Be+verb+ing (actions in progress at the time of speaking)
FUTURE FORMS
BE GOING TO + INF: I'm not going to go to New York tomorrow. The
meeting is cancelled (future plans and intentions, predictions, when you see some evidence) PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Be+verb+ing (emphasizes that you have made the arrangements) WILL/SHALL + INF: instant decisions, promises, offers, predictions, future facts or suggestions
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE
Have/has + past participle: past experiences, when we don't say
exactly when they happened, recent past actions ofen with just, yet and already. We don't specify a time Past simple: for finished past actions: worked, stopped, went, had. The time is mentioned or understood.
PRESENT PERFECT + FOR/SINCE AND PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Present perfect + for/since with non-action verbs to talk about
something which started in the past but is still true now. Present perfect continuous: Have/has been + verb ing with for/since with action verbs: actions which started in the past and are still true now
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE: ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Comparing two people, places, things, etc...old>older
big>bigger easy>easier. Irregular: good>better bad>worse far>further. One syllable adjectives endins in -ed: more bored, more stressed, more tired. as+adjective+as to make comparisons Comparing two actions: we use comparative verbs to compare two actions: Regular: Fast>faster Slowly> more slowly carefully> more carefully. Irregular comparatives: well>better badly> worse Superlatives: We use adverbs and adjectives to compare people, things or actions with all of their group: Kevin is the tallest player in the team, Oslo is the most expensive capiral city in Europe, The small bad is the least expensive, the worst we have ever played ARTICLES: A/AN, THE, NO ARTICLE
A/AN: singular countable noun: we saw an old man with a dog
THE: when we talk about something we have already mentioned, places, towns.. NO ARTICLE: general things (plural and uncountable) I love flowers....
CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO (ABILITY AND POSSIBILITY)
CAN: It only has a present form and a past conditional (could)
BE ABLE TO + INF: for ability and possibility, especially where there is no
form of can (future, present perfect, infinitive and gerund)
HAVE TO, MUST, SHOULD
Have to/must: to talk about obligations or something that it is
necessary to do Don't have to: you don't have to pay - this museum is free Should/shouldn't + infinitive: to give an advice or opinion. Also you can use ought to or ought not to be more polite meaning.
PAST TENSES
Past simple: worked, stoppedwent, had
Past continuous: was/were + verb + ing : whith while in 2 actions at the same time, the beginning of a story or anecdote, an action in progress in the past Past perfect: had + past participle: we use the past perfect when we are talking about the past and we don't want to talk about an earlier past action. Using narrative tenses toghther : It was a cold night and it was raining. I was watching TV in the sitting room. Suddenly I heard a knock at the door. I got up and opened the door. But there was nobody there. the person who had knocked the door had dissapeared....
PRESENT AND PAST HABITS AND STATES: usually and used to
Usually + present simple: to talk about present habits
Used/didn't use to + infinitive to talk about past habits
THE PASSIVE: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
A lot of films are shot on location
Our car is being repaired today The director died when the film was being made You'll be picked up at the airport The bill has to be paid tomorrow