Second Edition

Telecommunication
Switching Systems
and Networks

Thiagarajan Viswanathan
Manav Bhatnagar
Telecommunication Switching
Systems and Networks
Telecommunication
Switching Systems
and Networks
SECOND EDITION

Thiagarajan Viswanathan
Former Director
Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre
New Delhi
Former Professor
Department of Electrical Communication Engineering and
Supercomputer Education and Research Centre
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Manav Bhatnagar
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Delhi-110092
2015
TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS, Second Edition
T. Viswanathan and Manav Bhatnagar

2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-5083-0

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Thirty-eighth Printing (Second Edition) January, 2015

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj
Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV,
HSIDC, Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.
To
Contents

Prefacexiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
Acknowledgementsxix

1. INTRODUCTION 142
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications 1
1.1.1 Switching Systems 2
1.1.2 Switching Networks 5
1.1.3 Communication Links 7
1.1.4 Service Specific Networks 9
1.2 Simple Telephone Communication 12
1.3 Basics of a Switching System 16
1.4 Switching System Parameters 19
1.5 Components of a Switching System 21
1.6 Manual Switching System 24
1.7 Trends in Telecommunications 28
1.8 Standardisation in Telecommunications 33
Exercises37
Further Reading38
Appendix The Decibel 39
Review Questions41

2. STROWGER SWITCHING SYSTEMS 4376

2.1 Rotary Dial Telephone 44
2.2 Signalling Tones 48
2.3 Strowger Switching Components 51
2.4 Step-by-Step Switching 56
2.5 Control in Strowger Switch 60
vii
viii | Contents

2.6 100-line Folded Switch 63

2.6.1 Design 1: 100 US-10 + 10 US-10 64
2.6.2 Design 2: 100 US-10 + 1000 US-10 66
2.6.3 Design 3: 100 TMS 66
2.6.4 Design 4: 100 US-24 + 24 TMS 68
2.6.5 Design 5: 24 TMS + 24 TMS 69
2.7 1000-line Folded Switch 70
2.8 10,000-line Exchange 74
Exercises 74
Further Reading 76

3. CROSSBAR SWITCHING 77100

3.1 Principles of Common Control 77
3.2 Touch Tone Dial Telephone 82
3.2.1 Design Considerations 84
3.3 Principles of Crossbar Switching 89
3.4 Crossbar Switch Configurations 91
3.5 Crosspoint Technology 95
3.6 Crossbar Exchange Organisation 97
Exercises 99
Further Reading100

4. ELECTRONIC SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING 101159

4.1 Stored Program Control 101
4.2 Centralised SPC 103
4.2.1 Modes of Operation 104
4.2.2 Availability of SPC Systems 107
4.2.3 Control in Centralised SPC 111
4.3 Distributed SPC 112
4.3.1 Level 3 Processing 113
4.3.2 Level 2 Processing 115
4.3.3 Level 1 Processing 116
4.4 Software Architecture 118
4.4.1 Operating System Aspects 118
4.4.2 Software Production 122
4.4.3 Language Aspects 126
4.4.4 Modular Design 128
4.5 Application Software 129
4.5.1 Parameterised Design 130
4.5.2 Exchange Environment Parameters 130
4.5.3 Subscriber Line and Trunk Parameters 131
4.5.4 Call Processing Parameters 136
4.5.5 Processing Functions 136
4.6 Enhanced Services 137
 Contents | ix
4.7 Multi-stage Switches 143
4.7.1 Two-stage Switches 146
4.7.2 Three-stage Switches 149
4.7.3 n-stage Switches 156
Exercises157
Further Reading159

5. SPEECH DIGITISATION AND TRANSMISSION 160198

5.1 Sampling 161
5.2 Quantisation and Binary Coding 163
5.3 Quantisation Noise 166
5.4 Companding 168
5.5 Differential Coding 174
5.6 Vocoders 177
5.7 Pulse Transmission 179
5.8 Line Coding 187
5.9 Time Division Multiplexing 192
Exercises196
Further Reading198

6. TIME DIVISION SWITCHING 199241

6.1 Basic Time Division Space Switching 200
6.2 Basic Time Division Time Switching 206
6.3 Time Multiplexed Space Switching 215
6.4 Time Multiplexed Time Switching 220
6.5 Combination Switching 229
6.6 Three-stage Combination Switching 232
6.7 n-stage Combination Switching 235
Exercises239
Further Reading241

7. OPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEMS 242300

7.1 Types of Optical Fibres 243
7.2 Fibre Optic Transmission 247
7.3 Optical Sources 252
7.3.1 Light Emitting Diodes 255
7.3.2 Laser Diodes 259
7.4 Optical Detectors 263
7.4.1 p-i-n Photodiode 267
7.4.2 Avalanche Photodiode 270
7.5 Power Budget Analysis 273
7.6 Telecommunication Applications 278
7.7 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 281
7.7.1 SONET Signalling and Devices 281
7.7.2 Payload Encapsulation and Frequency Justification 287
 Telecommunication Switching Systems
And Networks

30%
OFF

Author : Gleaner Co., Manav

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120350830
Bhatnagar

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/7654

Get this eBook