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Aqueous synthesis of glutathione-capped Cu+ and

Ag+-doped ZnxCd1
xS quantum dots with full color
Cite this: J. Mater. Chem. C, 2013, 1,
emission
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751

Yanyan Chen, Lijian Huang, Shenjie Li and Daocheng Pan*

Received 3rd September 2012
Accepted 13th November 2012
DOI: 10.1039/c2tc00107a
www.rsc.org/MaterialsC
Water-soluble Cu+- and Ag+-doped ZnxCd1
xS quantum dots have been successfully synthesized via a facile
and green method. All synthetic procedures were conducted in the open air at 95  C. Hydrophilic
glutathione was used as the capping agent. The inuence of the dopant concentration in alloyed
ZnxCd1
xS QDs has been investigated. The as-prepared Cu+- and Ag+-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell
quantum dots exhibit tunable emission covering the whole visible light region and the
photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) can reach as high as 20% and 31%, respectively.

Introduction capped by trioctylphosphine (TOP), trioctylphosphine oxide

Luminescent quantum dots (QDs) have been extensively
explored in the past two decades because of their size/composi-
tion-dependent band gaps.18 In contrast to traditional group
IIVI and IIIV QDs, doped semiconductor quantum dots
(d-QDs) have recently been receiving a great deal of attention due
to their tunable emission colors, high PL quantum yields, long
PL lifetimes, large Stokes shis and thermally stable lumines-
cence.929 These excellent properties make d-QDs potential
candidates for applications in quantum dot light-emitting
diodes (QD-LEDs), bio-labeling, solar cells and diagnostics.3034
Mn2+ and Cu+ ions are commonly used as luminescent centers in
d-QDs in the literature. However, for Mn-doped QDs, the emis-
sion is strictly restricted to the yelloworange region in the
absence of tunable emission due to the Mn2+ 4T16A1 transi-
tion.1019 Dierent from Mn-doped d-QDs, the emission of the
Cu-doped QDs mainly originates from the transition from the
conduction band of the host semiconductor to the Cu-d states.
Therefore, the emission color of Cu-doped QDs can be tuned by
changing the position of the conduction band of the host
QDs.1925 As a result, the tunable Cu dopant emission could be
achieved by changing the size and/or composition of the QDs.
High quality Cu-doped IIVI and IIIV d-QDs have been
reported, including Cu:ZnS, Cu:ZnSe, Cu:CdS, Cu:ZnxCd1
xS,
Cu:InP etc.1925 However, these high quality Cu-doped QDs were
usually synthesized by an organic phase approach which
requires a high reaction temperature and large quantities of
organic solvents. In addition, the resulting QDs were generally
(TOPO), oleic acid and/or dodecanethiol.1925 These hydrophobic
d-QDs are not bio-compatible with aqueous solution and cannot
be directly used in bio-imaging. Although hydrophilic Cu-doped
ZnS and ZnSe QDs have been reported, the quality of these
hydrophilic d-QDs is signicantly lower than those of hydro-
phobic d-QDs.3537 Thus, the direct synthesis of bio-compatible
and water soluble d-QDs is critically important, which can avoid
the tedious ligand exchange procedures and toxic organic
solvents. In addition, Ag+ ions as an excellent luminescent
center, have been extensively doped in bulk ZnS, forming highly
luminescent Ag-doped ZnS phosphors.3841 However, there have
very seldom been reports on the synthesis of Ag-doped QDs in the
literature compared to that of the same group of Cu-doped QDs.26
Here, we present a green and facile one-pot aqueous
synthesis of Cu-doped and Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell
QDs. All the synthetic procedures were conducted in the open
air at 95  C and hydrophilic glutathione was used as the capping
agent. Because the full color emission cannot be achieved for
Cu-doped ZnSe and ZnS, alloyed ZnxCd1
xS QDs were chosen as
the host materials. It is well known that the band gap of the
alloyed ZnxCd1
xS QDs can be readily adjusted by changing the
ratio of ZnCd.24,42 Thus, it is expected that alloyed ZnxCd1
xS
QDs could be a kind of host material by varying the composition
to achieve wide tunable dopant emission. The as-prepared Cu+-
doped and Ag+-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell quantum dots
exhibit tunable emission covering the whole visible light region
and the photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QY) can reach
as high as 20% and 31%, respectively.

State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Experimental section
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China. I Chemicals
E-mail: pan@ciac.jl.cn; Fax: +86-431-85262941; Tel: +86-431-85262941
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: UV-vis absorption, PL Zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2$2H2O, 99.0%), cadmium acetate
spectra, excitation spectra and PL decay curves. See DOI: 10.1039/c2tc00107a (Cd(OAc)2$2H2O, 99.0%), copper chloride (CuCl2$2H2O, 99.0%),

This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 J. Mater. Chem. C, 2013, 1, 751756 | 751

Journal of Materials Chemistry C
silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99.8%), thiourea (99.0%) and L-gluta-
thione (reduced, 98%) were purchased from Aladdin. Sodium
sulde (Na2S$9H2O, 98%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 96%) and
isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O, 99.7%) were purchased from Beijing
Chemical works. All chemicals were used without further
purication.
II Preparation of stock solutions
Zn stock solution (0.2 M) was obtained by dissolving 0.439 g (2.0
mmol) of Zn(OAc)2$2H2O in 10.0 ml of de-ionized (DI) water at
room temperature. Cd stock solution (0.2 M) was prepared by
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dissolving 0.532 g (2.0 mmol) of Cd(OAc)2$2H2O in 10.0 ml of DI
water. Cu and Ag stock solutions (0.01 M) were obtained by
dissolving 0.034 g (0.2 mmol) of AgNO3 and 0.034 g (0.2 mmol)
of CuCl2 in 20.0 ml of DI water, respectively. Na2S stock solution
(1.0 M) was prepared by dissolving 2.408 g (10.0 mmol) of
Na2S$9H2O in 10.0 ml of DI water. ZnS shell stock solution
(0.04 M) was obtained by dissolving 0.176 g (0.8 mmol) of
Zn(OAc)2$2H2O, 0.061 g (0.8 mmol) of thiourea and 0.368 g
(1.2 mmol) of L-glutathione in 20.0 ml of DI water. 1.0 M NaOH
aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 0.800 g (20 mmol)
of NaOH in 20.0 ml of DI water. All the prepared stock solutions
were stored in air and used within two weeks.
III Synthesis of Cu+-doped ZnxCd1
xS cores
In a typical synthesis of Cu+-doped Zn0.5Cd0.5S cores, 0.1 ml of
Zn stock solution (0.02 mmol), 0.1 ml of Cd stock solution
(0.02 mmol), 0.02 ml of Cu stock solution (0.0002 mmol), 0.031
g (0.1 mmol) of L-glutathione and 20.0 ml of DI water were
loaded in a 50 ml three-neck ask and the pH value was tuned to
11.4 with 1.0 M NaOH aqueous solution. Aerwards, 0.042 ml
(0.042 mmol) of Na2S stock solution was injected into the ask
under magnetic stirring. Subsequently, the mixture was heated
to 95  C from room temperature and kept at this temperature
for 30 min. Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs with dierent ZnCd
ratios and dierent doping concentrations were synthesized by
changing the volume ratio of Zn stock solution to Cd stock
solution, as well as changing the volume of Cu stock solution.
IV One-pot synthesis of Cu+-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS core
shell QDs
Aer the growth time of 30 min for the crude Cu-doped
ZnxCd1
xS core QDs, 1.0 ml of ZnS shell stock solution was
injected into the ask to the deposited ZnS shell around the
Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS cores and the reaction lasted for 45 min at
the same temperature. The thickness of the ZnS shell was
controlled by repeating the injection of ZnS shell stock solution.
Note that the thickness of one monolayer of ZnS is around 0.31
nm.41 The amount of ZnS shell stock solution for one monolayer
ZnS was calculated by the ratio of the volume of ZnS shell to the
volume of cores and we assumed that all of the metal ions were
deposited into the core QDs. Finally, the growth of the ZnS shell
was quenched with a water bath. The Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS
coreshell QDs were precipitated by adding isopropyl alcohol
into the crude solution and puried by centrifugation and
752 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2013, 1, 751756
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Paper
decantation, then re-dispersing in 5.0 ml of DI water for
dierent types of measurements.
The synthetic procedures of Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS cores and
Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs are similar to those of
Cu-doped QDs, except that the Cu stock solution was replaced
by Ag stock solution.
V Characterization
UV-vis absorption and PL spectra were recorded on a Metash
UV-5200 spectrophotometer and Shimadzu RF-5301 PC spec-
trophotometer, respectively. The PL QYs of the QDs at room
temperature were determined by comparing the integrated
emission of the QD samples in aqueous solution with that of a
uorescence dye (coumarin 6 in ethanol, 78% QY). The lumi-
nescence decay curve was obtained from a Lecroy Wave Runner
6100 digital oscilloscope (1 GHz) using a tunable laser (pulse
width 4 ns, gate 50 ns) as the excitation source (Continuum
Sunlite OPO). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images
were taken using a FEI Tecnai G2 F20 transmission electron
microscope with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The TEM
samples were prepared by depositing a drop of QD methanol
solution onto a copper grid with carbon support. The powder
XRD patterns were recorded using a Bruker D8 FOCUS X-ray
diractometer. The chemical composition was determined by
energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) by using a scanning
electron microscope (Hitachi S-4800) equipped with a Bruker
AXS XFlash detector 4010.
Results and discussion
Cu+-doped and Ag+-doped ZnxCd1
xS QDs were synthesized by
an aqueous method. According to some previous investigations,
the dopant concentration strongly inuences the PL intensity of
d-QDs.20,21,24 Thus, we rst studied the eect of the doping
concentration on the PL intensity of the d-QDs. Cu-doped
ZnxCd1
xS core QDs with dierent Cu doping concentrations
were prepared while keeping all other experimental conditions
the same (e.g., the gross amount of Cd and Zn was 0.04 mmol,
ZnCd 1 : 1 and the reaction time was 30 min). Fig. 1A and B
show the UV-vis absorption and PL spectra of Cu-doped
ZnxCd1
xS QDs with dierent Cu doping concentrations. The
absorption spectra of alloyed ZnxCd1
xS QDs with dierent Cu
ion concentrations are almost the same, indicating that the band
gap of the host material is independent of the amount of the Cu
dopant. Unlike the UV-vis absorption spectra of Cu-doped
ZnxCd1
xS QDs, the PL intensity and peak position in Fig. 1B
show a notable dependence on the Cu doping concentration. As
shown in the Fig. 1B, the PL peak positions shi from 566 to 580
nm with the increasing content of Cu. Interestingly, it was
observed that the PL intensity of Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS QDs
showed a maximum value when the Cu doping concentration
was 0.5%, which is consistent with those of previously reported
Cu-doped QDs.20,21,24 For Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS QDs, the optimal
doping concentration was the same as the Cu-doped QDs, as
demonstrated in Fig. S1. Note that no PL emission from undo-
ped alloyed ZnxCd1
xS QDs was observed.
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Paper Journal of Materials Chemistry C

rate and increase the surface traps of QDs, which severely

detriments the PL QYs of QDs. The optimal pH value was found
to be 11.7 for the synthesis of Cu- and Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS core
QDs and the growth of the ZnS shells.
Aer the optimization of the PL properties for d-QDs,
Cu-doped and Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs with an
optimal 4 monolayers of ZnS shell and an optimal dopant
concentration of 0.5% were synthesized. The emission color of
the nal ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell d-QDs was tuned by
changing the molar ratio of ZnCd in the core QDs. Fig. 2A
shows the UV-vis absorption spectra of the Cu-doped
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ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs with dierent ZnCd ratios in

the core QDs. The absorption band edge of the Cu-doped
ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs was found to be strongly related
to the ratio of ZnCd. As expected, a successive red shi in the
absorption spectra of Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs
was observed with decreasing the ZnCd molar ratio from 16 : 1
to 1 : 9 with xation of the gross amount of Zn and Cd precur-
Fig. 1 UV-vis absorption (A) and PL emission (B) spectra of Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS
sors at 0.04 mmol, as shown in Fig. 2A. As a well-known
core QDs synthesized with dierent Cu(Cd + Zn) ratios; evolution of UV-vis
absorption (C) and PL emission spectra (D) of the Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS core phenomenon, the band gap of the alloyed ZnxCd1
xS nano-
shell QDs with the deposition of dierent thickness ZnS shells around the crystals decreases with the increase of content of low band gap
core QDs. CdS. The PL spectra of Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs
with tunable emission peaks from 466 to 612 nm are presented
in Fig. 2C and the corresponding PL excitation peak positions
Cu-doped and Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs exhibit rela-
tively low PL QYs of 48% owing to a lot of traps on the surface
of the ZnxCd1
xS core QDs. Here, we deposited the ZnS shell
in situ over the Cu- and Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS cores to build
the type-I coreshell structure. Fig. 1C and D show the
evolution of the UV-vis absorption and PL spectra of Cu-doped
ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs with dierent thickness ZnS
shells starting from the Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS cores under a
nominal Zn : Cd ratio of 4 : 1 with an optimal Cu doping
concentration of 0.5%. The growth of the ZnS shell did not
change the absorption and emission spectra signicantly, as
shown in Fig. 1C and D. The PL peak positions of the Cu-doped
ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs in Fig. 1D had little red-shi
from 520 to 525 nm with increasing the thickness of ZnS shell
from 1 monolayer to 5 monolayers. The red-shi of the PL peak
position in the progress of ZnS over-coating indicated that the
zinc ions were not incorporated into the core NCs because
otherwise the band gap would be higher. It was found that the
PL QYs of Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs can reach as
high as 20% aer the growth of 4 monolayers of ZnS. In general,
the PL QYs of the coreshell QDs could be enhanced to 5 to
10 times greater than those of the cores, indicating that the
surface recombination sites can be signicantly removed using
a wider band gap semiconductor as the shell. For Ag-doped
ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs, the optimal thickness of the ZnS
shell was also found to be 4 monolayers.
In addition, the PL QYs of water-soluble Cu- and Ag-doped
ZnxCd1
xS were also strongly inuenced by the pH value of the
reaction solution. It is well known that the growth rate of
aqueous nanocrystals is strongly dependent on the reaction pH
Fig. 2 UV-vis absorption (A and D) and PL emission (B and E) spectra of
value. A lower pH value would slow down the nucleation rate of Cu-doped (A and B) and Ag-doped (D and E) ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs
the QDs and form bigger particles as a nal product. with dierent ZnCd ratios in the cores; digital photographs of Cu-doped (C) and
Conversely, a higher pH value would result in a quicker growth Ag-doped (F) ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs under UV light irradiation.

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Journal of Materials Chemistry C Paper

systematically red-shied from 348 to 420 nm (see Fig. S2), Table 2 ZnCd atomic ratios used in the synthesis and the real ZnCd atomic
conrming that a tunable band gap and a very large Stokes shi ratios in Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs determined by EDS; the PL lifetimes of Ag-
doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs with dierent ZnCd ratios
up to 110190 nm were obtained. Note that the band edge
emission of undoped alloyed ZnxCd1
xS QDs can be only tuned ZnCda 25 : 1 8:1 4:1 1:1 1 : 25
in the ultraviolet and blue regions (391474 nm).42 Compared to ZnCdb 26.5 : 1 8.2 : 1 4.5 : 1 1.3 : 1 1 : 23.7
the Stokes shi of undoped alloyed ZnxCd1
xS QDs, the energy Peak (nm) 440 475 513 570 610
loss of Cu-doped QDs is more evident due to the emission s1c (ns) 17.0 16.0 51.6 17.5 11.7
s2d (ns) 518.9 525.2 579.2 307.5 278.8
transition from conduction band to Cu-d states.42 Fig. 2C
se (ns) 322 277 579 307 278
displays a digital photograph of Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS core
a
shell QDs dissolved in water under UV light irradiation. These Calculated from precursor ratios. b Calculated from EDS results. c Fast
component. d Slow component. e Average PL lifetime.
water soluble Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs exhibit
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PL quantum yields of 1020%. In addition, the Ag-doped core

shell QDs exhibit similar UV-vis absorption and PL spectra.
The band edge emission is not observed. The average uores-
With a decreasing ZnCd molar ratio from 25 : 1 to 1 : 25, the PL
cence lifetimes of Cu-doped and Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs
peak positions were changed from 446 to 606 nm, which
with dierent ZnCd ratios are in the order of hundreds of
covers the whole visible light region (see Fig. 2F). Ag-doped
nanoseconds, but the uorescence lifetimes of Cu-doped and
ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs exhibit higher PL QYs than those
Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs are random and independent of
corresponding to the Cu-doped QDs. The highest QYs of the
PL peak positions and ZnCd ratios. Note that the long uo-
Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs can reach as high as
rescence lifetime is highly desirable to decrease the probability
31%. This is probably due to the larger ionic radius of Ag+ (1.0 A)
when the coordination number is 4.43 of electronhole recombination in solar cell application.
than that of Cu+ (0.60 A)
The size and size distribution are critically important for
Thus, we can expect that the Au+-doped ZnxCd1
xS QDs could
luminescent QDs. The TEM images in Fig. 3A and B demon-
have a higher PL QY than Cu-doped and Ag-doped QDs.
strate that the Cu-doped Zn0.5Cd0.5S cores and the corre-
The molar ratios of ZnCd in Cu-doped and Ag-doped
sponding Zn0.5Cd0.5S/ZnS coreshell QDs are well-dispersed
ZnxCd1
xS core nanocrystals were determined by energy
and have a near-spherical shape and a narrow size distribution.
disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), as shown in Table 1 and
The average diameters of the Cu-doped cores and coreshell
Table 2. Compared with the nominal values, it was found that
QDs are 2.9 and 5.4 nm, respectively. Fig. 3C and D present the
the real ZnCd ratios in the samples are very close to the starting
TEM images of Ag-doped Zn0.5Cd0.5S cores and the corre-
precursor ratios. As a consequence, the chemical composition
sponding Zn0.5Cd0.5S/ZnS coreshell QDs.
of ZnxCd1
xS core QDs can be readily controlled by changing
the starting precursor ratio.
The uorescence lifetime measurements are valuable to
investigate the mechanism of PL because dierent uorescence
decay lifetimes may result from dierent recombination
mechanisms. Fig. S3 and S4, show a series of PL decay curves
of Cu-doped and Ag-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs. The detailed PL
decay data for all of the samples are listed in Table 1 and Table
2. All the samples exhibited bi-exponential decays with short
uorescence lifetimes of tens of nanoseconds and long uo-
rescence lifetimes of hundreds of nanoseconds, which are in
good agreement with the previous reports for Cu-doped
QDs.2124 A shorter uorescence lifetime is attributed to surface
defects related to radiative recombination, whereas a longer
uorescence lifetime is due to the Cu and Ag dopant emission.

Table 1 ZnCd atomic ratios used in the synthesis and the real ZnCd atomic
ratios in Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs determined by EDS; the PL lifetimes of the
Cu-doped ZnxCd1
xS core QDs with dierent ZnCd ratios

ZnCda 16 : 1 4:1 2:1 1:1 1:9

ZnCdb 14.8 : 1 4.5 : 1 2.3 : 1 1.1 : 1 1: 1 0.1
Peak (nm) 460 510 540 570 600
s1c (ns) 17.0 16.0 51.6 17.5 11.7
s2d (ns) 518.9 525.2 579.2 307.5 278.8
Fig. 3 TEM images of the Cu-doped Zn0.5Cd0.5S cores (A) and the corresponding
se (ns) 92 603 328 462 253
Zn0.5Cd0.5S/ZnS coreshell QDs with 4 monolayers of ZnS (B) as well as Ag-doped
a
Calculated from precursor ratios. b Calculated from EDS results. c Fast Zn0.5Cd0.5S cores (C) and the corresponding Zn0.5Cd0.5S/ZnS coreshell QDs with
component. d Slow component. e Average PL lifetime. 4 monolayers of ZnS (D).

754 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2013, 1, 751756 This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013

Paper
Structure characterization for the Cu-doped and Ag-doped
Zn0.2Cd0.8S cores and the corresponding Zn0.2Cd0.8S/ZnS core
shell QDs was carried out by means of X-ray diraction
(XRD)(Fig. 4). Detailed analysis of the XRD patterns of cores and
coreshell QDs revealed that the nanocrystals have the charac-
teristics of a zincblende (ZB) structure. From the XRD pattern of
Cu-doped and Ag-doped Zn0.2Cd0.8S core nanocrystals, all three
broad diraction peaks were located in the middle part of the
zincblende structure of ZnS and CdS, indicating that the Cd2+
ions were incorporated in the lattice of ZnS. No diraction
peaks from Ag2S and Cu2S impurities were detected in the
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samples, conrming that the incorporation of Cu or Ag ions
does not result in a phase transformation of the crystal struc-
ture. Aer the deposition of the ZnS shell, the diraction peak
positions of the Cu-doped and Ag-doped Zn0.2Cd0.8S/ZnS core
shell quantum dots shi to higher angles, towards those of the
standard zincblende ZnS, indicating the formation of the ZnS
shell around the Zn0.2Cd0.8S cores. It is noteworthy that the
lattice mismatch between zincblende CdS and ZnS is only 7%,
which enables the formation of ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs
by a solution epitaxial grow method.
Conclusions
In summary, high quality water-soluble Cu-doped and Ag-doped
ZnxCd1
xS/ZnS coreshell QDs have been synthesized via a
green and facile method using glutathione as the capping
agent. All the synthetic procedures were conducted in the open
air at 95  C. As-prepared coreshell d-QDs exhibit a tunable PL
emission covering the entire visible light region by changing the
ZnCd ratios and the highest PL QY can reach as high as 31%.
The ZnCd ratios, amount of dopants and the thickness of the
ZnS shell have a great eect on the PL properties of the d-QDs.
These hydrophilic d-QDs exhibit a long PL decay lifetime
(hundreds of nanoseconds), indicating that they have a good
potential application in photovoltaics and bio-imaging.
Furthermore, this synthetic route has been successfully
extended to synthesize hydrophilic Au+-doped ZnxCd1
xS QDs
with higher PL QYs. These experiments are underway in our
laboratory.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant no.21071142; 51172229; 51202241),
Fig. 4 XRD patterns of Cu-doped (A) and Ag-doped (B) Zn0.2Cd0.8S cores and the
corresponding Zn0.2Cd0.8S/ZnS coreshell QDs with 4 monolayers of ZnS.
This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013
View Article Online
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
the Fund for Creative Research Groups (Grant no. 20921002)
and the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of Jilin
Province (20100105).
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