analysis (2001): Case 1 (4/5)

a. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Gan Plot 1 b. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Gan Plot 2
ce(p)(pi-p) versus (p/z)/(pi/zi) (requires est. of G). (p/z)/(pi /zi ) versus (Gp/G) (requires est. of G).

Gan-Blasingame Analysis:
Approach considers the "match"
of the ce(p)(pi-p) (p/z)/(pi/zi)
data and "type curves."
Assumes that both abnormal
and normal pressure p/z trends
exist.
Straight-line extrapolation of the
c. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Gan Plot 3 "normal" p/z trend used for G.
(p/z) versus Gp (results plot).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 29
(2005A) Balance
pD-GpD Type Curve Approach: Case 1 (5/5)

a. pD-GpD Type curve solution based on the p/z-Gp2 b. Case 1: Simulated Performance Case Type
model. pD= [(pi/zi)-(p/z)]/(pi/zi) and GpD=Gp/G curve analysis of (p/z)-Gp data, this case is
both pD and pDi functions are plotted. "force matched" to the same results as all of the
other plotting functions.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 30
(2005A) Balance
p/z-Gp2 Plotting Fcns: Case 3 (Anderson L) (1/5)

pi p Gp

1 1
a. ( p/z ) vs. Gp b. ( p/z ) vs. Gp c. ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp
Gp Gp 0
zi z

Gp Gp

1 Gp 1 1

1 ( p/z )
( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp
d. ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp e. ( p/z ) ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp f.
G 2p 0 Gp 0 Gp
Gp 0

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 31
(2005A) Balance
-Gp Plotting Functions: Case 3 (2/5)

a. Case 3: Anderson L (South Texas) Plot of b. Case 3: Anderson L (South Texas) Plot of
ce(p)(pi-p) versus Gp (requires estimate of G). 1/ce(p)(pi-p) versus Gp (requires estimate of G).

c. Case 3: Anderson L (South Texas) Plot of d. Case 3: Anderson L (South Texas) Plot of
versus Gp (requires estimate of G). versus Gp/G (requires estimate of G).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 32
(2005A) Balance
-Gp Plotting Functions: Case 3 (3/5)

Case 3 Anderson L Reservoir (South Texas (USA))


Summary p/zGp plot for =constant and =linear cases.
Good comparison of trends, =constant and =linear cases in good agreement.
Data trend is very consistent.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 33
(2005A) Balance
Gan-Blasingame Analysis (2001): Case 3 (4/5)

a. Case 3: Anderson L Reservoir Gan Plot 1 ce(p)(pi-p) b. Case 3: Anderson L Reservoir Gan Plot 2 (p/z)/(pi /zi )
versus (p/z)/(pi/zi) (requires est. of G). versus (Gp/G) (requires est. of G).

Gan-Blasingame Analysis:
We note an excellent "match" of
the ce(p)(pi-p) (p/z)/(pi/zi) data
and the "type curves."
Both the abnormal and normal
pressure p/z trends appear ac-
curate and consistent.
Straight-line extrapolation of the
c. Case 3: Anderson L Reservoir Gan Plot 3 (p/z) "normal" p/z trend used for G.
versus Gp (results plot).

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 34
(2005A) Balance
pD-GpD Type Curve Approach: Case 3 (5/5)

Case 3 Anderson L Reservoir (South Texas (USA))


pD-GpD type curve solution matched using field data.
Note the "tail" in the pD trend for small values of GpD (common field data event).
"Force matched" to the same results as each of the other plotting functions.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 35
(2005A) Balance
Example Analysis Using MS Excel: Case 3
Case 3 Anderson L (South Texas (USA))
Literature standard case.
A 3-well reservoir, delimited by faults.
Good quality data.
Evidence of overpressure from static pressure tests.

Analysis: (Implemented using MS Excel)


p/z-Gp2 plotting functions.
-Gp performance plots.
Gan analysis (2-straight line trends on a p/z-Gp plot).
pD-GpD type curve approach.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 36
(2005A) Balance
Summary: (1/3)
Developed a new p/z-Gp2 material balance model for
the analysis of abnormally pressured gas reservoirs:
p pi 1 where: 1
1 ( ) Gp G 2p ce ( p)( pi p)
z zi G G Gp

The -function is presumed (based on graphical


comparisons) to be either constant, or approximately
linear with Gp. For the =constant case, we have:
p pi
Gp G 2p
z zi

1 pi pi
( )
G zi G zi

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 37
(2005A) Balance
Summary: (2/3)
Base relation: p/z-Gp2 form of the gas material balance
p pi 1 pi pi
Gp G 2p ( )
z zi G zi G zi
a. Plotting Function 1: d. Plotting Function 4 :
(quadratic) (linear)
p p Gp

1
( p/z ) i vs. Gp ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp
zi z
G 2p 0

b. Plotting Function 2: e. Plotting Function 5 :


(linear) (quadratic)
Gp

1
1
( p/z ) vs. Gp ( p/z ) ( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp
Gp Gp 0

c. Plotting Function 3: f. Plotting Function 6:


(quadratic) (linear)
Gp Gp

1 1 1
( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp ( p/z )
( p/z ) dGp vs. Gp
Gp 0 Gp
Gp 0

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 38
(2005A) Balance
Summary: (3/3)
The plotting functions developed in this work have
been validated as tools for the analysis reservoir
performance data from abnormally pressured gas
reservoirs. Although the straight-line functions (PF2,
PF4, and PF6) could be used independently, but we
recommend a combined/simultaneous analysis.
The -Gp plots are useful for checking data con-
sistency and for guiding the selection of the -value.
These plots represent a vivid and dynamic visual
balance of all of the other analyses.
The Gan analysis sequence is also useful for orient-
ing the overall analysis particularly the ce(p)(pi-p)
versus (p/z)/(pi/zi) plot.
The pD-GpD type curve is useful for orientation
particularly for estimating the or (D ) value.
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 39
(2005A) Balance
Recommendations for Future Work:
Consider the extension of this methodology for
cases of external drive energy (e.g., water influx, gas
injection, etc.).
Continue the validation of this approach by applying
the methodology to additional field cases.
Implementation into a stand alone software.

PETE 613 Gas Material


Slide 40
(2005A) Balance
Petroleum Engineering 613
Natural Gas Engineering
Texas A&M University

A Quadratic Cumulative Production Model


for the Material Balance of
Abnormally-Pressured Gas Reservoirs
(End of Presentation)

F.E. Gonzalez
M.S. Thesis (2003)
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
PETE 613 Gas Material
Slide 41
(2005A) Balance

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen