Sheet1

PIE Gloss Cognates Notes

*-ke and OIr na-ch not
Lat -que and
Goth -h
Mycenaean Grk -qe
Grk te and
Arm -k and
Hit -ki and
Skt ca and
*-w or OIr n
Lat -ve
Grk -(w)
Skt v
Toch B wat
*-yo and Myc jo- and
Hit -ya- and
Toch A -yo with
*(d)mmtm 100 (one-)hundred OIr ct {1} A derivative of *dekm 'ten'.
Lat centum
NEhundred
Lith im~tas
OCS sto
Grk hekatn
Av satm
Skt atm
Toch B kante

*(d)ui-dh- put in two {1} [AL] The augment is always scanned long in
the RV, which points to the IIr. reconstruction *Ha-
Hui-dhH-a-, cf. Lubotsky 1994a. The aorist avidhat
originally supplied the aorist for the root ds, cf.
Garcia Ramon XXX.
{2} The root is due to the univerbation of the
preverb vi and dh (cf. Hoffmann 1969 =
Hoffmann 1975: 241). The aorist stem is primary.

*(d)yes yesterday OIr ind

Lat her
NE yester-
Alb dje
Grk khths
Av zy
Skt hy-
*(h)seuio- left, left hand {1} [AL] The laryngeal is based on the
asssumption that the word is derived from the
adverb *hsu 'well', being an old taboo
replacement. For the different words for 'left' in
Indo-European see Beekes 1994.

Page 1
 Sheet1

*(h)su- good OIr so- good {1} Most probably, a derivative of *hes- 'to be'.
OCS s-drav healthy
Grk hu-gis healthy, eu- good
Av hu- good
Skt su- good
Toch B saswe lord [< *hsu-
suh- well-born]

*(h)uper(i) over, above

*(h)upo under
*(h)yro/eh- year, new season Lat hrnus of this year {1} Based on *pari-yram 'a year long'.
NE year
OCS jara spring
Grk horos time, year
Luv ra/i- time
Av yr year
*(h)wer- attach Lith vrti thread a needle
Rus vert prick
Alb vjerr hang up
?Grk aer attach
*(h/)wobsh- wasp MWels gw(y)chi drones From the verbal root *h/3webh- weave
talic Lat vespa
OPrus wobse
OCS osa
MPers vaz-
*(hu-)boh both

*(h)bi towards
*(h)mauros dark Rus (s)muryj dark grey West Central
Grk amaurs dim, faint

Page 2
 Sheet1

*(h)merhg- dark ON myrkr darkness [which was West Central

borrowed as NE murk]
Lith mrgas variegated
Alb murg black
Grk amorbs dark
*(h)wiselo- weasel NIr fial ferret North-Western
NE weasel
Grk ailouros ??
*(h)ieu- bearded wheat, perhaps
*(h)io- who, which {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal is not quite certain.
It is based on the Greek aspiration (if it reflects
*Hi-) and on the possible derivation of this
pronoun from the pronoun *he / hi- (see s.v. ay-
[2], a- [2]).

*(h)mei-s- close the eyes {1} extension of IE root *(H)mei-.

{2}[AL] MoHG miseln 'to rain lightly' is hardly
cognate. Janda 1998: 18ff. argues that the
original meaning of the uncompounded root mis-
is 'to close the eyes, to blink', which is a
distinctive possibility. He further suggests an
assimilation *ni-mus- ('to close', see s.v. musti-) >
ni-mis-. I would rather assume contamination of
two roots, viz. *hmeigh- 'close the eyes, blink'
(Lith. miegoti 'sleep', SCr. migati 'blink, twinkle,
move', etc.) and meus- 'close the mouth'.

*(h)ndero- lower
*(h)ndes below
*(h)ndmho- lowest
*(h)neid- insult Goth ga-naitjan treat shamefully
Lith nedti despise
Grk oneidz revile
Arm anc curse
Av nad- insult
Skt nndati insults

*(h)rs- dew, moisture Lat rs dew underlies a number of river names in Indo-Iranian,
Lith ras dew including the mythical world river of the ancient
Indians (Ras)
Rus rosdew
Alb resh it is precipitating {1} Originally, a root noun. The Greek name of
Skt rsa- sap, juice Volga ' presumably comes from Iranian.

Page 3
 Sheet1

*(k)(s)wes 6 six Av xva The complex, and otherwise unexampled, initial

*kses >> consonant cluster *ksw- has suggested to several
Lith e investigators that we may be looking at a word
that was originally borrowed from some non-Indo-
OCS est European source. Foreign parallels to the Proto-
dialectal Grk ksstriks krithsix- Indo-European forms have been noted since the
rowed barley time of Franz Bopp who compared the Proto-Indo-
Skt European form with Proto-Kartvelian (a language
*(s)wes >> group of the Caucasus composed of Georgian and
OIr s closely related languages) *ekw- six
other comparisons are Hurrian (an extinct
NWels chwech
language of eastern Anatolia) eee, Akkadian
Grk hks (dialectal Grk wks) i/eum (the form used to modify deWnite
Arm vec feminine nouns) six. These are variously
*ses >> explained as borrowing into or from (in the
Lat sex Kartvelian case) Proto-Indo-European. However,
NE six with the exception of the Kartvelian forms, the
Alb gjasht proposed models for the Proto-Indo-European
word are only vaguely similar phonetically and
?Toch B kas
there is no good reason why a foreign - or the
*wes >> like should generate a Proto-Indo-European*ksw-.
Grk hks One might also note that the attestedAkkadian
Arm vec formis far too late to have been themodel for
Proto-Indo-European borrowing, no matter where
the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been located,
and the earlier Proto-Semitic form of six,
*idt~(at), looks even less promising as a model
for *ksweks.

{1} [AL] P. cha, chal 'six' and the o-colouring in

sodasa and sodh can only be explained if we
assume that *uu was long preserved in Indo-Aryan
(cf. Lubotsky 2000a).

*(k)(s)wes-omt(h 60 sixty OIr sesca

Lat sexgint
Grk ekskonta
Arm vatsun
Toch B kaska
*(k)sweid- milk Lith svestas butter
Av xvd- milk
*(nh)-we we both
*(ni-)mno- downwards
*(p)rmos grief, shame NE harm The questionable ascription of *(p)kormos to
Rus srom shame Proto-Indo-European rests on a Germanic-Slavic-
Av farma- shame Iranian isogloss

*(s-)hupr(i) over OIr for- over

Lat super over
NE over
Grk hupr over
beyond
Av upairi over
Skt upri over

Page 4
 Sheet1

*(s)bond-neh strap Lat funda sling West Central

sling Grk sphendn sling from
*bhendh- bind
*(s)greb- scratch, cut NE carve West Central
ON skrapa > NE scrape
OPrus grbin number
OCS rb lot
Grk grph scratch
*(s)grehb()- hornbeam Umb Grabovius oak god
OPrus wosi-grabis spindle-tree
Lith skrblas hornbeam
Rus grab hornbeam
Modern Grk grabna hornbeam
Lat carpnus hornbeam

*(s)kamb- curve OIr camm curve West Central

Grk skambs curve
*(s)kand- moon Alb hn moon from the verb *(s)kand- shine
Skt cndra- moon
*(s)kand- shine, glitter NWels cann white, bright
Lat cande glitter, shine
Skt cndati shines, is bright
Alb hn
Skt candr- shining; moon
Grk kndaros coal [<
presumably from *glowing]
Lat candidtus candidate for
office because of the white toga
which was worn

*(s)ked- scatter NE scatter

Lith kedti burst
Grk skdnmi scatter, strew,
sprinkle
Toch AB ktn- scatter, strew,
sow
*(s)egos sheep/goat NE sheep
OE hcen kid
Oss s she-goat
Skt chga- he-goat
*(s)ehw(e)r- north wind NE shower
Lat caurus north wind
Lith iure north wind
iras cold, northern
OCS sver north
Arm curt cold
shower
*(s)kel- crooked OE scolh crooked West Central
OPrus culczi thigh
Bulg klka thigh
Alb cal lame
Grk sklos thigh
*(s)kel- split (apart), cut Grk skll hoe, stir up
Arm skalim split, be splintered
Hit iskalla- slit, slash, tear
MIr scoiltid chips
Lith skeli chip
ON skil distinction

Page 5
 Sheet1

*(s)keng- crooked OIr scingim spring

ON skakkr skewed, distorted
OHG hinken go lame
Grk skz limp, go lame
Skt khjati limps
*(s)keng- limp OHG hinkan limp
Grk skz limp
Skt kaj- limp
*(s)ker- cut apart, cut of Hit karsmi cut of, castrate
OIr scaraid separates, divides
NE shear
Lith skiri separate, divide
Rus kroj cut
Alb shqerr tear apart
Grk ker cut
Arm kerem scrape of, scratch
of
Skt krm ti wounds, kills

*(s)ker-men- flayed skin {1} Attested is OP arm 'on leather, on

parchment'.
*(s)kerb- shrink, shrivel; waste-away ON skorpna shrivel
(s)kerb- Lith skurrbti sufer a decline,
wither; mourn
Rus skrblyj shrivelled
Grk krph let shrivel, dry out
*(s)kerb- shrink, shrivel West Central
*(s)kert- cut Lith kert hew Extended from *(s)ker-
Arm kertem skin
Hit kartai- cut of
Av krntaiti cuts
Skt krmnt ti cuts
ON skor notch i.e. what has
been cut

*(s)keu(h)- cover, wrap Lat ob-scrus dark, obscure, i.e.

covered
Skt skunti covers
NE hide (derived from this root
with a t-extension)
Grk sklos pelt, skin
Grk skutos leather

Page 6
 Sheet1

*(s)keub make beautiful {1} [AL] Since the root structure TDh is
impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-
mobile. It is therefore attractive to connect our
root with PIE *(s)keu(h)- (Gr. [verb] 'to
notice', OHG scouwn [verb] 'to look at', Go.
skauns [adj] 'beautiful', see s.v. kavi). For the
phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology
see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.

*(s)keud- throw, shoot NE shoot

Rus kidt throw
Alb hedh throw
Skt cdati incites
Toch B kaume shoot of a plant

*(s)keud purify {1} [LK] Built on the quasi-root sundh extracted

from the nasal infixed present
see Jamison 1983: 158, Kulikov 2001: 470f.
{2} [AL] Since the root structure TDh is
impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-
mobile. It is therefore attractive to connect our
root with PIE *(s)keu(h)- (Gr. [verb] 'to
notice', OHG scouwn [verb] 'to look at', Go.
skauns [adj] 'beautiful', see s.v. kavi). For the
phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology
see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.

Page 7
 Sheet1

*(s)keuh- perceive Lyd kawepriest

see, seer Av kav seer
Skt kav- wise, seer
Extended:
NE hear
Grk ako hear
Lat custs watchman
NE show
Arm cucanem show
Lat cave take heed
OE hwian look at
OCS uj note
Grk ko note

*(s)keuk shine {1} [AL] For the phonetic and semantic sides of
this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.

*(s)keup- bundle NE sheaf North-West

Rus up tuft
head of hair, crest
*(s)koitrs bright, clear OEhdor clear Indo-Iranian may all derive from an otherwise
Lith skaidrs bright, clear [of unattested noun *(s)koit-.
weather], limpid [of water]
Av ira- clear
Skt citr- excellent, bright
*(s)koli- young dog Lith kle bitch
Alb klysh young dog
Grk sklaks young dog
young animal
*(s)kolmo/eh- boat OHG skalm Derived from *(s)kel- cut
Toch B kolmo
*(s)klos stake Grk skolos pointed stake from *(s)kel- strike, hew

Page 8
 Sheet1

*(s)kou-no- luminous {1} [AL] The cerebral nasal is unexpected and

may point to borrowing, which makes the
etymology doubtful. See further s.v. sobh.
{2} [AL] The possible cognates mentioned by
Mayrhofer are most probably unrelated: ToA kom,
ToB kaum 'day, sun' is a loanword from Turkic
( Lubotsky - Starostin 2003: 257f.)
MW cun 'noble, fine' must rather be connected
with OIr. cuanna 'dear, fine' and derived from
*kupnos ( Schrijver 1995: 348).

*(s)ku(n)t- shake, jolt NE shudder North-West

Lith kunt recover, get better
[i.e. shake something of]
OCS skytati s wander
*(s)kub-r- clean, beautiful
{1} [AL] Since the root structure TDh is
impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-
mobile. For the phonetic and semantic sides of
this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.
{2} [AL] Most probably, an Iranian LW.

*(s)up- shoulder MLG schuft shoulder blade of

cow or horse
Alb sup shoulder
Av supti- shoulder
Skt pti- shoulder
*(s)up-ti- shoulder, withers {1} [AL] Since the s-mobile is only attested in
Germanic, it is attractive to assume that it is due
to the influence of the word for 'shoulder'.

*(s)klos sheatfish, wels NE whale Difficult

OPrus skalis sheatfish
Grk spalos fish
Av kara- a kind of fish
*(s)khtis skin, hide NWels es-gid shoe [< foot-
hide]
NE hide
Lith kiutis skin
Grk skutos skin, leather, hide
Toch A kc skin

Page 9
 Sheet1

*(s)keit- consider, appear {1} [AL] Mayrhofer, following Got 1987: 137ff.
distinguishes cet [1] 'to consider' and cet [2] 'to
appear, to shine'. The semantic distinction is
clearly artificial (cf. German scheinen), whereas
the lack of labialization in the Germanic cognates
is probably due to the loss of the labial feature in
front of o in this branch.
{2} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 174ff.
{3} Translations 'appearance' or 'splendour',
given for the Rgvedic attestations by some
scholars are less plausible, but not impossible.
{4} [AL] For this form cf. recently Jasanoff 1997.

*(s)lag- take, hold NE latch West Central

Grk lzomai take, hold
*(s)lei- sticky, slimy, slippery OIr as-lena pollute
Lat lin anoint
OCS slina spit
Grk aln anoint
OIr slemon slippery, slick,
polished
Lat lmus mud, lmax slug
NE slime
Rus slimk slug
Grk lemaks slug, snail
NHG bleiben remain, stay
Lith lpti stick, be sticky
OCS pri-lpj stick on/to
Skt limpti smears
Toch A lip- remain

*(s)lei- tench Lith lynis Built on the root of the same shape meaning
Rus lin slimy
Grk lines blemy ?
OE slw mullet

Page 10
 Sheet1

*(s)leid- slide NE slide

Lith slystu slide, slip
OCS sld track [in the grass]
Grk olisthan slip
Skt srdhati fails, errs < *slides
of?

*(s)m(e)ug()- smoke NE smoke

Grk smkh burn in a
smouldering fire
Arm mux smoke
*(s)me(-th) middle, among OE mid with
Alb me with
Grk metwith, among
Av mat (together) with
Skt smat with
*(s)mel- deceive Lith mlas lie
Arm me sin
Av mairya- deceitful
Toch A smale lie
*(s)mel- give of light smoke, smoul Middle Irish sm l
NE smoulder, smell
Lith smilkti give of light dust or
smoke
Sorbian smalisinge
*(s)meld- melt NE melt
Grk mldomai melt
*(s)mer- remember, be concerned NE mourn
Lith merti worry about
Grk mrimna thought, care,
anxiety, mrtus witness [>NE
martyr]
Av maraiti observes
Skt smrati remembers, longs
for
reduplicated in
Lat memoria remembrance
OE mimorian remember
Arm mormok care

Page 11
 Sheet1

*(s)meuk brush, take of (of bridles, bindings, clothes and snot) {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation
(see Kulikov 1998).
{2} Secondary present, probably based on the
desiderative stem ( Got 1987: 246, fn. 547).

*(s)meuk/g- slick, slippery OIr mocht soft, tender West Central

Lat mung blow the nose
ON mjkr soft, malleable
Grk mssomai blow the nose
Lat mcus mucus
Lith mkti slip away from
Skt mucti looses, frees
Toch B mauk- to let go
*(s)meuk/g- slip OE smgan slide, slip
Lith munk slip away from
Lat -mung blow, wipe ones
nose
Grk apomss blow, wipe ones
nose
Skt mucti indicates lets loose,
frees
OCS mati chase
Toch B mk- run

Page 12
 Sheet1

*(s)neh(i)- twist fibres into thread MIr snid twists, binds

Lat ne spin
OHG n(w)en sew, stitch
Latv snju twist loosely together,
spin
Grk n spin
with the suffix *-teh- :
NE snood
OIr snth thread
Latv snte linen shawl, cape
NE needle < *(s)neh(i)-tleh-

*(s)ner- fasten with thread or cord Lith neri thread (a needle),

Toch B are thread
OE snr harpstring
bind close together> NE narrow

*(s)nh(e)u without
*(s)nhi without
*(s)p(e)iko/eh- bird, woodpecker Lat pcus woodpecker
Lat pca jay
magpie
OHG speh woodpecker
Skt pik-
*(s)pe- observe Lat speci see {1} Synchronically distinct from, but genetically
see OHG spehn spy related to the root variant spas- (see Jamison
1983: 167, Kmmel 2000: 586f.).
Grk skptomai look at
{2} [LK] According to Kmmel 2000: 586, fn.
Av spasyeiti spies 1261, the interpretation of this form as a sigmatic
Skt pyati sees aorist is supported by its durative meaning.
Toch AB pk- intend {3} Gr. replaces IE *spek-s.

*(s)pel- say aloud, recite NE spell

Alb fjal tale (also word,
statement)
Arm aa-spel saying, riddle
Latv peltr revile, slander
Grk apeil hold out in promise
or in threat
Toch AB pl- praise
*(s)pel- tear of, split Skt phlati bursts, splits in two,
ph la- ploughshare (<
*splitter)

Page 13
 Sheet1

*(s)pelt- split OHG spalten

OCS ras-platiti
Skt sphtati
Skt ptati splits apart, bursts
NE split
*(s)pen- draw, spin NE spin
Lith pin weave
OCS pn tighten, strain
Alb pe thread
Grk pnomai toil [at household
tasks]
Arm hanum henum weave
Toch B pnn- draw [out], stretch

*(s)peud- push, repulse Lat pudet shames, casting of

divorce
Lith spudiu press, squeeze
Alb pun work
Grk sped urge on, hasten
Arm poyt zeal
NPers poy haste, speed
*(s)pingo- finch NE finch
Grk spggos
Skt phingaka shrike ?
*(s)plend- shine OIr ls light
Lat splende shine, glitter
Lith splndiu light
Toch plnt- rejoice, be glad as
cognate, i.e. be shining
*(s)pond(n)os wooden vessel ON spann pail West Central
Lith spandis pail
OCS spd measure [of grain]
Arm pund pot
*(s)pornm wing, feather NE fern
Lith sparrnas wing
Av parna- feather
Skt par- feather
OCS pero feather
Toch B parwa [pl.] feathers
*(s)pre(n)g- wrap up, constrict Greek sprg swaddle
Lith springst choke, become
choked or constricted
MHG phrengen oppress
Toch AB prk- restrain oneself,
hold back
*(s)preg- speak NE speak West Central
Alb shpreg express, voice, utter

Page 14
 Sheet1

*(s)preus(h)- sprinkle {1} Nonce formation, perhaps class VI present

(see Joachim 1978: 112f.).

*(s)prmhg- crackle, sputter Grk spharagomai

ON spraka
Lith spragti
Skt sph rjati thunders
*(s)py(e)uh- spew, spit Lat spu spit
NE spew
NE spit
Lith spiuju spew
OCS pljuj spew
Grk pt spit out, disgorge

Skt thvati spews
*(s)reg paint, dye {1} [AL] Jamison 1983: 151 suggests to read
+rjaya, but since the same form is attested in
the AVP and since the cadence of the uneven
pdas in the AV anustubh is irregular, the
emendation is unlikely (cf. also rajayitr- [f]
'paintress').

*(s)teg- cover Lat teg cover Possible Sanskrit cognate in sthagayati covers
NE thatch which, if accepted (the -thsuggests
to some a non-Indo-European origin for the word
Lith stegiu put on a thatch roof
in Indic), would point to Proto-Indo-European
Grk stg cover status.
?Sanskrit sthagayati covers

*(s)teg- pole, post Lat tignum wooden beam

NE stake

Page 15
 Sheet1

*(s)tges- roof OIr tech house

Lat tectum roof, ceiling, tgula
roof-tile
NE thatch
Grk (s)tgos roof, house
*(s)teh- stand (up) OIr -sissedar stands {1} The aspiration in Skt. has arisen in the
Lat sist stand up present *(s)ti-sth -e-.
Grk hstmi stand
Av hitaiti stands
Skt tthati stands

*(s)tehist dough; bread? OIr tas dough This is a neuter noun of a very archaic shape and
OE sma leaven that archaic shape might argue for a greater
OCS tsto dough antiquity for the concept dough, and hence
bread-making in general,
Grk stas dough of spelt flour than its restriction to the West Central groups
might otherwise suggest. That it would appear to
be derivative of *(s)teh- stand suggests that we
may well be reconstructing a term originally
meaning leavened dough rather than dough in
general.

*(s)teh- steal OIr tid thief

OCStaj hide
Grk ttomai deprive, rob
Hit tyezzi steals
Av tyu- thief
Skt (s)ty- thief
Toch B ene-stai in secret
*(s)teig- sting, be pointed

Page 16
 Sheet1

*(s)tel- be still, quiet OIr tuilid sleeps North-West

NE still
Lith tyl quiet person
*(s)tenh thunder {1} With the root variant without s- (tan-).
{2} Non-causative (intransitive) in early Vedic
the causative usage is attested in TS 1.6.11.4.
{3} [LK] Reduplicated aorist according to
Hoffmann 1976: 568, Werba 1997: 442 ( Kmmel
2000 does not include this form into his corpus of
perfect formations either)
perfect (subj.) according to Lubotsky 1997a: 583.
{4} Or ptc.act. (ins.sg.) of present IV (tanyati).
{5} Based on the stem of the -ya-present.
{6} Laryngeal-derivative of *sten 'to moan, to
groan'? (cf. Skt stan).

*(s)tenh- groan Lat tonre to thunder

thunder OE unor thunder (> NE
thunder)
OCS sten groan
Grk stn thunder
Skt stanyati thunders
*(s)ter- stork NE stork
Hitt tarl ?
*(s)ter- crush Hit istarninkzi afflicts
Skt trmdhi crushes, bruises
*(s)terh- stif NE stare
Lith starin tighten, stretch,
make stif
OCS strada hard work
Grk steres stif, firm
Toch B cire hard, rough

Page 17
 Sheet1

*(s)teud- push, thrust OIr do-tuit makes to fall {1} Isolated and unclear form
Lat tund push, strike perhaps arisen under the influence of tunna-
with the s-, Lat stude strive [ppp].
(i.e. push oneself), studium
zeal
Goth stautan push
Alb shtyj push
Skt tudti pushes, strikes

*(s)teuros large (domestic) animal NE steer In meaning this word has been drawn to the
Av. staora- large [domestic] phonetically similar *tauros aurochs, bull).
animal [i.e. horse, cow, camel]
Alb ter bullock
*(s)tig-mo- sting (A)
be pointed (M)
*(s)trep- cry out, dispute Lat strep cry loudly, make North-West
noise
OE rafian restrain, reprove
urge, demand
*(s)wehg- cry out Lat vgi cry, squall [of babies], West Central
resound scream
NE sough
Lith svagti sound
Grk khnoise, kh sound,
ring
*(s)weig- deceive OE swcan betray
Toch A wek- to lie
*(s)wer- say, speak OPrus wertemmai we swear Greek employs *(s)wer-, i.e. Grk eir, in the
Rus vru lie present and *wek-, i.e. Grk
eipon, in the aorist and it is possible that such a
Grk er say
paradigm from two different roots derived from a
Hit wer(i)ye- call, summon still earlier period. In derived form, *(s)wer- also
Lat serm conversation, lecture yields NE word (cf. also Lat verbum word and
[> by borrowing NE sermon] Lith varrdas name).
NE swear
OCS svariti despise
battle
Lyd farwa- oath
Toch B arm origin

Page 18
 Sheet1

*(t)persneh- heel {1} [AL] Since the other Iranian languages point
to an -stem, we may also consider an original -
stem for Avestan, which is attested at V 2.31 and
V 23.2 pnbiia, whereas pnaibiia at V 8.70,
V 8.71, V 9.25, V 9.26 is likely to be due to the
preceding or following uzgrptaibiia
angutaibiia.
{2} [AL] The word for 'heel' seems to be related
to the family of the root sphari- 'to kick with the
foot', which also points to a heavy initial cluster
(*pd-sperh- ?), cf. YAv. ( V 2.31) ai h zm
pnbiia vspara 'trample this earth with your
heels'.
{3} [AL] It is improbable that OE fiersin [f] 'heel'
contains lengthened grade (pace Pok. 823, EWAia
124) because would have been shortened in
Proto-Germanic anyhow due to Osthoff's Law. For
the etymology see Lubotsky 2006.

*(t)sel- sneak up on, crawl up on Lith sel sneak, prowl, step

softly
Arm solim crawl
Av srvant- crawling
Skt tsrati creeps up on, sneaks
Alb shlig snake
OIr selige turtle or snail

*(ud-)tnh-no- stretched {1} [AL] For the etymology see Beekes 1982-3:
206, fn. 1 and Beekes 1985.

*(w)rep- turn, incline Grk hrp incline oneself, be

inclined to
Toch A rapure desire, cupidity

*(y)eb- elephant Probable Wanderwort

*alog- thorn SC glog thorn West-Central
Grk glokhes [pl.] beard of grain
Grk glkhs point, end
Grk glossa tongue

*lu- esculent root Lat lium allium garlic Reconstruction difficult

Skt l- Arum campanulatum (an
esculent root)
*nos circle, ring OIr inne West Central
Lat nus
Arm anur
*ar and, also / thus OPrus ir and, also
Prkrit ira and
Grk ra now, thus

Page 19
 Sheet1

*at- father Lat atta

Grk atta
Goth atta father
Rus otc father
Alb at father
Hit attas father
*b(e)u- owl Lat bbo
Bulg buk
Grk bas
Arm bu bue
NPers bm
*b()(o)mb()- muffled noise ON bumba drum West Central
Lith bambti roar
Rus bben drum
Alb bumbullit it thunders
Grk bmbos muffled noise
Lith bam~balas bee
Grk bombl bee
Skt bambhara- bee
*b()e without Lith b without
but
OCS bez without
Skt bah- outside
*baba- babble Lat babit
NE baby, babble
Grk babz,
*badyos (yellow) brown OIr buide yellow Celtic-Italic isogloss
Lat badius bay (of a horse)
*baith- cloak Goth paida tunic, shirt West Central
Grk bat shepherds cloak of With its very rare initial *b-, has suggested to
some a loanword from a non-IE language
skins

*bak- club OIr bacc staf West Central

Lat baculum staf the initial *b- has been explained either as the
mark of a popular word (i.e. one apparently used
Grk bktron staf
only in informal contexts and subject to the
possibility of special phonological changes) or a
loanword from some non-Indo-European
language.

*balba- stammer Lat balbus stammer

NE babble
Lith blebnti stammer
Czech beblati stammer
Grk brbaros non-Greek speaker
[whence via Latin to NE
barbarian]
Skt barbara- stammerer, non-
Indic speaker

*baub- bark, low Lat baubor bark West Central

Lith babti low [of cows]
Grk baz bark
*blos strong Lat dbilis weak, infirm Problematic
OCS bolj larger requires a Proto-Indo-European *b- which is
Grk blteros better exceedingly rare (some would argue non-existent)
Skt blam power, strength

Page 20
 Sheet1

*b(e)rhos birch Lat farnus/fraxinus ash Derived from an adjective meaning bright, shine
NE birch and has a long association in several Indo-
Lith bras birch European groups with virginal purity.
Gamkrelidze and Ivanov have used this
Rus berza birch connection to suggest that Hit parku- ritually
Oss boerz birch pure
Skt brj- birch innocent actually derives from the word for
birch although the Hittites had lost the arboreal
term itself.

*babeh- bean Lat faba bean

NE bean [< PIE *bhabhneha-]
OPrus babo bean
Rus bob bean
Alb bath bean
*bag- apportion Phrygian Bagaos is an epithet of
Zeus
Skt bhga- apportion was
deified as one of the Vedic gods
Av baga- good fortune
Toch B pke share

*bag- divide, distribute Grk phageiun eat

Av bag- distribute
Skt bhjati divides, distributes,
enjoys
Rus bog god
Av baaa- god
Skt bhga- lord
Toch B pke share, portion
*bus (fore)arm, foreleg OE bg shoulder, arm, bough [>
NE bough]
Grk pekhus elbow, forearm
Av bzu- arm
foreleg
Skt bh forearm, arm, forefoot
of an animal
Toch B pokai- arm
limb

*bagos apportioner Skt Bhga-

Phrygian Bagaos, epithet of Zeus

*ba/eh- bean Grk phaks bean

*bar-ko- pointed? MIr barc spear shaft North-West
SC brk point from *bar- projection
*bard-eh- beard Lat barba North-West
NEbeard
Lith barzd
Rus borod beard, chin
*brs grain NE barley North-Western
Lat fr grain it has been derived from both the Near East and a
European substrate
coarse meal
Rus brono ryemeal
Grk pheros food of the gods
Albanian bar grass
*bbrus beaver Gaul bebru-
Lat fiber
NE beaver
Lith bebrs
Rus bobr
Av bawra-

Page 21
 Sheet1

*bed- bend (ones body) Toch B pauto honour

NE bid < request on bended
knee
Alb bind means convince
*bed- dig, burrow Lat fodi dig
Hit padda- pidda- dig
NWels bedd grave
TochA pt- plough
*beg- break OIr boingid {1} [LK] There are semantic reasons to group this
Arm bekanem formation with class IV presents and to presume
Skt bhankti fluctuating accentuation, i.e. bhajyate in RV-Kh. /
bhajyate in AV
Lith begti finish, end, perhaps see Kulikov 1998
from breaking of. Kulikov 2001: 361, 543.
{2} Connection uncertain.

*be- outside {1} Connection with bahis uncertain.

{2} [AL] Jasanoff (Acts Copenhagen, XXX)
explains the ending -is as an original instr.pl.
ending (cf. PIE instr.pl. *-is < *-o-is), cf. further
vis, nis.

*beg- run Lith bgu run, flee

Rus beg run, flee
Grk phbomai flee
Hindi bhgn flee
*beh truly
*beh- shine

Page 22
 Sheet1

*beh- shine OIr bn white

OE bnian ornament, polish
Alb bej do [< *bring to light]
Grk phan bring to light
Luv piha- splendur
Av b- shine
Skt bhti shines
bhs- light, splendour
*beh-mo- shine, splendour {1} bhma- [m] 'passion, wrath, anger' (RV+),
with derivetives bhmin- [adj] 'angry' (RV
01.084.16), bhmita- [adj] 'enraged' (RV
01.114.08, TS), is most probably identical with
this word.

*beh-nu- ray of light

*bh(e)s- light Grk phos Graeco-Aryan
Skt bhs- light from *beh- shine
*beh- become as a share, get distributed {1} [LK] The long root vowel in these two forms is
probably secondary and has nothing to do with
the causative stem bhj(ay)-
see Kulikov 2001: 125ff.

*behu- arm
*bhtis light Grk phsis star rise Graeco-Aryan
Skt bhti- splendour from *beh- shine

Page 23
 Sheet1

*beh- speak Lat for speak West Central

NE ban
Rus bju relate
Grk phmsay
Arm bay says
*beh-meh- saying Lat fma talk, reputation, fame West Central
Grk phm saying, speech

*behs beech Gaul bgos ?beech

Lat fgus beech
OE bc beech
book [> NE book], bce [> NE
beech]
Alb bung durmast oak [Quercus
petraea]
Grk phgs Valonia oak [Q.
aigilops])
perhaps Rus buz elder

*beid- split Lat find split {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation
break Skt bhindmi bite (see Kulikov 1998).
Grk phedomai spare {2} [LK] See Scarlata 1999: 355f.
{3} [JC] Wa. zbt- 'to break' (cited in EWAia,
following IIFL II: 556) = Wa. z()b-, z()bt-,
must derive from *uz-pat-. The Wa. form has a
(voiced) stop -b-, which cannot refelct old Ir. *b in
this position, cf. Steblin-Kamenskij, l.c.

Page 24
 Sheet1

*beid- persuade, compel, confide Lat f d West Central

OE bdan urge
OCS bditi constrain
Alb be oath
Grk peth persuade
*beih- fear {1} [AL] bhyante (AVP 2.57.5) is corrupt (cf.
Zehnder 1999: ad loc.).

*beih-os- fear
*beih- strike OIr benaid strikes
Lat perfin break through,
shatter
OCS bij strike
Av byente they struggle, strike

*bel- marten; wildcat NWels bele marten

Lat flis small carnivore
Skt bharuja- jackal
*bel- blow, blow up, swell NE blow
Lat fl blow
Lat follis leather sack inflated
with air
OIr ball ferda penis
Grk phalls penis
Skt bhda- pot
*bel- coot Lat fulica
OHG belihha
*bel- henbane Gaul belnion North-West
OE beolone
Rus belena

Page 25
 Sheet1

*bel- swell OIr bolgaid swells {1} With -i- instead of -a- due to the influence
OHG belgan swell up of *stari- 'straw'.

*belh- white NWels bal

Lith blas
Grk phals
OCS bl
Lat flvus blond
NE ball ( horse with white blaze)
Skt bhlam gleam, forehead
Lith blti grow white, pale

*blhs plank, beam NE balk

Lat fulci prop up, support
*bels- yelp, howl OE bellan roar, howl
Skt bhaati barks, yelps
*bend- bind NE bind, Grk pesma, Skt badhn NE bind
ti Av bandayeiti binds
Skt badhn ti binds
Grk peisma rope
Lith bedras companion
Grk pentheros father-inlaw
Skt bandhu- kinsman
connection, kinship

*bend-u- relative
*bendrmros relation Lith bedras companion
Grk penthers father-in-law
Skt bhndhu-
*ben- grow, increase Skt bamhayate causes to grow

Page 26
 Sheet1

*bnus thick, abundant Lat pinguis fat [with mysterious

initial p-]
OHG bungo bump
Latv bezs thick
Grk pakhs thick, compact
?Hit panku- total, entire, general
?Skt bah- much, many
numerous, compact
abounding in

*ber- cure with spells and/or h Lith brti cast a charm, spell with problematic Baltic cognates
Alb bar grass, herb, drug,
medicine
Grk phrmakon something that
brings health or harm, drug,
medicine
*ber- brown *bhruhnos Quite productive in that it underlies the Proto-
NE brown Indo-European word for beaver (Section 9.1) and
Grk phrunos toad the Germanic words for bear (Section 9.1)
it also renders toad in Greek and is a horse
*bebru- colour in Mitanni. The colour words from this root
Mitanni papru- brown [of come in many diVerent formal shapes.
horses]
Skt babhr- reddish brown
*bro-
Lith bras bay [of horses]

Page 27
 Sheet1

*ber- carry OIr beirid {1} Nonce formation, as well as bibhramna-

Lat fer 10.031.06.
NE bear {2} [LK] The only subjunctive form of a present
passive in early Vedic
Alb bie cf. also the Old Avestan 3pl. form and see Kulikov
Grk phr 2001: 131, 552ff. XXX set-forms, jabhara
Arm berem
Skt bhrati
Toch AB pr-
Rus ber take
Lith beri strew

*ber- seethe, bubble MIr fobar well

Lat fermentum ferment, leaven
OE beorma yeast, leaven
Grk porphr bubble
Skt bhurti moves rapidly,
quivers
*ber- strike (through), split MIr bern gap, chasm
Lat feri strike, pound
Lith bar(i) revile, abuse
Rus borjsubdue, throw down,
Grk phar plough
Arm brem dig up, hollow out,
bore
NPers burrad cuts
Skt brmti wounds
OE borian > NE bore
OCS borj fight, struggle

Page 28
 Sheet1

*bre/o- bear (a child) OIr beirid bears

Lat fer bear
NE bear
OCS ber gather
Alb bie bring, take
Grk phr bear
Arm berem bear
Av baraiti bears
Skt bhrati bears
Toch AB pr- bear
NE bairn child

*berg- bark, growl NE bark North-West

Lith burgti spurt, splash,
splutter, howl
*berg- keep, protect OE beorgan keep North-West
Lith brginti be parsimonious
Slavic OCS brti care for
*ber- become high, rise {1} These forms may belong to a different PIE
root, *bhelgh- 'to swell, to put underneath smth.
swelling', cf. s.v. barhis-.

*ber- high; hill MIr br hill West Central

NE barrow
OHG burg fortress
NHG Berg mountain
Rus breg river-bank
Av brz- hill
Greek and Armenian cognates show unexpected
forms, e.g. Grk purgos (and not the expected
**parkhos) which some suggest may derive from
a Near Eastern word, e.g. Urartian burgana-
fortress, or others suggest may come from some
other Indo-European language that may have
preceded Greek into the Aegean area but whose
population was subsequently assimilated to
Greek.

Page 29
 Sheet1

*berh quiver, hurry {1} [AL] For Lat. ferv [verb] 'to boil, bubble', MIr.
berbaim [verb] 'to boil' see XXX.

*berh- shine, gleam NWels berth shiny

NE bright, Lith brkta dawns
Pol brzask dawn
Alb bardh white
*brmn- load OCS brm load
Grk frma fruit
Skt bhrman- load
*bertr priest Umb ars-fertur priest From root *ber- carry
Av fra-brtar- priest possibly independant creations
*berug- gullet Lat frmen West Central
Grk phru(g)ks gullet
Arm erbuc breast
*bes- blow Grk pskh breath, spirit
Skt psu- breath
*bes- blow Grk pskh cool of [<*cool of Greek-Indic-Tocharian isogloss
by blowing?]
Skt bbhasti blows
Toch B ps- whisper
*bes- rub Alb fshij sweep, wipe, brush
Grk ps rub
Skt bbhasti chews thoroughly,
devours, ps ti chews, swallows

*beu(h)- come into being, be OIr -bu become this form tends to supply the aorist forms in a
grow Lat f become number of Indo-European groups
Lith bti be
OCS byti be
Grk phn would be
Skt bht was
?Lat fu was, have been
OCS by was
*beud- strike, beat OIr bibdu guilty North-West
enemy
Lat fstis cane, cudgel
NE beat

Page 30
 Sheet1

*beud- become attentive {3}, be awake, perceive {1} According to Insler 1972: 560ff., subjunctive
of the root aorist
see Got 1987: 217451 for a discussion.
{2} The transitive nasal present *bhu-n-(e)dh- 'to
hear someone in court, to summon someone
before court, to announce in court, to decree' is
not preserved in Old Indo-Aryan, but may have
left traces in New Indo-Aryan.
{3} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 332f.

*beud- pay attention, be observan Rus bljudobserve, pay attention

to
Grk pethomai examine,
experience
Av baoaiti notices, observes,
Skt bdhati is awake, wakes up
observes, understands
OE bodan > NE bid

Page 31
 Sheet1

*beug- bend {1} [LK] Depending on whether abhog- is

connected with bhoj [1] 'to bend' (thus Kiehnle)
or bhoj [2] 'to enjoy' (thus AiGr II,2: 27)
see Scarlata 1999: 682.
{2} Connection uncertain because of the final
consonant (PGm. *-g- < PIE *-gh-). On the other
hand, the connection with YAv. baoxtar- [m]
'liberator', MP bxtan [verb] 'to free, to release',
Gr. [verb] 'flee'
Lat. fugi [verb] 'id.' is difficult because of the
semantics.

*beug- bend (an object) OHG biogan bend

Skt bhujti bend
Goth biugan break
Latv bauga hill

Page 32
 Sheet1

*beug- enjoy {1} [LK] Optative in the function of injunctive

( Lubotsky 1997a: 984, following Hoffmann 1967:
95ff.), with secondary thematicization (Insler's
type gamema
see Insler 1975b).
{2} [LK] See Jamison 1983: 173.

*beug- flee Lat fugi flee West Central

Grk pheg flee {1} Possibly connected with bhoj [1].
*beug- use Lat fungor am engaged in,
perform
Skt bhunkti aids, serves,
protects, bhukt enjoys, uses,
consumes
*bi-k- bee, stinging insect OIr bech North-West
OE beo > NE bee Underlying etymology is *bhei(hx)- strike, attack
OCS bela
Lith bt (with suffix *-tiha-)
*bibihe is afraid OE beofian tremble
NHG beben tremble
Skt bibhya is afraid
*bid- large pot Lat fidlia earthenware pot North-West
Icelandic bia small tub possibly from an otherwise unattested *bheidh-
bend (from either coil-built pottery or basketry)

*bla- strike Lat flagrum whip North-West

ON blekkja strike
Lith blaka throw, fling

Page 33
 Sheet1

*blamn priest Lat flmen priest Latin-Messapic-Indo-Iranian isogloss

Messapic blamini priest
OPers brazman- appropriate
form, appearance
Skt brahmn- priest
primarily challenged because the -g- of the
reconstructed form is nowhere evident in the
Latin word nor can one find any further evidence
of a root *blag- in any of the other Indo-
European languages.

*bleg- burn, shine Lat fulg

Lat flamma flame, fulmen
lightning
NE black, i.e. burned
Grk phlg burn
Av brzaiti gleams, shines
Skt bhrjate gleams, shines,
glitters
Toch AB plk- shine

*bleh- bleat Lat fle weep, cry, lament North-West

shed tears
MHG bljen bleat
Latv bleju bleat
Rus blju bleat
*blei- become inflated Latv blstu become thick an enlargement on Proto-Indo-European *bhel-
Grk phlid overflow of moisture blow

*blend- be/make cloudy NE blind, blunder North-West

Lith blands unclean
Rus blud unchastity, lewdness

*bleu- swell, overflow Lith bljaju roar

OCS bljuj spew
Grk phl gush, teem, overflow
with *-d- extension:
Toch B plutk- swell
Grk phlud have an excess of
moisture
with *-g- yields
Lat flu flow, flmen river
Grk phlz boil up, boil over

*blhd- leaf NE blade Restricted to Germanic and Tocharian

Toch B pilta leaf
*blih- strike Lat flig strike West Central
Latv blaizt crush, strike
Grk phb press
*blohdo- flower MIr blth flower North-West
OHG bluot fower, a derivative
gives us NE blossom
*bodhrs deaf OIr bodar
Skt bhadir-
*bg- bake, roast NE bake West Central
*b(o)h- Grk phg roast, toast, parch
*blis (skin) bag OIr bolgr sack Derives from the verbal root *belg- swell
bolster Gaul bulga leather sack
OE bel(i)g bag [> NE belly]
OHG balg skin
Slovenian blazna feather bed
Av brzi bolster, cushion
Skt upa-brhan- cover, bolster

*bliom leaf Lat folium

Grk phllon leaf
plant

Page 34
 Sheet1

*blom forehead OPrus ballo

Alb ball
Skt bhlam
*borgo- angry, violent OIr borb stupid, violent West Central
Latv barrgs hard, unfriendly
Arm bark angry, violent
*boss bare, naked NE bare
bare(footed) Lith bsas barefoot
OCS bos barefoot
Arm bok barefoot
*bu both Lat amb both
OE bgen both [NE both is an
Old Norse loanword]
Lith ab both
OCS oba both
Grk mph both
Av uba- both
Skt ubhu both
Toch B antapi

*boudye/o- waken, point out Lith baudi waken

OCS buditi waken
Av baoayeiti indicates
Skt bodhyati wakens
*brak- squeeze together Grk phrss push together
Toch B prkre firm
Lat fartus thick
OIr barc storm, fury
*bre- break Lat frang break North-West
NE break
*breh- shine

*brehwrm spring OE brunna spring [> NE burn] r/n Heteroclitic

Grk phrr fountain
Arm abiwr spring
*brht()r brother
*brhter- brother OIr brthair
Lat frter
NE brother
OPrus brti
OCS bratr
Grk phrtr
Arm ebayr
Av brtar-
Skt bhr tar-
Toch B procer

Page 35
 Sheet1

*brehtriyom brotherhood Grk phrtr

Skt bhrtryam
OCS bratrja
*brehi- destroy, cut to pieces Lat fri tear apart
Rus brit shave
Skt bhrnti injure, hurt
OIr ro-bria [subj.] may spoil,
destroy
*breih cut of, shave

*brem- flicker {1} Most probably, an anit-root

set-forms (bhrmyate, bhrnta-) are secondary
and/or late.

*brem- make a noise (of animals) OE bremman roar

Skt bhramar- bee
Lat frem growl, roar
NHG brummen growl, grumble,
hum
Pol brzmiecresound
*bren- fall of
{1} [LK] Thus Got 1987: 231. Lubotsky 1997a:
1006, who takes bhrasat as pres. inj., must be
corrected. The causative bhrsayan (RV
10.116.05) probably belongs to another root,
bhras 'to be/make sharp', contra Lubotsky 1997a:
1006
see Jamison 1983: 86
Got 1987: 232.
{2} [AL] bhrastksa- [adj] 'having fallen eyes
[demon]' (AVP), cited by EWAia, does not exist
(AVP(O) 6.24.3 reads trastksa-).
{3} [AL] Despite Adams' criticism (s.v.), this
etymological connection, for the first time
suggested by Jasanoff, seems semantically and
phonologically cogent. The nasal in the root must
be old, since the apparent forms without a nasal
belong to another root, see fn. 1.

Page 36
 Sheet1

*brents stag
*breu- seethe OIr berbaid boils, seethes The meaning brew is found only in the Germanic
Lat ferve boil outcomes of *breu- but there are nominal forms
NE brew in Italic (Lat dfrutum) and Thracian brutos a
kind of beer that indicate an alcoholic drink.
Alb brum dough
Skt bhurvi- restless, excited
Lat dfrutum
Thracian brutos a kind of beer
*breus- break, smash to pieces OIr bruid breaks, crashes West Central
Lat frustum piece perhaps an enlargement of *bher- strike
(through), split
NE bruise
Alb breshr hail
*breus- swell OIr br belly, breast West Central
NE breast
Rus brost bud
*brmg- roast Lat frg roast, bake, fry {1} [LK] A hypersanskritized form of the regular
*br-sk- Grk phrgo roast 3pl.opt., i.e. +bhrrjjeyur ( Hoffmann 1992: 813f.) or
a 3pl. form of yet-optative ( Kulikov 2001: 608).
Skt bhrmjjti roasts
{2} [AL] The only feasible option is to start from
an sk-present. Since the resulting cluster is
voiced, the root-final stop must be a voiced
aspirate. For the further development (cf. Skt.
majjan- < *mazj(h)an-) see Lubotsky2001a.

*brmnm tih- high one OBrit Brigantia

OHG Burgunt
Skt brmhat high, lofty
*brms high Arm barjr high A nominal form *bhergs gives both NE barrow
*brmnt- Hit parku- high and borough (as well as NHG Berg mountain and
Toch B prkare long Burg fortress and Av bar height)
Av brzant- high
Skt brmhnt- high, great
Lat for(c)tis strong

*bris- fast NWels brys haste, speed North-West

*bers- Lat festin hurry oneself
Lith burzds fast
Rus borzj fast
*brodns pale OCS bron white, variegated [of It is noteworthy that the two traditions that
horses]) reflect this word largely restrict it to animals.
Skt bradhn- pale red, yellowish,
bay [of horses]
Kashmiri bodur tawny bull
*brmsts point OIr barr point, tip
Lat fastg make pointed, bring
to a point
NE bristle
Rus bor hogweed
Skt bhrmt- point

Page 37
 Sheet1

*brmts carrying Lat fors luck

NE birth
Skt *bhrmt- carrying
*brhs eyebrow OIr forbr-
NE brow
Lith bruvs
Rus brov
Maced abroutes
Grk ophrus
Av brvat-
Skt bhr-
Toch B prwne

*brmw- (bolt of) cloth Lith brva piece of cloth West Central
Grk pharos [bolt of] cloth probably derived from a verbal root such as
*bher- weave, twine;
*bseh- chew

*bud-n-o- ground {1} *bhudh-n-o- probably from *bhudh-mn-os,

gen.sg. of *bhudh-men-.
{2} [AL] For the Germanic reflexes of this word
see Kroonen XXX.

*budn- bottom MIr bonn sole of foot In the south-east of the Indo-European world
Lat fundus bottom derivatives of this word are used to name the
archetypical monster, i.e. the Greek Pth and
OE botm [> NE bottom]
Sanskrit ahir bhudhnyas snake of the deep
Grk puthmn bottom, foot
Skt budhn- bottom, foot)
Av b na- ground
*buos buck, he-goat OIr boc buck
NE buck
Arm buc lamb
Av bza- [he-]goat
Skt bukka- [he-]goat
*buto- dwelling OIr both hut from *beu(h)-
NWels bod dwelling
OPrus buttan house
Lith btas house
*bukk- howl SC bkati howl
Grk bkts howling
Av buxti- howling
Skt bukkati barks
*bulis rump Lith buls rump
Skt buli- vulva
anus
*d(e)h-ti- give {1} The zero-grade is original
it is quite probable that full grade was introduced
independently in Indo-Aryan and Iranian.

Page 38
 Sheet1

*d()ben- make dense {1} [AL] This root is clearly a "Reimbildung" to

*hemgh- 'to tie in' or even a compound, cf. PSl.
*debel [adj] 'fat'
PSl. *dobll(j) [adj] 'strong' or Skt. dabhra- 'small'
(?) {2}[AL] Iranian shows secondary semantic
development along the lines 'to make dense' >
'to make strong, sturdy' > 'to be helpful,
supportive'.

*d()bn-u- dense

*d()ek-s- show Hit tekkussa- show

Av daxa- teach, show
*d()erb- ? {1} [AL] The connection with WRuss. dorob (< IE
*d(h)orbh-o-) 'basket, box', etc. seems highly
doubtful to me.

*d(h)eu- be favourable to Skt dvas- worship, duvasyti

honours
OIr de(i)n strong
Lat bonus good < OLat duenos

*d(o)lh(-i-)go-hiu- with a long life

*daihwr husbands brother Lat lvir {1} The Iranian forms reflect PIr. *aiuu ar- with
Grk d r unexplained -.
Skt devr-
OE tcor
Lith dievers
OCS dver
Arm taygr
*dapnom ritual meal Lat daps sacrificial meal derives from *dap- apportion
ON tafn sacrificial animal
Grk dapn ostentatious
expenditure, consumption
Arm tawn feast
Hit tappala- person responsible
for court cooking
Toch A tp- eat
*das- lack Hittite, i.e. das(u)want- blind
dialectal Norw tasa unravel
Skt dsyati sufers want,
becomes exhausted
*d away (from) OIr di away North-West
Lat d away
*dedrs tetter, skin eruption, lepros OE teter (> NE tetter) Apparently derived from *der- split.
Skt dadr- skin eruption, a kind
of leprosy
*deg- touch ON taka touch
Toch B tk- touch

Page 39
 Sheet1

*deh- bind Alb duaj sheaves {1} [LK] See Kulikov 2000b.
Grk d bind
Skt dyti bind

*dhmnm band Grk didma diadem from *deh- bind

Skt dman- band
*deh- track down {1} [AL] Gr. [1sg.med.] 'to search, to
investigate' < PIE *dieh- can hardly be
connected.

*deh-w- far Gr. dn 'far' (Adv.)

Lat. d-dum 'some time ago'
*dehu- burn

*deh- give

Page 40
 Sheet1

*deh- give Lat d give {1} On the basis of pf.med. dade, a secondary
Lith doti give root dad- 'to keep' (RV+) has been formed, cf.
OCS dati give Got 1987: 171f.: dadate [3sg.], -dadyamna-
[ptc.].
Arm tam give {2} [AL] Unclear remain the following forms,
Hit d- take which are sometimes considered to belong to this
Grk ddmi give root: OAv. vdmna- ( Y 51.1), v dam ( Y 32.6),
Av daditi gives diiet ( Y 31.11).
Skt ddti gives {3} [AL] In Iranian, the PIIr. roots *daH- 'to give'
Lat redd [< *re-did] give back and *dhaH- 'to put' have largely merged into PIr.
*daH-. Except for dazd [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 30.4),
dazd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 27.13), which
unambiguously belong to PIIr. *dhaH- because of
Bartholomae's Law, the forms are
indistinguishable. For this reason, all forms are
given here together.

*dhr/n- gift OIr dn {1} [AL] There are no indications for the neuter
Lat dnum gender of this word. dna- [m, n] 'gift
Lith duons liberality' (RV+), dna-vant- [adj] 'bestowing gifts,
liberal' (RV 08.032.12) contain suffix -ana- (cf.
OCS dan, dar Lubotsky 1988: 84f.) and do not belong here.
Grk doron
Arm tur
Skt dna-

*dhtr-hwesuom those who give boons

Page 41
 Sheet1

*deh(i)- cut up; divide Alb pr-daj distribute, divide,
distribute scatter
Grk daomai divide
feast on
Skt dti cuts up, divides
OIr dm host, retinue
Grk demos people
NE tide and time
Arm ti age, time
{1} [LK] Possibly, the same root as d [2] 'to
mow, to cut off' and day [1] 'to destroy'
see Kulikov 2001: 494ff.
{2} See Kulikov 2000b.
{3} Uncertain. [AL] YAv. vtu- [m] 'decay,
decomposition' may rather be connected with d
[3] 'to bind'.

*dhmos (segment of) people OIr dm troop, company, West Central

retinue from the verbal root *deh- cut, divide
Grk demos people
*dehnu- river Av dnu- river unclear
most famously attested in the river names
Danube and Don
*dehu- kindle, burn Oir doud Possible "getting a fire started"
Grk daio kindle, burn
Skt dunoti ''kindles, burns '
*dei- shine, be bright ON teitr glad
Grk dato is seen

Skt ddeti shines is bright

Lat dum sky

Skt dyu sky
*dei-no- day Goth sinteins daily from *dei- shine
Lith dien day
OIr trdenus three-day period
Lat nundinae the ninth [market]
day
OCS dn day
Skt dnam day
*deih- shine

Page 42
 Sheet1

*dei- rule, canon, measure Skt di- di- direction The base meaning of the word has been
Grk dke justice explained as norm or fixed point which
ON teigr plot of land might then develop into meaning direction, a
Wxed area such as a plot of land, etc.
OHG zeiga directions
Skt de- direction, region

*dei- show Lat dc say {1} [AL] The parallel, given in EWAia, viz. Skt.
OE ton accuse asn didesa (AV 12.2.55) YAv. disiit_ auhe
Grk deknumi show ( V 9.44) seems coincidental to me. The Avestan
passage reads: disiit_ ahmi naire auuat_
Av disyeiti dasayeiti shows midm par.asni avhe vazduuar vahitahe
Skt diti deayati shows ahu 'As a reward there in the future life, the
[continuous] duration of Good Existence will be
indicated for this man'. There is therefore no
immediate connection between the verb and
avhe 'in the (future) life'.

*deiu-ih- goddess

Page 43
 Sheet1

*deiws god OIr da an o-stem derivative of *dyeu- sky, day < *dei-
Lat deus shine, be bright and it is widely attested across
Lith divas the Indo-European groups
Hit sius
Skt dev-
Av dava- demon

*de- take, accept Lat decet it is proper, doce
?to take hesitantly seem, appear
OE teohhian determine, consider
think, propose
ORus dositi find
Grk dk(h)omai take, accept
receive graciously
expect
Hit takki is the same as
Skt dnti brings an ofering
{1} [AL] The present dsti may derive from an
original reduplicated present *di-dek-ti, *de-dk-nti
> *dehk-nti with generalization of the weak
stem. The aorist is supplied by vidh, cf. Garcia
Ramon XXX.
{2} The stem dksa- has given rise to the
secondary root dks-, which forms a separate
paradigm after the RV: caus. dksay (KS, TS+),
sigm. aor. adksista (YV+), pf. didkse [3sg.med.]
(Br.+), TA-Ptc. dksita- (AV+).

Page 44
 Sheet1

*de- thread, hair OIr dal lock of hair

NE tail
Goth tagl a single hair
ON tg thread, fibre
Khot dasa- thread
Skt da- fringe
Toch A ku head hair
*dees- honour Lat decus honour
Av dasma- defence, respect
Skt daasyti serves, obliges
OIr dech best
*dmm(t) 10 ten OIr deich The form with a final *-t appears most clearly in
Lat decem the formation of the decades and of the word for
NE ten hundred. It is probably the original form from
which the shorter variant
Lith deimts was created by the loss of the final *-t in the
OCS dest otherwise very rare cluster *-mmt.
Alb dhjet
Grk dka
Arm tasn
Av dasa
Skt da
Toch B ak

*demm(t)-os 10th tenth OIr dechmad

Lat decimus
NE tenth
Lith deim~tas
OCS dest
Alb dhjet
Grk dkatos
Av dasma-
Skt daam-
Toch B kante

*ds-i-no-s right OIr dess

Lat dexter
OHG zeso
Lith dinas
OCS desn
Alb djatht
Grk deksis
Av daina-
Skt dkina- right, south

*del- carve, split, cut OIr dello form As we see, it means cut in Germanic, divide in
Lat dol hew Baltic, but shows extended meanings associated
with manufacture in Greek (cf. Daedalus who
ON telgja carve
invents wings for himself and his too high-flying
Lith dalti divide son Icarus) and in Celtic form.
Alb dalloj cut
Grk daidll work cunningly
?Skt dlati bursts, cracks
*del- flow NE tallow

Page 45
 Sheet1

*del- hold

*dem(h)- build (up) Grk dm build

HierLuv tama- build
OHG zeman be fitting
NE timber
Khot pa-dm- make
Toch AB tsm- increase, grow
*demels worm Alb dhemj larva, caterpillar,
maggot
Grk demelas leeches
*demh- tame

Page 46
 Sheet1

*demh- tame, subdue OIr damnaid binds, breaks [a The meanings also extend to other animals, e.g.
horse]) OIr dam ox, and frequently refer to the subduing
Lat dom break, tame of human opponents in Greek and other groups
NE tame
Grk dmnmi break
Hit damaszi presses, pushes
NPers dm tamed animal
Skt dmyati subdues
*dems-pot- master of the house Grk despts Greek-Indo-Iranian
Skt dm-pati- Structurally part of the same set that gives us
master of the clan, i.e. *wik (-)-pot- (in Baltic,
Albanian, and Indo-Iranian)

*den- bite NE tongs

Alb dar tongs
Grk dkn
Skt dati
Toch B tsk-

*dens- teach, inculcate a skill Grk didsk teach Graeco-Aryan isogloss

have miraculous power, Av ddainh am instructed
be capable of smth.
wondrous
*dens-os- miraculous ability
*deph- strike SC depiti strike West Central
Arm topem strike
*der- sleep Lat dormi sleep
OCS dremlj doze
Grk drasthon slept
Skt drti sleeps

Page 47
 Sheet1

*der- tear of, flay NE tear {1} [LK] The set-forms are secondary and cannot
Lith diri flay serve as evidence for the final laryngeal
OCS der flay see now Praust 2000.
{2} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation
Grk dr skin, flay (see Kulikov 1998).
Arm teem flay, strip bark {3} Thus Oldenberg, Geldner, Kmmel
Av dardar- split the form may also belong to dr 'to run' (thus
Skt drmti causes to burst, tears Grassmann, Lubotsky)
Toch AB tsr- separate see Kmmel 2000: 230f.
{4} The form cannot serve as evidence for the
set-character of the root.
{5} Based on the anit-variant of the -ya-present,
probably preserved in the late Vedic -driyate (only
with ) 'to heed, care' (Br.+, but cf. also OAv. Y
46.5 drt [3sg.aor.opt.med.] 'to respectfully
receive', Insler 1975: 266)
the genetic relationships between dryate 'to
crack, to break, to burst' and -driyate 'to heed, to
care' (< *'to make/become available' < 'to
open' ?) are unclear
see Kulikov 2001: 96f. and 298f.
{6} [AL] A nonce form, see Praust 2000: 425, fn.
2.
{7} [AL] For a discussion of this form, see Praust
2000: 438, fn. 40.

*derb- turn, twist OE tearflian turn, roll, wallow

Arm ton cord
Av dra- bundle of muscles
Skt drmbhti knots, ties

*derg- grasp MIr dremm troop, band of West Central

people
ON targa shield
NE targ
Grk drssomai lay hold of, grasp
with the hand
Arm trcak bundle of brushwood

*derh- work Lith dar(i)a do, make West Central

Grk dr make, do

Page 48
 Sheet1

*der- glance at OIr ad-con-darc have seen This verb may have been the expression par
Goth ga-tarhjan distinguish, excellence of the baleful look of the
note dragon or monster of Proto-Indo-European
mythology. Both Greek (drakn whence, via Latin,
Alb drit light NE dragon) and OIr (muirdris +sea-dragon) have
Grk drkomai see derivatives of this root as the word for dragon
Skt drmti- sight (though the formations are different and
reduplicated Perfects: independent: *drmkont- and *drmksi- respectively).
Grk ddorka
Av ddarsa {1} In suppletive relation with the root pas, which
supplies present forms.
Skt dadra
{2} Nonce formation.
{3} [LK] For the relationship between these two
meanings, see Scarlata 1999: 234ff.

*deretos visible Grk -drketos West Central

Skt darat-
*des- enemy Grk doulos slave [< *dos-e-lo-]
Av dahyu- region
Skt ds- demon, enemy
barbarian
slave
Skt dsyu- demon, enemy of the
gods, impious man

Page 49
 Sheet1

*deu(s)- be lacking OE torian faint, grow weary {1} [AL] For this form see Kulikov 2001.
fade [of colurs] > NE tire {2} [AL] In spite of Mayrhofer's opinion to the
Grk domai lack contrary, the verbal root is clearly derived from
dus- 'bad'. The long vocalism can easily be
Skt doa- crime secondary. The oldest attested form of the verb is
the red. aorist ddusat (RV 03.003.01), on the
basis of which the caus. dsayati with analogical
long was created (type addharat : dhrayati).

*deuh- leave, go far away Grk dn long, far

Hit twa to a distance
Skt dvati goes, dr- distant,
remote
*deuk- pull Toch A tk- will stir, consider
?carry to Lat dc lead
NE tow, tie
Alb nduk pull hair out
Lat dc may also mean deduce
Grk dekei considers

*duh- fish (for eating?)

*d(e)h-ti- position {1} [AL] In Iranian, full grade has been
introduced into the root in accordance with the
usual procedure (cf. Insler 1971).

*d(e)h-tr- creator {1} [AL] It is conceivable that all these words

represent independent productive formations.

*d(o)ngu- dark Hit dankuis dark

NWels dew mist, smoke
NHG dunkel dark
*dhru tear Lith aara Problematic and some groups indicate an initial
*hru Hit ishahru *d- and others give no indication of such a form.
Av asr- There is roughly an EastWest dialectal split. The
*d- may either be a prefix or a misdivision, e.g.
Skt ru- *tod hekru this tear (cf. NE newt from a
Toch B akrna [pl.] misdivision of the earlier an ewte).
OIr dr
OLat dacruma {1} [AL] The IE word most probably represented a
Lat lacrima compound *drrk-hekru- 'eye-bitter' ( Kortlandt
NE tear 1985b).
Grk dkru

*dh-mo- athwart {1} ON keikr [adj] 'bent backwards' is not related

From side to side to jihma-, but reflects PIE *geig(h)-.
across.
*dhms aslant Grk dokhms slanting, oblique Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
Skt jihm- athwart, oblique

*dhtos given
*dabros craftsman Lat faber workman, artificer, From the root *dab- put together
smith
Arm darbin smith
*dal- sprout NWels dail leaf
Alb dal arise, appear, emerge
Grk thll bloom
Arm dalar green
*de-dh- (sour) milk

Page 50
 Sheet1

*deb- thick, packed OHG tapfar weighty, strong

OPrus debkan large
Rus deblyj strong
Hitt tabarna- ruler
Luvian tapar-rule
NE with dapper < MDutch
*deb- deceive, humble

*deb- harm Lith dobi beat, hit, kill

Skt dabhnti hurts, injures
deceives
abandons)
Hit tepnu- belittle
Av dab- deceives
*ddhi coagulated (sour) milk OPrus dadan milk
Alb djath cheese
Skt ddhi coagulated milk, thick
sour milk, curds and whey

*dedrs-i- be bold {1} The vowel length is secondary.

Page 51
 Sheet1

*dm earth, perhaps earthly OIr d place, spot

Lat humus earth
Lith mee earth
OCS zemlja earth
Alb dhe earth
Grk khthn earth
Hit tkan earth
Skt kam- earth
Toch A tkam earth

*deg- burn
*deg- burn OIr daig flame {1} [LK] Although some occurrences show
Lat fove heat, cherish passive meaning, the suffix accent may be
secondary and dahyate should be treated as a
Lith deg burn,OCSeg burn
class IV present
Alb djeg burn, ndez kindle see Kulikov 2001: 292ff.
Grk tphr ash
Av dazaiti burns
Skt dhati burns
Toch tsk- burn

Page 52
 Sheet1

*deg- miss the right moment, be of the mark

*deh- put {1} [AL] In Iranian, the PIIr. roots *daH- 'to give'
and *dhaH- 'to put' have largely merged into PIr.
*daH-. Except for dazd [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 30.4),
dazd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 27.13), which
unambiguously belong to PIIr. *dhaH- because of
Bartholomae's Law, the forms are
indistinguishable. For this reason, all forms are
given here together.

Page 53
 Sheet1

*deh- put, place Grk tthmi I set

Hit tittiya- establish
Av daditi puts, brings
Skt ddhti puts, places, lays
Toch B tattam will put
Lat facere
NE do
Lith dti lay
OCS dti lay
Arm dnem put, place
Hit d i puts, places, tzzi says
Toch AB ts- ts- put, lay

*deh- suck OIr denid sucks {1} [LK] Present I if derived from root dhayi
Lat fl suck (*dheih-e-
OHG tju suck thus Mayrhofer) or present AYA if derived from
root dh (*dhh-eiue-
Latv deju suck thus Got 1987: 44f., Lubotsky 1989).
OCS doj suckle {2} [LK] The form may also mean 'they have
Grk thsato sucked prepared' and thus belong to dh- [1] 'to put'
Arm diem suck see Kmmel 2000: 275.
Skt dhyati sucks, suckles

*deh- uncle Lith dd uncle West Central

Rus djdja maternal uncle
Grk theos uncle
*deh-i-os- suckle
*deh-lu- suckling (in both meanings) {1} Connection with dhru- is not very certain.

*deh-mn placement {1} [AL] The idioms are doubtful: Skt. rrtasya
dhman 'abode of Rr ta' (RV) does not seem to
correspond to OAv. ( Y 48.7) as dmam where
the two words are not combined
Skt. visv dhma 'all abodes' (RV 09.109.04)
and YAv. vspanam dmanam ( Yt 10.54) 'id.' are
no standing expressions.

*dehi-nu- suck(le)
*dehlus nourishing, suckling Lat flix fruitful, prosperous, Derivative of the verb *dheh(i )- suckle
happy
Grk thelus nourishing
Skt dhr- suckling
MIr deil teat
OE delu nipple, teat
*dhmi-/men- what is established, law Grk thmis law Derives from *deh- put, establish
Skt dhman- law
*dhs god Grk thes
??holy Arm dik the gods
Lat friae festival day
Skt dhina- (epithet of various
gods)
Skt dhi with impetuosity

Page 54
 Sheet1

*dhtis what is established Lat conditi basis

NE deed
Grk thsis order
Skt -dhiti- position
*dei- work clay; build up Lat fing fashion {1} [AL] The same form is used as 3sg.inj.med. at
smear, plaster Skt dhmi smear, anoint V 15.36, which is most probably nonce ( Kellens
form, knead Toch AB tsik- fashion [pots, 1984: 14).
{2} [AL] Middle and Modern Iranian lgg. show
etc.]) secondary -s-.
NE dough {3} Forms with -gh- in Sanskrit (-degdhi, digdha-,
Av pairi-dazayeiti build a wall etc.) are analogical.
around
OIr con-utainc builds
Lith deti whip, beat
Arm dizanem heap up

*deig- stick, set up Lat fg fasten North-West

NE dike
Lith degiu prick
plant, sow
*delb- dig NE delve North-West
Lith dlba crowbar
*delg- pin OIr delg thorn, pin, brooch, North-West
OE dalc bracelet, brooch
*delg- sting, pierce OIr delg needle, pin North-West
Lat falx curved blade
OE dalc bracelet, brooch
Lith dilgs stinging, smart
*demh- blow {1} [LK] The short root vowel is not borrowed
from the class I present stem (contra Got 1987:
181, fn. 320), but may represent the regular
development of *-mrHiu- in an unaccented syllable
(cf. Lubotsky 1997b), the accent being on the
suffix in the passive (see Kulikov 2001: 99f.).

*den- run, flow Skt dhanyati runs, sets in

motion exists alongside dhnvati
runs, flows
OPers danuvatiy flows
Toch AB tsn- flow
Lat fns spring

Page 55
 Sheet1

*den-ur bow {1} The two words dhanus- and dhanvan-

originally formed one paradigm, an r/n-stem.
{2} [AL] The initial - is explained by Hoffmann
as being due to the influence of the Iran. verb
ang- 'to pull (the string)', but since its - is also
in need of explanation (its IE cognates point to
*ten-gh-), the influence probably went in the
other direction. Ir. < *dh occurs in several other
cases (cf. also Ir. f < *bh), but its origin is obscure.
{3} [AL] Janda 1998: 1ff. connects OHG tenar
[m], tenra [f] 'flat hand', Gr. 'palm of the
hand, foot sole', Av. danar 'handful' ( V 16.7),
tar.danan- 'more than a handful' (N).

*denh- run, flow {1} Extracted from the VA-present dhanva-.

{2} Synchronically, class I present from the
secondary root dhanv.
{3} Derived from the secondary root dhanv.

*dnrm palm (of the hand) OHG tenar palm

Grk thnar palm, sole [of the
foot]
*der- be immobile Lat firmus solid, firm
support OE darian lie motionless, lurk
Av drayat holds fast
Skt dhryati holds

Page 56
 Sheet1

*der- hold {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation

(see Kulikov 1997), attested only in the SB.
{2} [AL] As indicated by Jamison 1983: 96, the
active pf. appears only in the sg. non-past
indicative, whereas dhraya-has a large number
of imperfect and modal forms, as well as a
participle.

*der- leap, spring MIr dar- spring

Grk thr isk leap, spring,
attack, assault
Skt dh r flood
Grk thors semen
*der- shit Lat foria [pl.] swine dung, fori North-West
defecate
Lith derkti besmirch with filth
*derg- sloetree, blackthorn OIr draigen sloetree
OHG dirn-baum cornel cherry
Rus dern cornel cherry
*der- bind fast Skt dhr8hyati
Lith dirra belt
Av darzayeiti fetters

Page 57
 Sheet1

*ders- attack -> venture {1} [LK] Isolated forms with the long
reduplication syllable, probably metrically
conditioned
see Kmmel 2000: 268.

*ders- brave NE dare

Lith drs dare
Grk thrsos bravery
Skt dhrmti is bold, dares
*ders- venture, be bold Lith drs dare
undertake Skt dhrmti is bold, dares
Germanic *dorso- > NEdare
Grk thrsos bravery
Av dari- brave).
*deu- die OIr dth death, end It is possibly related to *dhwes- breathe as in
Lat fnus burial expire
Goth diwans mortal
OCS daviti strangle
Arm di corpse
ON deyja NE die

Page 58
 Sheet1

*deu- run Grk th run Greek/Indo-Iranian

?walk MPers dawdan run
Skt dhvate runs {1} In prose, the present dh vati forms a
suppletive paradigm with sar-, which supplies
??NE dew aorist and perfect.
{2} The distribution points to act. dh vati vs.
med. dhavate, which can be explained from
thematicization of the original static present.

*deu- walk, run

*deu(h)- be in (com)motion Lat suf-fi smoke
ON dja shake
Goth dauns dust, smoke
Lith duj dust
OCS dun blow
Alb deh intoxicate, make drunk
Grk th rush on
Arm dedevim shake
Av dvaaiti flutters
Skt dhn ti shakes, moves
about
kindles a flame, dhli- dust
Toch B tweye dust

*deub- deep NWels dufn deep For the semantic change in Tocharian, we might
NE deep compare NE high seas
It is a much discussed word since it offers
Lith dubs deep),
evidence for the elusive (and very rare) Proto-
OCS dno ground, floor dbr Indo-European *b-
ravine, valley otherwise, if the Tocharian and Albanian forms are
Alb det sea not accepted, it has been seen as a north-west
Toch B tapre high European substrate term, borrowed possibly from
a non-Indo-European language.

Page 59
 Sheet1

*deug- be good for smth., fit {1} Secondary from aduha (+t).
{2} [AL] In spite of Mayrhofer's reservations, the
connection must be correct, the semantic
development being '(cow) fits' > '(cow) yields
milk' (stative).

*deu- be useful, produce somethi OIr dal fitting

OE dugan be useful
NE doughty
Rus dyj strong, healthy
Grk tekh prepare
Skt dhati extracts, milks

Page 60
 Sheet1

*deuh- shake {1} [AL] There are two more (synchonically

separate) presents in Vedic from this root, which
have a different meaning: Present I: dhvati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Passive (or Present IV, cf. Kulikov 2001: 356): sam-
dhvyete [3du.] (KS) 'to rinse, clean, rub, polish'
Passive: -dhyamna- [part.] 'being cleansed'
(TSm 4.4.9.1)
Present VI: ni dhuvmi [1sg.act.] (AVS)
upa dhuva [2sg.impv.] (AVP 2.20.2)
ni dhveyur [3pl.opt.act.] (KS)
Passive: ni dhyatm [3sg.impv.] (AVS 1.14.2) 'to
throw down, shake down'.
{2} [AL] For the analysis of this form see Narten
1981: 3-5 = Narten 1995: 235-7 and Kmmel
2000: 269.

*d(e)m-en on(to) the ground Lat hum

Grk khama
Skt jmn
*dies yesterday
*dmm-on- man Lat hom person North-West
OIr duine human *dhghom- earth
Survives in NE bridegroom where the element
OE guma man
groom derives from OE guma man which was
Lith mu person changed to groom by way of (erroneous) folk
etymology.

*duh- fish Lith uvs West-Central

Grk ikhthus exhibits an archaic shape that suggests it may
have been the word for Wsh in Proto-Indo-
Arm jukn
European but was replaced by other words on the
extremities of the Indo-European world.

Page 61
 Sheet1

*dg-eh burn {1} [AL] The Pli (and other MI and NI) forms
clearly point to a voiced initial cluster, which
makes connection with dah very attractive. I
reconstruct *-eh- because otherwise we cannot
account for the Indo-Aryan reflexes. The
appurtenance of OAv. djmspa-, LAv. jmspa-
remains uncertain, since we seem to have Av.
ar- / gar- < *dhgwher- (see s.v. ksar).

*dgei- destroy Grk phthn destroy; 'dwindle'
Av dj t.arta- destroying Arta
Skt kinti destroys
OIr tinaid vanishes
Lat situs abandonment
{1} With the secondary set-variant of the root
(ksayi) extracted from the -ya-present.
{2} Derived from the secondary set-variant ksayi.
{3} With the secondary suffix accentuation (see
Kulikov 1998).
{4} Iranian cognates are uncertain (OAv.
anuuamnm [neg.ptc.med.] 'undamaged (?)'
( Y 28.3), OAv. djt_.arta- [adj] 'violator of Truth'
( Y 53.9) ?)

*dger- flow (away) Grk phther ruin, waste Greek-Indo-Iranian

Av azaraiti flows Skt krati
flows, perishes
*dgi-ti- perishing, decrease
*dhileh- teat, breast Derivative of the verb *dheh(i )- suckle

*dhelh- blossom, come into being Gr. thll 'blossom' [Verb]

Alb. dal
*ds wall, fortification Grk tekhos wall In the North-West languages it refers to claylike
Skt sa-dih ;mound, heap, wall substances, e.g. NE dough, and suggests that the
Skt deh- wall, bank original concept relates to an earthen bank.
OPers did (town) wall,
fortiWcation
Av pairi-daza- enclosure
*dlmg- debt OIr dligid is entitled to, is owed North-West
Goth dulgs debt
OCS dlg debt

Page 62
 Sheet1

*dhus- wolf Phryg dos wolf

Grk ths jackal
wild dog
panther
*doh-nh- (harvested) grain Lith dona bread {1} [AL] Hardly a LW from Iranian. because its
NPers dna grain) inflection is not productive. Most probably,
Skt dhns [pl.] kernels of grain, contains zero-grade of the root (*dhHr -neh-).
fried grain reduced to powder
Toch B tno grain, kernel

*dlhos valley NWels dol valley, meadow has reflexes across the geographical spectrum of
vault NE dale Indo-European
Rus dol valley, under side
Grk thlos vault [a sort of
upside-down valley]
*donu- fir OHG tanna fir [> NHG German-Hittite correspondence
Tannenbaum]
Hit tanau fir
*dreg- precipitate lightly NE dark
Lith drgti be slushy, sleety
ORus padorog stormy weather
Toch B tarkr cloud

*dre- glide, pull (something) ON drak stripe

Lith dreti tear apart
Skt dhrjati move
*dreg- pull, tear (out) NE draw
Latv dragju tear
Rus drgat pluck, tear
Lat trah pull
*dreg- run Latv dru run fast West Central
Grk trkh run
OIr droch wheel
Grk trokhs wheel
Arm durgn wheel
*dreib- drive NE drive, drove (of cattle) Both Old Norse and Lithuanian employ this verb
Lith drimb slowly drop down to describe the fall of snow.

*dreid- shit OE drtan North-West

NE dirt [<*drit- <*dhrid-]
dialectal Russian drist t sufer
from diarrhea
*dren- rumble, drone NE drone
buzz Lith trnas
Grk thronaks
MIr dresacht creaking noise
Lat drns cry [of a swarm]
Grk threnos funeral lamentation
Arm drnim toot, resound
Skt dhrati resounds
?Toch B trek- speak

Page 63
 Sheet1

*dreug- deceive OHGtriogan deceives

Skt drhyati harms, is hostile to
MIr aur-fraich ghost
ONdraugr ghost
Av draoga- lie
ON draumr dream

*drig- a (coarse) hair MIr gairb-driuch bristle, rough

hair
Grk thrks a single hair
Khot dro hair
*drog- dregs ON dregg
Lith drgs [pl.]
OCS drodje
Alb dra
Lat fracs [pl.]
*drogs wheel OIr droch
Grk trokhs
Arm durgn potters wheel
*droug-o- deceit {1} [AL] drogha- in RV 06.062.09d droghya cid
vacasa navya is the first member of a
compound in tmesis, see Lubotsky 1988: 64f.

*drougs companion, comrade OE ge-drag troop North-West

Lith dragas friend
OCS drug friend, companion
*drougs phantom Skt drgha- As a personalized form it is limited to the North-
OIr airdrech phantom West but it is cognate with Skt drogha- deceiving
and derives from *dreug- deceive
ON draugr

*drs-nt- dare
*du-en-h- smoke {1} Or 3sg.impf.act. of the root present, type
bravti ( Jamison 1983: 115).

Page 64
 Sheet1

*dbos wedge, peg NE dowel West Central

dialectal Grk tphos wedge
*du(h)tr daughter Gaul duxtir {1} [AL] Both forms must have been present in
Osc fuutr PIIr., most probably forming one paradigm.
NE daughter
OPrus duckti
OCS dti
Grk thugtr
Arm dustr
Lyc kbatra
Av duadar-
Skt duhitr-
Toch B tkcer

*duhtrdiws sky daughter Lith divo dukt~ Saulyt who

was
Grk thugtr Dis
Skt duhit divh
Grk thugtr Dis, Skt duhit
divh
*duhms smoke Lat fmus
Lith dmai
OCS dymu
Skt dhm
Grk thms spirit
*dnos ??? Gael dun North-West
NE down(s) *duhnos?
NE town (from Celtic)
*durh- chariot pole
*dwen- sound NE din
Lith dundti rumble, roar,
thunder
Skt dhvnati sounds, roars
*dwenh- cover over, darken Skt dhvnt- covered, veiled, Graeco-Aryan
dark from *beh- shine
darkness, night
Grk thnsk die
Grk thnts mortal
Grk thnatos death

Page 65
 Sheet1

*dwens pulverize

*dwer- pierce Lith duri thrust, stab

Grk trkh two-pronged fork
Arm dur tool, gimlet
an enlarged *dwerh
Hit dwarnai- break, shatter
Skt dhvrati bends, causes to
fall, shatters
*dwerh- harm Hit duwarnai- break, shatter Possibly from *dwer- pierce
Skt dhvrati bends, cause to fall,
hurts
*dwerh- yoke Hit triye- harness
Skt dhr yoke, dhriya- draft
animal
Toch B trusk- harness, probably
also pyorye yoke
Grk thraps comrade
servant
*dwes- breathe, be full of (wild) spi OIr dsacht rage fury There is the suggestion of some form of animated
Lat fur rage breathing, a suffusion of wild spirits
derivatives give us general names for wild
MHG tuster ghost, spectre
animals, including NE deer, Lat blua wild
Lith dvasi ghost, spirit animal
Lith dvesi gasp, expire

*dwes- spirit Gaul dusios type of demon from the verb *dwes- breathe
MHG getws fantom
Lith dvasi spirit

Page 66
 Sheet1

*dwr door, gate OIr dorus Often the word for door occurs in the dual and
Lat foris indicates two leaves of a door.
NE door
{1} [AL] The unexpected *d- in Indo-Aryan is
Lith drys, OCS dvr usually explained by the influence of the numeral
Alb der, Grk thr 'two'.
Arm dur-k
Skt dvras
Toch B twere
Hit andurza within (literally in-
doors)

*di-n- day
*dibro- (sacrificial) animal Gothic tibr sacrifice West-Central
*dbro- OE tber ofering
MHG ungezibere vermin [<
unsuited for the sacrifice])
OHG zebar ofering [the only
form requiring *dibhro-]
Arm tvar male sheep, herd of
cattle
*dieu- shine {1} Old is root-aorist, which supplies the aorist
forms to roc. The present is secondary. See also
jyot.

Page 67
 Sheet1

*dieu-t- shine {1} [AL] For the phonetic development *diaut- >
jyot- see aan de Wiel 2000.

*dius-phtr Father Sky, the king-god

*di()- tick MIr dega stag beetle
OE ticia
Arm tiz
*dih- fly
Skt dyati flies
move swiftly Grk d run away
Latv diet dance
OIr dan fast
*dks goat OE ticcen kid
Alb dhi she-goat
?Grk dza shegoat
Ishkashmi dec goatskin bag
*dis- apart, asunder Lat dis- asunder West-Central
Goth dis- apart from the numeral two
Alb sh- apart
Grk dithrough, on account of
*diu-iho- heavenly
*diwys divine Lat dus
Grk dos
and Skt divy-
*dlmhgs long Lat in-dulge long-sufering {1} [AL] MP drang, NP dirang 'delay, lateness'
Goth tulgus firm does not reflect IE *dl-on-gh-o-, but is rather a
Lith lgas derivative of the Iranian verb *drang- 'to fix, hold'.
OCS dlg
Alb gjat
Grk dolikhs
Hit daluki-
Skt drgh-

*dlongos long Lat longus

NE long
MPers deran
*dm-n-h-ti subdue Nasal Present
*dmmpedom floor ON topt place for building West Central
Grk dpedon floor a compound derived from *dem- build and *ped-
foot

Page 68
 Sheet1

*dnm uh- tongue OIr tengae Widely remodelled, probably by the initial sound
*dnweh- OLat dingua in the verb to lick
NE tongue Tocharian forms exhibit metathesis. Both OPrus
insuwis and OCS jfi ezyk show the loss of the
Lat lingua Proto-Indo-European *d-before *nm , while Av hiz-
Old Latin dingua and Skt jihv- show even more reformation.
Lith lievis
Arm lezu
Toch A kntu
Toch B kantwo
OPrus insuwis
OCS jzyk
Av hiz-
Skt jihv-

*do to, toward OIr do

*de Lat d-nec up to
NE to
Lith da up to
OCS do up to
Grk -de toward
Av -da to
*dm house(hold), nuclear family Grk do The structure and the social unit of the house are
Arm tun combined under a single term.
Av dam-
{1} nom.sg. *dm , gen.sg. *dm-s, cf. the
Skt dm verbal root *dem- 'to build'.

*dm(h)os house(hold) Lat domus house Ultimately derived from *dem(ha)- build on
Lith nmas house which is formed the noun for house(hold)
Latin also shows the extended form dominus
OCS dom house
master of the house.
Grk dmos house
Skt dma- house
*dom(h)u-no-s master Lat dominus A clear derivative of the word for house (cf.
Skt dmuna- *dom(ha)os above) with the suffix *-no- which is
used to create words leader of

*domhyos one to be tamed Alb dem bull, steer

Skt damya- [young bull] to be
tamed
*don- reed Latv duonis reed West-Central
Grk dnaks reed
*drkom evening meal Alb dark West Central
Grk drpon
Alb drek breakfast
Bret dibri lunch

Page 69
 Sheet1

*dru tree OIr daur oak Hitt. tru, Gr. dory 'tree, trunk, spear', ToAB or
Grk dru tree trunk 'wood', Av. duru
wood
spear
Hit tru tree, wood
Av duru tree, tree trunk
wooden weapon
Skt dru wood
Toch AB or wood
NE tree
Grk drus tree, oak
OCS drva wood
Alb dru wood, tree
drushkoak
OCS drvo tree

*dous- (upper) arm, shoulder OIr do arm

Latv pa-duse armpit [< that
under the arm]
Slovenian paz-duha armpit
Av dao- upper arm, shoulder
Skt d forearm, arm
*dr-ti- tear
*drap- clothes, cloak Gallo-Roman drappus clothes, may come from *drep- split off, i.e. it originally
*drop- ith drpanos [pl.] clothes indicated a skin garment.
Skt drp- cloak
*dreh- sleep {1} Attested also with other root extensions: *-
em- (in Lat. and ORu.) and *-dh- (in Gr.).

*drem- run OE trem footstep {1} Probably root enlargement of the root *der-
Grk dramen run 'run', preserved also with other extensions (and
similar meanings): *dr-eu-, *dr-eh-.
Skt drmati runs about

*drep- scratch, tear Rus drjpati scratch, tear

?cut of Grk drp pluck
Toch A rp- dig
Toch B rp- dig
Hit tripzi ploughs

Page 70
 Sheet1

*dreu- run {1} [LK] Or pluperfect and perfect subjunctive

(see Kmmel 2000: 252f.).
{2} [AL] All these Avestan forms have been
explained from the root dru- 'to deceive' by M.
Schwartz, JRAS 1966: 119-122. This analysis is
also accepted by Kreyenbroek 1985 (Sraoa).
{3} [AL] THe root *dreu- may be a root
enlargement of the root **der- 'run', preserved
also with other extensions (and similar
meanings): *dr-em-, *dr-eh-, etc., although it
seems disquieting that there are no certain
cognates outside Indo-Iranian. The European river
names (Dravos, Druentia, Druta, etc.) can hardly
be cognate, cf. especially the typical a-vocalism.

*dreuh- cut ?
*drewentih- (river name) Gaul (Druentia)
India (Dravant)
*drmhweh- grain Gaul dravoca darnel, ryegrass
?tare NDutch tarwe wheat
Skt drva- panic-grass [related
to millet]
*drm- dragon MIr muirdris sea-monster derives from the verbal root *derk- see as the
Grk drkn dragon dragon fixes its opponent with its baleful gaze.

*du(e)h-ro- far, lasting long {4} {1} This OP superlative reflects PIIr. *duaH-ito-
and is more archaic than Skt. davistha-.
{2} [AL] Usually, this adjective, attested in Yt
1.12 and Yt 12.7, is rendered 'seeing far', but
'visible from afar' also seems possible.
{3} dauresruta- [m] PN is already attested in the
Br.
{4} The meaning of the root seems to be 'to
extend in space and time'.

*duh-to- far away {1} Lat. dautia / lautia 'welcome of foreign guests
and messengers' is hardly related.

*duhros long (of time, space) Lat drre to last

*dwehros Grk drs long
Arm erkar long
Av dire far
Skt dr- far
Hit twa- far, distant (with a
diferent suffix)

Page 71
 Sheet1

*dui-hp-- having water on two sides {1} [AL] The Avestan form is acc.pl. and not
loc.sg., cf. Oettinger 1983: 91, de Vaan 2003: 492.
Mayrhofer reconstructs PIIr. *duai-Hp-a-, but it is
more likely that the Avestan form is due to the
introduction of the productive Iranian form *duai-
'two-, bi-', cf. Av. ba-rzu- 'length of two
fingers'.

*dus- bad prefix:

OIr do- bad, mis-
OE tor- un-
NHG zer- [verbal prefix]
Grk dus- bad, mis-
Av du- bad, mis-
Skt du- bad, mis-
Lat dif- may be cognate here
Rus dod rain, bad weather,
originally bad-sky.

*dus-mens hostile (literally: bad-thoug Grk dusmens hostile West Central

Av dumanah- hostile
Skt durmans sad
*dw(e)i-plos 2x double, twofold OIr dabul
Lat duplus
Grk dipls
*dwei- fear Grk ded fear It appears to derive from the numeral *dwi- two
Arm erknim frighten and its etymology may have been something like
be of two minds or, in the hindsight of modern
Luv kuwaya- fear
psychological theory, express the natural
Av dva- be hostile, provoke decision-making process between fight and
Skt dvti hates, is hostile flight when confronted with a danger
Toch A wi- be frightened

Page 72
 Sheet1

*dwei(s)- be inimical {1} The IIr. root *duai- may be related to PIE
*duei- 'to threaten' and be eventually based on
the adverb *duis 'twice, (split) in two' (see s.v.
dvis). Also OAv. duuaa- [adj] 'inimical' in the
formula ii duua 'inimical threat' ( Y 32.16,
Y 48.9) may belong to the unextended root
*duei-.

*dwi- 2x bi-; two- Lat bi-

NE twi-
Grk di-
Av bi-
Skt dvi-

*dwi-yos second Alb dyt {1} [AL] It is probable that the form is analogical
*dwi-tos Av daibitya- bitya- [< pre-Av after the word for 'third', cf. Skt. trrty a-, Umb. terti
*dwitya-] 'for the third time', but this analogy may be of IE
date.
Skt dvitya- [cf. also dvitdoubly
so]
Toch B wate
Hit duyanalli- second officer <
*dwiy-o-
*dwis 2x twice OIr fo di
Lat bis
NE twice
Grk ds
Av bi
*dwdemm(t) 12 twelve NWels deuddeg
*duohdem Lat duodecim
Grk ddeka
Arm erkotasan
Av dvadasa
Skt d(u)vda
*dwh(u) 2 two OIr du [m.], d [f.], d [nt.] neuter: *dwoih
*duo- Lat duo [m./nt.], duae [f.], NE two
Lith d [m.], dv [f.]
OCS dva [m.], dv [f./nt.]
Alb dy
Grk d
Arm erku
Av dva [m.], ba [f./nt.]
Skt dv[m.], dv[f./nt.]
Toch A wu [m.], we [f.]

Page 73
 Sheet1

*dwoi- 2 two, group of two OIr das couple

Hit tn for the second time
*dwoyos 2x double(d), twofold Grk dois doubled
?*duoihos Skt dvay- duplicity
*dye(u)- day OIr da day from *dei- shine
day(light), heaven Lat dis day
Grk ndos at mid-day
Arm tiw day
Hit swatt- day
Skt divas- day

*dyusphtr sky father Lat Jpiter

Illyr Dei-ptrous
Grk Zes patr
Skt dyupit
*(e)m(h)ros sisters husband Lat gener
*(e)mh-r Grk gambrs
*g(e)ulo- fire, glowing coal OIr gal coal Celtic and Germanic only
NE coal
*()ombros bison Lith stum~bras
Latv subrs
Rus zubr
OPrus wis-sambris bison
*g()rewom reed, rush Av grava- Eastern
Toch A kru
*g()ru(n)(d)- grunt Lat grunni grundi grunt West Central
NE grunt
Grk grz grunt
*(lm)kt milk Lat lac The underlying verb is present only in Hit
Grk gla kala(n)k- soothe, satisfy.
Hit galaktar milky fluid from
trees and plants
soothing substance, balm,
nutriment
Grk gla milk
Lat lac milk
Waigali zr milk

*g()elb-u-s womb Grk delphs

*golb-o- Av garwa-
Skt grbha-
Av grbus newly borb animal
OE cilfor-lamb ewe-lamb
NE calf
*g()eh- wade

*ga/ond- wheat Hit kant- [einkorn?-] wheat Possibly a loan from other Eurasian peoples
Av gantuma- wheat
Toch B kanti bread
*gag- cackle NE cackle West Central
Lith gag
Rus gogolt
Arm kakaem

Page 74
 Sheet1

*gal- be physically able NWels gallu is able North-West

Lith gali am able
*gal- call out, speak OIr gall swan
NWels galw call
Lat gallus cock
OE ceallian call
NE call (from ON)
ON kalla
Lith galsr as echo
OCS glas voice
Oss alas sound

*ar- shout, call OIr do-gair call
Lat garri chatter, prattle
OE cearu care, sorrow,
mourning [> NE care]
Grk gerus voice, call
Oss zarun sing
Its meanings generally indicate a calling out or
shout (in Armenian we again find it forming bird
names, cican swallow, cicanuk nightingale).
The Germanic meaning mourn may give some
indication of Proto-Indo-European, or at least Pre-
Germanic, mourning customs involving wailing by
the mourners.

*garos frightening, threatening OIr garg rough West Central

OCS groza shudder, horror
Arm karcr hard
Grk gorgs terrible, frightful,
savage
*e because
*geh- sing Skt. g sing, gth song {1} [AL] Parth. ng'y- [verb] 'to pray, supplicate'
*g()eh-i- Av. g song rather belongs to the Ir. verb *jad- 'to ask,
demand'.
Lith giedti sing
OE gieddian sing
giedd, gidd song, poem, riddle,
tale

*geh(i)- sing Lith giedti sing [hymns]

ORus gajati crow
Av g- metre, line of poetry
Skt gti gyati sings, gth-
song
*gehd- rejoice Grk gth am happy, rejoice
Toch AB ktk- rejoice
OIr gaire noble
Lat gaude am happy, rejoice
*gehu- rejoice Lith diaugos (<*gaudios) West Central
am happy
Grk gnumai rejoice, gauros
proud
*geh- enter water, wade Slov gziti wade
Skt g hate wade

Page 75
 Sheet1

*geid- tickle OE citelian Germanic-Armenian Isogloss

Arm kcem
*gel- cold, to freeze Lat gel cold, frost North-West
NE cold
*el- swallow
*elu- leech OIr gil Derives from a verbal root *gel- swallow
Skt jalk-
*gem- press, squeeze together, s MIr gemel fetters West Central
Umb gomia pregnant
OE cuml swelling, wound
Lith gmstu seize, grasp
OCS im press
Grk gm am full
Arm mlem press together
*em- weep, lament, moan NIr geamh prattle West Central
Lat gem sigh, moan, lament,
groan
Arm cmrim grieve
*emb- bare ones teeth

*emb- destroy

*emh- marry Grk gam In later Greek, and perhaps already in earlier
Lat gener son-in-law Greek, this word was used also of the sexual act
by which a marriage was consummated.
Grk gambrs son-in-law
Av zmtar- son-in-law
Skt jmtar- son-in-law
Alb dhndr suitor
Skt jr- suitor
*gen- compress NE knock, knife West Central
dialectal Grk knuz draw
together
*genh- lineage, clan

Page 76
 Sheet1

*enh- beget a child OLat gen beget

be born Lat gign produce
OE cennan beget
Grk genn beget
Skt jnati begets
Lat gnscor am born (intr.)
Grk ggnomai am born (intr.)
Skt jajna am born (intr.)

*enh-men- ofspring {1} [AL] The distribution of janiman- and janman-

is not quite clear. One of the options is *genh-mnr
[nom.acc.sg.] > janima, *genh-mn-ei [dat.sg.] >
janmane (thus G. Schmidt, M. Peters), but the
opposite is likewise possible.

*enh-tr father; procreator Lat genitor {1} OAv. za ( Y 44.3) can hardly be misspelled
Grk gentr for *zant = Ved. janit .
Skt janitr-
*enh-tro- birth-place
*enh-tu- tribe
*nhes- family Lat genus family Which derives from *genh- be born
*enh-os- ??race Grk gnos family
Arm cin birth
Skt jnas- family
*enhtrih- mother, procreatrix Lat genetrx
Grk genteira
Skt jnitr-

Page 77
 Sheet1

*nu- jaw OIr gin mouth {1} The origin of Skt h- (instead of expected *j-)
Lat gena cheek is unknown.
NE chin
Grk gnus chin, jaw
Phryg azn beard
Av znu- jaw
Skt hnu- jaw
Toch A anwem [dual] jaws
*eP- eat, masticate OIr gop muzzle, snout, beak
OE ceafl jaw, jowl [> NE jowl]
Lith ebi masticate, eat slowly
Rus zobt eat
Av zafar- zafan- mouth of a
demonic being

*ger- hiss, howl OE ceorran creak West Central

Lith grti yell
Alb nguron howls [of the wind]
*ger- herd, crowd MIr graig horse herd West Central
Lat grex herd, company
Grk grgara crowd
*ger- crane NWels garan Clearly onomatopoeic and the root vowel is
*erhno- Lat grs unclear
NE crane
Lith grv
Rus eravl crane, goose
Arm kunk
Oss zyrng
*gerg- crack, resound OE cearcian creak, gnash
NE crack
Lith grgdiu creak
Skt grjati roars, howls
Arm karka noise

Page 78
 Sheet1

*erh- make decayed, make old {1} [LK] Treated as a thematic aorist by Whitney
1885, Narten 1964: 121 and Joachim 1978: 83, as
a class VI present by Got 1987: 152).
{2} [AL] In RV 01.179.01, jarayanth must
probably be scanned with a long root vowel, see
Jamison 1983: 154.
{3} [AL] The distribution RV -r- : AV -r- is
unparallelled. Since -r- only occurs in the RV
(ajurya- in later texts is a loanword from the RV),
this reflex must be due to a specific development
in this text. It is therefore reasonable to assume
that the verb jrv 'to destroy, eradicate', most
probably derived from the same root and only
attested in the RV, played a crucial role. For a
similar -r- / -r- interplay see tari.
{4} [AL] RV jivri-, AV jirvi- [adj] 'helpless, weak,
decrepit', often connected with this root, can
hardly reflect PIIr. *jrH-u- (+ -i-), because the
latter would most probably have yielded **juru-.

*erh-nt- be old
*erh- grow, age, mature OCS zrti ripen
?ripen Grk grsk age, grow old

Skt jryati jryati grows old,
becomes decrepit
Toch AB kwr- age, grow old
Grk grn old man
Arm cer old man
Skt jrant- old man
*erh-o-s old man Arm cer
NPers zar
*erh-ont- old man Grk grn old man Greek and Indo-Iranian
Oss zrand old
Skt jrant- old man
*es- be hungry {1} [AL] Khot. ysah-, quoted by EWAia, cannot be
related as it means 'to be quiet', rather than 'to
cease'
OKhot. yseh- means 'to make quite', and not 'to
give up' (see Cheung XXX for the references).

Page 79
 Sheet1

*eus- taste (A) {1} [LK] Reduplicated present, probably based on

be pleased (M) perfect ( Kmmel 2000: 671f.).

*eus- taste, enjoy OIr do-goa choose

Lat dgun and gust taste
NE choose
Grk geomai taste
Av zao- be pleased
Skt jute jsati enjoys
*(e)utreh- pot Thrac zetraa pot Greco-Thracian Isogloss
Grk khtra pot
*(h)iy-eh- yawn Lat hire
OHG gn
NE yawn
Lith iju
Rus zijt
Toch B ky- yawn, gape
*(o)l(h)- gold, yellow, silver
*gab- take, seize OIr gaibid takes {1} [AL] The meaning of gabhasti- in the
Lat habe have compound symagabhasti- (RV), which is an
epithet of a chariot, is not quite certain. Also the
Lith gaben present
passage RV 01.054.04d -sitm gabhastim asanim
Pol gabacseize prrtanyasi 'you fight the sharp ' remains unclear.
Skt gbh-astin- hand {2} [AL] The etymology remains uncertain
because of -a- in Latin and the interchange Skt.
-bh- : Ir. -uu -. Also the remarkable make-up of the
Indo-Iranian word (suffix -sti- ?) does not inspire
confidence in the connection with the European
lgg.

*gablo/eh- fork, branch of tree OIr gabul fork

OE gafol fork [> NE gavel]

Page 80
 Sheet1

*ai-s-s throwing spear OE gr spear [cf. gr + lac It would appear to be from *gi- throw
leek > NE garlic]
Grk khaos herdsmans staf
Skt hsas missile
*gaidos goat Lat haedus
NE goat
*gait(so)- hair, mane MIr gasid stif hair
Grk khat mane
Av gasa- curly hair
*algeh- pole, stake NE gallows
Lith alg long thin pole
*alhros evil, unpleasant, unhealthy OIr galar sickness, distress
Hit kallara- something
unpleasant
NE gall [on the skin]
Lith al damage, loss
injury
wrong
Ukrainian zolok painful place of a
wound

*an-s goose OIr gis some have derived it from the verbal root *ghan-
Lat nser gape, yawn
NE goose
Lith ss
Rus gus
Grk khn
Skt hamsa- waterfowl
*gasd- spear, shaft Lat. hasta 'spear-shaft, lance'
Goth. gazds 'goad'
*asdos rod, staf Lat hasta spear North-Western
OE gierd staf, measuring pole
NE yard
*ge(n)d- seize, take in OIr ro-geinn finds a place in West Central
Lat pre(he)nd grasp
NE forget, begin
Lith godti guess, suppose
OCS gadati imagine, guess
Alb gjej find, obtain
Grk khandn take in, comprise

*gebl head ON gafl gable, gable-side Yields the meaning gable as well as head or
[whence, via Old French, comes skull in the Germanic languages.
NE gable]
Grk kephl head
Toch A pl head
*ed-ye/o- defecate Alb dhjes
Grk khz
Skt hadati
*ged- join, fit together NE together Yields an o-grade *gdo- in Germanic whence
Lith gudas honour, respect we have NE good.
OCS god appointed time
Skt gdhya- what really holds
fast, what suits one

Page 81
 Sheet1

*eh- leave NE go {1} [LK] Or, rather, 1sg.pres.subj.act. 'I will

Grk kikhno meet with abandon you' (see Kmmel 2000: 608f.).
Av zizmi leave of
Skt jhti leaves

*geh- yawn ON gan yawn West Central

Grk khsk yawn
*gh(u)-mrm interior of mouth (gums, pa NE gums North-West
Lith gomurs palate
*ei- impel, drive {1} As clearly indicated by the Skt. form,
*gheimen was originally loc.sg. of the word for
'winter', so that an n-stem is secondary.

*eim- winter, snow Gaul Giamonios [name of a

*iem- winter month]
Lat hiems winter
Lith iem winter
OCS zima winter
Alb dimr winter
Grk kheiuma winter
Arm jiwn snow
Hit gimmant- winter
Av zym- winter
Skt hman in winter
ON gymbr ewe lamb one year
old
dialectal English gimmer ewe
between the first and second
shearing

Page 82
 Sheet1

*eis- frighten NE ghost

ON geiska-fullr full of fear
Av zaa- horrible
Skt hda- anger
*gel- cry out, sing NE yell West Central
Rus na-glit cry, sing
Grk kheldn swallow [the bird]

*el- plough Lith olis sleeper, tie

Arm jlem plough
Skt hal- a plough
*el- yellow OIr gel white
*gel- NWels gell yellow
Lat helvus honey yellow
NE yellow
Lith geltr as yellow
r
elvas golden
Av zairi- yellow
Skt hri- combines both yellow
and green
OCS zelen green
Grk khlrs green
Skt hri- yellow, green
NE gold
Latv zlts
OCS zlato
Av zaranyam
Skt hrayam

*gel(h)d- hail OCS ldica freezing rain

Grk khlaza hail
NPers la hail.
*geld- desire OCS ldti desire, glad
hunger
Skt grmdhyati is envious,
gardha- envy
*geleh- gland Rus elez gland West Central
Arm gejk [pl.] gland
*gluhs tortoise OCS ely
Grk khlus
*geluneh- lip ON gjlnar jaws West Central
Grk khel n lip
Arm jeun palate
*eng- step, walk OIr cingid steps {1} [AL] The reconstruction of an -stem for PIIr.
?*eng- OE gangan go follows from Ossetic (D. zng points to PIr. -).
Lith engi stride, step {2} [AL] The rendering 'shank', often found in the
dictionaries, is imprecise, at least for older Vedic.
Av zanga- ankle
Skt jmhas- step, wingbeat

*eng-os- wing (?)

*gr hedgehog Lat r West-Central
Grk khr
*ger- cry (of animals or birds) Lat hirrre howl like a rabid dog
ON garpr warlike man
RusCS grkati coo
Skt gharghara- gurgling

*er- shine, glow NE grey North-West

Lith eri shine
OCS zrj glance, see
*gerd- gird, surround NE gird, girdle

Page 83
 Sheet1

*erh like

*ers be stif, be excited {1} [AL] Contrary to what is stated in the EWAia,
it is unnecessary to assume that in hars/ghrrs, two
IIr. roots have fallen together, viz. *jhar- and
*ghar-. Since the IE facts unequivocally point to
*ghers-, we must rather assume that in zero-
grade *ghrs-, the palatovelar was depalatalized
(Weise's Law). Forms like hrrsvant- can easily be
restored.

*ers- stifen (of hair), bristle NE gorse

Lat horre bristle
Av zarayamna- feathers
upright
Skt hrati bristles, becomes
erect or rigid
becomes sexually excited
*grsos asp Norw gjrs pikeperch
zrekh asp
Skt jha- a kind of large fish
*es-l-domth 1000 thousand
*s-r- hand Lat hr hollow of the hand
?*es-to- Alb dor hand
Grk kher hand
Arm jen hand
Hit kissar hand
Toch B ar hand
*esl(iy)os 1000 thousand
Grk khlioi [pl.] Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
Av hazara- the first element *ges- is probably related to the
word for hand and the number is possibly an
Skt sa-hsram
expression of a handful or two handfuls of grain.

Page 84
 Sheet1

*eu- pour Grk kh(w) pour {1} [AL] As made probable by Beekes
Toch AB ku- pour 2000a,Germanic word for 'god' (Go. gu [n] 'god',
Lat ftis pitcher etc.) is not related.
{2} [AL] See Scarlata 1999: 702f.
Av zaora- libation
Skt htar- priest who juhti
pours out the sacrificial libation

*eu-ter- pourer
*eu-tr-eh- libation
*eu(h)- call to, invite, invoke OIr guth voice
OCS zov call
Av zavaiti calls
Skt hvate calls, invokes
Toch B kuw- call, invite
Gmc god as what is invoked
(*utm)
Toch B akte god < *n-huto-
i.e. the one invoked downward

*eud- pour Lat fund pour North-West

NHG giessen an enlargement of *geu- pour
*geu- protect, hide Lith gti cover with something
warm
Av gzra- hidden, secret
Skt ghati conceals
*eumn- libation Grk kheuma that which is
poured
Phryg zeumn libation
Skt hman- libation
*yos horse Arm ji horse from *ghei- impels, drives
Skt hya- horse
*hens- goose {1} Derivation from the PIE root for 'to yawn'
*ghh-en- (Gr. , etc.) seems probable.

*hwos gaping hole Grk khos chaos

Toch A ko mouth
*i surely, indeed
*glehd-(ro)- smooth Lat glaber smooth North-West
NE glad from *gel- shine
Lith glods smooth(ed)
OCS gladiti to smooth
*gleu- revel NE glee West Central
Lith gludoti joke
Rus glum joke
Grk khle joke
*lh-en- gold

Page 85
 Sheet1

*nm gno/eh- buttock Grk kokhn crotch Greek-Indic isogloss

Skt jaghna- hind end, buttock,
pudenda
*- behind Lith a() behind West-Central
Rus za by, to
Arm z- with regard to
*hros gap, empty space Grk khoros free space, area
between, land
Toch B kre pit, hole
Grk khr widow
*ln- gall Lat fel A transparent derivative from *ghel- yellow
*los NE gall
Grk khloskhol
Avzra-
*or- young pig Alb derr pig, hog, swine
Grk khoros young pig
swine
*or(ye/o)- desire Lat horior exhort, incite
NE yearn
Grk khar rejoice
Skt hryati finds pleasure in,
desires
Toch B ker(y)- laugh
*grdos fence, hedge; enclosure, p NWels garth pen, fold
Rus grod town
Hit gurtas citadel
*orhneh- entrails NE yarn Suggests the connotation string of gut
Grk khord string of gut
sausage
Skt hra- band, strip
Lat haruspex entrail-seer
ON grn guts
Lith arn guts
*s-to-s hand Lat praest [< *prai-hestd ] a
hand
Lith pa-asts armpit
Av zasta- hand
Skt hsta- hand
*gostis guest; stranger, enemy Lat hostis stranger, enemy North-West
Lat hosps foreigner, guest
host [< *ghosti-pot- guest-
master]
OE giest stranger, guest [the
related NE guest is a loanword
from ON]
OCS gost guest, gospod
master

*gou- perceive, pay heed to Lat fave favour West Central

ON g pay attention to
OCS govj honour
Arm govem praise
*gou-ro- awful ?
*goyso- spear Skt. ha- 'arm'
OE gr
*greb- dig NE grave North-West
Lith grbti rake
OCS pogreb bury

Page 86
 Sheet1

*greb- grasp, take, enclose Middle Dutch, MHG grabben

seize
Latv grebju seize
OCS grabiti snatch up
Hit k(a)rap- devour
Av grwn iti takes
Skt grmbhnti grabs
*gred- step, go OIr in-greinn pursue
Lat gradior stride, gradus step
Goth gris step
Lith grdyju go, wander about
Rus grjad go

*rehd- hail
*grei- touch lightly Lith gr(i)ej skim [cream] West Central
Grk khr touch the surface of a
body lightly, graze
[hence] rub or anoint with oil,
coat with colour
*greib- grip, grasp NE grip, gripe, and grope North-West
Lith gribti seize
*grend- grind Lat frend gnash the teeth
NE grind
Lith grndu scrape, scratch
(of))
Grk khndros grain
*res shorten

*gres- threaten, torment Toch AB krs- vex, torment

Lith gresi threaten, menace
*rsd(i) barley Lat hordeum
German Gerste
Grk kr krth
Hitt karas wheat
Alb drith cereal grain
*gromos thunder OCS grom noise from the verb *ghrem- groan
vz-grmti to thunder
Grk khrmos noise
*uh-ie call
*utm that which is called/invoke NE god
NHG Gott
*n-hutos
Toch B akte
Toch A kt
*wks torch Lat fax torch West Central
Lith vk candle
*wr wild animal Lat fera wild animal
Lith vrs wild animal
OCS zvr wild animal
Grk thr wild animal
*wonos a sound, voice OCS zvon noise
Alb z voice
Arm jayn voice
*gla- cry out, lament OHG klagn bewail, complain
about
Av grzaiti laments, cries
Skt grmhte lament
*gleh-u- ball, bump {1} The appurtenance of the Iranian words,
especially because of their -l-, is uncertain.

Page 87
 Sheet1

*gleub- cut of, cut out Lat glb peel West Central
NE cleave
Grk glph carve out whence
glyph
*glmhs dormouse? Lat gls dormouse
Grk gal weasel [< *mouser]
Bakhtiari girza rat
Skt gir- mouse

*lh-i- husbands sister {1} [AL] Slav. *z- clearly points to an initial
palato-velar, but it is unclear why it became
depalatalized in Skt. It seems improbable to me
that FU *k > Fin. kly 'sister of the husband or
the wife' is a borrowing from PIIr. (!) *glhim
(acc.sg.) (as argued for in Katz 2003: 179). This
word might be of Nostratic origin.
{2} [AL] The word has been identified by Eichner-
Khn 1976: 28-32 in a late mantra (ApMB 2.22.5).
In spite of Eichner-Khn's argumentation that
girer in this mantra must be abl.sg. of the word
for 'sister-in-law' rather than of the word for
'mountain', the late attestation makes the
identification doubtful.

*lmh-wos- husbands sister Lat gls sister-in-law

*elh-u OCS zlva husbands sister
Grk gls sister-in-law
Arm tal husbands sister
Skt gir- brothers wife
*gloiwos clay NE clay Limited Distribution
Grk glois clay
*n(e)h-tr knower Lat ntor
Grk gnstr (with analogical s-)
Av ntar-
Skt jtr-

Page 88
 Sheet1

*neh- know, be acquainted with Present: *nm h-neh- {1} Isolated form, probably built analogically on
OIr ad-gnin recognizes the model of deym, dheym ( Narten 1964:
OE cunnan know, be able to 122).
{2} [AL, LK] Most forms tradionally taken as
Lith inti known perfects of j (weak stems) belong in fact to jani
Av zniti knows 'to be born'
Skt jnti knows, recognizes see Kmmel 2000: 203f. Also pra-jajivms- (RV
Toch A knn- know 03.002.11) rather belongs to this root.
formed with the suffix *-se/o- {3} See jra-.
Lat (g)nsc know
Alb njoh know
Grk gignsk know

*neh-tis knowledge Lat nti a becoming

acquainted, investigation
conception
Rus znat [circle of]
acquaintances
Grk gnosis knowledge
Skt pra-jti- knowledge
*nhmnm ?sign Lat cognmen surname West Central
Rus znamja sign, mark
Grk gnoma distinctive mark
*nh-mi- birth, related by birth {1} Connected with jmtar-, which is probably
wrong.
*nh-to- born
*nh-tu- birth
*nm hts known OIr gnth used to, known
Lat ntus known
Grk gnts known
Skt jt- known
*gol- branch Rus goljbranch
Arm kor branch
*ombio- belonging to the teeth

Page 89
 Sheet1

*mbos tooth, set/row of teeth NE comb

Latv zobs tooth
OCS zb tooth
Alb dhmb tooth, tusk
Grk gmphos large wedge-
shaped bolt or nail
Skt jmbha- tooth
Toch B keme tooth
*omh-ter- son-in-law Skr jmatar- {1} [AL] YAv. zmaoiia- has taken over the suffix
*omo- of YAv. brtruiia- [m] 'nephew' and tiriia- [m]
'father's brother' < PIIr. *pHtruia- and may
indicate that PIIr. had a form without the suffix
-tar- (which, in its turn, has been taken from the
word for 'brother').
{2} [AL] The relevance of Gr. , attested
in inscriptions, seems doubtful to me.
{3} [AL] It is clear that no reconstruction would
account for all forms and that we have to reckon
with secondary associations with other words and
roots. The long vowel in Indo-Iranian is the major
crux, although it is seldom treated as such. Both
IIr. and Gr. seem to point to a form without any
laryngeal, *gomo- (+ *-Hter-) and *gmrro-,
respectively. The connection with Gr. (<
*gmH-eio-) 'to marry' is then indirect, the verbal
root being extended with a laryngeal, cf. further
s.v. PIr. *zamH- (XXX).

*nh-o- race
*onhd-o-s jaw Lith ndas jaw, cheek West Central
Grk gnthos jaw, mouth
Arm cnawt jaw
*nu knee OIr gln
Lat gen
NE knee
Alb gju
Grk gnu
Arm cunr
Hit gnu
Av nu-,
Skt jnu
Toch B ken(ne) [dual]

*gordebs wild ass Skt gardabh- Eastern

Toch B kercapo
*gwrm (animal) body hair MIr gaire [animal] hair, bristles
Lith garas down, tuft of hair
Av gaona- body hair, colour
Skt gu- thread, string

*gras- eat, graze ON krs delicacy it is possible that it may have originally referred
Grk gr gnaw, eat to herbivores (or Latin transferred the word to
Skt grsate swallows, consumes herbivores
Lat grmen grass

*greut- compress OIr gruth cheese Irish-English Isogloss

NE crowd

Page 90
 Sheet1

*rmhnm grain OIr grn

Lat grnum
NE corn
Lith rnis pea
OCS zrno
Alb grur wheat
Pashto zanai zarai kernel,
seed
*grdo- hail Lith grodas frost
OCS grad hail
Lat grand hail
Arm karkut [< *gagrdo-] hail
*gubo/eh- (store)room, alcove OE cova bedchamber
NE cove
Bajui bidj lower part of a
storeroom
*gudm intestines Low German kt May derive from the verbal root *geu- bend,
Macedonian gda twist
Skt gud-
*gutrm gullet, throat Lat guttur gullet, throat, neck
Hit kuttar nape of neck
*g(i)yh- taut thread Grk bis bow It seems more probable that the underlying PIE
Av jybowstring meaning simply referred to a taut thread and
was specialized to bowstring in Greek and Indo-
Skt jybowstring
Iranian.
Lith gij warp threads
OCS ica thread
*gab- dip ON kafa dive
Grk bpt dip in
Skt ga(m)bhr- deep
*gd- dive OIr bidid dives, drowns
Grk bssa valley
Av vi-ga- ravine
*geh- go {1} Originally, n. of the participle to jigti. [AL]
This indicates that some of the forms of the
reduplicated present had -a- in the reduplication
syllable.

*gehus cow
*geh- come OIr baid dies This alteration *gem-: *geh- is paralleled in the
Latv gju go verbal root
to run, i.e. drem- : *dreh-
dialectal Grk bibnti they stride
Skt jgti goes

*geid- be foul, purulent ON kveisa boil, whitlow

OCS iduk sap-filled, juicy [of
plants]
Grk desa slime
*geih- live Lat vv live
*gyeh- Lith gyj become healthy
OCS iv live
Av j vaiti lives

Skt jvati lives
Grk z live
Toch B w- live
NE quick is related to this root

Page 91
 Sheet1

*gel- strike, stab NWels ballu die West Central

pierce NE kill and quell
OPrus gallan death
Lith glti sting, ache
Arm keem torture
Grk beln needle
*gel(s)- well up, flow OHG quellan
Grk bl
Skt g lati
Toch B k ls- trickle, ooze
*geld- be greedy {1} With present meaning 'they are greedy'.
{2} Regularly < PIIr. *g(h)rrdh-sa-. The reflex of
*grrdzha- may be found in Pa. gijjha- 'greedy,
vulture'.
{3} For *grra- = Ved. grrdhra- (?). Connection
of other Avestan forms (e.g. OAv. grzdi-) with
gardh- is uncertain.
{4} = Skt. grrdhnu- (?), cf. grrdhra- 'vulture' for the
meaning.

*gelh- throw NWels blif catapult {1} Or mistake for *ninire? (Insler).
Grk bll throw
Av ni-ar- be thrown down

*gelh- acorn Lat glns

Lith gl
Rus elud
Grk blanos
Arm kain
Skt gula- penis
*geln insects stinger Lith gelu stinger
Grk dllithes wasps
*geln insects stinger Lith gelu insects stinger West Central
dialectal Grk dllithes [pl.]
wasps

Page 92
 Sheet1

*gem- come Lat veni come {1} [AL, LK] Based on the sentence jamad agni[h]
go?? NE come 'Agni will come' (pace Mh. 'zu Agni gehend'),
Grk ban come where jamat probably represents the root aorist
subjunctive, with the regular palatalization (i.e. <
Skt gcchati goes *gwemet).
Toch B km- come
Lith gim am born

*gnh woman OIr ben woman, wife
OE cwene woman, female serf,
prostitute
OPrus genna wife
OCS ena wife
Grk gun woman, wife
Arm kin wife
Av gn- woman, wife
Skt gn- goddess, divine female
Toch B ana woman
The development of this word in English shows
two poles: the e-grade gives ultimately English
quean, i.e. an impudent or disreputable woman
(but, in OE, also (any) woman or wife), while a
lengthened grade root (*gwni-) gives OE cwn
woman, wife, consort, NE queen.
{1} [AL] The forms with disyllabic gan - are
inexistent: they all in reality reflect disyllabic ,
like in root nouns in -aH-.
{2} Uralic *nxi 'woman' may be a LW from IE.

Page 93
 Sheet1

*gerh- swallow Lat vor swallow [up], devour {2} Connection of OIr. gelid [verb] 'to eat (of
devour? Av jaraiti swallows animals), to devour' with gari- [2] is unlikely.
Skt girti swallows
Lith geri drink
Grk bormeat, food of a
predator

*gerh- praise OPrus girtwei praise

Alb grshas invite to a marriage
Av gar- praise
Skt grmti sings, praises
Lat grts [pl.] thanks (i.e.
praisings)

*gerh- welcome {1} [AL] Thus e.g. Got 1987: 153f. Some of the
scholars only accept jarate 'to become awake'.

*gru spear, spit Lat ver

OIr biur
Av grava- staf

Page 94
 Sheet1

*ges- extinguish Lith gsti go out As to our final reconstruction, Anatolian argues
OCS ugasiti extinguish for an initial *g-, Greek and Indic for *gw-
Grk sbnnmi extinguish the other languages will allow either
Hit kist- go out
Skt jsate be extinguished
Toch B kes- go out
*gsdos branch OHG questa tuft of branches
OPol gwozd mountain forest
Alb gjeth leaf
*get- say OE cwean say
NE quoth
Arm koem call
Sogdian ut says
Skt gdati says
*gtu pitch Lat bitmen mineral pitch,
resin bitumen
OE cwidu cudu mastic [> NE
cud ]
Skt jtu lac, gum
NWels bedw birch
Lat betulla birch (< Gaulish)
*gtus stomach, womb OE cwi belly, womb
Lat botulus intestines, sausage
Toch B ktso belly, womb

*gaidrs bright, shining Lith gaidrs fine, clear [of West Central
weather], bright, limpid [of
water]
Grk phaidrs beaming [with joy],
cheerful
*ged- ask, pray OIr guidid asks, prays
Lith geduju desire
OCS d desire
dialectal Grk thssasthai ask,
pray
Av jaiyemi ask, pray
NE bid
*gel- wish, want OCS elti wish West Central
Grk thl wish

Page 95
 Sheet1

*gen- strike OIr gonaid wounds, strikes This is the predominant verb used in the hero
?slay Lat dfend protect slays a serpent motif which plays an important
ON gunnr combat role in Indo-European mythology
Lith gen drive cattle
hunt
Rus gon a drive, a hunt
Grk then strike, phnos
murder
Arm ganem strike
Hit kunzi strikes
Av jainti strikes
Skt hnti strikes
Toch B ksk- scatter [violently]

*germs warm Lat formus warm

*gor-m- NE warm
OPrus gorme heat
Thrac germo- warm
Alb zjarm fire
Grk therms warm
Arm jerm warm
Av garma- hot
Skt gharm- heat, glow

*gih-(slo)- sinew, thread NWels gau [pl.] nerves, sinews

Lat flum thread
Lith gij thread (in a warp),
skein
OCS ica sinew
Lith gysla vein
Arm il cord

*gntos killed
*gon-o- slayer
*gons thick, sufficient Lith gan enough
OCS gonti suffice
OPers gani full
Skt ghan- thick
?Grk euthen flourish
Arm y-ogn much
*gr-no- heat

Page 96
 Sheet1

*gr-to- heat {1} [AL] Considering the fact that 'ghee' is

'melted butter', derivation from the verb 'to heat'
is more probable that connection with ghar 'to
sprinkle'. For MIr. gert 'a product of cattle
excluding calves, esp. milk or manure' see
Schrijver 1996.

*gren- think ON grunr suspicion, grundr West Central

meditation suggesting that the Greeks or their ancestors
Grk phron think, phrn once placed the organ of knowledge in the chest
and not the head
midrif
spirit
*grenss warm OIr grs heat, fire Celtic-Indic isogloss
Skt ghrams- heat of the sun
*gieh- bow-string

*gihwo- resin, pitch OIr b pitch the plants living material

Rus ivicsoft resin from *gwyeh- to live
Arm kiv tree pitch, mastic
*glmtur vulture Lat voltur volturis volturus
Grk blosur-pis vulture-eyed
*gm-sk go (to)
*gorh- mountain OCS gora mountain Always 'forest' in Baltic
forest Alb gur rock
Av gairi- mountain
Skt gir- mountain,
*gou-deh- sucking cows
*gou-kolos cowherd MIr bachail cowherd
cow turner Grk bouklos cowherd
*gou-sth-- sheltered place for cattle Skt goth- sheltered place for Could be independant formation
cattle
Celtiberian boustom cattle stall

*gus cow OIr b No semantic distinction between these three

Lat bs
NE cow
Latv guovs
Grk bous
Arm kov
HierLuv wawa-
Av gu
Skt gu-
Toch B keu

*greh-u- heavy Grk bars {1} [AL] According to de Vaan 1997, YAv.
*grh-u- MIr bair +heavy gouru.zaora- ( Yt 10.113) must be emended to
*pouru.zaora- [adj] 'of many oblations'. The
Lat gravis heavy
Middle Iranian adjective for 'heavy, difficult' is
Latv grts heavy *garn: MP gl'n, (Man.) gr'n, Parth. gr'n, Sogd. r'n
Toch B krmr weight, (Buddh.Sogd. r'nh 'pregnant'), which most
heaviness probably represents an extension of *gar < PIr.
Skt gur- heavy *garu- with a suffix -n.
{2} [AL] In view of the late attestation of this
term and its rather technical meaning, I would
hesitate to explain gru- by compositional
laryngeal loss. Maybe a simple dissimilation? {3}
[AL] For the short vowel in the root cf. Lubotsky
1997b.

Page 97
 Sheet1

*grh-w-on- quern OIr bru quern From *gwr(e)h(-u) heavy

NE quern
Lith grna millstone, grnos [pl.] Beeks has *h for the laryngeal
quern
OCS rny quern
Arm erkan quern
Skt grvanif it does indicate a
stone for pressing soma
Toch B krwee stone [if
<*millstone]).

*gret-sos thick MIr bres large, thick North-West

Lat grossus thick
*grh-ino- rocky terrain, crag OCS gora 'mountain'
Lith. giri 'wood', Alb. gur 'rock'.
*grmhdh--s poet? OIr bard from *grmh-deh- praise-put
NWels bardd very possibly independant creations
Av garm d- give praise
Skt giram dh- give praise
*grihw-eh- neck Latv griva river mouth Possibly derived from the verb *gwer(h)-
Rus grva mane swallow, suggests the neck viewed from the
inside, i.e. the throat.
Av grv-neck [of a demonic
being]
Skt grvneck
*guh- defecate Arm ku dung, manure
Av ga- dirt, excrement
Skt gtha- dung
?Lat imbbinre defile with
menstrual blood
OHG qut dirt, excrement
*gyhwyom animal Grk zon animal built on the root *gyeh- > *geih- to live
Toch B aiyye sheep/goat
*gyeh- physical power ON kveita make an end to, kill
overcome Grk b physical force, violence
Skt jyforce, violence, jinti
overpowers, suppresses

*gyo- sinew, bowstring

*yeuh- chew NE chew
Rus ujchew
NPers jvdan chew
Toch AB uw- eat
*h(e)n-ter between {1} The analysis of the second part is disputed.

*h(e)su- good Grk es good, useful

Hit ssu- good
Lat erus master
Celtic divine name Esus
*h/eis- refresh Grk iers manifesting divine
power, holy, hallowed, iomai
heal
Av - strength
Skt - refreshment, comfort,
strength, iir- strong, lively
Hit iski(ya)- salving or
anointing

Page 98
 Sheet1

*h/ek- rake, harrow Lith akti to harrow

NWels oged
Late Lat occa
OE eg(e)e ecgan
dial Grk oksna
Grk gmos furrow
Oss adoeg [< *agoed ] 'furrow
Hit akkala- furrow or type of
plough

*h/h(e)s- mouth MIr mouth

Lat s mouth
ON ss mouth of a river
Hit a(y)is-mouth
Av h- mouth
Skt s- mouth
*h/okteh- harrow, rake NWels oged harrow
Lat occa harrow
OE eg(e)e harrow, rake
Lith akios [pl.] harrow
Oss adg [< *agd] furrow
*h/msos shoulder Lat (h)umerus {1} Possibly *hemso-. [AL] Hitt. anassa- '(lower)
Goth ams shoulder part of the back' is most probably unrelated, as it
Grk omos shoulder must stand for /(a)nassa-/ (Kloekhorst, forthc.)
Arm us shoulder
Hit an(as)sa- hip, buttocks
upper back
Skt msa- shoulder
Toch B ntse shoulder
*h/r- speak a ritual formula Lat r address the gods,
rculum oracle
Grk ar prayer
Hit ariya- consult an omen
Rus orcry out
Skt ryati acknowledges,
praises
*hdnt- tooth OIr dt Originally a participle from the verb *hed- eat
*hd-ont- Lat dns (cf. Hit adant-eaten)
NE tooth
{1} Based on acc.sg. dantam.
Lith dants {2} See kardatin-.
Grk odn {3} [AL] Gr. (Aeol.) [nom.pl.] 'tooth' does
Arm atamn not prove *h, being a folk-etymological
Av dantan- adaptation. The IE root-present of the verb *hed-
Skt dnt- 'to eat' clearly shows that the root was not
Rus desn gums resultative.

*he- anaphoric pronoun {1} Forms a suppletive paradigm with ay- [2].
[AL] The PIE nom.sg.m. was *he, to which -i- (+
PIIr. *-am) was secondarily added. For the
reconstruction of the PIE paradigm see Beekes
1982-3: 208ff.
{2} With i- from the acc. im.

*he/oti over

Page 99
 Sheet1

*hd- eat OIr ithid eats

Lat ed
NE eat
Lith du eat
Grk d eat (up), devour
Arm utem eat
Hit tmi eat
Av aiti let eat
Skt dmi eat
Toch A ntsw- starve < *not-
eat).

*hedie today {1} ady must be due to metrical lengthening. Cf.

sa-dyas 'on one day, on the same day,
immediately' (RV+), but the formation of adya is
unclear.
{2} Hardly the same formation.

*hedonom food Grk edann from *hed- eat

Hit adanna-
Skt danam
*hdwl pain Hit idlu- evil From a root *hed- eat or bite
evil Toch B yolo evil the word means evil in both Anatolian and
OIr idu pains, birthpangs Tocharian
Grk odn pain, sufering
*he 1S I Lat ego I Accusative (*hme) is found as the base form for
OE ic I (> NE I) Celtic (OIr m I), Anatolian (e.g. Lyc amu mu I,
me), and Tocharian (Toch B as [< hme-ge]).
Lith a I
Arm es I
emphatic form *hegm
OCS *( j )az
Alb un
Grk eg(n)
Skt ahm

*heg- be in need, lack Lat ege need

ON ekla lack
Hit aki dies
Toch AB yk- neglect, be
careless about [<*be lacking
with regard to]
*he- say Lat ai say
Grk e said
Arm asem say
Toch AB ks- announce,
proclaim, instruct
*he- cow OIr ag No semantic distinction between this and other
Arm ezn cow words
Skt ahi-
*he(s) out (of) OIr ess- out West-Central
Lat ex out (of )
Latv iz out
OCS iz out
Grk eks from, out of
*hehom I
*heis hedgehog OE igil
Lith es
Rus e
Grk ekhunos
Arm ozni
Phrygian ezis
Oss wyzyn

Page 100
 Sheet1

*hgmi drink Hit ekumi I drink

Lat brius having drunk ones
fill, drunk
Grk nph am sober (< *nehe
g not drink
Toch AB yok- drink
*heht-mn- breath OE re {1}Also in reflexive usages (RV+).
Skt tmn-
OHG tum breath
Toch A cm self, soul

*hehtr- lung, internal organ Celtic inathar entrails Poses horrendous problems of semantic
OHG d(a)ra vein reconstruction
Grk eto heart, etron belly,
abdomen
Av hv-ra- comfort
*hehug()- announce {1} [LK] To be distinguished from the forms of the
root vh 'to respect'
see Insler 1996
Kmmel 2000: 488. vcam hise probably does
not belong here
see Insler 1996: 184 ('[like a messenger his]
word, I respect [you]').
{3} [AL] This is an original reduplicated present
of *huegwh- (attested in e.g. Lat. voveo), cf.
Lindeman 1972: 67.

*heh-os- mouth {1} Not a-ns- 'without a nose' > 'with a flat
nose'.
{2} [AL] Cf. also paraca 'before (my) eyes' ( Yt
8.1), Gershevitch apud Panaino 1990: 89.

Page 101
 Sheet1

*hi this (one) Lat is s/e/id he/she/it Masc emphatic *heyom

*hih- OHG ir er/iz ez he/it Neut emphatic *hidom *hideh
*hid Lith js/j he/she
Cypriot Grk n him, her
HierLuv is this
Skt aym/iym/idm
he/she/it;this
*hei- go Lat e go {1} [AL] It is unclear whether inoti (RV) 'to send,
Goth iddja went impel' and y ate (RV+) 'to speed' belong to this
Lith eim go root.
OCS iti go
Grk emi will go
Hit yanzi they go
Av aiti goes
Skt ti goes
Toch AB i- go

*hei-ti pour libation, to

*heig- move ON eikinn furious
OCS igrati play
Grk ep-eg drive on
Skt jati stirs
*heih(s)- ice NE ice (hoar)frost
Lith ynis glazed frost
Rus nej hoarfrost
Av axa- frost, ice
*heis- set in motion Skt i ti
Av a-
ON eisa go dashing
Grk in pour

Page 102
 Sheet1

*heish- send {1}[LK] Thus according to Got 1993: 130. This

and other perfect forms built on the stem iyes-/s-
are likely to belong to es [1] 'to wish', see
Kmmel 2000: 126ff.

*hitr way, road Lat iter a going, walk, way r/n heteroclitic, from the verbal root *hei- go
Hit itar a going
Toch B ytrye road, way
*heiwos yew OIr o yew
OPrus iuwis yew
Lith iev bird cherry
Rus va willow
Hit eya(n)- +yew
*hekt- net Myc dektu-
Grk dktuon
Skt ku-
Hit kt-
*hweh- mare Lat equa
Lith ev av
Av asp
Skt v-

Page 103
 Sheet1

*hwos horse OIr ech {1}Hitt. (Kikkuli) assussanni- 'horse-trainer' is

Lat equus most probably a loan word from Indo-Aryan. Also
OE eoh HLuv. asu- (and Hitt. assu-, if existent) 'horse'
may be loan words.
Grk hppos
Av aspa-
Skt va-
Toch B yakwe
HierLuv azu(wa)-
Lith avenis stallion

*hel- go MWels el may go West Central

Grk elan drive
Arm e climbed, came out
*hel- waterbird, swan OIr ela
Lat olor
Grk el ?
*hlem mountain elm (Ulmus mant MIr lem elm
Lat ulmus elm
NE elm
Rus lem mountain elm
*helew- juniper, cedar Rus jlovec juniper
Grk elt pine, fir
Arm eevin cedar
*helhn red deer Lith lnis, Rus olen
Grk laphos, all red deer
Arm en hind
Toch B yal gazelle
*helhnh- hind/cow-elk NWels elain
adult female Cervus Lith ln
elaphus OCS lanialni
*hles- ulcer Lat ulcus ulcer [> by borrowing
NE ulcer]
Grk hlkos ulcer
Skt ras- haemorrhoids
*helu-(s/no-) dull red OHG elo yellow {1} Less probable to PIE *hreudh-.
reddish Av aurua- white
Skt aru-, 'aru- reddish,
golden

*hem- take, distribute Lat em take North-West

Lith im take
OCS im take
*hem-o- my {1} Only attested in the formula (AV 14.2.71 with
repetitions in later texts) amo 'ham asmi s tvam
'This one here am I, she thou'. Probably, unrelated
to amu-.
{2} Connection with ama- uncertain.

*hemps gnat, stinging insect OE ymbe swarm of bees Uncertain

Grk emps gnat
*hen in
*hn-do into Lat endo in
Alb nd in
Grk ndon within
Hit anda(n) in

Page 104
 Sheet1

*hen-t(e)rom innards ON innr entrails

OCS jtro liver
Grk ntera [pl.] entrails
Arm nderk entrails
Skt antr- entrails
NE innards
*hen(i) in, into OIr in in(to)
Lat in in(to)
NE in
Lith i in
Alb inj up to
Grk en in
Arm i in,Toch AB
y(n)- in, among
*hendrs egg, scrotum Rus jadr kernel, scrotum Built on a preposition and indicates that which is
Skt d- egg, scrotum, [dual] inside
testicles
*hene- attain OIr ro-icc reaches
Lat nanci attain
OE geneah is adequate (cf. NE
enough)
Lith ne carry
OCS nes carry
Grk enegkeiun to carry
Arm hasanem arrive
Skt anti nati gains
Toch A ents- take, grasp, seize

*hnhu without NHG ohne without

Grk neu without
Oss n without
*hni-hk-o/eh- face OIr enech
Grk enp
Av ainika-
Skt nka- face, front
Gr. ps 'face'
OCS oi 'eyes'
*hentr into, between OIr eter into, between derived from *hen in
Lat inter between
OHG untar(i) between
OCS tr inside
Alb ndr between, among
Av antar within, between
Skt antr between
*hentero- inner {1} Both interior and intr are based on Lat.
*interus.
{2} = Lat. *Intera.
{3} From PGm. *inerz.

*hentmho- innermost
*hentos within {1} Cf. Paa (Chils) andastn from *antah-
sthna-.
{2} Not an exact correspondence of antastya-.

Page 105
 Sheet1

*henu along {1} nu is found in a few old compounds, cf. an-

nukrrtya- [adj] 'inimitable' (RV), nujvara- [adj]
'born after' (TS+), nuska- [adj] 'shot after' (TS),
etc. For nusak see s.v.
{2} The weak stem is anc- (RV acc.pl. ancas, f.
anc) , which also forms the basis of a few
derivatives, e.g. ancna- [adj] 'successive' (RV+),
anka- [n] 'backbone' (AV+), ankya- [n]
'backbone' (RV+), ancya- [n] 'lengthwise piece
(of a seat, bed)' (AV+).
{3} [AL] The difference between PIIr. Hanu and
Hnu may represent *henu vs. *honu , cf. *hepi
vs. *hopi .
{4} IE derivation is not very certain. Cf. also YAv.
ana 'along'.

*henu-hp-o- along the water

*hep- take, seize Lat opt wish {1} Secondary present, formed in parallel to as-
grab OCS za-(j)ap presumption, no-ti. For PIIr. we can only reconstruct the perfect,
suspicion which undoubtedly was the original formation.
Grk epi-psomai choose

*hep-weh- mortal fear {1} Etymology given by Pokorny (Lith. opus

'weak', etc.) is very uncertain.
{2} Connection with apv - remains uncertain
(Hoffmann's etymology).

*heperos boar Lat aper

OE eofor
Rus vepr
*hepi near, on OIr iar after {1} [AL] SB pi-dhna- is a ghost word (pace
*hopi on, to Lat ob towards EWAia): this form has been wrongly extracted
from a compound dvr-apidhna- n. 'closing of
Lith ap- about
the door' (due to the fact that the usual form of
OCS ob on the word for 'door' in Late Vedic is dv ra-). A
Grk epon, upon, on top of, similar origin must be assumed for pi-hita- and pi-
pisthen behind hityai, attested in late texts.
Arm ev and, also
Av aipi upon
Skt pi also, in addition

*hepop hoopoe Lat upupa

NE hoopoe
Lith puptis
Pol hupek
Grk pops
NPers pp

Page 106
 Sheet1

*her- arrive, get somewhere {1} [AL] For a discussion on the two roots ar- see
Kmmel 2000a.
{2} [AL] The attribution of the thematic aorist to
ar [2] is due to Kmmel 2000a.
{3} [AL] Synchronically, this causative belongs
here, cf. Kmmel 2000a: 254.
{4} [AL] For this form see Kmmel 2000a: 263f.

*her- earth NE earth West-Central

Grk r earth
*her- set in motion (horizontally) Grk rkhomai set out
come
got
Skt rmcchti goes towards,
reaches
Hit arta stands, is present,
occurs
*herego- pea Lat ervum pea Seen by many as a Near Eastern loanword.
OHG araweiz pea
Grk robos pea
*herh- quiet, at rest NWels araf quiet, calm
Gothic rimis rest
Lith rmti to be calm
Grk eremos lonely
Skt rmate stays still, calms
down
*herh- row OIr r d rows
NE row
*herhtr rower
Grk erts
Skt aritr-
*herh-ter- rower {1} RV 02.042.01
09.095.02 ariteva nvam 'like a ferry-man the
ship'. The verbal root *ari- has probably
disappeared because of the three homonymical
roots ar-.

*herhtrom oar, paddle Lith rklas from *herh- row

Skt artra-
Lat rmus oar
OE ror steering-oar
NE rudder
*herhs- be well disposed to someo Grk ramai love
Toch AB yrs- be deferential,
respectful
*herh- wash Hit rr(a)-
Toch A yr-

Page 107
 Sheet1

*heri- sheep/goat Grk riphos young of a goat

OPrus eristian lamb
Lith ras lamb
Arm oroj lamb
Lat aris
Skt reya-
Toch B ariwe
*herk- praise Hit arkuwai- explain, answer {1} [AL] The meaning 'to shine, be brilliant' is
?sing Skt rcati praises rare in Vedic ( Got 1987: 97ff. and further
Roesler 1997).

*herks song of praise OIr erc heaven XXX Tucker

Arm erg song
Oss araaw tale
Skt ark- song
Toch B yarke honour
*hermen- sickness OE earm weak, wretched
Alb jerm stupor
Arm oorm pity
Hit arman- rman- sickness
*hers- flow Hit arszi flows
Skt rati flows
Grk aper pour out
Lat err go astray
OHG irran confused
Arm eam seethe, be disquieted

*hers- stream

Page 108
 Sheet1

*hes- be Lat est {1} 2sg.pres.act. *hesi < *hes-si, 3sg.pres.act.

NE is *hes-ti, 3pl.pres.act. *hs-enti, 3sg.opt.act. <
Grk est *hs-ieh-t.
{2} Cf. further Schlerath II 150b, 153b, 158a,
Skt sti 160a.
{3} abhisti- [m] 'helper' (RV+), abhisti- [f] 'help,
assistance' (RV+) may derive both from abhi-as-
'to be superior' and from abhi-sth- 'to
overpower, defeat
to rise over'.

*hes- throw, hurl Hit siyzi throws, hurls

Av as- throw
Skt syati throws, hurls
*hs- sit Grk esthai sit This appears to be an intensive of *hes- be (one
*hehs- Hit sa sits, szi stays, remains, might note that Spanish employs both the
is left original verbs be and sit in its paradigm for
be.
Av ste sits
Skt ste sits {1} [AL] This form is not well explained.
{2} [AL] Most probably, based on reduplicated
present.

*hes-en- autumn Goth asans summer, harvest It is the only season for which we do not find a
time reflex in Indo-Iranian
OPrus assanis harvest
OCS jesen autumn
Grk op-r end of summer
harvest time (< *op-osar-)
Hit zena(nt)- autumn
*heshh- mistress Lat era
*heshs master Lat erus
Hit ish- master, lord, owner

Page 109
 Sheet1

*hshrm (flowing) blood Lat asser

*heshr(-g-) Grk ar
*hshr-no- Arm ariwn
Hit shar
Skt srmk
Toch B yasar
*heske(h) towards {1} [AL] It is unclear whether Lat. sque belongs
here. For a discussion of the etymology see
Lubotsky 2001a: 41f.

*ht(e)no- kernel MIr eitne kernel [< *heteniyom The semantic equation is excellent, but the usual
NIr eitne and dialectally eithne] Irisht- is phonologically irregular (expected isth-);
Grk tnos thin soup made from
peas or beans

*heti and / further, yet Gaulish eti also, further

beyond Lat et and also
Goth i but
Grk ti yet, further
Skt ti over, towards
*heu- put on clothes, cover Lat indu put on [clothes], exu Beekes gives *hou-
take of [clothes]
Lith ati put on shoes
OCS obuj put on shoes, izuj
take of shoes
Arm aganim dress
OIr fan tunic
Toch B ewe inner skin
*heu(h)- empty, wanting Grk eunis deprived
Arm unayn empty
Lat vnus empty
NE wan, wane
Av na- wanting
Skt n- lacking
*heug- speak solemnly Grk ekhomai pray [for], vaunt present *heugetor
Lyd ow- +proclaim
Av aojaite says, pronounces
Skt jate they praise

Page 110
 Sheet1

*heuh- help, protect

*heuh-men- help
*heuh-os- help
*heuk- become accustomed OIr do-ucci understands {1} [AL] The Ir. roots *iau- 'to learn, teach' and
Goth bi-hts used to *mau- 'id.', which are only attested from Middle
Iranian onwards, are most probably due to a
Lith jnkstu become accustomed
wrong analysis of prefixed formations in *abi-, *ni-
to, and *ham-, respectively ( Cheung 2007 s.vv. with
OCS uiti teach, vyknti ref.).
become accustomed
Arm usanim learn, be used to
Skt cyati is accustomed to

Page 111
 Sheet1

*heus- burn, singe Lat r burn {1} [AL] usnti is not attested in the AVP. At AVP
ON ysja fire 9.16.5 read asnti with the Orissa mss.
Alb ethe fever
Grk he singe
Skt ati burns, singes

*hger- awake Alb ngre awake, raise up, lift

Grk egrgora was awake
Av jagra was awake
Skt jgrti is awake, awakes
?Lat experg I waken (if from
*ex-per-gr-)

*hi- this {1} < nom.sg.f. *hih, nom.acc.sg.n. *hid,

acc.sg.m. *him + the added IIr. particle *-am.
The acc.sg.m. form was the basis of the IIr.
pronominal stem *ima-.

*hi-deh now
*hidh here OIr -id- [infixed particle]
Lat ib there
Grk ith-gens here born
Skt ih here

Page 112
 Sheet1

*hieh drive {1} [LK] y ate may represent either a -ya-present

(class IV
thus most scholars, in particular Insler) or a
reduplicated present (*hi-hiu-toi or *hi-hiuh-toi,
with the subsequent thematicization
thus Eichner, Joachim) and belong to either y [1]
or ay [1]
see Kulikov 2001: 261f.
{2} Perhaps a laryngeal enlargement of *heiu-
(Skt. ay [1]), i.e. *hiu-eh-.

*hieh-went- as much as

*hio-tro where
*hsus arrow Grk is
Av iu-
Skt u-
*hiteros (an)other Lat iterum again Latin-Sanskrit isogloss
Skt tara- the other, another
*hith thus MWels yt- (verbal particle) {1} [AL] Possibly, Iranian has adopted the onset
Lat item also, likewise, ita so, of *uta.
thus, in this manner
Lith [dial.] it as
Skt ti thus, in this manner
*hle(n)g- light (of weight) OIr laigiu lighter, poorer
Lat levis light
NE light
Lith legvas light, easy, slight
OCS lgk light
Alb leht light, soft, slight,
nimble
Grk elakhs small, little
Oss roewoeg light
Toch B lankutse light
OHG lungar rapid
Grk elaphrs light, fast
Skt lagh- fleet, fast

Page 113
 Sheet1

*hlei (make) shake {1} Only attested in the Yajurvedic mantra red asi
'you are trembling', probably resulting from the
reintrepretaton of rejasi 'you tremble' (see Got
1987: 272).
{2} The root is not directly related to *(H)leig- 'to
spring'.
{3} [AL] In Middle and Modern Iranian we further
find the root *larz- 'to shake, tremble', which
seems to reflect a reduplicated *ra-r(i)z-: Sogd.
(Chr.) wlrz-, wdrz [verb] 'to tremble, shake' (+
*uu i-)
MP llc- /larz-/ [verb] 'to shake, tremble'
Parth. lrz- [verb] 'to tremble'
NP larzdan [verb] 'to shake'
Khwar. ryk 'shaking fever, ague' (+ *abi-)
Pash. rdedl [verb] 'to shake, tremble'.

*hleig- jump OE lcan leap, fly

NPers lxtan jump
Skt rjate tremble
Grk elelz whirl around
Lith ligyti run around wildly
*hleng- blame, reproach Grk elgkh blame Where it is taken to indicate the practice of
Hit li(n)k- swear calling down a curse on oneself if one violated an
oath
*hleud- go (out) Aorist *hleudt
OIr lod went
Grk luthon went
and Toch AB lac- went out
*hleud- grow OIr lus plant
Lat Lber god of growth
OE lodan spring up, grow
Av raodaiti grows
Skt rdhati grows
Lat lber [pl.] children
Lat lber free
Grk eletheros free
NHG Leute people
Lith liudis common people
Rus ljdi people, servants

*hleudos people, freeman OE lod people, nation it derives from the verbal root *hleudh- grow,
NHG Leute people increase, which in other forms is found, for
Lith liudis people example, in Lat lber children.
OCS ljudje [pl.] people
Khowar loi people
man, person
*hlng-u- fast, quick

*hnd-wen- road {1} [AL] NB: Pok.'s analysis is wrong.

{2} Accent uncertain. Presumably, an original
Instr.sg. of adhvan-.
*hnd-wer- road (?) {1} Probably, an original heteroclitic noun
*Hadhuar- / Hadhuan- '(holy) road'.

Page 114
 Sheet1

*hneun-domth 90 ninety
*hneun-ti-
*hnewhmm 9 nine OIr no The evidence for *h(e)n- is limited to Greek and
?*hnwhnm Lat novem Armenian, but if the actual initial was *hn-, those
NE nine would be the only two Indo-European branches to
show any trace of the laryngeal anyway. Lat
Lith devyn nnus would be much simpler to explain if the
OCS devt Proto-
Alb nnd Indo-European original ended in *-nm , whereas OIr
Grk enna nmad, Skt navama- are harder, and Toch B muk
Arm inn 90 almost impossible, to explain unless we start
Av nava from *-mm. The evidence of Baltic and Germanic
would seem to favour *-nm except we know that all
Skt nva
final ms became n in the histories of those
Toch AB u branches, so they really give no evidence one
way or another.
Etymologically, the reconstructed form has been
variously explained as derived from *newos new
(see Section 18.6), hence the new number (after
eight), or from *henhu without. The Wrst
explanation has only the phonological similarity
of nine and new going for it. If the latter, it
would be another example of a subtractive
formation where the number nine would then be
explained as ten without (= less) one. Such an
explanation is strengthened by undoubted
examples in Indo-European of eleven being
[ten] with one left over. Thus the most likely
reconstruction for Proto-Indo-European nine is
*hnewhmm (an accusative to a consonant stem?),
with *hnewhnm (an old locative to an n-stem?)
also a strong contender.

*hnewhmm-mos 9th ninth OIr nmad {1} Changed from *HnauanHa- under the
*hnewhnm -mos Lat nnus influence of other ordinals in -ma-.
*hn(e)unho- NE ninth
Lith devitas
OCS devt
Alb nnd
Grk natos
Av naoma-
Skt navam-
Toch B unte

Page 115
 Sheet1

*hnmnm name OIr ainm {1} [AL] Middle-Iranian suffix nmn (< PIr. acc.sg.
*hneh-men- Lat nmen * nmn-am) in Sogd. and Parth. nmn, NP mn, cf.
NE name also Sogd. t'nm'n, Parth.'w'nm'n, NP bahmn 'so-
and-so' can hardly be old. XXX Sims-Williams JRAS
OPrus emens 1990.
OCS im {2} [AL] Gr. (Dor.) - in a personal name
Alb emr ', attested on one inscription,
Grk noma must be secondary.
Arm anum
Hit lman
Av Skt nma
Toch B em

*hnmnm deh- name (to put a name) OCzech dieti jm

Hit lman d-
Skt nma dh-
Grk onomatothts name-giver

*hgis snake NWels euod sheepworm

OHG egala leech
Grk khis viper, phis snake
Arm i snake, viper
Av ai- snake
Skt hi- snake
Toch B auk
*hoi-no-s 1 one OIr on only one, single The root etymology is generally presumed to be
Lat nus one the anaphoric pronoun, i.e. *hei-, cf. NE one in
the sense One does what ones told. Although
NE one
there are a number of other theories, this
Lith venas one etymology is one of the few thought up for any of
OCS ino- one- [as a prefix], jed- the numbers that is at all likely to be correct.
in- one Because *hoinos (etc.) is etymologically
Alb nj one transparent it is probably a relatively recent
Grk on ace on a die addition to the number system. The variation in
Grk oos single, alone < *hoi- suffixes (*-no-, -*wo-, *-ko-) in the various stocks
also suggests the form of this number was still
wo-
somewhat plastic at the time that Proto-Indo-
Av ava- one < *hoi-wo- European unity was dissolving.
Skt ka- one < *hoi-ko-

*histro/eh- anger, any strong feeling Lith aistr passion West Central
Grk ostros gadfly, sting, anger from *heis- set in motion

*hitos a going; oath OIr oeth oath It is commonly derived from the verb *hei- go
NE oath which has been explained by a
practice of walking between slaughtered animals
Grk otos course, fate
as part of taking an oath
Toch B aittaka directed towards

*hnhes- burden Lat onus burden

Skt nas- wagon-load
*hnteros other NE other North-West
Lith atras other, second
OCS vtor second

Page 116
 Sheet1

*hop- desire Lat opt wish West Central

OCS za-(j)ap presumption, perhaps from *hep- grasp
suspicion
Grk epipsomai choose
*hopi-beh omen, inauspicious event
*hops (animal) fat Lat ad-eps lard, suet
Hit apuzzi animal fat, tallow
Roshani aawoj (< *ad-op-eko-)
piece of lard
Toch B op + fatness
Arm atoc abundant, fertile
*hordo- separate {1} [AL] For the meaning see Lubotsky 1988: 71,
fn. 21.
{2}[AL] This Baltic root cannot be related with
Skt. ard- because of its circumflex intonation.
Connection of ardha- with Lat. orbis 'circle' < PIE
*hor-dhh-i- seems improbable to me.

*horhdeh- heron Lat ardea heron Some kind of waterbird

ON arta teal
SC rda stork
Grk (e)rdis heron
stork
*hrs(o)- rear-end NE arse/ass
Grk rros rump
Arm o rump
Hit rra- rri- arru- rump
*huhdrm breast, udder Lat ber udder, teat, [lactating] {1} [AL] For Fi. udar (gen. utaren) 'udder',
breast Mordvin odar 'id.', Mari waar, woar 'id.', being
probably borrowed from PIIr., see Katz 2003: 198f.
NE udder
Lith pa-dre abdomen
Grk outhar udder
Skt dhar- udder

*howes- (inner) skin Lat mentum fatty membrane or Derived from verbs meaning to cover
caul covering the intestines
Toch B ewe inner skin, hide
*hreb- cover with a roof Grk erph cover with a roof An o-grade derivative in Germanic *hrobh-tro-
and orph roof gives us NE rafter (and by way of borrowing from
Khufi raw j plank ON we have NE reef

*hreg-es- (place of) darkness Goth riqis darkness

Toch B orkamo dark
Arm erek evening
Skt rjas- night
Grk rebos, the name of the
underworld
*hrei- move NE run
OCS vy-rinoti thrust out
Skt rvati lets flow
Grk orn stir, ern be angry
with, i.e. be stirred up
Toch AB rin- renounce

Page 117
 Sheet1

*hreih- move Skt rin

*hrihts
OIr rathor
Skt rt- stream, run
Lat rvus brook
*hreik- tear (of) NWels rhygo
Grk erek
OHG rhan pull a thread
Lith rieki cut bread
Skt rikhti scratch
*hreip- tear Lat rpa river bank West-Central
ON rfa tear out an extended form of the unextended, and
Grk erpnai [pl.] broken clif unattested, *hrei- also seen in the more widely
attested *hreik-

*hrem stop, come rest

*hrep- snatch, pluck Lat rap snatch away, carry of, West Central
plunder
Lith ap-repti seize, embrace
Alb rjep rrjep flay, rob
Grk erptomai browse on, feed
on [< *pluck]
*hres- liquid, moisture Lat rs dew
*hers- Lith ras dew
OCS rosa dew
Av Raha, the name for the R.
Volga
Skt rsa- liquid, moisture
Alb resh rains

Page 118
 Sheet1

*hreud- (bright) red OIr rad red

Lat rfus red
NE red
Lith radas
Rus rdyj blood-red, red-haired
Av raoidita- red
Skt rhita- red, loh- reddish
Lat ruber red
Grk eruthrs red
Skt rudhir- red
Toch B ratre red

*hreud-it-o- red {1} [AL] For the development -dh- > -h- in Skt.
see Lubotsky 1995a.
*hreug- belch Lat rg
?vomit OE rocettan
Lith riugmi
Rus ryg t
Grk eregomai
Arm orcam
NPers -r [noun]
*hrouds the red metal, i.e. copper ON raui red iron ore A banal derivative of *hreud- red, i.e. the red
OCS ruda ore metal or copper, which probably represents
metal independent developments in diVerent Indo-
European groups
NPers rd copper
Skt loh- copper {1} [AL] For the development -dh- > -h- in Skt.
see Lubotsky 1995a.

*hrsn(-bo)- bull
*hrud-ro- red {1} The -i- in rudhira- is probably due to
contamination of *rudhra- with the compound
form rudhi (possibly attested in rudhikr -).

*hs-ent- existing, being {1} prt.pres.act. of the root *hs- 'to be'.

*hsnt-io- existing, true, real {1} A derivative of sant-, prt.pres.act. of the root
*hs- 'to be'. For the semantics cf. Hitt. /asant-/
[adj] 'true, real', Gr. ,
'to tell the truth'.

*hsnt- real, true Lat sns guilty

OE sian bear witness, prove
true
NE soothe and also NE
soothsayer
Hit asnt- being, existing but
also asn-at iyanun-at it (is)
true, I did it
Skt saty- true

*hsu well
*hsu-dh-nos rich, well-of lit. well- Grk euthen thrive, flourish West Central
placed Skt sudha na- rich
*hsu-menes(-ye/o-) be well disposed to Grk eumen am gracious i.e. good + thought + verbal suffix
Skt sumanasyte is favourable

Page 119
 Sheet1

*hub-sk- bind {1} [AL] For the phonological details of this

reconstruction see Lubotsky 2001a.

*hui- in two, apart, asunder {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal follows from the
constant long scansion of the augment in avidhat
(10 times in the RV) < *Ha-Hui-dhH-a-, the root
vidh- being due to the univerbation of the preverb
vi and dh- (cf. Lubotsky 1994a and s.v. vidh)

*huid-uh- robbed, unmarried widow

*huog-et- vow
*hure-o- fenced area {1} [AL] The meaning of vrajana- (RV 07.003.02),
usually translated as 'road, way', is not quite
clear.
{2} From root *huerg- 'to encompass' with
unexplained Schwebeablaut.

*hurh-os- breadth
*hurh-u- broad, wide

*hweh be extinguished {1} [AL] Middle forms are late, cf. esp. apa-vyate
[3sg.med.] 'to become feverish' (GB).
{2} For the Greek forms see Nussbaum, Two
Studies in Greek and Homeric Linguistics,
Gttingen 1998, 9-84, besonders 14-45
73-84.

Page 120
 Sheet1

*hweld grow, increase {1} [AL] This distribution is clear in the present,
but pf. act. has both meanings, cf. Kmmel 2000:
469ff.
{2} [AL] For the so-called vardh- [2] 'to cut' see
Kulikov XXX, who shows that this root comes from
vy-rrdh-.
{3} [AL] Schindler's idea (expressed in his
teachings) that the IIr. root Huardh- is related to
PIE root *hludh- seems attractive, although the
metathesis of -lu- to -ul- is unparallelled. The
usual direction is the opposite, but it concerns
-ur- to -ru-, cf. *ketur(C)- > *ketru- in Av. caru ,
Gall. petru (e.g. Petru-corii), Lat. quadru(r), MW
pedry , Gr. - '(helmet) with four '
*suekurh- 'mother-in-law' (cf. Skt. svasura-
'father-in-law') > *suekruh- (Skt. svasr -, OCS
svekry, OHG swigar) ( Lubotsky 1994b).

*hwer-eno- settlement
*hwerh-es width, breadth
*hwers- rain Grk ers dew
Hit warsa- rainfall
*hwes- moist, especially of the gro Umb vestikatu ofer a libation North-West
OE ws juice, broth
Latv vasa forest with wet ground
and blue clay
*hyenh-ter- husbands brothers wife Lat ianitrcs brothers wives
Lith jnt husbands brothers
wife
OCS jtry husbands brothers
wife
Grk en tr husbands brothers
wife
Arm ner husbands brothers
wife
Skt ytr- husbands brothers
wife

Page 121
 Sheet1

*h(e)nht- door-post {1} [AL] Beekes (apud de Vaan 2003: 136)

suggests a hysterodynamic paradigm nom.sg.
*henHt-h, acc.sg. *hnHt-eh-m, gen.sg. *hnHt-
hos > PIIr. *anti, *tm, *thas. The Avestan form
would be then a derivative *antiu.
{2} [AL] Here also probably P 49 ahuua loc.pl.
'house', cf. JamaspAsa - Humbach 1971: 72 and
de Vaan 2003: 136.

*h(e)po from, as of
*h(e)r-nt- silver probably from *herg- white
{1} [AL] The Khotanese form and Yazdi ld
'money' seem to point to full-grade *arz- (cf.
Cheung 2002: 164).

*h(e)us-r- dawn {1} [AL] The starting point for the r-stem seems
to be a locative in *-er
*h/(e)l()- grain (or millet?) Hit halki- barley
grain
NPers arzan millet
Grk liks spelt [borrowed from
some Anatolian language?])
Toch B lyekye barley ??

*h/eh- trust in, believe Lat men sign, omen

Hit h(i)- believe, take as truth
*h/ihos shaft (of a cart or wagon) Rus voj pole, or shaft {1} Katz 2003: 252 considers PPerm.* iu a 'shaft'
*hihs-eh- ?? Hit hissa- pole, shaft, thill [for (Komi vo, Udmurt wa), FP *aiuja 'pole' (Mordvin
harnessing draft animal to a *aja (Erzya aija, Moksha aj)) as LW from
Proto-Indo-Iranian.
cart]
Av aa- [pole-]plough, pair of
shafts
Skt - pole, shaft
Grk oion tiller, helm,
rudderpost

*h/en- bestow Hitt henkzi bestows

Grk gkos burden
Skt ma- portion, share
Alb jap give
Arm unim possess
Hit epzi takes
Av apayeiti obtains
Skt pnti obtains
Toch B yapoy land [< *+
dominion]

Page 122
 Sheet1

*h/eu- weave NE cognate weeds as in widows {1} The Skt. root variant v- is secondary, based
weeds on reinterpretation of the present vayati (like
Skt u- weave dayati from d- 'to suck').
{2} [AL] The Sogdian verb prw'y- [verb] 'to
Rus uslweaving envelop'
ptw'y- [verb] 'to roll', cited by Mayrhofer, is rather
derived from the verb *uiaH-, see vy.
{3} [AL] The colour of the laryngeal is not quite
clear.

*h/nm sis large (ofensive) knife Lat nsis sword The presumption then is that the word may have
sword Av ah- sword originally indicated a dagger or knife (as it
Skt as- sword seems to do in the earlier Vedic literature) and
that it developed the meaning sword
independently in each of the language groups in
which it is found. Some support for this comes
from the fact that there is also a Palaic cognate
(hasra-) which gives us our earliest citation of
this word and here it means dagger.

*h/nos what is bestowed Grk gkos burden Formed from the verb *h/enk - bestow
Arm hunjk [pl.] harvest
Hit henkan- fate, death
Skt ma- portion, share
*h/orbos orphan, heir OIr orb heir, inheritance Derives from a verbal form which was still
Lat orbus bereft, childless, preserved in Hit har(ap)p- change status.
orphan
{1} Hitt. harp- 'to withdraw from' is probably
OCS rab servant unrelated.
Arm orb orphan
Skt rbha- child
*h/osp- aspen, poplar NE aspen (Populus tremula, P. Validity dependant on Indo-Iranian
alba)
Lith apu ash (P. nigra)
Rus osna ash (P. tremula)
Arm opi poplar (P. alba)
NPers fih oar, Skt sphy- oar,
pole, shovel
*h/rmgi- wheel Hit hurki- wheel
Toch A wrknt wheel
*h/uhe/olo- owl NE owl
NHG Eule owl
Hit huwalas owl
*h/up- cooking vessel Lat aulla pot Suggests an association with cooking and so it
*h/uk- OE ofen furnace [> NE oven] may be presumed that this particular vessel was
so employed (although in Hittite it may also
OPrus wumpnis bake-oven
indicate a unit of measure).
Grk ipns oven
Hit hppar(a)- bowl, pot
Skt ukh- cooking-pot

Page 123
 Sheet1

*h/web- weave NE weave {1} [AL] The -f- in Iranian forms is not well
Alb vej weave explained, but has several parallels, cf. for
Grk huphan weave instance s.v. nabhya-.
Hit huppai- entangle, ensnare
Skt ubhnti ties together
Toch B wp- weave
Skt ra-vbhi-, literally wool-
weaver

*h/wdrm creatures, (wild) animals Slov vedevec werewolf heteroclitic r/n

possibly from *h/3wed- to live ??
*h/weg()- pierce Hit hwek- slaughter, butcher,
slay
OPers vag- pierce
*h/werg- commit a crime ON vargr felon, criminal
wolf
OPrus wargs evil
Rus vrog enemy, devil
Hit hurkil sin, sexual perversion
Toch B wre highwayman,
bandit

*h/wop- treat badly OIr fel bad

NE evil
Anatolian huwappi huwapzi ill-
treats, despoils
*hed to, by
*hed- cereal crop, grass Lat ador emmer wheat
Goth atisk grain Weld
Arm hat grain
Sog auk crop, cereals
Lyc ahe hay, fodder
Toch B atiyo grass
*hed()- hawthorn Old Irish *ad-, gen. aide
Hittite hat(t)-alkisnas
*he- land? root related to word *hegros
*he- lead (to)
*he-ino- (goat-)skin {1} Original 'goat skin' developed into 'skin'
already in PIIr. times.
{2} [AL] Long acute vowel in Slavic is due to
Winter-Kortlandt's Law. For the semantic
development 'goat skin' -> 'skin' cf. Russ. koa
'skin' < *koziu 'of a goat'.

*he-men- driving
*he-o- (billy-)goat {1} aja- 'unborn' does not exist.
{2} [AL] The relationship with Gr. , - 'goat',
etc. can only be considered under assumption of
a substratum loan word, cf. especially the typical
vacillation a : ai in Germanic and Celtic
substratum words, discussed in Schrijver 1997:
303f.

Page 124
 Sheet1

*he-ro- pasturage {1} The meaning and, accordingly, the

etymological attribution of this compound are
very uncertain.
{2} Different accentuation in ajra- and Gr. .

*he- cow
*heg-lo- distress {1} [AL] The accentuation is uncertain because
the accents in the TA are often corrupt.

*hego- evil
*hero- acre
*hero- hunt Gr. gr 'hunt'
Av. azr- 'hunt'
*hegnos lamb
*heh(e)r- kidney Hittite hah(a)ri- some paired
organ
Toch B arace heart
OIr ru kidney, gland
Lat rns [pl.] kidneys
*heher- thresh, rake Lat rea threshing floor
open field
Hit hahhar(a)- rake
*heh-mo- raw
*heh- burn, be hot Palaic h- be hot
*heh-mer- day Grk mr West Central
Arm awr a derivative of *heh- burn
*heh-mer- heat (of the day) Grk hmr day fr. *heh-
Arm awr day
*hh-s ash fire, and fr. *heh-
*heh-seh- hearth Lat ra A derivative of the verbal root *heh- burn (it
Hit hssa- also provides the base for NE ash)

*heh-trm fire fr. *hehx- burn, be hot

*heh-tr-eh- hearth Lat trium hall or entrance way West Central
Rus vatra hearth

*hhtr- quick, fast OHG tar quick North-West

Lith otrs lively
*hei-os- copper (?) {1} Possibly, derived from root *hei- 'to shine, to
burn'.{2} [AL] Skjrv 1997: 110 suggests to
take OAv. aiiah as a verb form of -ii- 'to
beseech'.

Page 125
 Sheet1

*heid- burn

*hei- goat? highly problematic reconstruction

*hei- own {1} [AL] The consistent short vowel in Avestan
may indicate that, whereas in Skt. the long vowel
of the perfect spread to the nominal derivatives,
the opposite development occured in Avestan (cf.
also de Vaan 2002).

*hios bronze, copper, metal

Page 126
 Sheet1

*heis- seek, want {1} [AL] See Got 1993: 125f., Kmmel 2000:
127f.
{2} [AL] See Kmmel 2000: 126ff.

*heisd- fear, honour

*he-eni- be sharp {1} A derivative of the PIE root *hek- 'sharp,

pointed'.
*he-mon- stone (meaning heaven controversial)
*hkrm maple Lat acer maple
OHG ahorn maple
Grk kastos maple
Hit hiqqar +maple

Page 127
 Sheet1

*hel-eno- other, alien {1} Opposite: nitya-.

{2} Parallel to ksetrny aranni 'other countries'
(RV 06.061.14).
{3} Opposed to Nitio-broges, cf. Skt. nitya-.

*hlbit barley Grk lphi barleymeal c.f. Hit seppit wheat with the same suffix
Alb elb barley
*held- succeed {1} [AL] With the secondary suffix accentuation
(see Kulikov 1998).
{2} The connection is not quite certain.

*helg- be of value

*helg-o- worth, price

Page 128
 Sheet1

*helgo/eh- payment, prize Lith alg payment, salary

Grk alphearnings
Hit halkuessar produce, supplies
[for cultic use]
Av arjah- value, price
Skt argh- value, price
*helh-eni- rub, grind {1} Agent noun of type caksani- 'looking' < IE
*helh-eni-.
*helwos elongated cavity, hollow Lat alvus
Grk auls
Lith alas leg of a boot
Rus lica street
Lat alv(e)rium beehive
*hem- hold on to, contain Grk m water bucket, pail These may be independently formed as well
Arm aman container
Khot handra- jar, pot
Skt matram large vessel
*hem-hes-ih wagon-chassis Grk maksa [framework or which has been explained as a compound of
chassis of] a fourwheeled wagon *hem- hold on to and *heks- axle, i.e. the
Toch A amk-pnte wagon- chassis of a wagon that holds the axle.
master

*hem-ro-s bitter, sour Lat amrus bitter from a root *hem- raw, bitter
OE ampre sorrel, dock
Skt aml- bitter
Arm amok sweet
Alb mbl sweet
*hem- tie, constrain Lat angtie
throttle
OCS constrain
Av z-constrain
Hitt cognate hammenk- tie or
betroth
*hen along in an upwards direction
*hen interrogative particle
*hen there
*hen- draw (liquids) Grk ntlon bilge-water
Arm hanem draw out, remove
Hit han- haniya- draw
[liquids]
*hen- fathers mother Grk anns
OHG ana grandmother
OPrus ane female ancestor
OCS vnk grandfather
Grk anns grandmother
Arm han grandmother
Hit hannas grandmother
OPers nyk grandmother
*hend-os- sprout {1} Borrowed into PFU *ant > Komi od 'spring
greens, germ, sprout'.
*hndes- flower Fris ndul marsh-grass
Alb nd flower
Grk nthos flower
Arm and field
Skt ndhas- a herb
the soma plant
grassy ground
*heng-ul- joint?

Page 129
 Sheet1

*hen-os- narrowness {1} Also in RV 06.003.01, where a root-noun

amh- has sometimes been assumed.

*henio- other {1} Based on an adverb similar to anyatra.

*henk- bend (v.) MPers antan bend

hook, barb (n.) Hit hinkzi bows (reverentially),
curtsies
Skt cati
OIr cath
OHG ango fishhook
OCS kot
Grk gkos barb
Av aka-
Lat uncus

*henk-os- curve
*henk-u- turn, hook
*henr manly strength Lith. nras 'will'
Hitt. innar 'forcefully'
*hensiyo/eh- reins OIr is(s)e
Grk (h)n
Myc. a-ni-ja
Skt nsyam nose cord [of a
draft-ox, etc.]
*hent- forehead OIr tan
Lat ante in front of, before
Grk ant in front of, opposite
Hit, hant- face, forehead, front
part
Skt nti in front of, opposite,
nta- end, limit
Toch B nte surface, forehead
*hentbi- around, on both sides OIr imm-imb- about, mutually
Lat ambi- on each side of,
around, about
OHG umbi about
Alb mbi over
Grk amphabout, near
Arm amb-oj complete
Av aiwit on both sides
Skt abhta- on both sides

*hentbi-kolos servant Lat anculus servant literally one who moves about on both sides
*hmbi-kol(h)-o- Grk amphpolos servant, priest
?? Skt abhicara- servant {1} Cf. for the meaning RV pari-car- 'to serve'.
{2} With secondary -.
{3} Presumably, a vrrddhi-derivative in -i- from OP
*abicara- 'servant'.

*hentero- second
*henti in front Lat ante in front of A frozen case form of *hent face, forehead (cf.
against Lith at on, upon Lith atis breast(s), Hit hant- forehead, front,
Toch B nte brow).
at
Grk antinstead of, for {1} Acc.sg. of IE *hent- 'face'.
Arm nd for
Hit anti facing, frontally
opposite, against, hanza in front
of
Skt nti opposite

*henti over, against

Page 130
 Sheet1

*hep- fasten, join Lat aptus fitted to

appropriate, fitting [> by
borrowing NE apt]
Hit happ- join, attach
Toch A ps [pl.] limbs
?Skt p- ally
*hep- water (Animate) OIr. ab river *p is sometimes voiced
{1} Also RV apsu-jit-, with loc.pl. apsu introduced
from compounds like RV apsu-ksit-, apsu-sad-
'living in the waters'. In the later language cf.
further AV apsu-yoga- m. 'water-connection' and
MS+ apsavya- adj. 'located in the waters (of
Varuna)'.

*hepero- later {1} Comparative to *hepo.

*hpes- limb, part of the body Hit hapessar limb, joint, part of An admittedly banal derivative of *hep- to fit,
the body fasten
Oss fcg projecting part of the
body, neck
Skt psas- protruding part of the
body, breast, forehead, tusk
Toch A ps [pl.] limbs

*hephon- river Hitt. hpa-

Lat. amnis , OHG -afa (in river-
names)
*hepmho- most distant {1} Superlative to apa.
{2} Connection with apama- uncertain.
*hepo away
*hepo-hk- turned backwards {1} Adj. in -ac-/-ak- from apa.
{2} Russ. opak(o) 'wrong, turned around' is most
probably unrelated to apk-.

*hepmnepts grandson of waters Skt Apm Npt

*hepotio- coming behind
*heps-os- breast
*her- nut Lith ruouts nut
Rus orkh nut
Alb arr walnut, nut tree
Grk rua nut
Hit harau- poplar
*her-o- join, assemble
*herdi- point, tip, spearpoint Gr. rdis 'point (of spear)'
*herdus high, lofty OIr ard high
Lat arduus steep, lofty
difcult
ON rugr steep
Hit harduppi- high
*her-nm t-om white (metal), silver OIr argat
Lat argentum
Arm arcat
Av rzatm
Toch B kante
*heru-(no-) light, white {1} Messap. argonan does not exist.
*herh- plow, to

Page 131
 Sheet1

*hrhtrom plough MIr arathar

Lat artrum
ON arr
Lith rklas
Grk rotron
Arm arawr
*hrhye/o- plough MIr airid ploughs
Lat ar plough
Goth arjan plough
Lith ari plough
OCS orj plough
Grk ar plough
?Toch A re if it means a plough
?Hit hars- harsiya- till the
earth

*herh- destroy Lith rti dissolve, go asunder

OCS oriti destroy
Hit harra- destroy
*herk- hold back Lat arce shut in
keep at a distance, prevent
Grk ark ward of, defend
assist
Arm argelum hinder, restrain,
hold back
Hit hark- hold, have
Toch B rk- be obliged to
*herk- rend, destroy OIr oirgid slays
Arm harkanem split, fell
Hit harkzi is destroyed
*hers- stab (?) {1} [LK] See Got 1987: 105 contra Joachim
1978: 64f.
{2} Connection with Lith. erkeetis 'thorn, sloe' is
less probable.

*heru- pray, curse Grk aromai pray, vow Greek-Luvian

call down a curse
Luv hrt- curse
*heryo- free man? noble man? goo Skt. ary- 'kind, favorable'
*hryos cavity Hit hariya- valley, dale
Arm ayr cave
Lith armu abyss
*hes- be/become dry Lat re be dry, ridus dry
Czech ozditi dry malt
Grk zomai become dry
Toch AB s- become dry
*heu down {1} The adjective is based on the adv. *avr >
*arv ( Hoffmann 1956: 9f. = Hoffmann 1076:
390f.).
*heu- enjoy {1} Connection with Lat. avna 'oats', ORuss.
ovs 'oats' is doubtful.
*heu- see {1} [AL] The analysis of this form remains very
uncertain. An interjection is a serious option.

Page 132
 Sheet1

*heu(h)s- draw water Lat hauri draw water

ON ausa draw water
Pal hussiya- pour
grk a take fire to
*heug- increase, multiply
*heug- shine, become bright Alb agon dawns Central (Albanian-Greek)
Grk augbeam of light
*heug-men- growth {1} This proto-form must have given **ogman-.
The -j- is taken from ojas-, ojyas-, etc-. [AL] These
forms may also have influenced the meaning of
the Skt. word.

*heug-os- growth, power

*huh- grandfather Lat avunculus mothers brother North-West

*heuhih- grandmother Lat avia West Central
Alb josh
Grk aa
*heuhos grandfather Lat avus
Hit hhhas
ON afi
Arm haw
Toch B we uncle
*hewer down
*hid-mo- firewood {1} [AL] Iranian shows a suffix -sma-, which is
also conceivable for Skt., although I know of no
parallels. Since s disappears between two stops
in this language, and m often behaves as a stop
(cf. vocalization in initial *mnV-, for instance), we
may assume that s also disappears in the cluster
Csm. It is remarkable that the Hittite word for
'firewood', (GISS)uu arma-, also contains this suffix
(or are these words compounds, cf. Hitt. aminu-zi
'to burn (something)', ameiiue/a-zi, imiiiue/a-zi
'(act.) to burn (something) for fumigation
(midd.) to burn for fumigation (intr.)'?).

Page 133
 Sheet1

*hieus (allotted) lifetime {1} Originally, a genitive of sphere from *Hiu-,

see yu-.
{2} [AL] Note 5x sam yoh + dh- in the RV. The
analysis of OAv. yao ( Y 46.18) is disputed. Most
probably, a form of the root d- must be supplied
there (thus Insler 1975: 87).

*hiu-hn-ti- young woman, youth

*hiu-hon- young {1} A derivative with the so-called Hoffmann's
suffix from *hoiu-, cf. s.v. yu-. [AL] The
reconstruction of the PIE paradigm nom.sg.
*hieu-H(n), obl. *hiu-Hn-, advocated by
Hoffmann 1955: 40 (= Hoffmann 1976: 382) and
Mayrhofer, seems unwarraned to me. Neither the
-a- in NP and Armenian, nor the Celtic forms
guarantee a full grade of the root.

*hlei- set in motion Hit hal(i)-)

Lith lju pour
OCS lj pour
OHG lth fruit wine
OIr lie sea
Lat ltus beach
Grk leison cup
*hmbi around {1} Maybe, from *hnt-bhi, instr. of *hent- 'front'.
{2} [AL] On the basis of these compounds, it is
often assumed that IIr. *Habhi partly continues
PIE *Hebhi, related to OCS o(b)- (Pok. 287), which
is rather doubtful.
{3} Cf. the discussion in Narten 1986a: 272.

*hmbi-hp-o- having water on both sides {1} Formed from *abhpa- (cf. anpa-, dvpa-,
pratpa-) with the ablative suffix -tas.

*hmbi-hk-o- nearness
*hmeh- mow NE mow
Grk am
Hit hamesha- spring, +early
summer < *hmeh-sho-
mowing [time]
*hmel- milk, to

Page 134
 Sheet1

*hmerd- bite, crush {1} The roots mard(i) and mrad have early
become confused in Vedic, cf. Got 1987: 250.

*hmerg- gather, harvest Lat mergae reaping boards

Grk amrg gather, harvest
*hmet- mow OIr meithel reaping party North-West
Lat met mow, harvest an enlargement of an unattested *hem-
NE meadow
*hne- reach {1} [LK] With the secondary root variants as
(based on the zero grade of nas) and nams
(extracted from the perfect stem)
see Kmmel 2000: 284ff.
{2} With the secondary full grade in the root.
{3} [AL] The forms ksisur [3pl.aor.act.] (RV
01.163.10) and aksat [3sg.aor.subj.] (RV
10.011.07) are likely to be nonce ( Narten 1964:
160), cf. the RV conc. s.v. aks- [2].
{4} Derived from three stem variants: nams- (<
IE *he-hno(n)k-/nas-, ns-/ns-, s-
see Kmmel 2000: 284ff.
{5} [AL] Unclear is the status of the Vedic root
naks- 'to arrive at, reach' (Present I: naksati
[3sg.act.] (RV+), naksate [3sg.med.] (RV+),
naksamna- [part.med.] (RV+)
Perfect: nanaksur [3pl.act.] (RV+), nanakse
[3sg.med.] (RV+)), cf. Narten 1964: 160 for a
discussion. Most probably, this root is based on
the sigmatic aorist and is not an old present with
the suffix *-se/o-. The YAv. forms nmna-
[part.pr.med.] and nite [3sg.subj.med.] ( Yt
19.12) do not prove an old thematic inflection (cf.
also YAv. athematic nma [1pl.aor.opt.act.] Y
70.4).
{6} Some forms of the root *hnek- 'to carry' (Gr.
e 'to bring, to carry away') could have
been secondarily included into the paradigm of
*hnek- in PIIr.

Page 135
 Sheet1

*hneptiho- belonging to the ofspring {1} Originally, *naptiya-, adapted to naptar-.

*hnob- navel NE nave With the indefinite article, i.e. *a nauger, this was
nave OPrus nabis nave, navel falsely analysed as *an auger and hence NE
Skt nbhya- nave auger.
OE nafo-gar auger < *naba-
gaizaz PGmc nave-piercer
*h/p(e)n- goods, wealth Lat opulentus rich, wealthy
opulent Ops deity of abundance
Grk phenos wealth
Hit happina(nt)- rich
Av afnah-vant- wealthy
Skt pnas- wealth

*ho-i- competition
*homo- driving, path, furrow
*hoiu- (allotted) lifetime
*ho-ri- sharp edge
*hol-o- other, alien
*homs raw, uncooked OIr om
Grk ms
Arm hum
NPers xm
Skt m-
*hongo- member {1} [AL] It is hardly plausible to dissociate anga-
from anguri-, angustha- and from the Germanic
forms.

*hon-o- part {1} PIIr. *onco- (possibly, before the change PIE
*o > IIr. *a) is borrowed into Finno-Ugric, cf. Fi. osa
'part, share, luck'.
{2} Not necessarily an IE formation. Possibly a
derivative of *hnek- 'to carry' or *hnek- 'to
reach'. The Schwebeablaut would, however, be
remarkable.

*hnkos something bent, hook OIr cath fishhook from *henk- bend
Lat uncus hook, barb
OHG ango Fishhook
Lith nka knot
OCS kot hook
Grk gkos barb [of an arrow]
Av aka- hook
Skt ank- curve
hook

*hor-o- fitting {1} Used predicatively with as- [1], bhavi-, kar-.
Presumably, an old acc.sg. of adj. *ara- 'fitting'.
The analysis of evre (RV 08.045.38) is unclear.

*hsdos branch OHG ast branch *ho-sd-os what one sits upon, the branch from
Grk zos shoot the birds perspective, so to speak.
Arm ost branch
Hit hasdur twigs, branches

Page 136
 Sheet1

*hst bone Lat os

*hesth- Alb asht
Grk oston
Arm oskr
Hit hasti-
Av asti-
Skt sthi
Toch B sta [pl.]
OIr esna asna ribs

*howikh- ewe NWels ewig hind

OCS ovci ewe
Skt avik- ewe
*hwis sheep OIr o sheep {1} [AL] See for these forms Schmitt 1997.
*heui- Lat ovis sheep {2} [AL] Not by haplology from avyaya- ( Schmitt
NE ewe 1997: 285, pace EWAia).
{3} [AL] The reconstruction with *h seems
Lith avs sheep necessary in order to account for the Anatolian
OCS ovn sheep and Arm. h- and for pervasive o-vocalism, in spite
Grk is sheep of the Tocharian form, which then remains
Arm hoviw shepherd unexplained. The only alternative would be to
Luv hwa/i- sheep reconstruct a static paradigm *houi- / *heui- and
Skt vi- sheep assume that the attested forms have the o-
vocalism of the former variant, and the h- of the
TochB u ewe
latter, which is hardly credible.

*hr-t- fitted

Page 137
 Sheet1

*hrehd be successful, succeed {1} [AL] ORuss. raditi [verb] 'to care for', OCS ne-
raditi [verb] 'to neglect, to be carefree' are most
probably of Iranian origin, based on Slav. *radi
[postposition] borrowed from Ir. *rd.

*hres- be unfaithful, decline

*hreu-i- sun
*hr-i-uon- with fast dogs
*hr-i-pt-i- eagle
*hr-r- shining (white), quick
*hrm(u) white Hit harkis white
Grk rguros silver
Skt rjua- light, white
Toch B rkwi white
*hrm-es-
Grk args white
*hrh-wer- arable land {1} [AL] For the reflexes of this sequence in Indo-
Iranian see Lubotsky 1997b.

*hrh-mo- shoulder, arm

*hrmtos bear OIr art Explained as a nominalized destroyer
Lat ursus
Alb ari
Grk rktos
Arm ar
Av ara-
Skt rmka-
Hit hart(ag)ga- a cultic official,
bear-man

Page 138
 Sheet1

*hstr star MIr ser star possibly from *hehx-s- burn (i.e. PIE *h(h)-s-
Lat stlla star ter- ember
NE star
{1} = *hs-ter- 'glower, shiner'
Grk astr star
Arm ast star
Hit hasterza star
Skt tras stars
*hsus be dry {1} Assimilation from *sos.
{2} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky
1985.

*hteug- terrify {1} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 221f.

{2} [LK] See Kulikov 2001: 81f. Here may also
belong tujete [3du.pres.med.] (RV 01.061.14), if
from *tujyete.
{3} [AL] The connection with MP han-dxtan
[verb] 'to heap on, obtain'
han-dztan [verb] 'id.', NP andxtan [verb] 'to
gather, obtain' seems doubtful because of
deviant semantics (see Cheung 2007).
{4} [AL] The IIr. root is often connected to Germ.
forms with s-mobile (MLG, MDu. stoken [verb] 'to
poke, stoke', MoHG stochen [verb] 'id.' < PGm.
*stukjan-, Nw. stauke [verb] 'to mash' < PGm.
*staukjan-?), assuming an original meaning 'to
thrust' vel sim., but this seems less attractive. In
Skt., the meaning developed from 'frighten' to
'drive away' > 'push forward, set in motion' (cf.
the pass. tujyate 'be put to panic').

*hug-ro- mighty

*huh-dr- cold {1} oman-, oman- [n] 'cold' (RV) is very

uncertain, see s.v. oman-.
*huh-el- wind, breeze Gr. ella 'stormwind'
*hwe-hur-i- covering {1} [AL] The loss of the internal laryngeal is
regular in this position in Indo-Iranian, cf.
Lubotsky 1995.
{2} [AL] The meaning 'lurking place', given by
Mayrhofer (after the earlier dictionaries), is
dispensable, see Geldner's translations.
{3} [AL] It is unclear whether vavra- [m] 'hole,
pit' (RV) or the hapax of uncertain meaning
vavraymahe (RV 08.040.02) belong here. Cf. also
rva- [m] 'container, prison'
bila- [n] 'hole, pit
bowl' (RV+) of similar semantics.

Page 139
 Sheet1

*hwed(h)- lead in marriage, marry NE wed It is a special use of the verb lead, indicating
Skt vadh- that the male led away the woman in the early
NWels dyweddo marry Indo-European system of marriage, a system
whose vocabulary might be later recreated, e.g.
NE wed Lat uxrem dcere to lead away a wife, i.e.
OPrus wedd marry marry
Lith ved lead, marry [of a man]
Av va- bride
Skt vadh bride

*hwed talk, speak {1} [AL] The connection of the Hittite words is
uncertain.

*hwedh- strike, push {1} With secondary thematic optative forms

since the AV (AVS 10.5.15-20 vadheyam, AVP
2.70.1 vadhet, 10.4.2 vadheyuh).
{2} [AL] This root forms one suppletive paradigm
with han.
{3} [AL] For the etymology see Kloekhorst 2008:
349f. An additional argument for the initial
laryngeal is the long scansion of the augment of
avadhh in RV 1.80.11d vrrtram marutvmm avadhr
and 8.12.26b savas vajrinn avadhh.

*hweh- blow OE wwan blow {1} [AL] In late Vedic (Br.+), we find vyati
OCS vjati blow 'blows, smells'. probably due to contamination
with v [2] ( Kulikov 2001: 459f.).
Grk si blows
Av viti blows
Skt v ti blows
*hweh-ntos wind
NWels gwynt
Lat ventus
NE wind
Hit huwant-
Skt vta-
Toch B yente

Page 140
 Sheet1

*hweh-iu- wind, air, god of wind {1} [AL] With Iranian shortening from *uu iuu-.

*hweh-nt(-o-) wind NWels gwynt from the verb to blow.

Lat ventus
NE wind
Av vta-
Skt vta-
Toch B yente
Hit huwant-
*hweh-ys wind Lith vjas wind
Skt vy- wind
*hwenisthu- stomach of a ruminant (?) {1} [AL] The discrepancy in the vocalism can be
resolved if we assume *huen- > Gr. *F- > *-
> -. The second part of the Greek word may be
influenced by , Ion. - [f.] 'womb'.

*hwep(h)- scatter {1} Most probably, the two roots vap- are
become scattered etymologically identical.
{2} [AL] Less certain is the appurtenance of Ved.
vap- [f] 'omentum' (RV-Kh+
already in the RV vapvant- 'containing vap -'
and vapodara-, an epithet of Indra)
vapr- [f] 'fireplace' (S.), vapra- [m] 'rampart'
(Ep.) and the Iranian words for 'snow': YAv. vafra-
[m], Khot. bor-, MP wafr , NP barf .

Page 141
 Sheet1

*hwer cover {1} [AL] For the initial laryngeal, the distribution
of the present forms and the etymology of the
root see Lubotsky 2000.
{2} [AL] For forms with the stem var- see s.v.
vartar-.
{3} [AL] It seems very improbable to me that the
family of varatr- [f] '(yoke-)strap' (RV), vrdhr-
[f] 'leather band' (Br.+), vardhra- [m] 'belt, girdle,
leather band' (AV+) belongs to this root.
{4} [AL] Unfortunately, the meaning and
interpretation of the OAv. forms vurite
[3sg.subj.med.] ( Y 47.6), vuraii [1sg.opt.med.]
( Y 31.3), vurimaid [1pl.opt.med.] ( Y 28.5) are
uncertain (cf. for a discussion Kellens 1984:
195f.), but their long reduplication seems to point
to an initial laryngeal in the root.

*hwer-tro- stopper

Page 142
 Sheet1

*hwerg turn

Page 143
 Sheet1

*hwes live, stay, spend the night {1} [AL] This form is erroneously listed under vas-
'to shine' in Lubotsky 1997a.

*hwes- dwell, pass the night, stay OIr foaid pass the night The word probably meant originally to spend
live, dwell time (a Hittite derivative huski means wait for,
Grk (nkta) (w)esa 'pass the linger) and subsequently developed into
meaning dwell.
night
live, dwell
Arm goy 'pass the night
Skt vsati 'pass the night
Goth wisan live, dwell
Hit hues- live, dwell
Av vahaiti live, dwell
Toch B ws- live, dwell

Page 144
 Sheet1

*hwes- light up {1} [AL] avasran [3pl.med.] (RV 04.002.19)

seems rather to belong to vas [1] 'to clothe',
since vas- 'to shine' is never middle and never
transitive (cf. Kmmel 1996: 97-99).

*hwstu dwelling Grk stu city

dwelling place Skt vstu place, seat
NWels gwas abode
Toch B ost house
*h(e)ng- nail {1} Loss of voice in the IIr. word is possibly due to
the influence of other body parts with voiceless
aspirates, like angustha-, kulpha-.

*hebi towards
*hed- give of a smell Lat ole smell, stink West Central
Lith odiu smell
OCzech jadati snif out,
investigate
Grk z smell
Arm hotim smell
*hed- hate Lat d hate [verb], odium hate
[noun]
OE atol atrocious
Grk odsasthai be angry at,
hate
Arm ateam hate
Hit hatukzi is terrible
underlies the name of the Greek
hero Odysseus

Page 145
 Sheet1

*hehu- quick Gr. kys {1} [AL] The interpretation of Lat. acu-pedius
*hu- Lat. cior 'swifter' [adj] 'with fast feet'
Lat. accipiter [m] 'hawk, falcon' (< *acu-) is
troublesome.

*heth-ti- 80 eighty {1} Precise development in Indo-Aryan is unclear.

*hek- eye Grk ppa have seen, oppe West Central

stare at

Skt ksate sees {1} [AL] According to Kortlandt 1991: 5, -i is the
original dual neuter ending.
{2} Instead of *axi, analogical to ui 'ears'.

*helek- elbow, forearm Lith olektis ell, alkne elbow a regional variant of the more widespread
Rus lokt elbow, ell *helVn-
dialectal Grk laks forearm
Arm olok shin, leg

*helh- destroy Lat ab-ole destroys

Grk llmi destroy
Hit hull(i)- combat, fight
*helVn- elbow, forearm OIr uilen corner Note that in both Latin and Germanic it also
Lat ulna forearm, ell indicates the ell, a unit of measurement
NE ell, elbow
Grk ln forearm
dialectal Grk lln elbow
Arm on spine
Toch B aliye palm

Page 146
 Sheet1

*hemh- grab, take {1} [AL] It seems unwarranted to reconstruct PIE

swear *hemh- only on the basis of Hes. . .
, next to (Hom.) ' (?)'.

*heng- anoint (with salve), (be)sm Lat ung(u) (be)smear, anoint

Arm awcanem anoint
Skt ankti anoints
OIr imb butter
OHG ancho butter
OPrus anctan butter
Skt jas- salve
*heng-l- foot {1} "Vrrddhi"-formation to PIE *hngwh-l- ?

*hngwnm butter OIr imb butter from *heng- anoint

Lat unguen fat, grease
OHG ancho butter
OPrus anctan butter
*henh- contend, quarrel Hit hann(a)- contend against,
contest, take legal action
[against], sue
Grk nomai impugn, quarrel
with
OIr on shame, disgrace,
dishonour
*henos- (cart-)load {1} anar is an analogical locative form.
{2} [AL] For the explanation of the forms see
Lubotsky 2007.
{3} The connection is uncertain. If the Hittite
verb does belong here, then reconstruct rather
*henH-, cf. Melchert 1994: 85.

*hnrm dream Alb ndrr Albanian-Greek-Armenian isogloss

Grk nar
Arm anur

Page 147
 Sheet1

*hens- be gracious to, show OHG anst favour

favour Grk prose ns gentle, kind, soft
Hit ass- assiya- be favoured,
be dear, be good

*hep-nos- property {1} [AL] The compound apna-rj- is presumably

based on the wrong interpretation of apna-stha-.
{2} The analysis is uncertain. Pok. combines Skt.
apnas- with apas-, which would mean that apnas-
continues *hep-nos- and is then 'property
acquired through work'. Gr. [n] 'wealth,
fortune' is then unrelated.

*hep-os- work {1} [AL] For pas- (RV 01.178.01 = 04.038.04)

and the reconstruction of the IIr. form see
Lubotsky 1990: 131ff.
{2} Possibly, derived from apnu- to apas- (i.e.
'working', like tapnu- 'glowing' to tapas- 'glow'),
which may be present in an Elam.-Iran. name
(from PIr. *afnu-?).
{3} [AL] Also YAv. huuapah-. For the distribution
see Lubotsky 1990: 131.

*her- rise {1} [AL] For the relationship between the two
roots ar see Kmmel 2000a.
{2} [AL] As argued by Kmmel 2000a: 254, rrnoti
in compounds with preverbs may belong to ar [2].
{3} [AL] Formed to the quasi-root r
the root ar [1] disappears during the mantra
period.
{4} [AL] See Got 1987: 263 for the analysis of
this form which is read by the Padaptha as ranta.
In Lubotsky 1997a, the form is given under the
root r- [3] 'to rest'.

Page 148
 Sheet1

*her- set in motion (vertically) Lat orior rise

a *neu-present form:
Skt rmnti sets in motion
Av rnaoiti sets in motion
Grk ornmi stir up
Arm y-arnem stand up
*her-wen(t)- racing

*hrbis circle, orb Lat orbis ring, circle, cycle

disc, world, orb
Toch B yerpe disc, orb
*herno- rising (wave)
*hes(k)- ash OIr uinnis ash Validity dependant on Hittite
Lat ornus mountain ash (Sorbus
{1} [AL] The connection of Khot. astauc 'dry
aucuparia)
land', Armenian astou, atou 'dry' (LW from
NE ash Iranian) seems doubtful to me, because its
Lith osis ash fomration is unclear.
Rus jsen ash {2} [AL] Hitt. a-a-zi [3sg.pres.act.] 'to be left
Alb ah beech over' can hardly be related, but if Hitt. hss-
Grk oks beech 'ashes
spearshaft soap
dust' is connected, which seems quite probable,
Hit hassikk- some form of tree
then the reconstruction must be adjusted to
with edible fruit ?? *hehs-o-.

*hest-(s)kihu- bone shin {1} [AL] For the etymology of this IIr. word see
Lubotsky 2002a. asthl- [f] 'honey-comb (of wild
bees)' (SB 10.3.4.3,5 arksthl -, KS 37.14:94.6,
JB 3.260 madhvasthl-) is probably a non-IE word
and has nothing to do with our word.

*heu- perceive Hit hhi see

Skt uvI see
*heu-tlo- adorn > put on {1} [AL] The derivation is uncertain. The root,
which means 'to adorn' in Anatolian and 'to put
on' elsewhere, is unattested in Indo-Iranian. The
meaning development 'to put on -> to put on
shoes' is only documented in Balto-Slavic. It is
therefore conceivable that the Iranian word is
derived from the root *Hau- 'to weave, bind' or
even from *HauH- 'to help, protect' (cf.
Rastorgueva - Edel'man: 1.255).

*heug- cold OIr acht cold West Central

Lith uti become cold
Arm oyc cold
*heust(y)o- estuary, river mouth Lat stium North-Western
Lith ostas river mouth, harbour
Rus ustje river mouth

*hewi-keh little sheep Skt. avik-

Page 149
 Sheet1

*hwis- hear Lat audi hear

Grk aisthnomai perceive
OCS aviti reveal
*hwis gives us a Slavic-Iranian
isogloss
OCS (j)av
Av vi
*hieb copulate {1} [LK] In the mss. yabhyamna-
see Kulikov 2001: 366ff.
{2} [LK] See Kulikov 2001: 368f.

*hlem- break OIr ro-laimethar dares, ventures West Central

NE lame [<*broken]
Latv lemesis ploughshare
OCS lomlj break
Alb lem threshing floor
Grk nlems without a break,
unceasingly

*hligos ill Lith lig illness

Alb lig bad
Grk olgos few
Toch B lykake small, fine
Grk loigs ruin, harm
*hmeig- drizzle, mist NE mist
Lith migl mist
Rus mgla mist, darkness
Grk omkhl cloud
Skt megh- cloud
*hmi-e/o- urinate Lat mei ming
OE mgan
Lith min
Serbo-Croatian mati
Grk omekh
Arm mizem
Av mazaiti
Skt mhati

*hmer- wipe of Grk omrgnmai wipe of Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss

Av marzaiti strokes
Skt mrmkti wipes of
*hmoig-o- cloud

Page 150
 Sheet1

*hn(e)id- taunt (to)

*hneid- abuse, curse {1} With the secondary root variant nind-
extracted from the thematic nasal present.
{2} Derived from the secondary root variant
nind-.
{3} [AL] Probably reflecting an old athematic
root-present, cf. also Tremblay 1999. The
lengthened grade and -s- of nismi come from the
monosyllabic 3sg. nist.
{4} [LK] See also Fenart & Manessy-Guitton 1974.

*hnob- navel, nave OE nafu nave {1} The Iranian -f- is not well-explained.
OE nafela navel
OIr imbliu navel
Lat umbilcus navel, umb boss
on a shield
OPrus nabis nave, navel
Grk omphals navel
Skt nbhi- navel, nbhya- nave

*hnog(w)- (finger- or toe-)nail OIr ingen

Lat unguis
NE nail
Lith ngas
OCS nogt
Grk nuks
Skt nakh-,
Toch B mekwa [pl.]
Lith nag hoof
Rus nog foot, leg
Skt nghri- foot

*hok eye OIr enech face

Lat oculus
NE eye
Lith aks
OCS oko
Grk mma
Arm akn
Av ai-(dual) eyes
Skt ki-
Toch B ek

Page 151
 Sheet1

*hor- eagle OIr irar

NE erne
Lith erlis
Rus orl
Hitt hras
Grk rnis bird
Arm urur kite, oror gull, and ori
raven
*hrduo- high, upright {1} [AL] The anlaut development in Sanskrit is
unclear, but the reconstruction can hardly be
doubted. Connection with vardh seems
improbable to me (NB: there is no evidence for
the initial digamma in the Greek word).

*hre- extend, stretch OIr rigid stretches {1} < rrji-yant- 'geradeaus gehend' ? (K. Hoffmann
OE reccan stretch out apud Joachim 1978: 61f.).
be concerned about [> NE reck]
Lith rti stretch
Grk org stretch
Skt rmjti stretches
Lat reg direct in a straight line
Av rzayeiti adjusts, arranges

*hr- stretch

*hre-es- space, region

*hr-n-ih- queen
*hr-tr- sovereign ?

Page 152
 Sheet1

*hrs ruler, king OIr r king It appears not to have been exclusively political in
Lat rx king its meaning but rather to have referred to a
Av brzi-rz- ruling in the person who also had religious functions. Indeed in
those situations where the monarchy itself
heights disappeared, as in Rome or Athens, the title of
Skt rj- king king remained in its priestly function (e.g. the
Roman rx sacrrum). This word too has beside it
a widespread feminine derivative (e.g. OIr rgain,
Lat rgna, Khot rrna, Skt rj-, all queen),
though the details of the formation diVer a bit in
the various branches. The deeper etymology of
this word has been frequently discussed
it is usually explained as an agent noun of *hreg-
stretch out the arm, direct with some arguing
that the word derives from the concept of a king
who stretches out his arms in rituals, especially
those laying out a precinct, or perhaps a more
direct semantic development from direct to
rule.

*hretos right OIr recht law, authority from *hreg- stretch out
Lat rctus right
NE right
Grk orekts stretched out
Av rata- right, straight
*hrei(h) flow {1} [LK] For the meaning, see now Praust 2001?.
XXX {2} Perhaps an enlargement of the root *her
'move'.

Page 153
 Sheet1

*hreu(h) roar

*hreuk- dig up Latv rkt dig

Grk orss dig
OIr rucht pig [i.e. *one who digs
up])
Lat runc means weeds
(<*pluck)
Skt lcati tears, plucks.
*hr-u- straight

*hsleid slip

Page 154
 Sheet1

*hweig- startle, start back

*h(e)lmb- elf NE elf

Skt rmbh- an artisan deity
*heds- axe, adze OE adesa > NE adze
Hit ates- and atessa
*hkmn stone Grk kmn anvil This semantic convergence has been variously
Skt man- stone explained by assuming that the Proto-Indo-
Europeans believed that they lived under a stone
OPrus asman- heaven
vault, that the stone hills and mountains rose to
Lith akmu stone the sky, or that stone axes fell out of the sky, i.e.
OCS kamy stone as thunder-stones (e.g., Lith Perk no akmu
thunder-stone [lit. Perknas stone, where
Perknas is the god of thunder])

*hel- grind down Grk al grind

Arm aam grind
Skt au- fine (< ground down)
Panicum miliaceum
*helbs white OHG albiz
OCS lebed
Hit alp- cloud
Lat albus white
Grk alphs white leprosy
*helh-n- sweat OIr allas sweat [noun] Celtic-Anatolian
Hit allaniye- sweat [verb]
*heli- he-goat Toch B l ram, he-goat Note that roebuck have very undeerlike horns,
Hit aliyan(a)- roebuck horns that are closer to those of goats than to
those of other deer
*hem- mother Lat amma
Grk amms
Skt amb-
*hen- (old) woman, mother OIr Ana mother of the gods
Lat anus old woman
Hit annas mother
*hep- fourth-generation marker Lat av-avus great-great- We find *hep- also in NE offspring.
grandfather
Lat abneps great-great-
grandson

Page 155
 Sheet1

*hep-r- back, behind Goth afar after

Av apara- behind, following,
other
Skt para- later
NE after (with a diferent
extension)
*hpo back, behind Lat ab from Also has a shortened version *(h)po which is
Goth af from, since used as a verbal prefix in Baltic (e.g. Lith pa-) and
Grk apfrom Slavic (e.g. OCS pa-), Av (pa-), and can also be
seen in Lat po-situs situated, and perhaps Alb pa
Hit ppa behind without
Av apa away from
Skt pa away, forth
*herg- argue, assert Lat argu assert, prove, accuse
Hit arkuwai- plead, argue, make
excuses

*herhos border, line, limit Hit arha- line, boundary {1} In RV also 'nearness'
*hent-o- Lat ra brim, edge, boundary, the original meaning is 'place to the opposite'.
region {2} Hardly etymologically identical to Got.
andeis, etc.
OE ra border, bank, shore
Latv ara border, boundary
country
limit
*hers member of ones own group Hit ar- member of ones own The evidence suggests that the word was, at least
group, peer, friend initially, one that denoted one who belongs to the
Lyc arus- citizens community in contrast to an outsider
a derivative of the word is found in Hit ra (what
*herys yields is) Wtting and natta ra not right, cf. the use of
OIr aire freeman kosher which originally meant (in Hebrew) what
Av airya- Aryan is fitting. Although in Indo-Iranian the word takes
Skt ary- kind, rya- Aryan (cf. on an ethnic meaning, there are no grounds for
ar- faithful) ascribing this semantic use to Proto-Indo-
European, i.e. there is no evidence that the
speakers of the proto-language referred to
themselves explicitly as Aryans.

*heu- eat Alb ha eat

Skt vayati eats, consumes
*heu(o) away (from) OIr from {1} Possibly, PIIr. *Hau changed to *Haua under
Lat au-fer carry away the influence of *Hapa.
Lith au- away
OCS u- away
Hit awan away, u- hither
Av ava down, of
Skt va from
*hlo- branch Rus loz vine, tendril, shoot
vine, tendril Grk olginos branchy
Av razura- forest, thicket
Hit alkista(n)-branch
*hrei mounts ON ergi lascivious behaviour
Lith ars lascivious
Rus jrzajet Wdgets, moves in
coitus
Grk orkhomai makes lascivious
motion
Ht rki arga mounts (used with
respect to a male animal)
Skt rmghyte is impetuous

Page 156
 Sheet1

*hris testicle MIr uirge A deverbative from *horghei mounts (sexually)

Alb herdhe (e.g. Hit rki mounts, Rus jrzajet Wdgets,
Grk rkhis wiggles, moves in coitus, Grk orkheomai make
lascivious motions, dance
Arm orjik
Hit arki-
and Av rz
*hup up (from underneath) OWels gwo- [preverb] From the underlying verbal root *hup that means
OE ufe- on, and with doubled go up, rise (e.g. Hit pzi [the sun] rises, Alb
consonant: OE upp(e) up [> NE hypem go up).
up]
Grk hup(to) under, by, towards
Av upa towards
Skt pa upwards, towards

*hupo-sth-i/o- servant MIr foss servant A Celtic loan into Latin gives us the Late Lat
Skt pasti- subordinate, servant vassus or vassalus, whence NE vassal.

*hwelk- pull Lith velk pull

OCS vlk pull
Alb heq pull [out], remove
Grk lka furrow
Av frvartiti carries of
*h(e)us-se-ti it lights up, dawns Lith ata it dawns From the verbal root *hewes- shine
Av usaiti it dawns
Skt ucchti it dawns
*hebi- fir Lat abis silver fir
dialectal Grk bis fir
*hebVl- apple OIr uball
*hebl NE apple
Lith obuols
Rus jbloko
Pashto maapple, if from
*amarna- <*abarna-)
*hed at, to OIr ad- [preverb] West-Central
Lat ad to, at found in the North-West and Phrygian
NE at
Phryg ad- to
Irish ad- to
*hed-ber- sacrifice OIr ad-opair sacrifice
Umb arsfetur priest
Skt pr- bhartar- one who brings

*he- drive Lat ag

Grk g
Skt jati
OIr ad-aig drive
ON aka travel
Arm acem lead
Toch AB k- lead
OIr tin (< *to-a-no-) b cattle
raid
Lat bovs agere to drive or raid
for cattle
Av gm vartm az- drive of
cattle as booty

*he- fight Grk agn athletic contest

Skt jman- career, passage,
battle, j- race, fight
OIr tin [< *to-ag-no-] raid

Page 157
 Sheet1

*heg- be afraid, be downcast OIr ad-gathar fears West Central

ON agi terror
Grk khos mental pain or
distress
*heg-los unpleasant Skt aghal wound from a root *heg-
OE egle disagreeable, the *-lo- suffix may have been added
loathsome independently in the two regions.
Av a- bad
Skt agh- bad, aghal- terrible

*hgleh- affliction NE ail

Av ar type of disease
Skt ghr affliction
*heglu rain OPrus aglo rain
Grk akhls fog, cloud
*hrm day NE day All the Germanic forms show the result of an
Av azan- day initial *d- which has been variously explained
(away) as having crossed with the Proto-
Skt har- day
Germanic *dwaz warm time of the year ([<
*dgo- burning] or from the false division of
an expression such as *tod hegrm that day into
*to(d) dhegrm. Neither explanation has inspired
much confidence.

*heilos fast Lat agilis quick may be independent formations built on the
Skt ajir- quick, agile verbal root *heg- drive
*henom hide, skin OCS (j)azno hide, leather Derives from *haegos goat thus originally goat-
Skt ajnam hide hide
*hemen- troop Lat agmen troop, train
Skt jman- train
*hes he-goat Lith os he-goat
Av aza- he-goat
Skt aj- he goat
*hes leader; driver Grk ags leader
Skt aj- driver
*hgos shame Grk gos guilt, pollution Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
Skt gas guilt, sin

Page 158
 Sheet1

*hereh- hunt OIr r carnage From verbal root *heg- drive

Grk gr hunt
Av azr- hunt
*heros field, pasture Lat ager Note that the Skt does not refer to agriculture
OEcer [> NE acre]
Grk agrs
Arm art
Skt jra- plain
*hegnos lamb Lat agnus
NE yean
OCS (j)agnfie
Grk amns
*hegwisy(e)h- axe Lat ascia adze of carpenters and West Central
masons
NE axe
axe
Grk aksn
*heh-peros river bank, shore of sea OE fer bank
Grk peiros shore
Arm apn shore
*hei- assail, afflict Hit inan- illness
Av anah- violence, damage
Skt nas- sin, guilt
Grk ztrs executioner
Skt ytr- avenger < *hay-eha-

*hei- give Hit pai- give [< *pe-ai-]
Toch B ai- give
Lat aemulus emulator, rival
Grk anumai take, seize
a situation that we see does have quite a few
parallels in that the action requires a giver and a
taker and either side may become the focal
point of the word (cf. NE take to but also take
from).

*heid- swell OHG eiz abscess

Lat aemidus swollen
Grk oid swell
Oidpous Oedipus [literally
swollen-foot]
Arm aytnum swell
*heid burn, fire OIr ed fire
Lat aeds temple
OE d heat, Wre
Grk ath burn
Skt indhkindle
*heig- oak NE oak
Grk aiglps Turkey oak (Quercus
cerris)
Lat aesculus mountain oak
[Quercus farnetto]
*heis goat Alb edh kid
Grk aks [she-]goat
Arm ayc [she-]goat
Av izan- goathide
*heiges- shame Goth aiwiski shame West Central
Grk askhos shame
*hei- possess OE gan possess [whence NE
own]
Av ise is lord of
owns, possesses
Skt e
Toch B aik- know
*heismo/eh- spear, pointed stick Lith imis spit, spear West Central
Grk aikhmpoint of spear, arrow,
spear

Page 159
 Sheet1

*heis- wish for, seek out Lith ekau seek

Av isaiti seeks, wishes
Skt ati seeks, icchti wishes,
seeks
Lat aerusc ask
NE ask
*he- sharp
*he- sharp, pointed NWels hogi to sharpen
Lat cer sharp
*hee(tro)- sturgeon Lat acipnser
pungent, sour, acus needle
Lith
Lith ektras
a(t)rs sharp
Rus
OCSostr
ostr sharp
*hees- ear of grain Lat
Alb acus
atht sour
NE
Grkear
akpoint
Grk
Armkhn
asen needle
Toch
NPersBska [pl.] barley
grinding stone
*hekkeh- mother Skt ri- [sharp] edge
Lat Acca
Grk Akk
Skt akk-
*hes- axle Lat axis {1} It is unclear whether words for 'armpit'
OE eax belong here.
Lith as {2} Meaning 'armpit' is not attested in IA, so that
it remains uncertain whether this word belongs to
OCS os the 'axle'-family.
Grk ksn
Skt ka-
*hes-(leh-) shoulder (joint) Lat axis axis, axle, la shoulder,
axle wing, axilla armpit
OE eax axle, axis, eaxl
shoulder
Lith as axle, axis
OCS os axle, axis
Grk ksn axle, axis
Av ai- shoulder
Skt ka- axle, axis

*hest- awn, bristle NWels eithin furze

Lith aksts spit (for roasting)
Rus ost awn, bristle
Toch B ce head ??
*he- perch ON gr sea-bass Because the word derives from *haek- sharp
Lith eers aers (the perch has spiny fins), it may have been
independently created in the two groups.

*hekeh- water Lat aqua North-Western

NE island
*hel- burn Lat altar altar
Lat adole burn a sacrifice
Swed ala blaze, flare up
Skt altam firebrand, coal
*hel- grow OIr ailid nourishes West Central
Lat al grow
NE old
Lat altus high
*hel- wander Lat ambul take a walk Either we have a single verb with divergent
Latv aluo t(ies) go astray semantic histories or two homophonous verbs:
Grk alomai go astray wander and avoid.
Grk aleomai avoid
Toch AB l- keep of

Page 160
 Sheet1

*hel- well up, flow r

Lith alms serum, pus
Skt rma- spring
Toch B lme spring
Latv aluogs spring
a number of European river
names, e.g. Almus, Alma
*hliso- alder Lat alnus Status as a valid reconstruction depends on
Lith alksnis Hittite. A Proto- Germanic *aluzo- gives us NE
Rus lkhna alder. Some argue that *ha eliso-, if not reflected
in Hittite, is actually a substrate term picked up
Hit alanza(n) type of tree ?? by the Indo-Europeans in central and western
Europe.

*hlmos spring Skt rma-

Toch B lme
*helnos beyond, yonder OIr oll ample North-West
Lat uls beyond Based on the same root that gives Proto-Indo-
European other
NE all
OCS lani last year
*helut- beer NE ale
OPrus alu mead
Lith als beer
OCS ol beer
Oss lton beer
*hlyos other OIr aile {1} IIr. *Hania- is most probably due to
Lat alius contamination of *helio- with the comparative
*hentero-.
NE else
{2} anya- means 'other of more than two',
Grk llos antara- means 'the other of two', cf. also Lat. alius
Arm ayl resp. alter with the same semantic difference.
Toch B alyek

*hem(h)--weh- sufering Grk an grief, sorrow, trouble

Skt mv sufering, sickness
ON ama bother, pester, molest

*hemes-l- blackbird NWels mwylach

Lat merula
OE sle [>NE ousel]
*hemh- lays hold, grasps Grk mnmi swear Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
swears Skt mti lays hold of, grasps the meaning swears may be a late development
swears in the groups involved and reflects the custom of
grasping some sacred object while one makes an
oath (cf. the practice of swearing with ones hand
on the Bible in a contemporary court).

*hen- that OIr an-d here West Central

Lat an or
whether
Lith as yon
OCS on he
yon
Alb a whether
Grk n possibly
*hen- year Grk nos year West Central
Lith pr-n-ai in the last year
dialectal Rus lo-ni of last year
*hen-he up (onto), upwards, along NE on
Grk anup on, up along, over,
through, among
Av ana onto

Page 161
 Sheet1

*hen-u up (onto), upwards, along Av anu after, corresponding to, Indo-Iranian-Tocharian isogloss
towards
Skt nu after, along, over, near
Toch B ommem from above

*hends blind Gaul anda-bata gladiator who Problematic because it rests in the Gaulish term
fights blind with a helmet without
eye-openings {1} Presumably, containing Gall. *anda- 'blind'
(*'blind-fighter').
Av anda- blind
Skt andh- blind
*hen(w)n- neck Rus vjaz nape West Central
Grk mphn aukhn nape from *haengh-narrow
Arm awjik [pl.] neck
*hnes- sufering, grief, fear ON angr grief NE anger
Lat angor fear
Av afi zah- oppression
Skt mhas- fear
*henu- narrow OIr cum-ung narrow, restricted
Lat angi-portus narrow street,
cul de sac
OE enge narrow
Lith aktas narrow
MPers hnzwg- narrow
Skt amh- narrow
*hngis snake OIr esc-ung watersnake
Lat anguis
OHG unc snake
Lith angs snake
Rus u snake
Illyr beis snakes
Arm awj snake
*hnh-mi breathe Goth uzanan breathe ones last
Skt niti breathes
Toch B ansk- breathe [in]

*hnh-mos breath Lat animus spirit, wind

Grk nemos wind
Arm hom wind
*hnht(e)h doorjamb Lat antae pillars framing a door
ON nd foreroom
Arm dr-and door-posts
Skt t door-posts

*henk- bend
*henkulos shoot ON ll bud, shoot may derive from the verbal root *haenk- bend
Skt akur- young shoot
*hnrm (manly) strength, vitality Alb njer person
Grk anr man
Phryg anar man
Arm ayr man, person
Luv annar- man
Av nr man
Skt nr- man, person
Lith nras will
Hit innara violently
Hit innarawant- sexually potent

*henseh- handle Lat nsa North-West

MHG se ring, loop
Lith s pot handle

Page 162
 Sheet1

*hnsus god, spirit ON ss god (nominative plural

sir of Norse mythology)
Iranian ahura- god, lord and
Ahura-mazdh
Skt su- powerful spirit and the
Asura-, a special class of Indic
deities.

*hepus weak Grk pedans fragile, weak Associated with *haepo backwards.
maimed, halting
Skt apuvyte becomes ill,
spoils
*her- prepare, put together Armanem make
Avarnte they set themselves,
remain
Skt ar- means spoke [of a
wheel]
Lat ars art
Arm ard structure, ornament
Skt rmt- fixed time, time
appointed for some purpose

*her- reed Lat harund reed

Grk ron arum
Khot ar- reed, rush
*hrdis point OIr aird point
direction
ON erta to goad
Grk rdis arrowhead
Skt ali- bee
*hreh- ryegrass Latv ares ryegrass
Grk arai ryegrass
Skt erak- sedge
*hrhwrm field OIr arbor seed
Lat arvum ploughed field
Grk roura field
Arm haravunk field
Skt urvr- fertile soil
*hrhmos arm, forequarter Lat armus forequarter, shoulder May derive from *haerhx- attach
[of an animal]
NE arm
OPrus irmo arm
OCS ramo shoulder
Av arma- arm, forearm
Skt rm- arm
*hrkos bow and/or arrow Lat arcus North-West
NE arrow
*hrtus fitting, order Lat artus joint From the root *her- fit
MHG art innate feature, nature,
fashion
dialectal Grk arts arranging,
arrangement
Arm ard ornament, shape
Av arta- order
Skt rmt- right time, order, rule
Toch B rtt- love, praise

*hru(s)- wound ON rr scar {1} [AL] This analysis is based on Hajnal 1999. In
Skt ru- wound) spite of Hajnal's scepticism concerning the
Germanic cognates, they may still be related.

Page 163
 Sheet1

*het away, beyond OIr aith- back, out of

Lat at but
Goth a-an however
Lith ato- back, away
OCS ot- away, out
Grk atr however
Skt tas from there
Toch B ate away
*het- go Lat annus year
Goth an year
Skt tati goes
NWels wyf am
*hetnos year Lat annus year North-West
Goth ana- year From the verbal root *het- go (i.e. whats
gone)
*heu- favour OIr con- i guards If Alb ha eat belongs here (< * enjoy [food]),
Lat ave desire strongly then the PIE root is *heu-
Runic auja good fortune
Doric Grk atas friend
Av avaiti cares for, helps
Skt vati is pleased, promotes
*heug- grow Lat auge augment, increase
NE eke
Lith ugu grow
Grk aks increase
Av uxyeiti grows
Skt kati strengthens
Toch B auk- grow, increase
*heuges- strength Lat augustus sacred Generally been linked to the type of strength
Av aojah- strength required of a warrior
Skt jas- strength
*heuges- strength Lat augustus sacred and the
related augur priest, seer
Skt jas- spiritual or physical
might
*heusom gold Lat aurum A noun ultimately derived from the root *hewes-
*hweseh- OPrus ausis shine which also underlies the word for dawn,
*heuss
Toch B yasa
It has been plausibly suggested that an Indo-
European form similar to the one ancestral to
Tocharian has been widely borrowed into the
Uralic languages, e.g. Proto-Balto-Finnic-Lapp-
Mordvin *waske copper, brass, Proto-Ugric
*wasmetal, iron, Proto-Samoyed *wes metal,
iron.

Page 164
 Sheet1

*huss dawn OIr f ir sunrise

Lat aurra dawn
OE astre goddess of springtime
[> NE Easter]
Lith aur dawn
OCS ustra morning
Grk hs dawn
Av u- dawn
Skt u- dawn

*huss dawn goddess Lat Aurra

Lith Aurine
Latv Auseklis
Grk E s
Skt Us-
*heust(e)ro- east Lat auster south wind A transparent derivative from *heus- dawn, i.e.
south country the direction of the rising sun
NE eastern
Latv ustrums east
OCS ustr summer
Av uatara- east
*hewei- bird NWels hwyad duck
Lat avis bird
Alb vida dove
Grk aiets eagle
Arm haw bird
chicken
Av v
Skt vi-

*hewis (wild) oats Lat avna

Lith vios
OCS ovs
Khot hau some form of cereal
*hey-es- metal > copper > bronze Lat aes copper, bronze It is generally presumed to mean copper or the
NE ore copper-tin (or copper-arsenic? [SGM]) alloy of
bronze although it has come to mean iron in
Av ayah- metal (probably
some of the Indo-European languages, e.g. Indo-
bronze) Iranian
Skt yas- [earlier] copper, however, there is clear evidence that it earlier
[later] iron meant copper or bronze. In the Germanic
languages it tends to mean ore and it is possible
it simply meant metal rather than a speciWc
type of metal.

Page 165
 Sheet1

*heyer- early OHG r

Grk riston morning mean
Grk rios of the morning, in the
morning
Av ayar day
*haha a laugh Lat hahae A single *ha tended to indicate surprise (Lat h,
Grk h h Grk h, Skt ha)
Skt ha ha
*hidrs pure Grk ithars glad Greek-Indic
pure derives from *heid- burn and may either be
Skt vdhr- [<*wi-hidro- burned inherited or independent developments.
away] clean, pure
*hlei- smear OIr as-lena stain
Lat lin smear
Lith laista smear
Grk aln spread, smear
Skt linti pastes
Toch B lin- stick, place
*hleit- do something hateful or OIr lius abhorrence West Central
NE loath
Grk alitan trespass, sin
*hlek- defend, protect OE ealgian protect
Grk alks defend
Arm aracel tend
Skt rkati protect
OE ealh temple
r
Lith alkas sacred grove

*hmel- milk OIr bligid bluigid

NE milk
Lith mlu
ORus mlzu
Grk amlg
Lat mulge
Toch A mlk-
OIr mlicht
Rus molok
Alb mjel
Toch B malkwer

Page 166
 Sheet1

*hnr man, person NWels ner hero Indicates power, strength (e.g. OIr nert
Umb ner- chief strength, power, Lat nerisus firm), and even
Alb njer person anger (OPrus nertien)
Grk anr man
Arm ayr man, person
Phryg anar man
Luv annara/i- forceful, virile
Av nar- man
Skt nr- man, person

*hnm hti- duck Lat anas

OE ened
Lith ntis
Rus tka
Grk nessa
Oss acc wild duck
Skt t-
*h(w)i-om egg NWels wy suspiciously close to the primary word for bird
Lat vum (*haewei-) and, indeed, a fairly transparent
derivative of it
German Ei
OCS ajce
Grk in
Avvaya having eggs
*hgeh- berry, fruit NE acorn (probably)
Lith oga berry
Rus jgoda berry
Toch AB oko fruit
*hus- ear OIr Beekes has *heus
Lat auris
NE ear
Lith auss
Rus kho
Alb vesh
Grk ous
Arm unkn
Av ui [dual]

*hyus vital force, life, age of vigo OIr es life, age

Lat aevus lifespan, age
Goth aiws time, eternity, ai n
vitality, lifespan
Av y lifespan
Skt yu()- life, lifespan
*hrm-rs flashing Grk agrs West Central
Skt rmjr- used to describe dogs and horses

Page 167
 Sheet1

*hwoks-ye/o- grow NE wax {1} [AL] Since the root accentuation of this zero-
Av vaxaiti grows grade is anomalous, Insler (apud Jamison 1983:
Skt vakayati grows 139) suggested to read *uksyant- with correct
accentuation, which would then be cognate to Av.
uxiieiti.
{2} [AL] There is further a synchronically distinct
root uks- 'to (be)sprinkle': Present VI: uksati
[3sg.act.] (RV+), uksante [3pl.med.] (RV+)
Aorist IS: aukss [2sg.act.] (YVp, SB)
Caus.: uksayati (S+)
Passive: -auksyata [3sg.impf.] (SB+)
Fut: proksisymi (S+)
Abs: -uksya (YVp, SB)
Gerundive: proksya- (MS)
TA-Ptc.: uksita- 'besprinkled' (AV+). According to
Kiehnle 1979, the root uks- 'to (be)sprinkle' has
secondarily developed from vaks-
differently Got 1993: 124.
{3} s-enlargement of IE root *heug- 'to increase'
(cf. Skt. ojas-).

*hyeu- young OIr a young

Lat iuvenis young
NE young
Lith junas young
OCS jun young
Av yvan- youth
Skt yvan- young
*hyuh-nm -s youth OIr ac youth
Lat iuvencus young (cow)
Skt yuva- young
*hegro- top {1} agrima- is a contamination of agriya- and
prathama-.
{2} [AL] Latv. agrs 'early', etc. cannot be related
because of Winter's Law (pace EWAia).

*hehl-en- elbow {1} [AL] The reconstruction with two laryngeals

seems necessary in order to account for the acute
intonation of Lith. uolektis, Latv. uo^lekts 'ell' <
*Hehl-, cf. Lubotsky 1990.

*hei- desire
*hpis confederate Grk pios gentle, kind, soothing, Possibly from *hep- join;
friendly
Skt p- ally, friend,
acquaintance, pyam
confederation, alliance,
friendship

Page 168
 Sheet1

*hieud move (intrans), stir > fight {1} It is conceivable that Ved. ud yodhati 'to
rebel' is somehow connected with IIr. *(H)iauj-a-
(> YAv. yaoz-a-, OP yaud-a- 'to rebel').
{2} With analogical *-smo- for *-mo- in IE *Hiudh-
mo-.
{3} [AL] According to an ingenious suggestion by
Renou 1952: 254, this name represents 1pl.
present.

*hihi-(e/o)- desire (strongly) Grk khar violent desire

Av - desire

Skt hate strives for, wants
Toch B yksse concupiscence

*hihlu- mud Rus il mud

swamp Grk ls mud, swamp
*hio-ti how much
*hish-ro- active

*hlehd- dear Rus ldyj dear

Toch B lre dear
Arm aalem love, caress
Skt ldayate (-d- < *-dr-) desires
Lycian it yields lada- wife
Rus lda wife

*hns nose Lat nris nostril, nrs [pl.]

*hn(e)hs- nose
NE nose
Lith n sis nose
OCS nos nose
Av nh- nose
Skt ns [dual] nostrils

Page 169
 Sheet1

*hnm gnis fire Skt. Agni Masc.

Lat. ignis
Lith ugns {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal depends on the
connection with the family of angra- 'coal'.
Latv uguns
OCS ogn
Rus ogn
*hoi(-ko)- 1 one
*hiwo/eh- berry, fruit Lat va bunch of grapes, fruit
Grk service-berry
Arm aygi grapevine
*h-us fast OIr di-auc not-fast Apparently derived from *hek- sharp
Lat cior faster
Grk ks fast
Av su- fast
Skt - fast
*hoto-ws 8th eighth OIr ochtmad
Lat octvus
NE eighth
Lith mas atutas
OCS osm
Alb tet
Grk gdo(w)os
Av atma-
Skt atam-
Toch B oktante

*hot(u) 8 eight OIr ocht {1} Reconstruction is uncertain, also *Hokt-oH

*het-eh Lat oct being conceivable. The e-grade is usually
reconstructed on the basis of the e-grade in other
NE eight
numerals. Further analysis of the numeral 'eight'
Lith atuon is highly speculative.
OCS osm
Alb tet
Grk okt
Arm ut
Lycian ait-
Av ata
Skt at(u)
Toch B okt

*hol-eh- pointed instrument, tool with a thorn-like point {1} PIIr. *raH- has been borrowed into FU, cf. Fin.
ora 'awl, bodkin, bore, etc.', Lap. oari 'awl,
bodkin', Mordvin (Moksha) ora 'big bodkin'.

*holdu- (dugout) canoe, trough OE ealdo trough It suggests that the original referent may have
Lith aldij boat been a dugout boat of some sort.
Rus ldka boat
Toch B olyi boat
*hleh- awl NE awl
Skt r-
Khot aiysna-
*hlis elk/American moose NE elk Presumably related to *helu- dull red
Rus losi elk
Khot r- Ovis poli
Skt rmya- male of antelope
*holu- spell Hit alwanzatar means witchcraft,
spell
Runic alu, may mean spell
*hng-lm charcoal Nir aingeal light, fire {1} [AL] The forms seem to point to a HD l-stem:
*hong-l- Lith anglis charcoal nom.sg. *hong-l, obl. hong-l-.
OCS gli charcoal {2} NP angit 'charcoal' has a different formation
and is probably unrelated.
Skt. ngra

Page 170
 Sheet1

*hpes- work n. Lat opus work

OE oefnan to work, make
Av -apah- work
Skt pas- work
Lat ops [pl.] possessions,
abundance, wealth
Grk phenos wealth
Hit happina(nt)- rich
Av afnahvant- wealthy
Skt pnas- wealth

*horgi- nit Alb ergjz

Arm oril
*horki- tick Lith rk
Arm orkiwn
*hsgos knot (in wood) OIr odb knot {1} [AL] The Celtic forms reflect *osbos <
Grk skhos sucker, sprout, vine, *Ho(d)sgwo-. The -e- in Lith. uodega 'tail' is
problematic (uo- may be due to lengthening in
branch
accordance with Winter-Kortlandt's Law). Gr.
NPers azy branch f. 'vine with grapes' cannot reflect
Skt dga- knot, joint *Hodsg(w)eh- and is likely to be a Mediterranian
LW. It is tempting to connect another IE family for
'branch, twig', viz. Arm. ost, Gr. , Go. asts,
etc. (Pok. 785 - 786) < *Hosdo-.

*houst-eh- mouth, lip Lat stium mouth of a river

OPrus austo mouth
Lith uost mouth of a river
OCS usta [pl.] mouth
Av aut(r)a- lip
Skt tha- lip
*hreh-tr-ih bringing to rest
*hrehd- gnaw, furrow {1} The connecting vowel -i- must be secondary.
{2} [AL] For the short vowel in Skt. see Lubotsky
1981.
{3} [AL] Lat. rdere 'to scratch, to plane' and MW
rhathu point to *razd-. The Iranian verb rand- 'to
make smooth' (e.g. MP and NP randdan 'to
scratch, scrape (off)', Oss. rndun 'to iron') does
not seem to belong here either (to randh ?).

*hresg-u- rope
*hret- walk
*hreu-men- hair
*hreu(h) tear up

Page 171
 Sheet1

*hreud- weep, cry {1} [AL] The set character of the root seems to
be secondary, introduced in order to preserve the
endings. In late Vedic texts we also encounter
sporadic thematic forms like rodanti (JUB), cf.
Got 1987: 275).

*hreup break, tear {1} [LK] The suffix accentuation is likely to be

secondary (see Kulikov 1998).
{2} The root was originally identical with rop, q.v.

*hreup break, tear

*hrh-ei-e- be quiet

*hrh-mo- quiet

Page 172
 Sheet1

*hrhes- envy {1} [AL] The Indo-Iranian forms are clearly of

denominal origin (cf. Klingenschmitt 1982: 149,
fn. 9), being formed from an s-stem iras-, rs- <
*HrHas, *HrHs- (type bhiyas- 'fear', instr. bhs )
[Pronk]

*hrot-h-o- car {1} Derivative of PIE *Hrot-eh- 'wheel', cf. PIE

*Hret 'to roll, to walk' (OIr. rethim, roithim).

*hruhso- rough {1} Khwar. m-x- [verb] 'to become wrinkled, to

become rough' (< PIr. *uz-ruxa-) and Lith. rukti
[verb] 'to become wrinkled' cannot be directly
connected because of the "wrong" velar.

*hVngel- eel Lat anguilla

Lith ungurs
OCS gulja
Grk gkhelus
*hwers- rain {1} [AL] The colour of the initial laryngeal is
uncertain: *h- seems more probable (Gr. ),
since is only attested in the glosses
( . e H.). Anatolian
cognates (Hitt. uu ara- 'rain-shower'
Luv. uu ara- 'drop') are not assured. Gr.
may have lost its laryngeal because of the so-
called Saussure's effect (o-grade in the root) or be
due to contraction.

*iehs-neh- {1} Presumably, rsn- is due to contamination

of *ysn- 'girdle' with rasan- 'rope, cord, bridle'.

Page 173
 Sheet1

*ieug yoke, harness, join {1} Perhaps, a root enlargement of *ieu- (yav
[1]).

*ieus justice, welfare difficult to establish

*imh-o- twin {1} Identical with yama- [1].

{2} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky
1988: 79.
*iod that
*isis- loins Grk iskhon hip, ikss loins,
groin
Hit iskis(a)- loins
Lat lia [pl.] abdomen below the
ribs, groin, flanks
*ishros sacred power Grk hiers sacred, powerful Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
holy Skt iir- powerful
Grk hiern mnossacred
strength
Skt iirna mnas sacred
strength
*it- thus MWels yt- [preverb]
Lat ita thus
Lith t very
Skt ti thus

Page 174
 Sheet1

*iuhs you (plural) {1} Skt. yyam has been refurnished after
vayam. The expected form would be *yram <
*iuHam < *iuH + -am.
*iuhs- soup, broth

*k(e)hisVr- mane Lat caesaris long flowing hair

Skt ksara-
Toch A iri
*(o)nid- nit, louse egg OIr sned nit
NE nit
Lith glnda
Rus gnda
Alb thrije
Grk kons
Arm anic
*k(o)us- dwelling NE house These would all appear to be derivatives of *keus-
Toch B kwaai- village hollow out, and the use of
this root for dwelling words presumably reXects
Arm xuc room and xul hut.
structures that were at least
once semi-subterranean.

*(u)wn dog OIr c

Lat canis
OE hund [> NE hound ]
Lith u
Rus ska bitch
Grk kn
Arm un
Av sp
Skt v
Toch AB ku
Hit kuwan- dog-man

*k()er- be lean {1} [AL] For the acute tone in Lithuanian see
Derksen 1996: 285-294.

*k()lei- sufer Lith kls crab-claw

Rus klestt press
Skt klyate sufers, is
tormented
Toch B klaiks- shrivel, wither
*k()r-o- lean {1} According to Thieme, *k(w)rk-o- < PIE
*k(w)rk-ro-.

Page 175
 Sheet1

*k()seud- disperse {1} [AL] The circumflex accent in Slavic can be

due to Meillet's Law.

*k()seud-os- dispersal
*k()sud-ro- dispersed, small
*k/geu(-k)- curve Skt kuc ti bends, curves, kuca- is treated as a verbal root which only survives in a
breast number of nominal forms, e.g. *gudom
intestines, *gu-ro-s lock of hair, *gu-r-nos
OIr car curved
back, all presumably derived
Lith kakaras hill from a no longer extant (or at least recoverable)
NE high verbal form.
Toch B kauc high
OPrus cawx devil
Lith kaks goblin
OCS kukonos curvenosed

*ad- fall OIr casar hail

Lat cad fall, cadver corpse
Arm cacnum fall
Skt ad- fall
*kag- catch, grasp NWels cau close, clasp West Central
Lat cl tend, take care of
OE haga hedge
Alb ke has, holds
*kag- hedge, enclosure NE haw, hedge North-West
??Lat caul(l )ae hole, opening from a verbal root *kagh- catch, seize.
*kikos one- eyed Skt kekara- cross-eyed
OIr cech one-eyed
Lat caecus blind
Goth haihs one-eyed
*kaiwelos alone Lat cae-lebs living alone,
celibate
Skt kvala- alone
*kiwrm(t) cave, fissure (in the earth) (dialectal) Grk kaatas ditches,
fissures in the ground opened by
earthquakes
Skt krata- cave, hollow
*kak(k)ehye/o- defecate MIr caccaid defecates West Central
Lat cac defecate
Rus kkat defecate
Grk kakk defecate
Arm kakor excrement
*kal- beautiful Grk kals beautiful Graeco-Aryan
Skt kalya- healthy, prepared for,
clever, kalya- beautiful
*kam-p- bend (of terrain) Lat campus field West Central
Goth hamfs maimed
Lith kam~pas corner
region
Grk kamp bend of river

Page 176
 Sheet1

*kamareh vault means belt in Avestan Limited and questionable

Grk kamara
*mos sheatfish Lith mas
Rus som
Grk kamasnes [pl.] a kind of
fish
*kan- sing OIr canaid sings West Central
Lat can sing, carmen song,
prophecy, form of incantation
OHG hano cock
Grk ikans cock
?Toch B kene song, tune
*kan-t()o- corner, a bending NWels cant tyre [Lat canthus or West Central
cantus wheel rim comes from
Gaul]
Rus kut angle
Grk kanths corner of the eye
*ank- branch OIr ccht plough
NWels cainc branch
ON hr thole-pin
Lith atank~ barb
crooked projection from a tree
Rus suk branch, knot
Skt ank- peg
*kannabis hemp Lat cannibis
NE hemp
*kap- hawk, falcon NE hawk derived from *kap- seize
Rus kbec [type of] falcon
*kap- seize OIr cin law, tribute
Lat capi take
NE have
Latv kmpju seize
Alb kap catch, grab, seize
Grk kpt gulp down
Skt kapat [dual] two handfuls
*kaplo- head, skull OE hafola head Skt means both head and cup, an association
Skt kapla- head found elsewhere among the Indo-European
cup languages, e.g. French tte head derives from
Lat testa pot

*pos piece of land, garden Roshani spc cultivated field

OHG huoba piece of land
Grk kepos garden
*kprm penis OIr gabor goat i.e. these are archetypically male animals
Skt kprmth penis
Lat caper
OE hfer
Grk kpros boar
*kpros he-goat OIr gabor he-goat
Lat caper he-goat
OE hfer he-goat
NPers kahra kid
*kaptos captive Lat captus captive North-West
NE haft
*kput head Lat caput North-West
NE head ?

Page 177
 Sheet1

*kar- praise (loudly) Av arkr- praise {1} [AL] Possibly, here belong also YAv. kraiia-
*kerh Skt carkarti praises '+_ to announce, perform', MP hng'r- 'to
OE hr fame (ac)count, reckon', hng'l- /hangr-/ 'to perform,
offer (thanks)
ON herma report calculate, determine
consider' ( Kellens 1984: 147f.). The other
possible cognates are Bactr. -- 'to agree,
settle', Khwar. m|nk'ry- 'to settle (a score) with
someone
to say goodbye'.
{2} [AL] The mechanism of the Schwebeablaut in
this root is not quite clear.

*arhkeh- magpie Lith rka Isolated to Baltic and Slavic

Rus sorka
*kark- crab Lat cancer (< *karkro-?)
Grk karknos
Skt karkat-a- (< *karkrmto-)
Skt kark- cancer (as a sign of
the zodiac)
*kars- scratch Lat car(r) comb wool, carmen
comb (wool) comb for wool
Lith kari comb/card wool
elsewhere it means scratch.
*kru- poet Grk kruks herald Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
Skt kr- one who sings or from *kar- praise although the Indo-European
status of the Greek word has been challenged
praises, poet

*as- grey Lat cnus

ON hss
Osc casnar old
hare
NWels ceinach
NE hare
OPrus sasins
Khot saha-
Skt a-

*asos hare NE hare derivesfrom the adjective grey

OPrus sasins
Skt a-
*kat- cat Lat cattus A late loanword perhaps associated with the
spread of the domestic cat from Egypt, cf. Nubian
kads cat, which was in turn widely borrowed by
many other European languages.

*kat-he down Grk kta 'katdown

through, among
according to
Hit katta down, by, with, under,
katkattiya- kneel, go down
Toch B ktk- lower

*katu- fight OIr cath battle, North-West

OHG hadu- fight also widely employed in Celtic [e.g. Gaul Catu-rx]
OCS kotora fight and Germanic [e.g. OHG Hadubrant] personal
names

Page 178
 Sheet1

*kau(k)- cry out Skt kuti cries out

cry out as a bird Lith kauki howl
Grk kk cry, lament
Arm kuk sighing, groaning
Skt kokyate cries out
NWels cuan nightowl
Lat cavannus nightowl
OHG hwo owl
Grk kks tern
Skt kka- kind of goose

*kauls cabbage Lat caulis stalk of the [cabbage] Confined to the Mediterranean
plant
Grk kauls cole, kail, cauliflower
Hit kaluis(sa)na some sort of
vegetable

*kauls stalk Lat caulis stalk West-Central

OPrus caules thorn
Lith kulas bone
Grk kauls stalk
*kaunos humble, lowly OE han lowly, despised West Central
Latv kuns shame, disgrace
Grk kauns bad, evil
*e(n)s- declare solemnly Lat cnse proclaim solemnly,
judge, assess, estimate, tax
OE herian praise
Av snghaiti proclaims
Skt msati recites, praises,
declares, vows

*ked- pass through Lat cd go from

Toch AB ktk- cross over
*eh- declare solemnly Alb thot says with a present *kehti
OPers tiy says, proclaims
*ehkom edible greens ON h aftermath, second cutting
of hay
Lith kas green fodder
Skt ka- potherbs, vegetables

*ehs- instruct Av sh- say instruct, call Indo-Iranian-Tocharian isogloss

Skt sti punishes, controls, from *keh- declare solemnly
commands, instructs
Toch A ks- chide, reprimand
*keh-mo- wish

*ehu- burn TochB kaum day

Grk ka burn
*keh- love Av k- long for
Skt kyamna- liking
OIr cara friend, caraid loves
Lat crus dear
NE whore

Page 179
 Sheet1

*ehdes- concern; hate MIr cais hate

NE hate
Grk kedos care, concern, sorrow
Av sdra- grief
Skt ri-das- caring for a
stranger

*ehk- jump Lith kti jump, dance Baltic-Greek

Grk kk jump
*kehros friendly OIr cara friend North-West
Lat crus friend
NE whore
Latv krs greedy

*kehu- hollow out Lat cpa cask

Grk (Hesychius) kp cave
Skt k pa- hole, hollow, cave
Enlarged with *-l-
Lat caulis stalk
NE hollow
Grk kauls stalk
Lith kulas bone
Skt klyam bone
?Hit gullant- hollow?

*kehu- strike, hew NE hew

Lith kuja strikes, forges
OCS kov forge
Toch B kau- strike down, kill,
destroy
*eh(i)- sharpen, hone Skt ti yti sharpens,
whets
Lat catus wise
Grk konos pinecone, fircone
peak of a helmet [if <
*sharp(ened) object]
Skt a- whetstone
Toch B knts- sharpen
Arm srem sharpen
NE hone

*kehi- hot NE hot North-West

Lith kasti heat, become hot
*kei- set in motion Lat cie set in motion
Grk se set in motion
Arm cvem set of
Av (y)avaite sets of
Skt cyvate goes forth
Alb qoj means wake

Page 180
 Sheet1

*ei- lie Grk kemai lie Conjugated in the middle rather than the active
Hit kittari lies voice and in poetic language the word is also
Av sate lies, rests used to indicate the position of the deceased
(e.g. Homeric Grk keiutai Patroklos [here] lies
Skt ye lies Patroclus).

{1} [LK] sy ate 'falls' may belong to this root as

its dynamic present (Lubotsky apud Kulikov 2001:
329ff.)
see also sy.

*ei(h) lie, be somewhere

*eig- fast OE hgian hasten [> obsolete or North-West
archaic NE hie]
Rus sigt spring
Skt sghr- quick, fast
*eir- dull or brownish black OIr car dark brown West Central
NE hoar
OCS sru grey
Alb thirr soot
Grk kraphos fox, kirrs orangy

*iwos belonging to the household Lat cvis citizen Some derive this word from *k ei- lie, i.e. either
Oscan ceus citizen those who lie together (in sleep) or those who
OE hwan household depend on one another
Latv sieva wife
Skt iv- kind, auspicious, dear
Shiva

*ke- polecat Lith kas Baltic and Indic only

Skt ka-
*kel- deceive Lat calvor 'calv deceive West Central
OE hl slander
Grk kl bewitch, deceive

Page 181
 Sheet1

*kel- drive Lat celer swift

Grk kll drive a ship to land
Skt kalyati impels
NE hold
Gothic haldan pasture cattle
Toch B klts- means press, goad,
drive
*kel- prick NE holly It may be related to the homophonous root *kel-
OCS klas ear of grain cut
Toch B klese barley meal
Alb kall straw, chaf
Skt katamba- arrow
*el- conceal, cover OIr ceilid conceals, dissembles West Central
Lat cl conceal {1} [AL] Khot. saraima 'covering' (KT2 47,5), cited
OE helan conceal by Bailey (DKS: 395b), does not exist: saraima is
to be interpreted as sarai ma (Cheung, p.c.).
Grk kalpt cover

*kel(h)- lift, raise up Lat ante-cell surpass

Grk kelontes vertical beams in
an upright loom
Lith klti raise up
Toch AB kly- stand
NE hill
*el(h)- (spear)point ONhali point of shaft, tail
OPrus kelian spear
Alb thel big nail, spike, Grk kela
[pl.] arrowshafts
Skt aly- spear, arrowhead
*elb- help NE help North-West
Lith elpi help, support
*kelh- call out to OIr cailech cock
Skt u-kala- < *dawn-singer
Lat calendae the first days of the
month on which the ides and
nones were announced
Grk kal call, kaltr herald
ON hjala chatter, talk
Latv kaluot chatter
Hit kalless- call

*kelh- strike Lat calamits loss, injury, West Central

damage, misfortune [> by
borrowing NE calamity]
Lith kal strike, forge
OCS kolj stab, slaughter
Grk keles green woodpecker
*kelp- jug, pot OIr cilorn pitcher West Central
Grk klpis jug, [water] pitcher
?Skt karpara-cup, pot
*ls (store)room Lat cella storeroom It would appear to derive from *kel- protect,
Grk kal hut conceal
NE hall (a derivative)
*elto- cold Lat calidus warm, hot
Welsh clyd sheltered, warm,
snug
Lith ltas cold
Av sarta- cold
Skt ira- cold season

Page 182
 Sheet1

*kem- press together NE hamper West Central

Lith kamoti press together
Rus komt press into a ball
Grk komos band of revellers
(=crowd)
Arm kamel press, squeeze,
filter
*kem- hum NE hum North-West
Latv kamines bee, bumble-bee
Rus cmel bumble-bee

*kem- love Lith kamaros [pl.] lasciviousness

Skt kmyati longs for, is in love
with, copulates with
Toch B km- play

*em- cover Late Lat camsia linen shirt,

nightgown (perhaps borrowed
from Gaulish)
OE hama dress, covering
Skt mla- thick woollen shirt

*em- hornless Skt ma- hornless

*em(h)- NE hind
Grk kems young deer
OPruss camstian sheet
Rus kon horse
*kemeros hellebore OHG hemera hellebore West Central
Lith kem~ras marigold hellebore and larkspur are poisonous (SGM)
ORus emer hellebore
Grk kmaros larkspur

Page 183
 Sheet1

*emh- grow tired, tire oneself MIr cuma grief

Grk kmn be tired, work hard
at
Skt myati becomes quiet,
fatigues, ceases

*ken- fresh MIr cana cano young animal

[of wolf, dog, etc.]
Lat recns fresh, just arrived [>
by borrowing NE recent]
OCS zafti begin
Grk kains young

?Skt kanna- young
*ken- love MIr cin love, tendency
Av anah- demand, request
Skt cnas- pleasure
*kenhis ash Lat cinis ash
Grk konis dust, ash
Toch B kentse rust, verdigris
*kenk- hock, back of knee NE hock, Lith kenkler hock, back
of the knee
Skt kankla- bone, skeleton
*kenk- gird, wrap around Lat cing gird, surround
Lith kinka bridle, harness [a
horse]
Skt kcate bind kc- girdle

*kenk- hunger NE hunger West Central

Lith kankpain, torment
dialectal Grk kgkei is hungry

Page 184
 Sheet1

*ent- sharp Goth handugs wise

Latv sts hunting spear
Grk kent prick
*kntr/n- patch, patched garment Lat cent patchwork clothes West Central
OHG hadara patches
Grk kntrn patched clothes
Arm kotanak clothes
*ker- burn Goth hari coal
ON hyrr fire
OE heor, whence NE hearth
Lith krti heat
OCS kuriti s smoke
*kr-em- in Lat crem burn
perhaps *ker-s- if Skt kaku-
kuku- fire, sun
*ker- caw Lat corvus raven
Grk kraks raven
Skt karata- crow
Czech krkorati cackle
Grk skorakz dismiss
contemptuously
*er- decay OIr ara-chrin decays
Lat caris decay

Skt ryate decays
Alb ther slaughter, stab, goad
Grk keraz devastate, kill
Av a-sarta- unbroken
*er- grow Lat cre create Latin goddess Cers derives from this root
Grk kornnmi satisfy, kouros
adolescent
Arm sirem bring forth
Tocharian krk- sprout
*er- greyish blue, Lith irrvas irrmas blue-grey
*rm-wos Alb thjerm (blue-)grey, surm
dark grey, black
Skt r- coloured
*er(es)- (rough) hair, bristle NE hair
Lith rrys bristle, animal hair
Rus erst wool, animal hair
*er(h)-o-bo- horned animal
*er(s)no- hoarfrost, frozen snow Lith arm frost
Rus sren frozen snow
Arm san ice
*rberos spotted Would seem to underlie the names of both the
Greek hound of Hades Kerberos and the epithet
(sarvara-) of one of the dogs of Yama, the Indic
god of the dead.

*rd heart OIr cride {1} *jh- must be due to contamination with
*rmdyeh- Lat cor another word. The original *c- is preserved in
NE heart sraddh-.
Lith irds
Rus srdce
Grk ker, kard
Arm sirt
Hit kir
Av zrd-
Skt hr8d, hr8daya-
Toch B kry [pl.]

Page 185
 Sheet1

*kerd- defile, defecate Lat ms-cerda mouse

droppings, bu-cerda cattle
dung
MPers xard clay
Shughni ark- defecate
Skt kardama- mud, slime, mire,
dirt, filth
Toch B krkklle swamp, mire
*kerd- belt OIr cris belt North-West
Rus res leather belt
*kerd- cut into, carve OIr cerd art, handicraft West Central
Grk krdos profit
*kerd- profit, wealth, gain Gr. krdos 'gain, profit'
*kerdeh- herd, series NE herd North-West
Lith (s)kerrdius herdsman
OCS rda herd, series
*krdos craft OIr cerd craftsman West Central
NWels cerdd song, poem
craft
Grk krdos profit but in the
plural it means cunning arts
craft
*kres- millet, grain NHG Hirse millet
Kalasha karasha millet
Lat cers bread, grain
*kerg- bind Lith kerrgti tie, bind
Toch AB krk- bind
*erh break {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation
(see Kulikov 1998).
{2} [LK] The 3sg.med. form sasire (AVP),
allegedly an archaism (< *ca-crrH-?), does not
exist
see Kmmel 2000: 518.

*rhs horn Grk kras

Toch B karse stag [< *horned
one]
*rhsrm horn Lat crbr hornet
Lith iru hornet
Toch B krorya horn

Page 186
 Sheet1

*kerh- propel Skt kirti pour out, throw Indo-Iranian-Tocharian isogloss

Toch B krsk- propel
*erh- mix OE hrran move, stir
Grk krnmi mix
Av sar- associate with, mix with
Skt rti mixes, mingles

*kerk- hen MIr cerc brood hen Obvious is the suggestion that the name of the
Grk krkos rooster (dialectal) bird may be onomatopoeic (compare NE cluck)
Av kahrka- hen and so its reconstruction is not entirely certain
Skt krmkara- a kind of partridge
Skt krmkavku- rooster
Toch B krako chicken
*krmen- skin OPrus krmens body derives from the verb *(s)ker- cut (off).
Av arman- [animal] skin,
leather
Skt crman- skin
*kerp- pluck, harvest MIr corrn sickle from *(s)ker- cut
Latv cirrpe sickle
Skt krmpn sword
Lat carp pluck
Grk karps fruit
NE harvest
OE hoerfest autumn
*kers- plow {1} Skt. kas- is a popular form of kars.

*ers- run Lat curr run

MHG hurren hasten
Grk epkouros running for help
OIr carr vehicle
*kert- knife Skt krmt-
Av krti both knife
Toch B kertte sword
*kert- plait, twine Lat crtis wickerwork, hurdle,
honeycomb
NE hurdle
OPrus corto hedge
Grk krtallos basket, kurta
wattle
*kert-tro- spindle
*kes- comb MIr cr comb
Lith kas braid
OCS kosa hair
Hit kiss- kis(i)- comb
Grk ksan scrape, comb [hair or
wool], full [cloth]
OE heordan [pl.] hards [of flax],
tow
*ks()eh- time OCS cas time West Central
Alb koh time, period, epoch
weather
*ket- room OE heaor enclosure, prison Refers to a single chamber and was borrowed into
OCS kotc chamber the Uralic languages, e.g. Finnish kota dwelling,
tent, hut. It may be that the chamber was
Av kata- chamber
originally something like a storage pit
Av iti in a hole
Skt ctvla- hole for the
sacrificialfiWre
Toch B kotai- hole
*et- be angry Grk ktos spite, anger Greek-Indic isogloss
Skt tru- enemy

Page 187
 Sheet1

*keudes- magic force OCS udo wonder Slavic-Greek Isogloss

Greek kudos renown
*eud- hide NE hide
Grk keth hide
Arm suzanem hide
after metathesis into *deu -
OE dagol secret, hidden
Toch B tuk- be hidden
*euh- swell, grow great with child Lat incins pregnant
Grk ku am pregnant
Skt vyati swells, becomes
powerful
NWels cawr giant
Grk k rios lord
Av s ra- powerful
Skt ra- powerful
*euh- hollow out MIr ca hollow
Lat cavus (Early Lat covus) cave
Alb thell deep
Grk kar eye of a needle kolos
hollow, deep
Arm soyl hole
Skt nya- empty, hollow
Toch B kor throat

*kuhlm hernia OE hala The word itself apparently derives from *keuhx-
Lith k las be bent (convexly)
Rus kil
Grk kl
Oss kullaw
*keuk- be crooked, bend
*euk- cry out (to) Lith auki call, cry, shout
summon
Toch B kuk- call out to
*euk- shine, burn Av su- burn, flame
Skt cate shines, glows, burns
Toch B ukye shining
grk kknos swan

*keul- pig Lith kiale pig [MWels Culhwych, a mythological Wgure

associated with swineherds and boarhunting]

*keus- hollow out Lith kati hollow out Suggests that one type of Proto-Indo-European
ON hauss skull dwelling was at least partially dug below ground
Lith kuas skull, ladle level
Skt koa- vessel
NE house
Arm xuc room
Khot kda- mansion
Toch B ku- village
[<*collection of dwellings]

*kew- gull ? Gr. kaaks 'gull'

*ewh-ro- strong Skt. vra- 'strong'
Gr. kyrios 'lord'.
*hs- hare
*ka- laugh Lat cachinn laugh
OE ceahhettan
OCS chochotati
Grk ka(g)khz
Arm xaxank
Skt kkhati khkkhati

Page 188
 Sheet1

*khnks honey-coloured, golden Lat canicae [pl.] bran

Grk knks pale yellow
Skt knaka- gold
NE honey
Toch B kronke bee
*khm(-s)- be fatigued, sleepy Skt klm(y)ati becomes weary, Indic-Tocharian isogloss
fatigues
Toch B klnts- sleep
*kieu- move, go {1} [AL] OAv. auuait ( Y 29.3) can hardly be
3pl.pres., as is often assumed, rather an infinitive
( Insler 1975: 149).

*kieu- set into motion, be in motion Long grade. Wierd, huh?

*ihwon- pillar, post
Grk kn
Arm siwn
*ki-(y)eh- jay Italian cissa
OE hig(e)ra
Grk kssa
Skt cisa- roller
*ier- chickpea Lat cicer chickpea
Maced kkerroi birds pease
Arm sisen chickpea

Page 189
 Sheet1

*s this (one) OIr c here, on this side

Lat cis on this side of
OE h he [> NE he]
Lith s this [one]
OCS s this (one)
Alb sot (< *kyeha-dihxtei)
today
Grk stes (< *kyeha-wetes) in
this year
Hit ki this

*kla(n)g- scream (of birds) Lat clang cry [of birds] West Central
ON hlakka cry [of an eagle]
Lith klage,ti cackle
Grk klz resound
Grk klaggds shouting,
screaming [of people and birds],
barking or baying [of dogs]

*klehro- board, slat, lot? Gr. klros 'lot, piece of wood for
casting lots'
*kleh- spread out flat Lith klju spread out North-West
NE lade
OCS klad load, lay
*klehdreh- alder NHG Lutter mountain alder
Grk klthr stickyalder
*klehwis bolt, bar Lat clvis bolt, key West Central
(wooden) hook Grk kles bar, bolt
*lei- lean Lat clvus slope {1} [LK] According to Narten 1964: 259f., a
NE lean rebuilding of the root aorist asret, rather than an
Lith liti lean against authentic sigmatic aorist.
{2} The original present formations were an
Rus sloj layer, level intransitive thematic (middle) *klei-e- and a
cause to lean
Grk kln transitive nasal present.
Av sray- lean
Skt ryate clings to, leans on
Toch B klsk- set [of sun]
OIr cl left
Lat clvis inauspicious

*klinus maple OE hln

Lith klvas
Rus kln
Maced klin(s)trokhos
Grk glno- a type of maple ?

Page 190
 Sheet1

*kleng- bend, turn Lat cling gird

NE link chain
Toch B kleke vehicle/way of
arriving at knowledge
Toch B klk- doubt
*klep- lay hand to NE helm, halter
OPrus anklipts concealed
Toch AB klp- find, get, achieve,
obtain
Toch B klep- touch with the
hands, investigate, test
v. steal
Goth hlifan
Grk klpt
Toch B klyp-

*leu- clean OLat cloca gutter West Central

OE hlttor clean
Lith loju sweep
Grk klz wash
*leu- hear OIr ro-cluinethar hears
Lat clue am called
Goth hliuma hearing
OCS sluti be called
Alb quaj call, name
consider
Grk kl tell of, make famous
Arm lsem hear
Av surunaoiti hears
Skt rmti hears
Toch B klautso ear

*luos-ndgitom fame (immortal)

*leus- hear OIr clas ear
NE listen
Lith klausa I hear
OCS slyati hear
Messapic klaohi hear!
Skt rati hears
Toch B klyaus- hear
*lts > NE loud.
*lutrom a sound OE hlodor sound
Av sraoram song
Skt rtra- tone
*lwes- fame OIr cl fame
Lat cluor glory
OCS slovo word
Grk klos fame
Av sravah- word
Skt rvas- fame
Toch B -klywe fame
*lwesh-hnrm famous deeds of men
*klmh-ro-s plank OIr clr plank from *(s)kel- strike, hew
Grk kleros piece of wood used
for casting lots

Page 191
 Sheet1

*klmhwos bald Lat calvus {1} [AL] There are also a couple of Vedic words of
Av kaurva- a similar meaning with initial kh-: khalati- [adj]
Skt ti-krva- 'bald-headed' (AVP+), khlatya- [n] 'baldness'
(AV)
NE callow cf. also kharva- [adj] 'mutilated, deformed' (AV+
Rus glyj bare a-kharva- RV 07.032.13+), but they can hardly be
related. Also NP kal [adj] 'bald' must be of a
different origin. The relationship of *klHuo- and
*golHuo- 'bald', attested in Germanic (OHG kalo)
and Balto-Slavic (OCS gol 'naked', Lith. galva,
Ru. golova 'head') is unclear.

*lts post, trimmed log OIr cl housepost

OE gehlid fence [< *string of
posts])
Grk klta cloister [< *arcade <
*series of posts]
Skt rit- ladder
*klmnos callosity Lat callus callosity [> borrowed From *kal- hard
in NE callus]
Skt ka- callosity
*lunis haunch, hip NWels clun haunch
Lat clnis buttocks, haunch [of
animals]
ON hlaun buttocks, loin
OPrus slaunis hip
?Alb qenj belt
Grk klnis os sacrum
Av sraoni- buttock
Skt ri- buttock, hip, loin

*klmtr knife Lat culter (butchers) knife

Skt kuthra- axe
*klun- resound OE hlynn sound, noise, roaring Germanic-Tocharian isogloss
stream
Toch AB kln- resound
*meh- made, prepared Grk -kmts made, worked From *kemh- whose transitive meaning is work
Skt amit- prepared and intransitive is become tired.

*mh-e/o- tired
*mh-to- which has cost labour
*kmmhros crayfish Grk kmaros lobster
ON humarr lobster
*kmmhp-h- drone OHG humbal
Grk kphn
*knab()- pick at, tease out NWels cnaif fleece Our only possible linguistic attestation of the
Lith knabnti to pick/peck at concept of fulling wool, i.e. felting an already
woven fabric.
MDutch noppe nap, pile
[borrowed into NE as nap]
Grk knph full (cloth)
*knei-g lean Lat cnve blink North-West
Goth hneiwan bow
*kneu- nut OIr cn nut
Lat nux nut
NE nut
*nt- by, along
*ko(m) with, side by side OIr com- with
Lat cum with
OCS k toward
Skt km toward

Page 192
 Sheet1

*ko(n)gos hook MIr alchaing weapon rack

NE hook
Rus kgot claw
Hit kagas tooth
*kob- fit, suit, accomplish OIr cob victory North-West
ON happ chance, luck > NE
happy
OCS kob divination
*kobom success OIr cob victory North-West
ON happ luck from *kob- suit, fit
[NE hap, whence the adjective
happy, is related but is a
loanword from ON]
OCS kob divination
*koh- goat OCS koza she-goat Slavic and Albanian
Alb kedh kid
*hkh (forked) branch Goth hha plough Has secondary meanings as plough in a number
Lith ak branch of languages as primitive ploughs were originally
made from forked branches
Rus sokh(primitive) plough
Arm cax branch
NPers x branch
Skt kh branch
*kh-rm wax Lith kors honeycomb
Grk kron honeycomb, krs
wax
*khilus healthy, whole NE whole
Scots dialect hale
OPrus kail-sitkan health
OCS cl healthy
dialectal Grk kolu good
*ohnos whetstone, hone Lat cs [genitive ctis]
whetstone
NE [a] hone
NPers san whetstone
Skt a- whetstone
*koi- cut hair Lith kiiu scrape, shave
Alb qeth cut hair, shear
Skt ka- head hair
*imos household, village NE home West Central
related to Lat cvis citizen and words that mean
dear in Sanskrit.
*oino- grass Lith ier nas hay
OCS sno hay, fodder, grass
Grk koinhay
*oiw-is tube Lith eiva spool
*kolos splinter Lith akals splinter
Skt kala- splinter
*ks-o/eh- hollow of (major) joint OIr cos foot Difficult
Lat coxa hip
OHG hhsa back of knee
Av kaa- armpit
Skt kka- armpit, loins
Toch B kakse loins
*ok-r- manure, dung {1} Probably, a derivative of the root *kekw-,
found in Lith. ikti 'to shit'. Similar in form and
meaning is *sokr-/-n- 'manure, dung', cf. Hitt.
akkar, akna, Gr. e , .
{2} An original adjective ?

*krm excrement, dung, manure Lith ik defecate

Grk kpros dung, manure
Skt krmt excrement, dung

Page 193
 Sheet1

*kol- glue MLG/MDutch helen stick

Grk k lla glue
*kolh-n hill NE hill all derivatives of *kelh- rise, stand
Lat collis hill
Lith klnas mountain
Grk kolns hill
*lhm stalk, stem, straw Lat culmus stalk, stem, straw
OE healm stalk, stem, straw
Latv salms stalk, stem, straw
Rus solma stalk, stem, straw
Grk klamos reed
Toch A kulmnts- reed, rush

*kolns one- eyed OIr coll having lost the right eye
dialectal Grk kells one-eyed
Skt k- one-eyed

*klsos neck MIr coll head, chief West Central

Lat collus
OHG hals neck
*kon- do, make OWels di-goni makes, does
Lat cnor put myself in motion,
attempt
Czech konat do, achieve
Oss kn- make
Grk dikonos
*konhm leg Gr. knm 'leg'
OE hamm 'ham'
*knhmm lower leg, shin OIr cnim leg West Central
NE ham
Grk kn m tibia, spoke of a
wheel
*on- hang NE hang
Hit kank- hang
Skt kate doubts, fears (as in
left hanging)
Lat cunctor delay < ?hang
about
*onkhos mussel (-shell) etc Grk kgkhos mussel (shell)
Skt ak- (conch)shell
Latv sence mussel
*nkus a kind of fish ON hr shark problematic
Skt ank- ?
*ophs hoof NE hoof {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky
*skepho- Rus kopyto hoof 2001a: 53, fn. 53.
Av safa- hoof
Skt pha- hoof, claw
*phelos carp Lith palas chub
Latv sapalis chub, Dvina-carp
Skt aphara- carp
*kopso- blackbird OCS kos
Grk kpsikhos
*kris biting insect OCS kor moth from *(s)ker- cut
Grk kris bed-bug
*korm- broth, mash? Lat cremor broth, pap
Skt karam-bh- barley porridge,
soup
OIr cuirm beer
*ormon- weasel, ermine/stoat OHG harmo stoat North-Western
Lith armu wild cat
ermine, weasel

Page 194
 Sheet1

*ru horn Lat cervus stag

Lith krv cow
Rus korva cow
Grk krudos crested lark
Grk koruphcrest [of mountain
or horse]
Av srva- horn
claw, talon
*koryonos leader West Central
from *koryos army
*koryos people (under arms) OPers kra- people, army
Lith kras war
MIr cuire troop, host
OE here army
Lith krias army
Grk koranos army leader
*Kos-t- hunger Hit kst- hunger
Toch B kest hunger
*os-trom knife Lat castr I prune From *kes- cut and the instrumental suffix
*os-drom Alb thadr adze
Skt stra- knife, dagger
*ks(V)los hazel OIr coll hazel
Lat corulus hazel
NE hazel
Lith kaslas hunters stick, spear
bush

*ss (Scotch) pine OE hara wood

Khot sara-cara Barleria cristata
OE cn torch (of resinous
pinewood)
Rus sosnpine
Grk konos pinecone, kona
pitch, kneion hemlock
Khot sn- Celosia cristata

*kouhi(s) priest Grk ks priest From *(s)keuh- perceive

Lyd kawe priest
Skt kav- seer
*ouhros powerful Grk k rios
OIr cora(i)d
Skt ra-
Thracian name Soura-
*uhrm hole, opening Lat caverna cave Heteroclitic (with an original genitive *kuhnos)
Grk kar eye of the needle,
opening of the ear
Skt na- lack
Toch B kor throat
*unos red Rus sunca wild strawberry
Skt a- red
MIr canna lovely
NWels cun lovely
*kr(e)u-b- gather, amass Grk krpt hide Probably does not indicate human assemblage
Toch B kraup- gather, amass
herd
*kr(e)uh- flesh, blood
*kreb- basket ON hrip packbasket North-West
Lith krpas large satchel,
backpack
Lat corbis
Lith karrbas
Rus krob

Page 195
 Sheet1

*red- framework, beams NE roost

OCS krada funeral pile
Shughni summer pen for
cattle
*red-deh- believe OIr creitid believes {1} Ir. *jhrad- has introduced *jh- of the word for
Lat crd believe 'heart' (cf. Skt. hrrd-), whereas Skt. has preserved
Av zrazd- believing the original form *kred.
Skt rd-dhti believes, has trust
in, rad-dh- faith
*kreh-i- sift, winnow, divide Lat. cerno

Gr. krn
*rmh head ON hjarsi crown of the head
*rh-os Lat cerebrum brain [<
*(marrow) of the head]
Alb krye head
Grk kr head, karra head,
krnon crown of the head
Av sra- head, sarah- head
Skt ras-head
Toch B kraiye neck [<
*occiput]
Hit kitkar headlong

*kreidrom sieve OIr crathar sieve From *(s)ker- cut.

Lat crbrum sieve,
OE hrder hridder coarse sieve
[> NE ridder]
*reih be splendid

*krek- beat the weft with a stick NE reel

Lith krkls ragged clothing
Grk krk strike (the web),
weave, pluck a stringed
instrument
Grk krks warp
*krek- fish eggs, frogspawn ON hrogn roe
Lith kurkula frogspawn
Rus krjak frogspawn
*kremhus (wild) garlic MIr crem wild garlic
Grk krm(m)uon krm(m)uon
onion
NE ramsom (bulb of the) broad-
leaved garlic
Lith krem wild garlic
Rus eremwild garlic

Page 196
 Sheet1

*krps body OIr cr body, flesh

Lat corpus body
OE hrif belly, womb [> NE
midrif]
Av krf body
Skt krmp- form, beauty
*kret- shake MIr crothaid shakes North-West
OE hrae quick
Lith krei shake, jolt
strew by shaking
*kreu(-s)- strike NE rue
Grk kroan stamp, strike with
the hoof [of a horse]
Toch AB krn- strike, afflict
ON hrosti mashed malt
Lith kru smash, crash
grind
OCS sukruiti shatter
Grk kro strike [together],
strike a stringed instrument with
a plectrum, knock [at the door]

*kruh blood, gore MIr cr blood

Lat cruor thick blood, gore
Lith kraur jas blood
Rus krv blood
Grk kra raw flesh, kras piece
of meat
Skt krvi- raw flesh
*kreu- cry out, raise the hue and c OE hram [ judicial] outcry
Av xraos- call
Skt [nu] krati cries out, raises
the hue and cry
*kreup- rough, scabby OE hrof rough, scabby
NE rough
Lith kraups dreadful, rough;
timid
Toch B krpiye common, raw,
rough [< *rough]
*kreut- shake ON hraustr quick North-West
Lith krut move, stir
*rewh- gore, raw meat Skt. kravi- 'raw meat'
Lat. cruor
G kras 'raw meat'
*krmhps shoe ? OIr cairem shoemaker Usually derived from *(s)ker- cut, i.e. a shoe cut
Lith krp shoe out from leather.
SC krplje snowshoe
Grk krps shoe
ON hriflingr shoe
Late Lat carpisculum little shoe

*rmhsro-(h)on- hornet Lat crbr From *krmhs- horn

NDutch horzel
Lith re
OCS srsen
*ripo- head and facial hair Lat crnis head hair
Alb krip [short] head hair, facial
hair, krife mane
Av srif- plume
Skt pr [dual] moustache and
beard

Page 197
 Sheet1

*krms thin Czech krs shrivelled tree Possibly derived from a verb be thin, emaciated
Av krsa-gu- lean cows putative root not given (SGM)
Skt krma-gu- having lean cows
ON horr thinness
Czech krsati lose weight, wane
Lith krti be aged or decrepit
Skt kar- grow/be thin or lean

*krmnom cherry Lat cornus cornel cherry

Lith Krnis divine protector of the
cherry
Grk krnos cherry
*rmnom horn Lat cornum
NE horn
*krob- hurry OIr crip quick Celtic-Germanic-Tocharian
ON hrapa fall, hurry
Toch AB krp- descend, come
down, step down
*kroku- post Rus krkva stake
*kr-kyeh- Grk krssai crenellation
*rpos roof NE roof North-Western
OCS strop roof
MIr cr hovel, stall
*krmsneh- spring, wave OE hrn spring
Grk krn spring
*rmsos wagon Lat currus chariot, wagon from *kers- run
MWels carr wagon
*krt-u- iteration, X times {1} Most probably, acc.pl. of *krrtu-.
{2} Derivation from *kwer- 'to do' is less
attractive. Osc. petiro-pert 'four times' could also
be related to Lat. sem-per, etc.

*ks-en- card wool

*ks-n-eu- sharpen {1} [AL] Usually, xnuu is taken as pres.opt.,
but since in OAv. only aorist is attested, it seems
reasonable to assume that this form is aor.opt.
(as is well known, the sigmatic aorist does not
form optative, which is being supplied by the root
aorist). The same is probably valid for YAv. xnuiim
[2sg.opt.act.] ( Y 68.9). The YAv. present to the
root seems to be kuxnuua [2sg.opt.med.],
kuxnuuana- [ptc.med.] (if not perfect).
{2} For the meaning of Iran. *xnau- 'to hear' cf.
Skt. ksnav- + vc- 'to sharpen the speech'.
{3} [AL] In view of the meaning, ks-n-u- is likely
to be an original nasal present to *kseu- 'to be
sharp' (see s.v. ksura-), rather than *ks-en- 'to
comb, to card' (ksan- [2] to OCS esati [verb] 'to
comb') + -eu-.

*kseros dry Lat serescunt they dry

Lat sernus clear, bright, fair [of
weather] < *dry [of weather]
OHG serawn become dry
Grk ksern dry land
Grk ksrs dry, solid

Page 198
 Sheet1

*seros dry Lat sernus dry, clean West Central

OHG serawn become weak
Arm or dry
*sros dry (of weather or land) Grk ksrs dry, dried up Greek-Indic
Skt kr- caustic, burning
*kseu- rub, whet Lat novcula (< *ksnew-tl-)
razor
Grk ks sharpen, ksurn razor
Av hu-xnuta- well-sharpened
Skt kuti sharpens, whets,
kur- razor

*kseub- shake Polish chybnc shake Polish-Indo-Iranian isogloss

Av xaob- agitate
Skt kbhyati shakes
*ksihrm (skim) milk, whey Alb hirr whey
NPers r milk
Skt krm [thickened] milk
*slom worked, shaped wood Grk kslom wood
post, stake OHG sl pillar
Lith las wooden post, stake
*ksun with Lith s with West-Central
Rus s(o) with
Grk ksn sun with
*ksurm razor Grk ksurn From *kseu- rub, whet
Skt kur-
*kswes-os 60 sixth OIr seissed
Lat sextus
NE sixth
OPrus usts uschts
Lith tas
Bulg st
Alb gjasht
Grk hktos
Av xtva- (< *Proto-Iranian
*xuta-?)
Skt sath-
Toch B kaste

*uhds dung Lith das dung, muck West Central

dialectal Grk hus-kuth pig-
dung
*khlos back OIr cl back Derived from the root *keuhx- be bent
Lat clus rear-end (convexly) (apparently distinct from *keuhx-
hollow
Skt kla- slope, back
rear of army
*hlos spear, spit Arm slak pike, spear, dagger,
arrow
MPers swlck grill [< *complex
of spits]
Skt la- pike, spit, javelin
*kuhp- water vessel Lat cpa West Central
NE hive from *keu(h)- curve
Grk kpellon cup
*kuhs- hire (goods or services) NE hire
Hit kuss- hire
*kuis (female) pubic hair, vulv Lith ks female pubic hair,
vulva
NPers kus female genitals

Page 199
 Sheet1

*kuk cuckoo OIr cach Similar words are found in other language
Lat cuclus families, e.g. Akkadian kugu and Turkish guguk
NE cuckoo
Lith kukoti to cuckoo
Rus kuka
Grk kkkuks
Arm k(u)ku
NPers kuku
Skt kokil-

*kumbo/eh- bowl, small vessel OIr coim pot Found from Ireland to India although its
Grk kmb bowl derivation, either from *keu- bend or possibly a
Av xumba-pot loanword into Proto-Indo-European, is disputed.
Skt kumbh-pot
*kus- kiss Grk kun kiss Proto-Indo-European *k should give Germanic *h
Hit kuwaszi kisses and not *k unless the k was employed for some
ON kyssa sound-symbolic reason, i.e. somehow a hard k-
sound was thought to be appropriate for a kissing
OHG kussen noise among the speakers of Proto-Germanic.
NEkiss

*kutss anus, vulva Lat cunnus vulva

dialectal Grk kss vulva
anus
NPers kn ass, backside
*kVlV- cup, drinking vessel Lat calix cup, goblet [> NE Uncertain vowels suggest a Near Eastern loan
chalice]
Grk kliks cup
Skt kala- pot, pitcher
*kVr-C- crow Lat corvus
raven NE rook
Bulg krkon
Grk kraks
Skt karata- karva-
*kas- (wicker-) basket Lat qulus wicker-basket, North-West
quasillus small basket
OCS ko basket
*kat- ferment Lat cseus
OCS kvas leaven, sour drink
Skt kvthati boil
Goth ajan foam up
*kat- shake Lat quati shake West Central
Grk pss strew
*ked- whet, sharpen Lat tri-quetrus having three North-West
corners
NE whet
*keh(i)- fear, revere OCS aj (a)wait, hope
Grk t honour, revere
Luv kuwaya- fear
Skt cyati reveres, pays
attention to
*kehk- of what sort OIr cch everyone North-West
Lith kk(i )s of what sort
any, some
whatever [relative]
OCS kak of what sort
*kehli of what sort, of what size Lat qulis of what sort, of what West Central
kind
Lith klei how long
Grk plkos how old, how large

Page 200
 Sheet1

*kehm how; as Latin quam how, in what way West Central

as
Arm kan as, kcani how many?

*kehs- cough MIr casachtach act of coughing

OE hwsan cough [related in
some way is NE wheeze]
Lith ksiu cough
OCS kalcough [noun]
Alb koll cough [noun]
Skt ksate coughs
Toch B kosi cough [noun]

*kei- pay, compensate OPrus er-knint freed from the

devil
Grk tn make someone pay (a
debt, ransom, fine)
Lyc tti- pay, requite
Av ky- pay, compensate
Skt cyati pay, compensate
MIr cin guilt, crime, payment
due

*kei- perceive OIr ad-ci sees

Lith skaita count, read
OCS t count, reckon, read
Grk a-tz pay no attention
Skt cinti cikti perceives
*kei- pile up, build OCS in order
Grk poi pile up, make
Skt cinti pile up
*keih- rest, quiet Lat quis quiet
OE hwl while, time (> NE while)
OCS pokoj peace, quiet, rest
Arm han-gist rest, quiet
OPers iyti comfort
Lat quitus quiet
Av yta- happy

*keis- determine, reckon

*weit be white

Page 201
 Sheet1

*ke- look {1} [AL] The long vowel in the Skt. root is only
based on the late and poorly attested present
ksate, which is likely to be secondary. Its long
vowel may have been taken from the causative
and from the forms like avaksa-, praksa-. [[Also
the present in Iranian does not look old. At any
rate, the non-palatalized initial k- shows that this
is not an old thematic present. LIV2 s.v. *kuu ek-
proposes dissimilation of inital *- to *k-, which is
hardly plausible.]] Due to various phonetic
developments, the original forms of the IIr. root
*kac- are now divided between three roots: ks
(original intensive), caks (original reduplicated
present), ks / khy (original thematic aorist).

*ke/- appear OCS ka show {1} [AL] There is no consensus on the origin of
Grk tkmar sign this root. Synchronically, caks- and khy / ks
Av ate teaches belong to the same paradigm, the former
supplying the present and the latter supplying the
Skt cte sees, appears, kate aorist. It is therefore very attractive to assume
appears, is brilliant, shines that caste is the reduplicated present of the root
*kwek- (see s.v. ks). On the other hand, this
origin has often disputed in the literature because
-- in Iranian *a- is considered incompatible
with *kwe-kwk- > PIIr. *a-kc- (thus in recent
times explicitly Kmmel 2000: 168, fn. 177,
Rastorgueva - Edel'man: 2.235, who expect Ir.
*cax- or *caxs-). However, I do not see why Skt.
ks, Ir. cannot reflect *kwk. We know that Skt. ks,
Ir. can go back to PIE *tk (cf. Skt. taks, Ir. *ta-
'to fashion by cutting' < PIE *tetk-, Gr. ), in
spite of the fact that the exact details of the
phonetic development are not entirely clear. It
therefore seems probable that *kwk developed in
a similar fashion (possibly, *kwekwk- > *akts- >
*atts- > PIIr. *at-, yielding Ir. *a-, Skt. *cats-
> caks-, cf. Lubotsky 1997c: 562
as to the development of *kc- to Skt. ks- / khy-,
Av. xs- in the root ks, khy we may either
assume that the initial reflex is different or that
the cluster was restored there). Alternatively, we
may argue that the reflex Skt. ks, Ir. of *kwk is
due to the heavy clusters in the 2nd and 3rd
singular (kwks and kwkt, respectively). Cf. also
caksus- n. 'eye', which is best analysed as an
original perfect participle of PIIr. *kac-. LIV2 (s.v.
*kuu ek-) takes caks- as a "desiderative" (i.e. a
suffix -s-), which is semantically much less
attractive.

*kekus- looking {1} [AL] An original ptc.pf. of the root ks, as

already indicated by Leumann 1952: 105. The
Iranian word for 'eye' is derived from the present
stem and is therefore a recent formation.

Page 202
 Sheet1

*keklm wheel NE wheel The word is derived from *kel- turn after
Grk kklos reduplication
Skt cakr- in some languages we find it without the
reduplication, e.g. *kwolos underlies OIr cul
Av axra- wheel wagon while *kwoles yields OCS kolo wagon
Phrygian kkln Ursa Major, i.e.
the chariot
Grk kklos
Toch B kokale, where it means
wagon

*kel- turn OIr cul wagon

Grk plos axle
Alb sjell turn around, qell carry
Grk pl be in motion
be
Lat col till
dwell
care for

*kel(h)- move {1} With the l-variant cali , slightly differing in

meaning ('to move, to quiver').

*kelp- arch OE hwealf vault Germanic-Greek isogloss

Grk klpos fold, hollow

Page 203
 Sheet1

*kels- plow {1}[AL] For the meaning see Griffiths 2004: ad

6.9.7.
{2} [AL] krrsyu- [adj] 'plowing (of oxen)' (AVP),
given by Mh, does not exist. Instead of Kashmir
krrsyavah, the Orissa mss. read AVP 9.10.11d
[']nadvhah kris iva (for *krrs iva) 'like lean
oxes'.
{3} [AL] The easiest way to account for this form
is to assume the stem *karuu - (cf. vahuui
[gen.sg.f.] to vavh-), pace Klingenschmitt 1968:
103, who assumes haplology from *karuiiaii .

*kem- swallow Icelandic hvma swallow

Arm kimk throat
Av a-am- sip
Skt cmati swallows
*wen(to)- holy Lith vetas holy Derived from *keu(h)- swell, hence, swollen
OCS svt holy (with some form of sacred force)
Av spnta holy
*wndr/no- angelica SGael contran wild angelica North-West
Lat combretum [an unidentified
aromatic plant]
ON hvonn Angelica silvestris
Lith vndras reed
reed-mace
*kent()- sufer OIr csaid sufers
Lith keni sufer
Grk pskh sufer
*ker- cut Hit kuerzi cuts
NWels pryd time
Osc -pert . . . time[s]
Skt -krmt . . . time[s]

Page 204
 Sheet1

*ker- do, make, build OIr cruth form

Lith kuri make, build, create
OCS kruj smith
Av krnaoiti does, makes
Skt krmti does, makes, performs
executes, builds
Lith kras magician
Rus ry sorcery

*kerp- turn NE wharve

OE hweorfan turn, change
Grk karps wris
MIr carr spear
NWels par spear
Toch AB kurp- be concerned
with
*kerus large cooking pot, cauldron OIr coire cauldron
Skt car- cauldron
OE hwer pot, bowl, kettle,
cauldron
?Toch B keru drum
Russ. ara
*wes hiss {1} [AL] Blaek XXX has pointed to important
parralels to this name in Elamite.

*wesh- breathe; sigh, groan Lat queror

Toch B kws-
OE hwsan cough
Skt vsiti snort, hiss
NE wheeze is a loanword from
Old Norse
*wshmi breathe deeply, sigh Lat queror complain, lament
Av sui [dual] lungs
Skt vsiti breathes, sighs
Toch B kws- lament, bewail
*ket- chaf, bran MIr cith bran, needle
Grk ptea chaf
*ketur-domth 40 fourty
*ketwero- 4x fourfold

Page 205
 Sheet1

*ketwor-pod- animal Lat quadrups

Lith keturkjis
Alb shtaz
Grk tetrpous
Skt ctupad-
Toch B twerpew
*ketwres 4 four OIr cethair [m.] neuter: *ketworh
*ketur Lat quattuor Some languages reflect the presence, as with
NE four three, of a morphologically very unusual
feminine form, *ketes(o)res: OIr cethoir, Av
Lith ketur atar, Skt catasras
OCS etyre [m.], etyri [f./nt.] In Germanic, the influence of the following
Alb katr *penke explains the aberrant initial *f-, e.g. OE
Grk tssares [m./f.], tssara [nt.] fower (NE four), OHG Wor, rather than the
Arm ork expected *hw-. There has been a host of attempts
Av awr [m.] to etymologize *ketwores, with two of the most
popular (among many) being some relationship to
Skt catvras [m./f.], catvri [nt.]
the concept of either little finger or span of four
Toch B twer [m.], twra [f.] fingers (where *ket-wor would be a derivative of
*ket- stretch found otherwise only certainly in
the Baltic languages, e.g. Lith ket-), or the word
has been analysed as the enclitic *ke and +
*tur- (derived from *tur- three), i.e. after three
= four (though of course the attested forms of
three are unanimous in demanding a
reconstruction *ter- or trei-, not *tur-). The
Anatolian form has been derived from *mei- be
small and hence reference either to the little
finger or to a subtractive basis, i.e. five minus
one (as one does with the Roman numeral IV)
alternatively, the opposite meaning large,
associated with *meh- large, has also
been suggested, hence the large span. And both
of these have been combined
into a single expression, alternatively, *mehu-
*ketwor big span or *meyu- *ketwor little
finger, with Anatolian preserving the first
element and the rest of Proto-Indo-European the
second.

*kd what, what one Lat quid what, what one

OCS to what
Arm in- some
Hit kuit what (interrogative)
Av it [generalizing particle]
*ks who Lat quis who, which one
Grk ts who
Hit kuis who
Av i who

Page 206
 Sheet1

*kit-ro- conspicuous

*k(-eh-) look {1} This root is just another spelling for ks.
Other spelling variants are: ks-, ksy-, ksy-.

*klep- desire Av xrap- desire Avestan-Tocharian isogloss

Toch AB kulyp- desire
*kleu- turn
*ko-tmho- which (of more than two), a "superlative" of *kwo- which, who {1} It is not quite certain that this is a IE
formation.
*kod that
*kd what OWels pa what
Lat quod in respect to which
that, in that (conj.)
OE hwt what [> NE what]
Pal -kuwat [generalizing particle])
Skt kd what

*kodh when Lith kad when

Av kaa when
Skt kad when
*koihos pertaining to whom/what Lat cius whose
Grk poos of what kind
*koineh price Many languages take this as Pain, Punishment
later on
*koineh- compensation Lith kina price From the root *kei- pay, compensate
OCS cna price
Grk poincompensation for a
crime, bloodprice
Av kana- vengeance, hatred

Page 207
 Sheet1

*woits white Lith vitrs bright {1} Skt. ss a- [n] 'lead' (AV+) is a LW from a SW-
*witrs OCS svt light Iranian *sia- 'white' ( e svitra-).
Av spata- white
Skt vet- white, bright, vitr-
whitish, white
NE white
NE wheat
*kol-o- wheel Gr. plos 'axis'
OCS kolo 'wheel'
*koli ?of what sort, of what size OCS kolik how large, kol how West Central
*km when Goth han when
OPrus kan when
OCS ko-gda when
Alb k when
Av km how
*kr where OLat qur why, wherefore
OE hw r where [> NE where]
Skt krhi when, at what time

*ks who OIr nech [< *ne-kos] someone,

anyone
OE hw who [> NE who]
Lith ks who, what
OCS eso whose
Alb k whom
Grk tou whose
Arm ov (< *kos/kom) who
Skt ks [masc.] who, [fem.] k
who, ksya whose

*kteros who of the two? Lat uter which The initial labiovelar exhibits the expected
OE hwer which [> NE different treatment in Greek where we find *ki- >
Grk ti- but *ko- or *ku- > Grk po-/pu-.
whether]
Lith katars katrs which
OCS koteryj which
Grk pteros which
Skt katar- which
*kti how much/many Lat quot how many
*kti Grk psos how much, how many
Skt kti how much, how many
Bret pet der how many days
Av aiti how many

*krei(h)- pay OIr crenaid buys {1} IE nasal present *kwri-ne-h-ti with ppp.
buy ORus krnuti buy *kwrih-to-.
exchange Grk pramai buy
Skt krti buys
Toch B kry- buy
OIr tinnscra bride-price
Lith krieno bride-price
*krsnos tree OIr crann tree
brush(wood) Grk priunos holm-oak [Quercus
ilex]
*krmmis worm, insect OIr cruim worm {1} Next to a rhyme formation *urmi- (Lat. vermis
wug: worm/bug Lith kirms worm 'worm', MoHG Wurm 'worm', etc.).
OCS rv worm
Alb krimb worm
Skt krmmi- worm
OPrus girmis mite
Lith kirms dragon

Page 208
 Sheet1

*krmsns black OPrus kirsnan black

OCS rn black
Skt krm- black
Alb sorr meaning crow
shiny black?
Lith kras black and white,
piebald
*krustn (freezing) cold Grk krustanomai am congealed
with cold, freeze, krms icy
cold, frost
Toch B kroce cold
Grk krustllos ice
crystal
Lat crusta crust
OHG hroso ice, crust
Latv kruvesis frozen mud

*krmwis tool Lith kirrvis axe Possibly derived from *kwer- do, make.
Rus cerv sickel
Skt krmvi- weaving instrument
*ksep- night Grk psphas darkness
Av xap- darkness
Hit ispant- night
Skt kp- night

*ktur- 4 four- Used in compounds

*ktur-ys 4th fourth Lat qurtus Though geographically restricted in its
*ketwor-to- NE fourth attestation, a zero-grade *kturyos (e.g. Hit
kutruwa(n)- witness [i.e. fourth party to a
Lith ketvirrtas
transaction (after the two originals and the
Rus etvrtyj judge/arbiter/recorder)] from a pre-Hit *ktruyos,
Alb katrt itself by metathesis from *kturyos, Av tirya-
Grk ttartos fourth, Skt tury a- fourth), is probably older.
Av aru- (One can at least imagine that the Hittite
Skt caturth- butchers term, kudur leg of beef, sheep, etc.,
Toch B tarte might have originally meant quarter [as in the
English butchers term] and reflect an even older
Proto-Indo-European form, *kturom fourth.

*ku where OIr co how

*k where
Lat ubi where
OPrus quei where
OCS kde where
Alb kush who
Grk pu- where
Hit kuwapi where
Skt k where
Toch B kse who
extended *kr
Lith kurrwhere
Alb kur where
Arm ur where

Page 209
 Sheet1

*yeh- deep intense shade, OE h wen blue, purple, green,

azure, grey
OE hw colour
NE hue
Lith yvas light grey
OPrus sywan grey
OCS siv dark grey
Alb thinj grey
Lith mas blue-grey
Serbo-Croatian sinji sea green
Skt ym- dark brown, dark
green, yv- brown
Sogdian w dark-coloured
Toch B kwele black, dark grey

*yeino- bird of prey, kite? Grk iktnos Greek-Armenian-Indo-Iranian isogloss

Arm cin
Av sana- eagle
Skt yen- eagle
*l(e)nto- soft NWels llathr smooth North-West
Lat lentus soft, tender
NE lithe
Lith letas quiet, calm
*l(e/o)iseh furrow Lat lra furrow (or track) from *leis- to leave a trace on the ground
OE lste fringe, border (> NE
list)
OPrus lysa field bed
OCS lcha field bed
*la(m)b- seize Lith lbis possessions, riches
Grk lambn seize, take
Skt l(m)bhate seizes, takes
*lab- lick Lat lamb
NE lap
Grk lpt slurp, drink
Arm lapel lick
*laiws left Lat laevus
OCS lv
Grk lais,
Toch B laiwo lassitude
*lak- lick Lith lak lap up
OCS lou lick
Arm lakemlick
*lak- rend, tear Lat lacer worn out West Central
Alb lakur naked
Grk lakz tear
*lal- babble Lat lall sing to sleep
NE lullaby
NHG lallen stammer, babble,
speak indistinctly
Lith laloti stammer
Rus ll babbler
Grk llos babbling, loquacious,
lal talk, chat, prattle
Hit lala- tongue
Skt lalall- indistinct or lisping
utterance

*lap- shine NWels llachar shining Reflexes suggest that it may have been
Grk lmp give light, shine specifically related to the brightness of fire
OIr lasaid flames
Lith lp torch
Hit lpzi glows

Page 210
 Sheet1

*las- be greedy, lascivious OIr lainn eager, greedy

Lat lascvus lascivious
NE lust
Lith lokns loving, amorous,
tender
OCS laskati flatter
Grk lilaomai desire
dialectal Grk lst courtesan
Skt lasati strives, plays, is
delighted

*lau- benefit, prize OIr lg reward, prize North-West

Lat lucrum gain, benefit [slightly
pejorative, whence NE filthy
lucre]
OE lan reward, recompense
*leb- lip Lat labium lip North-West
NE lip
Hitt lipp- lick
*leb- ivory
*leg- drip, trickle OIr legaid perishes, melts
NE leach
Arm li bog
*le- see Lat leg gather
read
NE look
Toch AB lk- see
*leg- lie NE lie, law, low
MIr laigid lies
Lat lectus bed
OCS lati lie
Grk lkhetai lies
Hit lki lays aslant
Toch B lyk- lie

Gr. lkhos 'bed'

Toch B leke, leki 'bed, resting
place'

*leg- lie; that which is laid out NE law

Lat lex
*lges- place for lying, bed, couch Grk lkhos bed, bier From *legh- lie down
Grk lkhos place for lying, possible an independant formation.
ambush
Toch B leke bed, resting place

*lehd- grow slack, become tired Lat lassus tired

OE lt sluggish
Lith lnas lazy, gentle
OCS ln lazy
Alb lodhet becomes tired
Grk lden be tired
Toch B ll- exert oneself, tire
oneself
*lehd- leave NE let
Lith lidiu leave
Alb l leave, let, abandon, allow
Hit l(i)- let go

*lehw- stone OIr le (gen. lc) stone Limited Distribution

Grk laas (gen. laos) [rebuilt from
(*lwas, lawasos?), lus stone
(vb.)
Alb ler rubble

Page 211
 Sheet1

*leh- pour, wet, make flow Hittite pour, make flow, lahhuzi
overflows, pours, lahni- bottle,
pitcher
Lat lma bog
Grk lns tub
Toch B le flood
*lehws people (under arms) Grk l(w)s people, [pl.] army from a root *leh- military action
Doric Grk lgts leader of the
people
Phryg lawagtei military leader
Hit lahha- campaign

*leh- bark Lat ltr bark [at] In six groups

rant, roar
Lith lju bark {1} [AL] In view of semantics, the connection
with a r-root (*Hreh-: ON rmr 'hoarse', Russ.
OCS laj bark (dial.) rajat' 'to sound') is much less probable.
Alb leh bark
Oss rjun bark
Skt ryati barks
*leh- complain, cry out OIr lid complains West Central
Lat lmenta lamentation might be the same as *leh- bark
dialectal Grk lao +make a
sound
Arm lam cry, weep
*lehp-eh- foot, paw ON lfi palm
Lith lpa paw
Rus lpa paw
Kurdish lapka paw
*leht- wet, moist MIr lathach mud North-West
OHG letto clay
Grk ltaks drops
various Baltic river names
*leib- pour, make a libation Lat lbre
Grk leb pour out [drop by
drop]
*lei- lick OIr ligid
Lat ling
NE lick
Lith liei
OCS lizati
Grk lekh
Arm lizem
Av raza-
Skt leh-

Page 212
 Sheet1

*leik- leave (behind) Lat linqu leave

NE loan
Lith liek leave
Grk lep leave
Arm lkanem leave
Av irinaxti releases
Skt rikti leaves

*leip- adhere, stick; smear Hit lipp- smear

Lith limp adhere
OCS pri-lpj stick on
OE bilfan remain
left over
Toch AB lip- remain
left over
Grk lipars fat, anointed
*leip- light, cause to shine ON leiptr lightning North-West
Lith liepsn flame, blaze
*leis- leave a trace on the ground
*leit(h)- go away, go forth; pass aw Toch B lit- pass on
OE lan go, travel
NE lead
OHG beleite burial
Grk loite bury
Av ra- die

Page 213
 Sheet1

*lek- jump, scuttle along Grk lk dance, likertz jump

MHG lecken hop
Latv lkju jump about
Lat lcusta locust
NE lire calf of the leg (< OE lra)

*lem- (nocturnal) spirit Lat lemurs nocturnal spirits

who devour the dead
Grk lmia a female flesh-eating
monster used to scare children
with
*lemb- hang down Skt rmbate hangs down
*remb- Lat limbus hem, border.

*lend sink, fall (?) {1} Probably isolated nonce formation

(Neubildung).
{2} [LK] Forms with the nasal in the root (full
grade) are used transitively ('to make subject'),
forms without nasal (zero grade), except for
red.aor. rradhas, are intransitive ('to be subject')
see Narten 1964: 218
Bendahman 1993: 128f.
Schaefer 1994: 29f.
Kmmel 2000: 415f.
{3} [AL] The Indo-Iranian etymology is difficult.
The Iranian root rand- means 'to scrape, to make
smooth' (see s.v. rad), and NP razda 'tired,
exhausted' can easily belong there (with a
semantic development typical of colloquial
speech). It is even conceivable that this Iranian
root is etymologically related to randh, cf. English
wipe out for a semantic parallel. The further IE
connections are doubtful.

*lend- open land, waste NE land North-Western

OIr lann open land
OPrus lindan valley
Rus ljadovergrown field

Page 214
 Sheet1

*leng- bend Lith lingoti soar

Slov lgc bend
Alb lngor flexible
Skt r gati moves here and
there
*lenk- bend Lith lekti tilts, bends
traverse, divide Toch AB lk- hang
[<*dangle])
Toch B leke valley, cleft
OCS raz-lciti separate, divide
*lenteh- linden NE linden
Lith lent (linden) board
Rus lut (linden) bast
Alb lnd wood, material
*lep- peel Grk lp peel West Central
OE lf headband
Lith lpas leaf
Rus lpot bast-shoe
Alb lap dewlap of an ox
*lep- stone Lat lapis stone [with uncleara-] Limited Distribution
Grk lpas stone

*lerd- crooked Scots Gaelic lorcach lame West Central

Grk lords stooped
Arm lorck twisted bodies
*lerd- crooked SGael lorcach lame
MHG lrz left
Grk lords bent backwards so
the front of the body is convex
*lesi- liver Hit lissi- This word could be an early loan between two
Arm leard neighbouring languages
*letrom leather OIr lethar North-Western
NE leather
*leu- dirt Lat pollu soil, defile Limited Distribution
Grk luma dirt
*leub be disturbed {1} The meaning 'to desire greatly or eagerly,
long for' is only attested since Mn.
{2} [AL] Oss. (D) ilivd 'pitiful, wretched' is not
related and goes back to *ui-ripta-.

Page 215
 Sheet1

*leub- love, desire Lat lubet libet pleases, lubd

libd desire, pleasure
NE love
Lith liaups~ glorification
OCS ljuby love
Alb laps wish
dialectal Grk luptcourtesan
Skt lbhyati desires ardently
OE lof dear [> (archaic) NE lief]
OCS ljub dear
Skt lbha- desire

*leud- act hypocritically, badly OE lot deception North-West

OPrus laustinti humble, abase
OCS lud foolish
*leug- bend; bend together, entwi OIr fo-long- sustains, supports West Central
Lat luct struggle
NE lock (of hair) and lock of door
(a bending together)
Lith lgnas flexible, pliable
Grk lugz fold, bend
*leug- grieve, be pained Lat lge mourn, lament
Grk leugalos sad, horrible,
lugrs baneful, mournful
Toch B lakle pain, sufering
*leu- break, break of Lith luti break
Skt rujti break
Lat lge mourn
Toch B lakle pain, sufering
OIr lucht load, cargo
*leug- lie, tell a lie NE lie North-West
OCS l lie
Lith lgti ask
*leuh- wash, bathe Lat lav wash West Central
Grk lo wash
Arm loganam bathe, wash
myself
*leuh- hunt Rus lov capture, catch
nominal derivative *luhxn he
of the hunt
Grk ln lion [< *the hunter
Toch B luwo animal [< *the
hunted]
*luhn animal Grk ln lion
Toch B luwo animal
*leuk- light
*leuk- see NWels amlwg evident Can hardly be separated from *leuk- in the sense
OPrus laukt seek of shine
OCS luiti meet someone
Grk less see
Skt lkate perceives
*leuk- shine Lat lce shine
Hit lukke- shine
Skt rcate shines
Toch AB luk- shine
Lat lce kindle
Hit lukke- kindle
Av raoayeiti makes shine
Skt rocyati makes shine

Page 216
 Sheet1

*leuks light, bright, clear OIr lch glowing white

Lith lakas blazed, with a white
spot on the forehead [of
animals]
Grk leuks light, bright, clear
Skt roc- shining, radiant
*leup- peel Lith lup peel
Skt lump ti break, violate, hurt

*li(w)- lion Rus lev Suspected by some to be a borrowing from

Grk ls Hebrew layiw lion
*linom flax NWels llin linen, flax
Lat lnum linen, flax
Lith lina [pl.] linen, flax
Rus len linen
Grk lnon flax, thread, linen
*lohpo- cow Latv lups cow
Alb lop cow
*loid- play, jest Lat ld play
Grk lzei plays
*loik()-u- left behind
*loik-no(s)- property left by bequest

*liknes- (inherited) possessions OE ln loan, lease, grant, leased from *leik- leave
land
NE loan
Av raxnah- inheritance, goods
Skt rkas- inherited
possessions

*l- weasel Latv luoss

Rus lska
NPers rs
*ls salmonid, salmon trout OE leax salmon
OHG lahs salmon [> NE lox]
Lith lis salmon
Rus loss salmon
Arm losdi salmon trout
Oss lsg salmon trout
Toch B laks fish
*loks lake, water, pond OIr loch lake, Lat lacus lake,
cistern
OE lagu water, lake, river
OCS loky pool
Grk lkkos pond, cistern
*lond-uo- *to sink, to fall > *deepening > indentation (a body area) (?) {1} Possibly, replacing **randhva- with ra- by
analogy with udara-, jathara- 'stomach'.
{2} See aslo Schrijver 1993 for Celtic cognates
(OIr. land 'free land', MW llan 'area', etc.).

Page 217
 Sheet1

*lndu loins Lat lumbus loin

OE lendenu [pl.] loins
Rus ljdveja loin, hip
Skt rndhram loins
Grk ikss
*lnko/eh- valley Lith lank valley, river-meadow Only in Baltic, Slavic, and Latin
OCS lka gulf, valley, meadow,
marsh
Toch B leke valley
Late Latin (< Gaulish?) *lanca
depression, bed
of a river
*lp- strip of cloth, bast, OE lf headband West Central
or hide used for clothing Lith lpas patch derived from *lep- strip (off)
Rus lpot bast shoe
Grk lopos clothes made from
skins
*lorgeh- club OIr lorg club North-West
ON lurkr
*los- cloth Khot r(r)aha- cloth
Skt las-pjan- large needle [<
*cloth piercer?]
MHG lasche rags
Rus lskut rags
Lith lskana rags
*losiwos weak Goth lasiws weak
Toch B leswi attacks of
weakness
NE lazy
*lubo/eh- bast, bark Lith lubas rind, bark [Latin book because bast, especially beech-bast,
Rus lub bast, bark provided an early writing medium]
Alb lab rind, bark, crust
Lat liber bast
book
OHG louft bark, bast
*louhtrom (wash-) basin OIr lthar tub, basin West Central
Lat p-lbrum wash-basin from *louh- (also reconstructed as *leuh-) wash
Grk loetrn bath
*luk(es)- light Lat lx
Arm loys
Av raoah-
Skt roc-
Toch B lyuke
*loukos space, world, place
*louksneh- moon Lat lna North-Western
OCS luna
OPrus lauxnos stars
*lowh-tro- bath Lat. laubrum
G loetrn
*lu- louse NWels llau {1} The IE reconstruction is uncertain because of
*luhs- NE louse many tabooistic changes.
Lith vevesa
Rus vo
Skt yka
*lu- lynx OIr lug
OE lox
Lith lis
Rus rys
Grk lgks

Page 218
 Sheet1

*m-hem- mother NWels mam mother

Lat mamma breast
mu/ommy, grandmother
OHG muoma aunt
Lith mam mother
Rus mma mother
Alb mm mother
Grk mmm mother (later
grandmother)
Arm mam grandmother
NPers mm mother
Skt m mother

*m(e)hd- become wet, moist, fat OIr maidid breaks, bursts forth,
gushes
Lat made am moist, drip
Alb maj feed, fatten [of animals]
Grk mad am damaged by
wetness or humidity, drip)
Av maa-
Skt mda-
OE mete food
NE meat

*m(e)uh- wash (in urine?) OPrus amsnan Some have suggested that the meaning here has
OCS myj shifted from wash to dirt although it should be
Cypriot Grk mulsasthai noted that urine was employed by the Romans as
a mouthwash and was a component of
MIr mm urine toothpastes and mouthwashes up the eighteenth
Skt m tra- urine century
in India, the walls of a room might be washed in
cows urine to honour a guest, so there is some
evidence that the notion of urine as a cleanser is
of Proto-Indo-European age.

*mag- be able NE may The -g- of Sanskrit rather than the expected *-gh-
Lith magti please, be is difficult
agreeable
OCS mog am able
?Av mou-
?Skt maga- magician
*magus young man Corn maw youth from the semantically similar *magh- be able
servant, mowes young woman
OE mago son; man; servant
OEmg(e) maiden, virgin; girl;
wife
NE maiden
Av maava- unmarried

*magwih- young woman

*mai- soil,defile NE mole North-Western
Lith miles yeast
*mk- press Lat mcer tenderize by North-West
marination
Latv mkt oppress, depress
Czech makati press, squeeze

Page 219
 Sheet1

*makros thin, long Lat macer lean, meagre, thin

[which via French is borrowed
into English as meagre]
ON magr thin
Grk makrs long, big, high
deep, long-lasting
Hit maklant- thin
Av mas- long
*mand- enclosure, stall Eastern
found in Greek, Indo-Iranian, and Thracian.
No examples given (SGM)

*mant- chew Lat mand West Central

*mand- OIr mtal belly
OHG mindil bite
dialectal Grk mthuiai jaws
*manu- Man, ancestor of Germanic Mannus, the
mythological ancestor of the
Germans
Skt Mnu Indo-Iranian ancestor of
humanity
*mrkos horse OIr marc horse Attested only in Celtic and Germanic
NE mare
*masdos post Lat mlus mast North-Western
upright in building a tower
NE mast
*mat- worm, maggot, OE maa worm, maggot
OE moe (> NE moth)
Arm matil louse
Av maaxa- grasshopper
*mat- hoe, plough Lat mateola hoe
OHG medela plough
OCS motyka hoe, mattock
Skt maty- harrow
*mwort- god of war Lat Mrs
Skt Maruts
*m no, not Alb mos does not appear in the North-West
prohibitive particle Grk m {1} impv. of an aor. root *meh- 'halt, stop', cf.
Arm mi Hitt. memma- 'to refuse' ?
Skt m
Toch B m
*m(m)s meat Lat membrum member, part of a It is suggested that it also has Celtic cognates
carcass including the name of Ireland itself, i.e. both the
Grk me goddess Eriu and the name of the island is
fertile (< *pihweryn), i.e. fertile land (one
Goth mimz might compare the name of a district in Thessaly,
Lith ms Peri, and the Homeric phrase p e iran arouran
OCS mso fertile land).
Alb mish
Arm mis
Skt ms- ms-
Toch B msa [pl.]
Grk menigks skin, meninges
OIr mr bit [< *bit of meat],
portion, share
Rus mjazdrmeat side of skin

*me/o- interrogative or relative par Bret ma may that

Hit masi how much
Toch A mnt how
*med- heal, cure Lat medicus doctor Probably a specialized development of PIE *med-
Av v-mad- healer measure.

Page 220
 Sheet1

*med- measure, weigh OIr midithir judges

Lat meditor meditate
OE metan measure, mete out [>
NE mete]
Grk mdomai provide for, be
mindful of , mdomai intend
plot
Arm mit thought, reason
Lat medeor cure, medicus
doctor
Grk Mdos god of medicine
Av vi-madaya act as ahealer

*med-mho- middlemost {1} The -y- in Skt. madhyama- is analogical after

madhya-.
*mdu mead OIr mid mead
NE mead
Latv medus honey
mead
OCS med honey
wine
Grk mthu wine
Av mau berry wine
Skt mdhu honey
wine
Toch B mit honey, mot [<
*mdhu-] alcoholic drink

*medwih- intoxicator OIr Medb, the queen of Connacht

Skt Mdhav, a daughter of Yayti

*medyos middle ? Lat medius

NE mid
MIr mide middle
OPrus median forest [< that
which lies between
(settlements)]
Rus meborder
Alb mjesdit noon
Grk msos middle
Arm mj middle
Av maiya- middle
Skt mdhya- middle

*megh-luos fame (great)

*meh- large, great OIr maige great, large Pnly much (with unexpected loss, dating to Middle
Lat magnus large English, of the final -l ) and the dialectal mickle
(corresponding in form to Grk megalos) survive as
OE micel large
direct descendants in English, although the
Alb madh large, Grk mgas Greek-derived prefix mega- is quite productive in
large modern English.
Arm mec large
Hit mkkis much, many,
numerous
Av maz- large
Skt mhi- large
Toch B mka many

Page 221
 Sheet1

*meh- measure {1} Hypercharacterized form.

{2} [AL] Iranian maH- [2] 'to be, become' (cf.
Cheung 2007) is probably a specific usage of the
same root.

*mh-nt moon OIr m month from the verb *meh- to measure

Lat mnsis month
NE moon, month
Lith mnuo moon, month
OCS msc moon, month
Alb muaj month, Grk mn
month
Arm amis month
Av m moon, month
Skt ms- moon, month
Toch B mee moon, month

*meh-ns- moon, month {1} From IE *meh- 'to measure'.

*meh(i)- grow Hit mi- grow
Skt mmte is conceived, grows
[of the fetus in the womb]
Toch B maiwe youth

*meh(i)- mumble OCS mmati stammer

Grk mimikhms neigh
Arm mayem bleat
Skt mmti bleat
Hit memma- speak
*mehl- small animal OIr ml (small) animal West-Central
NDutchmaal young cow NE small has the s-mobile
NE small
Grk melon sheep, goat
*mehns month

Page 222
 Sheet1

*mhtis measure Lat mtior measure

OE mo measure
Alb mot season
rainstorm
Grk metis plan
Skt mti- measure
Hit mhur time
*mehlom apple Hittite mahla- grapevine
Lat mlum
Grk melon
Alb moll [borrowed from Latin or
Greek?]
*mehtrus mothers brother
*meh- wave/trick (with the hand) Rus ob-mant trick, deceive
Skt mytrick, illusion
Toch A msk- switch, juggle
Lith mju wave, signal with the
hand
*meh(t)- good OIr maith good North-West
Lat mnis good
*mehk- poppy OHG maho mago West-Central
OPrus moke
Rus mak
Grk mkn
*mhrm hand Lat manus hand Heteroclitic r/n
OE mund [palm of the] hand,
protection
Goth manwus at hand, ready
Grk mr hand, imros having
arrows at hand
Alb marr take, grasp,
Hit mniyahh- hand over, mri
manual tool, weapon

*mhtr mother OIr mthair {1} [AL] Although this compound can be
Lat mter interpreted in three ways (1. haplology < *hama-
NE mother mtar-, cf. OP hama-pitar-, Gr. -
2. = ham-mtar-, cf. RV sam-mtar-
OPrus mothe 3. < *smr-, cf. Gr. -), the first option is by
OCS mati far the most credible one, in view of the parallel
Grk mtr OP formation.
Phryg matar
Arm mayr
Av mtar-
Skt mtr-
Toch B mcer

*mhtrus maternal kinsman Grk mtrs Greek Only

maternal uncle
*mehtruh- mothers sister OE mdrige mothers sister perhaps just motherly-one
Grk mtrui stepmother
Arm mawru stepmother, mother-
in-law
*mei- exchange Latv mju exchange
Av fra-mita- changed
Skt myate exchanges, minti
exchanges, deceives
Toch B msk- exchange
OIr min treasure
Av mani- punishment
NE mean

Page 223
 Sheet1

*mei- less Lat minus small

Goth minnists smallest
Grk minurios short-lived
v. *minuti >
Corn minow lessen
Lat minu lessen
Grk minth lessen, decrease
Skt minti lessens
*mei-no- opinion OIr man wish, desire
NE mean, bemoan
OCS mnj mention
Toch B onmim remorse
*mei()- barley (grain?) OIr mach measure of grain,
bushel
Lith miiai
Khot ma- field ???
*meig- close the eyes Toch B mik- close the eyes
*meik- Lith (u-)mgti fall sleep
Rus mat blink
Lat mic move quickly, flash
*meih diminish, disappear {1} [AL] Rather here and not to may [2]. Mh does
not mention this form.

*meih- go MWels mynet go North-West

Lat me go, wander
OCS min pass away, pass by

Page 224
 Sheet1

*mei- mix OIr mescaid mixes, agitates,

stir up troubles
Lat misce mix
NE mix
Lith miti mix
OCS msiti mix
Grk msg mix
Av minati mixes
Skt mekayati mixes, stirs

*meit- exchange Lat mt change Underlies the name of the Indo-Iranian

Goth maidjan exchange Mitra/Mithra, the god in charge of contractual
Latv mietuot exchange relationships.
Skt mthatimithti exchanges
*mel- argue, contend ON ml speech, legal dispute
Grk ml contend, bring an
action in a suit
Toch B ml- argue, contest
*mel- good Lat melior better
Lith malons pleasant
Hit mal(i)- approve, be
favourable
*mel- harm OIr millid harms Perhaps related to the verb *melh- grind
Toch B ml- wound, damage
*mel-n- dull or brownish black Latv melns black
Grk mls black
Skt malin- dirty, black
NWels melyn yellow
Lat mulleus reddish
OPrus melne blue spot
Lith mlas dark blue, mlynas
blue
Latv mlynas black

*mel(h)- soft Lat mollis soft

OPrus maldai young
OCS mlad young, soft
Grk blads slack
Arm mek soft, limp
Skt mrmd- soft, tender, mild
*meld- pray seen in some languages, Hitt. Arm. Balto-Slavic

*meld- lightning North-Western

*meld- pray, speak words to a deit OE meld(i)an announce, declare,
proclaim, reveal;
OHG meldn report
Lith meldi
OCS molj
Arm maltem
Hit mald(i)-
*mles- fault, mistake
*mles- limb Breton mell knuckle
Grk mlos limb
*melh- grain, millet Lat milium My be independently formed from the verb to
to grind grind (*melh-)

Page 225
 Sheet1

*melh- grind OIr meilid

Lat mol
NE meal
Lith mal
OCS melj
Grk ml mill
Arm malem
Hit mall(a)-
Skt mrmti
Toch B mely-

*melh--s weak, soft

*meli- badger Lat mls
Slovenian melc
*mli(t)- honey OIr mil honey
Lat mel honey
NE mildew [< *sweet sap]
Alb blet honey-bee
Grk mli honey, mlissa honey-
bee
Arm mer honey
Hit militt- honey
*meltih- honey-bee Alb blet Central
Grk mlissa From *melit honey
*melk- plait, spin Hitt malk- spin, entwine
Toch mlk- joint together, insert
OHG malha bag

*melk- damage {1} If connected with Gr. .

{2} If connected with Hitt. mrk-hhi.

*melo- bad MIr mell mistake

Lat malus bad
Lith mlas lie
Grk mleos miserable, fruitless,
vain
Arm mek sin
Av mairya- [an epithet of
demonic beings]
*mms-(o)- meat
*men- chin MWels mant mouth, jaw Requires acceptance that the apparently cognate
Lat mentum chin forms are not independent derivatives from *men-
project
Hit mni- chin

*men- project NWels mant mouth, lip

Lat mentum chin, pr-mine
project
Hit mni- face, cheek
Av fra-manyente gain
prominence

Page 226
 Sheet1

*men- remain, stay Lat mane remain

Grk mn stand fast, remain
Skt man- delay
OIr ainmne duty
Arm mnam remain, expect
Toch AB msk- become
possibly Hit mimma- refuse
*men- think, consider perfect *memnhe think,
remember
Lat memin remember
Grk mmona yearn
Skt mamnthinks
present *mnm ytor
OIr do-moinethar believes
Lith mini remember
OCS mnj think
Grk manomai rage, be mad
Av mainyeite thinks
Skt mnyate thinks)
present *mnhti
Grk mnema remembrance
Luv m(a)n- see, look upon

*mn-mnm thought OIr menma spirit, sense

Skt mnman- mind, perception

*men(s)-d(e)h- learn NWels mynnu wish

OHG mendn rejoice,munter
lively
Lith madras lively, awake
OCS mdr wise ?
Alb mund be able
Grk manthn learn
Av mz-d- stamp in the
memory, mazd wisdom
Skt medhwisdom

*mendo/eh- (bodily) defect OIr mennar spot, stain

Lat menda bodily defect
Lyc mte- damage, harm
Skt mind defect of the body
*meneg- abundant OIr meinic(c) abundant North-West
NE many
OCS mnog abundant
?Skt magh- gift, reward, wealth

*mnes- thought Grk mnos Graeco-Aryan isogloss

Av manah-
Skt mnas-
*meng- charm, deceive MIr meng deceit, guile
Grk mgganon charm, philtre
Oss mng deceit
*menk- lack Lat mancus maimed
OHG mengen be lacking
Lith mekas feeble, weak
scanty
insignificant
Skt mak- wobbly
Toch AB mk- be deprived of
lack

Page 227
 Sheet1

*menk- press Grk mssknead

Skt mcate crushes
OE mengan mix
Liith mnkyti knead, touch
OCS mkk soft, delicate
*menkus soft Latv mkst soft Baltic-Slavic-Albanian isogloss
OCS mkk soft
Alb (Gheg) mekan weak
*mens bear in mind, be thoughtful {1} PIIr. *mans < *mens represents the old
acc.sg. of *menos, see s.v. manas-.

*mens-dhro- wise {1} [AL] On the basis of Avestan and Slavic

forms, we may conclude that Skt. has introduced
zero-grade from *mazdhaH- (see s.v. medh -).

*menth- stir ON mndull handle on a pestle

Lith msti stir, agitate
OCS msti disturb, molest
Skt m(n)th- stir, whirl, churn,
hurt, destroy
Toch B mnt- remove, destroy,
pour out

*mntis thought Lat mns thought

NE mind
Lith mints thought
OCS pamt thought
Av -maiti- thought
Skt mat- thought
*menus thin (in density) OIr menb small, tiny
*menwos Grk mnu small
Arm manr small, fine
Skt mank a little, slightly
*mer- braid, bind NE moor [a boat] [<MLG mren] West Central
Grk mrms cord

*mer- crush, pulverize Grk maran extinguish [a fire]

Hit mariyattari is smashed
Skt mrmnm ti crushes, grinds
OIr meirb lifeless
OE mearu soft
*mer- die Lat morior die
Lith mrtu die
OCS mr die
dialectal Grk morten died
Arm meanim die
Hit mer- disappear, die of
Av miryeiti dies
Skt mriyte dies

Page 228
 Sheet1

*mer- disappear, die {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation,
see Kulikov 1997.
{2} With double characterization.

*mer- shine, shimmer Lat merus pure, bare

OE merian test, examine
purify
Rus mar blaze of the sun
Grk marmar shimmer
Skt mrci- shining beam
*mer-to- mortal {1} LW in FU (Komi-Zyryan mort 'man' < *mert)
seem to point to *merto-.
*merd- rub, scrape Lat morde bite
Skt mrmdnti rubs
Toch B mrtk- shave [hair]

Page 229
 Sheet1

*merh- hinder {1} [LK] The form is taken as perfect by several

scholars ( Whitney 1885: 124
Lubotsky 1997a: 1085), but it is missing from the
corpus of Kmmel 2000 (thus not qualified as
perfect by him) and Bendahman 1993 (thus not a
redupl. aor.).
{2} [LK] The form is connected with mari [3] by
Insler 1972b and Lubotsky 1997a: 1085), but with
mari [2] 'to crush' by Mh and Schaefer 1994: 166
or, alternatively, with mardi 'to crush' (Schaefer).
{3} Connection uncertain.

*merih- young woman Alb shemr co-wife

concubine
(female) rival
*merk- darken OIr mrecht- variegated North-West
NE morn
Lith mrkiu close ones eyes,
wink
OCS mrak dark
*mers- forget Lith mirt forget, overlook
Arm moanam forget
Skt mrmyate forgets, neglects
Toch AB mrs- forget
??OE mierran disturb, confuse,
hinder [> NE mar])
*mryos young man Lat martus husband
lover, suitor
Grk meraks young man or
woman
Av mairya- young man
Skt mrya- young man, lover,
suitor
*mesg- dip under water, dive Lat merg dip, dive, mergnser
duck (literally, *diving goose or
the like)
Lith mazg ti wash up (i.e. *dip
repeatedly)
Skt mjjati sinks
*mesg- intertwine ON mskvi mesh
Lith mezg knit, mzgas knot
Toch B meske joint, knot)
MDutch maesche
NE mesh

*meth- between, with

*meu(h)- move Lat move set in motion
Lith muju put on or of
Grk amesasthai surpass,
outstrip
pass over
Hit mauszi falls
Av ava-mva- take away

Skt mvati shoves, moves, sets
in motion
Toch B miw- shake

*meud- be merry Av maoan-kara- lust-inducing

Skt mdate is cheerful, mudr-
merry, cheerful
Lith mudrs cheerful, lively).

Page 230
 Sheet1

*meug- cheat, deceive OIr formchtha smothered, North-West

concealed
Lat muger dice cheat
NE meecher
*mus moss Lat muscus moss North-West
NE moss
Lith msos [pl.] mould
Rus mokh moss
*meus- move OHG chro-msido Would appear to underlie the root noun *m s
remove graverobbers mouse, i.e. the stealer
Khot mua robbers
Skt muti steals
Toch AB musn- lift, move
[aside], musk- disappear, ms-
go
*meus- steal, snatch {1} [AL] Neither connected with IE *m(iu)euu h- 'to
move' (pace Pokorny), and nor with the word for
'mouse' (pace Mh). The connection with musti-
seems much more probable. Since the Tocharian
verb has a deviating meaning, it is less certain
that it belongs here.

*mhrs long
*mihu-V set into motion (by shoving and pushing) {1} [AL] The position of the laryngeal is not quite
clear. It does not seem very probable that PIE
*miuh- would have given *mihuu - > Ved. mv-
before a vowel with metathesis (Rasmussen, Mh).
I would rather reconstruct *mih-u- and *mihuC-
> *miuuh-C. Important are the Tocharian
cognates, for which see Adams s.v.

*mis-d- close the eyes {1} Probably, a nursery form of *ml- < *mi-d-
( Got 1987: 74, fn. 48)

Page 231
 Sheet1

*mis-d(h)-s reward, prize OE meord reward, pay {1} [AL] The first part of the cmp. is likely to be
OCS mda reward, wages derived from the root *mei- 'to exchange' (see
Grk misths reward, wages may [2]), if the root does not contain an initial
*h, rather than *mei(H)-es- (mayas-).
Av mda- reward, gift
Skt mdh- competition, contest,
prize
*mts stake, post Skt mt- pillar, post From underlying verb *mei- fix a post in the
ground
*mld-u- soft, weak
*mlmdo/eh- clay OE molde sand, dust, soil Well attested
Grk mlth modelling mixture of
wax and pith
Skt mrd- clay, loam
*mled- be soft {1} The roots mard(i) and mrad have early
become confused in Vedic, cf. Got 1987: 250.

*mleuh- speak OCS mlvati create a

disturbance
Av mraoiti says, recites
Skt brviti says
Toch B plw- mourn

*mlhd-r- head, crown

*mlmhd-o- crown of the head OE molda crown of the head
Av kamra- head of a demonic
being
Skt mrdhn- head
*mlm- touch lightly Lat mulce stroke, touch lightly,
fondle
Skt mrmti strokes, touches
*mnm h- minnow; small fish NE minnow
Rus men burbot
Grk man Maena vulgaris
*mns-deh- wise
*md- meet NE meet West Central
*moderos blue/green NE madder This word would be the best candidate for a
SC modar blue < *modrs Proto-Indo-European word for blue or at least
Hit ntara- blue [< *mmdrs] blue/green. The association of the Germanic
words for red arises from the use of the madder
Toch B motartse green [< root as a red dye. The current use of madder and
*modrm-tyo-] its cognates in Germanic to designate the plant
Rubia tinctorum is itself a secondary transfer, on
the basis of the roots use in dyeing, from an
earlier reference to the bedstraws, some of whose
species also have roots used to produce red dye.
The bedstraws, however, may have been called
*modros because of their characteristic yellow-
green flowers.

*moiso- sheep, skin of sheep

Page 232
 Sheet1

*moiss ram, sheep Lith maas bag

fleece, Rus mekh skin
Avmaa- ram
Skt me- ram, sheep
fleece, skin
Hit maista- strand of wool
*moo- gnat, stinging insect Lith malas gnat We find dialectal variation in a by-form without a
Skt maaka- gnat, mosquito palatal, i.e. *moko-
MPers makas fly
Latv masalas horsefly
Lith mkatas gnat
Skt mk- fly
*mos soon OIr m soon {1} [AL] The final length in Sanskrit may be due
*mos(u) Lat mox soon to the influence of n (M. de Vaan, p.c.).
Av mou as soon as
Skt maksoon
*mon-ie warn (to) Secondary i-stem, causative
*moni- necklace OWels minci collar The word clearly derives from *mono- neck but
Lat monle necklace the consistently different stem form (i.e. *-i-
OE mene necklace rather than *-o-) suggests that necklace is not
just a metaphorical extension of neck.
OCS monisto necklace
Skt mai-grv- carrying a neck
ornament
*monis neck OIr muin neck possibly also a derivative of *men- project
Lat monle necklace
NE mane
OCS monisto necklace
Av manaor neck, minu-
necklace
Skt mny-nape
*mor-tio- mortal, man

*moreh female demon

*mor- border OIr mruig district
Lat marg edge [> by borrowing
NE margin]
OE mearc border, district [NE
marches is from Old French, in
turn from Germanic]
Av marza- border country
*mri sea OIr muir North-Western word were it not for a possible
Lat mare cognate in Ossetic: mal deep standing water. Hit
NE mere marmar(r)a- swamp may be a reduplicated
version of the word and, if so, would secure this
Lith mr word to Proto-Indo-European
OCS morje Referred originally to an inland sea or lake and
was later extended to mean salt water sea.

*morm- ant Lat formca

Grk mrmos

Page 233
 Sheet1

*mrom blackberry NWels merwydd mulberry

Lat mrum mulberry, blackberry
Grk mron mulberry, blackberry
Arm mor blackberry
Hit muri- [bunch of] grapes

*mros death Lith mras death

OCSmor plague
Grk mros fate, doom, death,
Skt mra- death
*mrtos person, mortal dialectal Grk morts person
dead
Av marta- person, mortal
Skt mrta- person, mortal
*morwi- ant OIr moirb {1} [AL] The reconstruction is difficult because of
OCS mravi various (taboo) transformations. PIr. points to
*marui-. Since the same order of consonants is
Av maoir
also found in Slavic and Celtic, this may be the
original form.

*mosgos marrow, brain NE marrow {1} [AL] In view of PIIr. *mastrrghan- / mastrrjhan-
*mosg-en- Lith smgens marrow and *mast(i)- (cf. s.v. mastrrhan-), it seems
attractive to assume that *mosgho- reflects
smgenys brain
earlier *mostgho-.
OCS mozg marrow, brain
Av mazga- marrow, brain
Skt majjn- marrow
*mstrm brain, marrow Av mastran- skullwall [< Eastern
*braincase]
Skt mastka- brain
Toch A munt [pl.] marrow
*moud- desire strongly Lith maudi desire
passionately
Czech mdlti desire
Toch B maune avarice, avidity
*mouro- ant ON maurr
*mreg- rain softly, drizzle Latvian merguot rain softly
Grk brkhei rains
*mrgmen- brain OE bregen > NE brain West Central
??*mest-(m)rg-n- Grk brekhms forehead
{1} [AL] The first attestation is AVP 17.21.1 (cf.
Griffiths - Lubotsky 2003: 201f), before KausS
11.16, for which see Eichner-Khn 1976: 23-25.
{2} [AL] The word has not yet received a
plausible explanation. Neither dissimilation
*mazgh- to mast-, nor contaminaton of * st-rr-gh
and * st-an- is a viable option. There are two
variants of the word for 'brain' in IIr.: *mast(i)-
and *mastrrghan-. The latter should not be
analysed as *mast- plus a bunch of suffixes, but
rather as a compound. It can hardly be
coincidental that -rrgh-an- shows the same
sequence of phonemes as we encounter at the
end of Gr. [m] 'front part of the head'
OE brogen 'brain' (< PGm. *brana-) < PIE
*mre/oghn- (Greek may have assimilated -n- to
-m-). ToB mrestwe 'marrow' may have an
"intrusive" -r- from a similar compound.

Page 234
 Sheet1

*mrmus short Lat brevis short {1} [AL] Skt. -u- in the root is due to dissimilation
NE merry *mrrhur [mrhur] > [murhur] > muhur , cf.
Grk brakhs short [of time or *srrthira- [srthira-] > [sirthira-] > sithira-
*durhrrn- [durhrn-] > durhan- ( Narten 1982:
space] 140).
Av mrzu- short
Skt mhu- short
*mrmk- carrot NE more carrot
Rus morkv
Grk brkana wild vegetables
*mrmts death Lat mors
Lith mirts
Av mrti-
*mrmtm death
*mrmts dead, mortal Lat mortuus dead
Grk brots person
Skt mrmt-
*m- dumb Lat mtus dumb [> by
borrowingNEmute]
Norwegian mua be silent
dialectal Grk muks dumb
Arm mun dumb
Skt mka- dumb
*m(k)skos ass/donkey Lat mlus mule
ORusmsk mule
Grk mukhls he-ass
*mug- make a (low) noise Hit mug(i)- entreat Would appear to be an enlargement of *mu- a low
Lat mgi low, bellow sound of some sort (in Czech it does mean to
moo like a cow)
OHG muckazen grumble
Grk mz mutter, moan, growl
Skt m jati makes a noise

*muh-tro- urine (?)

*murmur- murmur Lat murmur
Lith murmnti
Grk mormr
Arm mrmrm
Skt marmar- roaring
*ms mouse Lat ms derives from the verb *meus- steal
*muhs- NE mouse
OCS my {1} [AL] The laryngeal further follows from the
probable Toch. B cognate masctse* 'mouse, rat'
Alb mi (lys no mka krui tkam /// salap masctsi sp
Grk mus peseli saissene mskentr pkri 'if, however,
Arm mukn there are many thieves, grasshopper[s], mice and
NPers ms worms appear in the world' (K-8b1)). The
Skt m- Tocharian word reflects PToch. *mst'tse <
Toch B mactsi mice, rats *m(w)asti- <*muHs-ti- with a diminutive suffix of
some kind.

*mus- steal OHG [Lex Salica] chro-msido The Tocharian example lift is perhaps not far
grave-robbery removed from modern NE lift for steal
Skt muti steals
Toch B mus- steal
Toch AB mus- lift, move aside

Page 235
 Sheet1

*ms(tlo)- (little) mouse Lat msculus little mouse closely associated with the word for mouse (it
muscle muscle [> NE muscle] means little mouse), and words for mouse may
OHG ms mouse also mean muscle in various Indo-European
groups
muscle [especially the biceps]
Grk mus mouse
muscle
Arm mukn mouse
muscle
Khotanese mla- mouse
muscle

*mus/h- fly Lat musca

gnat, midge, mosquito Lith mua
OCS mca
Grk mua
Arm mun
*musks male or female sex organ dialectal Grk mskhon male or Greek-Indic isogloss
female sex organs
Skt muk- testicle, scrotum
[dual] vulva
*must- fist Av muti- Indo-Iranian-Tocharian isogloss
Skt mut-
Toch B mace {1} [AL] Janda 1998: 14ff. convincingly argues
that this word is not related to Lith. muti 'to
beat, to thrash', but rather with Gr. 'to close
(eyes, mouth)', Hitt. mu- 'to eat one's fill' (= 'to
close [the mouth]'?) < PIE *mus- 'to close'.
Possibly, also the Skt. root mos(i) 'to steal'
belongs here (orig. 'to snatch' ?).

*mVnus man NE man Rests on a not entirely clear Germanic-Indic

Skt mnu- man, person isogloss
many claim to go back to *men- think,
presumably under the illusion that man is a
cognitive creature

*nm negative prefix {1} Zero grade to *ne 'not'. In IE, *nr - was
restricted to verbal adjectives and bahuvrhi-
compounds.
{2} an- has originated in compounds with 2nd
member in H V- (*nr HV- > anV-) and then was
analogically prefixed to 2nd members with initial
vocalic resonant.

*nm -hrg-etos from when one may not be awoken wuh?

*nm -heigos- impeccable
*nm -hbels useless
*n-hen- mother Lat nonnus
NWels nain grandmother
Late Lat nonnus nurse
Alb nne mother
Rus njnja nurse
Grk nnn female cousin, aunt
NPers nana mother
Skt nan- mother

*nm -mrm-ts undying Av ama-

Skt Amrmta-
Grk ambros
*nm -mrts immortal

Page 236
 Sheet1

*n()htr- snake OIr nathir [gen. nathrach]

Lat natrix watersnake
penis
Goth nadrs snake, viper
OE nddre adder
*n(o)ht- rear-end Lat natis human buttocks West Central
Grk noton back
*nak- press, squeeze Lat naccae cloth-fullers If it only meant press in Proto-Indo-European (or
to felt Hitt nakki- weighty, important Proto-Indo-Hittite), the meaning felt may have
been a later and secondary development.

*nk(es)- pelt, hide OE nsc dressed fawns skin West-Central

OPrus nognan leather
Grk nkos nk pelt, fleece,
hide of deer or goat
*nant- combat, fight [noun] OIr nit battle, combat North-West
ON nenna strive
*nm b-ro- rain Lat imber shower also, *-ri-
cloud Skt abhr- rain-cloud
{1} [AL] Frisk I: 197 is opposed to this
Grk mbros rain
connection. Gr. 'rain, downpour,
Toch B epprer sky thundery shower' cannot be connected for
formal reasons (no initial laryngeal, --). Also
Alb. avull 'smoke' is most probably unrelated,
see Demiraj s.v.

*nm ds under, low ON und under

*nm dero- Arm nd under
Lyc ti down, below
Skt adhs under
Toch B ette downward, under
Lat nfernus lower
NE under
Goth anderas lower
Lycian tre/i- lower
Av aara- the lower
Skt dhara- lower

*ne like
*ne no, not Lat nn {1} = na [1]
OE ne
Lith ne
OCS ne
Hit natta
Skt n
*nm -
Lat in-
Gmc un-
Grk- a-
Av- a-
Skt a-

*n as, thus Lith ne

OCS nee
Grk tne, like
Skt n
Lat n (interrogative particle)
OHG ne (interrogative particle)

Page 237
 Sheet1

*nbos mist, cloud; sky OIr nem heaven

?moisture Lat nebula mist, fog
OE nifol dark
Lith debess cloud
OCS nebo sky
Grk nphos sky
Skt nbhas- mist, cloud
sky
Hit npis- sky

*ned- knot, bind OIr naiscid binds North-West

Lat nect knot, bind [influenced
by pectere comb wool], ndus
knot
NE net
Av naska- bundle
??Grk adk nettle
??NE nettle
*ned- nettle MIr nenaid nettle West-Central
NE nettle
Grk adk nettle
Lith nter nettle
Slovenian nat nettle
*ned- roar, rustle {1} [LK] Thus according to Jamison 1983: 60f.,
contra most scholars' causative analysis ('to
make resound'). Jamison's analysis is again
disputed by Got 1987: 192, fn. 356 ("nicht
wahrscheinlich").

*ned-ih- resounding, rustling (?)

*neds reed, rush Lith nndr reed {1} The original form of the word is nada- with
Luv ntatta- reed unexplained -d-.
NPers nai reed
Skt nad- +reed
*nedskh- tie, ring OIr nasc fastening tie, ring North-West
OHG nuska metal clasp
*negrs kidney ME nre kidney West Central
Grk nephrs kidney
*negns bare, naked Grk gumns Latin and Engish forms are derived: *nogwedo
*nogns Hit nekumant-
Av mana- {1} [AL] For a discussion of the various suffixes in
this word see Beekes 1994.
Skt nagn-
Lat ndus
NE naked
*neh- be timid MIr nr modest
Hit nh- be afraid
*nehu-hoo- skipper
*neh us both

Page 238
 Sheet1

*nehd- be in distress {1} Also nthita- (RV+) with -th- taken from the
root nth- 'to seek aid'.

*nhus boat OIr nu from *(s)neh- swim

Lat nvis [> NE nave (of a
church)] {1} Formed on the basis of Acc.sg. nv-em.
Grk naus
Oss naw
Skt nau-
*nhwis corpse Goth naus corpse
OPrus nowis corpse
ORus nav corpse
Toch A nwm sick
*neid- flow
*neig- wash OIr nigid although there are problems with the Irish form
Grk nz (as Proto-Indo-European *g > Celtic b and not g).
Tocharian lik- wash may belong here too, if the
Av naniaiti washes
initial l- can be explained as resulting from the
Skt nnekti washes contamination of some other root (e.g. *leuh-
wash).

*neih- churn butter {1} A technical usage of nayi ?

*neih- lead

Page 239
 Sheet1

*neih- lead Hit ni- leads

Skt nyate leads

*neik- begin Lith u-nink begin

OCS vz-nknoti regain
consciousness
Hit nini(n)k- start up, mobilize
*neik- winnow NWels nithiaf
Lith niekti
Grk likm

Page 240
 Sheet1

*ne- disappear. perish

*ne- perish, die Lat nec kill

Av nasyeiti disappears
Skt nyati is lost, disappears,
perishes
Toch B naktr disappears,
perishes
*nes- death Lat nex death
Grk nktar nectar [< *death-
conquering]
*nus death; dead Grk nkus corpse
Av nasu- corpse
Toch B ekwe man [< *mortal]

*nekt- night OIr innocht at night

Lat nox night
NE night
Lith nakts night
OCS not night
Alb nat night
Grk nks night
Hit nekuz at night
Skt nkt- night
Toch A nokte at night

Page 241
 Sheet1

*nem- bend Av nmaiti bends
Skt nmati bends, bows, submits
oneself to
Toch AB nm- bend
NWels nant valley
Gaul nanto valley
OIr neimed sacred grove
Lat nemus sacred grove
Fris nimidas sacred grove
Grk nmos sacred grove
sacred grove meaning based on the supposition
that we have bend > bow in reverence > place
where one honours the gods.
{1} [LK] Probably perf.subj. rather than
reduplicated aor.
see Bendahman 1993: 145, Kmmel 2000: 279.

*nem- take/accept legally OIr nem gift

Lith noma rent
Av namah- loan
Toch B emek harvest
Grk nm distribute, possess
NHG nehmen take
*nem-os- distribution

*nmos- (sacred) grove OIr neimid sacred grove

Lat nemus sacred grove
Old Saxon nimidas sacred grove
Grk nmos wooded pasture,
glade

*neneh- mum

Page 242
 Sheet1

*npt-s grandson Lat neps One of the most controversial words in the
(?) nephew Grk npodes reconstructed lexicon. Formally, the word is
Skt np t attested in Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Baltic, Slavic,
Albanian, Greek, and Indo-Iranian
OIr nia sisters son, grandson, there is no problem reconstructing the shape of
descendant the word to Proto-Indo-European. The problem
OE nefa sisters son, grandson arises when one Wnds that, in addition to the
Lith nepuots grandson meaning grandson, the word also means
OCS netij nephew sisters son (i.e. nephew) in Celtic in later
Alb nip grandson, nephew Imperial
Latin also nephew, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, and
Grk npodes descendants
Albanian. Thus some would argue that both
OPers nap grandson, meanings, grandson and sisters son, should be
descendant ascribed to Proto-Indo-European. Others argue
Skt npt grandson, descendant that sisters son is a secondary development
NWels kefnder male cousin (< among some and not all the North-Western Indo-
*kom-nept-) European languages and, therefore, this second
meaning cannot be ascribed to Proto-Indo-
European itself, since in the east of the Indo-
European world only grandson or the like is
attested.

Lubotsky gives *hnepot-

*neptih- granddaughter Lat neptis granddaughter,

(?) niece female descendant,
Grk anepsi
Lith nept granddaughter
niece
ORus nestera niece
Alb mbes granddaughter
niece
Av napt- granddaughter
Skt napt- granddaughter
OIr necht granddaughter, ?niece

*neptiyos descendant Grk anepsis

Grk anepsis (male) cousin (<
*smmneptiyo-)
*neptonos grandson of waters OIr Nechtain
Lat Neptnus
*ner under NE north The peculiar semantic development of *ner
Grk nrthen from below under to Germanic north is explained
by the Indo-European system of orientation which
Tocharian or below, beneath,
involves facing the sun so that straight ahead is
under east and the left or north is low compared with
the right or south where the sun will be high.

Page 243
 Sheet1

*nes- return home Grk nomai return home

Av asta- house
OE ge-nesan be saved
Skt nsate unite with

*nesd-ios- closer {1} Positive of *nazdias-, probably reflecting PIE

*nsd-no-.
*neu- cry out OIr nall cry, noise
Lat nntius message
messenger
Latv nauju cry
NPers navdan cry
Skt nvate shouts cries
Toch AB nu- roar
*neu- nod Lat ad-nu agree by nodding West Central
make a short movement Grk ne nod
?Skt nvate goes, moves

Page 244
 Sheet1

*neu(h)- roar {3} {1} Created on the model of ruva- 'roar'.

{2} [LK] Differently Narten (< *anonot by
dissimilation)
see Kmmel 2000: 283.
{3} Probably an onomatopoetic root.

*neud- push (away) Skt nudti pushes Eastern

Toch B ntk- thrust, push away

*neud- use, enjoy OE notan use, enjoy North-West

NE neat
Lith naud use, property
*nwos new Lat novus {1} [AL] Beekes 1994: 90 convincingly argues
OCS nov that this adjective is derived from the locative
*neui.
Grk nos
Hit nwas
Av nava-
Skt nva-
Toch B uwe
*nw-yos-
NE new
Lith najas
Ionic Grk neos
Skt nvya-

*nm gn- (swollen) gland Lat inguen groin, swelling of the West Central
groin
OHG ankweiz pustules
Grk adn gland
*nm hd-ro- in distress, weak
*ni downwards OIr ne down
NE nether
OCS niz down
Arm ni- down, back, into
Skt ndown
*ni-hp-o- down to the water

Page 245
 Sheet1

*ni-hk- in the direction downwards

*ni-tero- lower
*ni-tio- own, native {1} [AL] It seems unnecessary to distinguish
between *ni 'down' and *ni 'in' (< *hni-). The
second *ni is only found in *nitio- (both Ved. nija-
'innate' and Av. nizntm F 730 are secondary
formations, cf. Hoffmann 1982: 88f. = Hoffmann
1992: 794f.), which may have originally meant
'settled down, sedentary', then 'native'.

*nig-tos washed OIr necht

Grk niptos unwashed
Skt nikt-
NE nix nixie water spirit
*nisdos nest NE nest Literally a sit-down place, i.e. *ni- down + sed-
Lat ndus nest sit.
Skt nd- nest
*nm ktus end of the night OE hte early morning
Grk akts ray of sunlight
Skt akt- night
*nog-o- naked
*nh 1D we two OE wit we two
Lith mdu we two, us two
OCS v we two
Grk n we two, us two
Skt v m we two, us two
Toch B wene we two, us two
*noibos holy OIr nob from *nei- be excited, again some form of sacred
OPers naiba- animation.
*nos us
*ns-me us

*nsi- sword difficult, only seen in Latin, Sanskrit

*nu- now Lat num {1} [AL] At the beginning of a sentence only n .
NE now
Lith n
OCS n
Grk n(n)
Hit nu
Av n
Skt n
Toch B no

Page 246
 Sheet1

* O; vocative particle OIr

MHG
NE O
Lith
OCS o
Grk o
Skt
Lat a cry
Goth alas

*os(o)nos ass Lat asinus Difficult

Grk nos
Luv tark-asna-
*p(e)h-us-on- protect
*p(e)hno/eh- cloth Lat pannus piece of cloth,
garment
MIr anan piece of cloth, garment
NE fane from OE fana banner,
standard
NE vane
Grk pn thread on the shuttle
Roshani warbn [< *vara(h)-
pna- sheep(skin)-coat

*p()eu- blow, swell Grk phusa wind, blast

OPrus pounian buttocks
Grk pug buttocks
Rus plja means ball
MIr an mean foam
*p(o)lh- city, high place
*p()lh- foal
*p(o)r- question
*p(r)oti-hp-- against the stream {1} [AL] Oettinger 1983: 91 reads paiti[p]
duuap 'ber die Inseln'.
*pad- duck, teal?
*pandos curved Lat pandus curved, bent North-West
ON fattr bent back
*pano- millet Lat pnicum Latin-Iranian isogloss
Shughni pnj
*pant- stomach, paunch Lat pantex belly, paunch, guts
Hit panduha- stomach
*pap- mothers breast, teat Lat papilla teat, nipple, breast Probably a continually reinvented childrens word
MHG buoben breast
Lith ppas breast
Skt pippala- nipple
*papa father, papa Lat ppa
Grk pppa
*parikeh- concubine MIr airech (type of) concubine Presumably the meaning attested in Irish is the
wanton Av pairik- demonic courtesan older one while in Iranian the other woman has
suffered a loss of social standing.

*pastos firm Skt pastym habitation

NE fast [as in stand fast]
Arm hast firm
*p(n)s- dust OCS psk dust
Av psnu- dust
Skt pms- crumbling soil, sand,
dust

Page 247
 Sheet1

*pe/othmo- thread OWels etem thread, yarn North-West

OHG fadm thread This word is derived from *pet- stretch out, i.e.
stretch out the arms while preparing yarn from
thread, and in the various languages it means
either thread or a measure of outstretched
arms, hence the cognate NE fathom.

*ped- fall Lat pessum to the ground

?step OE gefetan fall
OCS pad fall
Av paiyaiti moves down, plunges
down
Skt pdyate falls

*ped-eh by foot {1} [AL] Possibly, derived from the instr.sg.

*padaH 'by foot', contaminated with patti-.

*ped-io- pertaining to feet {1} It is unclear whether Lat. pedius [suff] and
Lith. peedis 'having feet' is an IE formation.

*pedo- step, footprint

Page 248
 Sheet1

*pedom footprint, track MIr inad < *eni-pedo- position, From the noun *ped- foot
place
Lat peda sole, footprint
ON fet step
Lith pd footprint
OCS pod ground
Grk pdon ground
Arm het footprint, track
Hit pdan place
Skt padm track
Toch B ptsa bottom

*peh(i)- harm Goth fijan hate

Grk pema sufering, misfortune

Skt pyati blames, reviles

*phmnm misfortune, sufering Grk pema misfortune, sufering, Greek-Indo-Iranian

misery
Av pman- dryness, scab
Skt pmn- skin disease
*peh- nourish
*peh- guard, cause to graze Lat psc feed, lead to pasture {1} [LK] See Scarlata 1999: 299ff.
*peh-i- nourish {2} [LK] In some contexts also 'protecting
oneself', e.g. in RV 07.066.03, 08.009.11.
OCS pas- protect, guard
{3} [AL] The fact that nouns in *-men- do not
Hit pah(ha)s- protect usually have o-grade in the root does not seem to
Av p iti guards be a sufficient argument to reconstruct h in the
Skt pti guards root and to separate it from *pehs-.
Toch B psk- guard, protect
NWels pawr fodder
NE fodder
OIr anches bread basket

*peh-tro- vessel, protection {1}The poets clearly considered Skt. p tra- as a

derivative of the verb p- 'to drink'. Possibly, this
word partly reflects PIE *peh-tlo- 'drinking vessel'
(Lat. pculum [n] 'cup').

*phur fire Umb pir

NE fire
OPrus panno
Czech pyr ashes
Grk pu^r
Arm hur
Hit pahhur (genitive pahhenas)
Toch B puwar
*phusn pastoral god Grk Pn
Skt P

Page 249
 Sheet1

*peh(i)- swallow OIr ibid, Lat bib {1} < PIE *pi-b-e/o- < *pi-ph-e/o- or, rather [AL]
?drink OPrus poieiti < *bi-bh-e/o- with *b- > p-.
OCS pij
Alb pi

Grk pn
Arm mpem
Skt pbati
Hit psi paszi swallows

*peh- fasten securely Goth fahan capture It may be that Lat px peace [> via Old French
*peh- Grk pgnmi plant, make solid NE peace] also belongs here as *a binding
pang drive in together by treaty
Skt pyati binds

*peh- move {1} [AL] The active form pratyutpipti at AVP

2.65.2a yas tvotpipnam pratyutpipti 'who shall
march against you, when you are marching (to
a chief)' may be nonce, cf. Zehnder 1999: 148.

*pei- sing OCS pti sing

Toch B pi- sing
*peih- scorn

Page 250
 Sheet1

*peih- swell (with milk) {1} [AL] The anit forms (ppivms-
a-pi-t-) are clearly secondary.

*peih-os- milk (?)

Page 251
 Sheet1

*pei- paint, mark Lat ping paint, colour {1} [LK] See Scarlata 1999: 319.
?cut out OE fh coloured
Lith piti draw, write
OCS pisati write
Grk poiklos coloured
Av pasa- colour
Skt pimti colours, paints
Toch AB pik- write, paint

*peik/- be hostile, hate NE foe

Lith pekti blame, rebuke,
censure
Arm hk unfortunate, sufering,
Skt puna- backbiting, wicked

*peis- blow to make a noise OCS piskati whistle

Skt picchor flute
OE fisting fart
Lat spr blow
Toch A pis- blow an instrument

*peis- grind

Page 252
 Sheet1

*peis- thresh, grind Lat pns thresh

Lith paisyti thresh
OCS pchati hit
Grk ptss winnow
Skt pin sti grinds, threshes

*peitu- food {1} [AL] Usually, this word is analysed *pi-tu- and
taken as a derivative in -tu- from an anit variant
of *piH- 'to swell', but this analysis is arbitrary
and not very probable.

*pe- pull out [wool] Lat pect comb [verb], pecten The original meaning must have been something
comb [noun] like harvest wool [by plucking] and came to
Lith pe pull, tear out, pluck mean successively harvest wool [by combing]
and harvest wool [by shearing] as the
[fowl] technology of wool-gathering evolved.
Grk pk comb, shear, pkos
(raw) wool, fleece
OE feax (head) hair
Toch B pk- +comb out [wool],
shear

*pe-s-(men) wool
*pu livestock Lat pecu 'pecus cattle, livestock
OE feoh livestock, property,
money [> NE fee]
Lith pkus cattle
Av pasu cattle
Skt pu- cattle

Page 253
 Sheet1

*pek- cook, bake NWels pobiaf bake {1} [LK] The difference in meaning only partly
Lat coqu cook [> NE cook] correlates with accent placement
Lith kep bake some Vedic dialects/schools have generalized the
suffix accentuation (AV, MS)
OCS pek bake, roast see Kulikov 2001: 300ff.
Alb pjek bake
Grk pss make ripen, cook
Av paaiti cooks
Skt pcati cooks
Toch AB pk- become ready for
eating [i.e. ripen, be cooked]

*pekter- cook Attested in 3 groups

*pektis cooking Attested in 5 groups
*pekuo- ripe, cooked {1} Employed as a ppp. of pac 'to cook, to ripen'.

*pel- sell ON falr to be sold

Lith pelnas profit
Rus poln booty
Grk pl sell
Skt pate bargains, haggles
*pel- fold NE fold
Alb pal fold
Grk pplos garment that falls in
folds
OIr dabul double
Lat duplus double
Grk diplos double, i.e.
twofold.
*pel(h)it-o- pale {1} [AL] The laryngeal, which is mainly
reconstructed on the basis of the Balto-Slavic
facts (Latin is ambiguous), is doubtful. I would
expect *paRHita- to have given *palta-.

*pel(i)s- clif OIr ail clif

MIr all clif
ON fjall clif[< *pels-]
Grk plla stone
Pashto para steep slope
Skt p- stone [< *pelsiha-]

Page 254
 Sheet1

*peleus axe Grk plekus the proto-form is often compared with Semitic
Skt para- forms, e.g. Akkadian pilakku which some translate
Oss frt as axe but others translate as spindle, which is
semantically very
distant from axe. Generally, the Proto-Indo-
European word is treated as a Wanderwort, a
loanword that crossed a number of diVerent
languages or language families.

*peles- wound Grk pelos [unhealed] wound

Toch B ple wound
*pelh- fill OIr lnaid fills {1} [LK] The root variant pr has been extracted
Lat ple fill from ppp. prna-
see Albino 1999. pr and the Schwebeablaut root
Arm heum pour
variant pr are synchronically distinct roots in the
Av par- fill Vedic prose
Reduplicated: see Kmmel 2000: 325ff.
Grk pmplmi {2} The original reduplicated stem *pipr- < IE
Skt pparti *pi-pleh- is based on pr.
{3} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation
(see Kulikov 1998).
{4} Secondary replacement of the RVic sigmatic
aorist aprs [3sg.act.].
{5}A nonce fromation ( Narten 1964: 173).
{6} [LK] On the hapaxes papr (the only certain
3sg.pf.act. form in - [not in -au] derived from an
-root (pr) and pupre, see Kmmel 2000: 325ff.

*plhewis container Lat plvis basin Has usually been derived from *pelh- fill
OE full goblet
Grk plla milk-can
Skt plavi- pot

Page 255
 Sheet1

*plhus much OIr il

OE fela
Grk pols
Av pouru-
Skt pur-
Comparative *pleh-yos give
Lat pls more
OIr la more
Av fryah- more
Skt pry- mostly, commonly

*pelh- set in motion OIr ad-ella seeks North-West

Lat pell push
*pelhk- spread out flat OE flh flagstone
Lith plkanas flat
Grk plks flat surface
Lat place please, be acceptable
to, plc soothe, calm
Toch AB plk- be in agreement

*pelh- bear young NE foal West Central

Alb pjell give birth to, produce,
pel mare
Grk polos foal
Arm ul kid, young of deer or
gazelle
*pelh- fort, fortified place Lith pils fort, castle
Grk plis city citadel
Skt p r wall, rampart, palisade

*plhus mouse OIr luch

Rus polokhk
Shughni prg
*pln- animal skin, hide Lat pellis [animal] skin, hide West-Central
NE fell and also film
Lith pln~film [on milk], scab
Rus plen pelt
Grk erus-pelas red inflammation
of the skin
*pelo/eh- chaf Lat palea Appears to be related to words for dust.
Lith pela [pl.]
Rus pel
Skt palvs [pl.]
*pelpel- butterfly Lat ppili
OE ffalde
*pen- feed, fatten Lat penus store of food
Lith pen fatten
Pal bnnu liver [<*the fattened
one]
*pen- water OIr en water North-Western
NE fen
OPrus pannean peat-bog
*penk- damp, mud OE fht wet
Skt pnku- mud
*penk-ti- group of five

Page 256
 Sheet1

*pnke 5 five OIr cic Celtic and Italic show the regular assimilation of
Lat qunque Proto-Indo-European *p kw to *kw kw, hence
NE five Lat qunque rather than the otherwise expected
*pnque, while the Germanic forms show an
Lith penk irregular assimilation of *p kw to *p p, giving
Grk pnte a Proto-Germanic *fimfi. NWels pimp looks as if it
Arm hing has undergone the assimilation we see in
Av pana Germanic but actually it is a regular descendant
Skt pca of Proto-Celtic *kwenkwe, since in the branch of
Toch B pi Celtic to which Welsh belongs all Proto-Celtic *kw
become p. Thus the apparent agreement of NWels
*pnk-ti-
pimp and Proto-Germanic *WmW illustrates the
OCS pt five possibility of a single result being the product of
Alb pes five very diVerent processes and
Skt pnkti- group of five histories.
The number *penke has plausibly been
connected etymologically with *pnm (k)sti- fist
(e.g. NE fist, Lith kumste [< *punkste] fist, OCS
pst fist). Presumably the latter was originally
then group of five [fingers] or the like though it
has been suggested that the derivation went the
other way and that the basic word for hand or
fist came to be the ordinary word for five and
was replaced in its originally primary meaning of
hand by other words. The Germanic words for
finger, e.g. NE Wnger, have also been made part
of the equation, assuming that they are to be
derived from a Proto-Indo-European *penkros
one of Wve or the like (one might compare Arm
hinger-ord fifth). However, the absence of any
nominal inflection on the word for five makes a
nominal origin hand for it most unlikely, though
there is no bar to seeing fist and finger as
nominal derivatives of the numeral five. *penke
has also been linked to Hit panku- all, totality,
hence the numeral would have originally meant
something like completing the count of all
Wngers of the
hand. The supposed semantic development is
hardly compelling and, in any
case, the Hittite word is more plausibly taken as
representing *bongu- thickness

*penk-omt(h) 50 fifty OIr coca

?*penko-domth Lat qunqugint
Grk pentkonta
Arm yisun
Av pansatm
Skt pact
Toch B pika
*penkedemm(t) 15 fifteen Lat qundecim
NE fufteen
Arm hingetasan
Av panadasa
Skt pcadaa
*pent- find ones way NE find
nominal derivative *pnths
path
Lat pns bridge
Grk ptos path
Skt pnths path find + path,
i.e. find ones way
*pnt- heel OPrus pentis heel
Rus pjat heel
Pashto pnda heel

Page 257
 Sheet1

*pent-*deh- priest Lat pontifex Both suggest the concept of a path-maker which
*pent-*ker- Skt pathi-krmt- in Latin is exclusively employed in a religious
context, i.e. one who makes a path to the gods
while the Indic form can be applied to priests.

*per over, through, about Lat per

*pr house Hit nominative pr, genitive Only certainly attested in Anatolian
parnas its ascription to Proto-Indo-European is largely
dependent on seeing it as the underlying concept
behind PIE *prihos dear, beloved, i.e. of the
same household and its archaic morphology
reXecting a PIE *pr (< *perrm), genitive *prmnos
against such an ascription is the fact that there
are similar words for house in non-IE languages
of the Near East, e.g. Egyptian pr house, and
thus some would see the Anatolian words as a
borrowing from another language.

*per- blow (on a fire) OCS para steam, smoke

Grk prth blow, pmprmi
burn
Hit p(a)ri- breathe, blow
*per- come through, penetrate, cross (water) {1} Indicative and injunctive are not attested.

*per- exchange, barter OIr renaid sells, barters,

exchanges
Lat interpres go-between,
pretium price
Grk prnmi sell
Av pairyante they compared
*per- ofspring ? OE fearr bullock, steer
Grk pris prtis calf, heifer
Skt prmthuka- child, young of an
animal

Page 258
 Sheet1

*per- pass through Lat portre lead

NE fare
OCS na-perj bore through, per
fly
Alb sh-pie send, carry, take to,
lead
Grk per pass through, per
pierce, bore through
Arm hordan go away
Av -par- convey across
Skt pparti conveys across
saves
*prtus passage way
Lat portus harbour
ON fjrr estuary [whence by
borrowing NE fjord ]
NE ford
Av prtu- bridge

*per- strike Lith peri beat with brushwood,

flog
Rus pru press, oppress
Alb pres cut down, cut of, split
Arm hari struck
Av prt- battle, strife
Skt prmt- battle, strife

*per- trial, attempt Lat experior attempt West Central

Grk peiura attempt
Arm porj test, proof
*per-o- further

*per-os beyond

Page 259
 Sheet1

*per-ur coming through (place where one can get through, place until {1} [AL] Already in the earliest Vedic, we
encounter semantic differentiation between the
two stems, parus- referring to the joint proper,
and parvan- referring to a piece between the
joints, often = 'bone' ( Griffiths - Lubotsky 2003:
197).

*per-ut(i) in a year, on the other side of a year

*per(h) first Lat prmus which is *pri-is- + the
*prh-uo- superlative sufx -mo-
Alb par first
Av paurva- prior
Skt prva- first
Toch B parwe first
OE frum primal, original, first <
*prmh-wo-,
Lith prmas first
NE first < *prmh-isto-

*perd- panther, lion NPers palang

Grk prdalis
*prde/o- fart Lat ped West Central
NHG fisten
Lith bezd
Rus bzdet
Grk bdo

NWels rech
NE fart
Lith prdiu
Rus perdt
Alb pjerdh
Grk prdomai
Av pr-
Skt prdate

*perg- pole, post Lat pergula balcony North-Western

outhouse used for various
purposes
ON forkr pole
Rus porg threshold

Page 260
 Sheet1

*perh- provide {1} [AL] Less plausible is the analysis of this

hapax as belonging to pari[1] (root variant pr)
'to fill'
see Kmmel 2000: 304f. [[XXX the note can be
removed]]

*perht- fern? Skt. prpata- 'medicinal herb'

Lith. paprtis
*peri-hes- surpass Grk peresti comes round Unless an independant creation
Skt pary asti surpasses
*peri-steh- stand before > belief OIr iress belief Just as likely to be independant creations
Parthian parast ardor
*perikeh female servant?
*perk- fear NE fright
Toch AB prsk- be afraid
*per- ask, ask for (in marriage) OIr arcu ask {1} With the secondary root variant prrch-
Lat posc ask, precor ask for extracted from the SK-present.
OHG forscn ask, examine {2} Derived from the secondary root variant
prrch-.
Lith praa request {3} On the passive interpretation, see Renou,
OCS prositi ask EVP IV, 49.
Arm harcanem ask {4} Probably related to Ved. prrstha- [2] 'riddle'.
Av prsaiti asks
Skt prmcchti asks
Toch AB prk- ask

*per- speckled MIr erc

Grk perkns
Skt prm-
*prus breast, rib dialectal Lith prys forepart of a
horses chest
Rus prsi [pl.] breast, chest
[especially of a horse]
Alb parz parzm breast
Av parsu- rib
Skt pru- rib, prv- region of
the ribs, side

Page 261
 Sheet1

*perkunos thunder god Fjrgyn, mother of the Norse

thunder god Thor
Lithuanian thunder god Perknas
Old Russian thunder god Pern
*pergwenyo-
Skt Parjnya a weather god

*prkus oak Gaulish rkos oak-forest

Lat quercus oak [particularly
Quercus robur]
ON fjor tree
*pero-mho- farthest
*pers- sprinkle Hit pappars-
Toch AB prs-
Skt pr8at- drop
OCS prach dust
ON fors waterfall
*pers-o- grain, wheat spike? {1} [AL] A translation 'ear of corn' seems a likely
alternative to the tradition 'sheaf'.

*prsn-eh- heel Lat perna haunch

OE Wersn heel
Grk ptrna heel
Hit parsna- upper thigh
Av pna- heel
Skt prni- heel
Toch B porsnai- ankle
*prtus passage, way Gaul ritu- ford From *per- go across
Lat portus harbour
NE ford
Av prtu- ford, bridge
*pru rock Hit perunant- rocky
Av paurvat mountain
Skt prvata- rock, mountain
*perunto- rocky, furnished with rocks
*perut- last year ON fjr last year
Grk prusi last year
Arm heru last year
Skt part in past years
*pesd-u- insect
*pses- penis it has been variously analysed as deriving from a
verb rub, a
verb penetrate, and, most recently, from *pes-
blow, swell, i.e. a swelling
forth of liquid.

*pet-men- flight
*pet-r wing {1} Possibly, patanga- [adj] 'flying' [m] 'bird'
(RV+) (see pat [1]) contains a trace of the
heteroclytic stem, i.e. patan-ga-.

Page 262
 Sheet1

*pet(e)r- wing, feather OIr n bird Derives from the verbal root *pet- fly
Lat penna feather
NE feather
Grk ptern wing
Arm tim fly,
Hit pittar pattar wing
*pet(h)- fly NWels hedeg fly {1} The root-final laryngeal is improbable.
Lat pet fly at, attack
Grk ptomai fly
Hit peta- fly
Skt ptati flies

*peth- fly Grk petmai fly From *pet-

Skt patiyti will fly
*peth- spread out (the arms) Lat pand spread out West Central
NE fathom
Grk ptnmi spread out
OWels etem fathom
Lat passus step, fathom
*peug- prick, poke Lat pung prick West Central
Grk pugm fist

Page 263
 Sheet1

*peuh- clean OHG fowen sieve, clean grain
Skt pavyati cleanses
*puhx-to-s cleaned
Lat putus clean
Av ptika- serving as
purification
Skt pt- clean 221-230
*puhx-ro-s clean
OIr r new, fresh
Lat prus pure
{1} [AL] Koivulehto's theory that Fin.
puhdas/puhtaan 'clean' < PUral. *putas was
borrowed from *puH-to-s, is improbable (pace
EWAia). A more likely source of borrowing is Baltic
*puotas (Liukkonen, K. Baltisches im Finnischen.
Helsinki 1999, p. 108, V. Blaek, Indo-European
Conference at UCLA, Archiv Orientalni 70 (2002),
p. 226).

*pus (Scotch) pine, conifer OIr ochtach pine, fir

OHG fiuhte fir
Lith pus pine, fir
Grk pek pine, spruce
Waigali puc species of pine
*peyh-tu- prairy, rich grassland'
*phew- fear
*phtr-iho- paternal
*phtr-uio- paternal uncle
*phtr father OIr athir
Lat pater
NEfather
Grk patr
Arm hayr
Av pt
Skt pitr-
Toch B pcer

*phtrus paternal kinsman Grk ptrs

OLith strjus
OCS stryj
Arm yawray
Av tirya-
*phtrmwyos fathers brother Lat patruus
Grk patruis
Skt pitrmvy-
*pih-we/on- fat
*pih-uos-
*pih-wer-ih

Page 264
 Sheet1

*pih(y)- revile OE fon hate Appears to derive from *peh- misfortune

NE fiend

Skt pyati insults
Grk pema sufering, misfortune

*phwrm fat(ness) Grk par fat, tallow

Skt pvas- fat
*pik- pitch Lat pix picea tar, pitch this word may be related to one of the
OCS picl tar, pitch designations for conifers (*peuk-) in Proto-Indo-
Grk pssa tar, resin European

*pisos trout, fish OIr asc Derived from *pik-sko- spotted or the like, a
Lat piscis derivative of *peik- paint, mark, and the original
referent is taken to be the trout which, given its
NE fish
ubiquity across Eurasia, developed into the more
Skt picch- calf of the leg? general meaning of fish.

*pilos a single hair Lat pilleus felt [adj.] Derived froms *pil-so- or *pil-do- or, as recently
NE felt suggested *peld- felt
OCS plst
Alb plis
Grk plos
*pin- shaped wood OHG witu-fna heap of wood
OCS pn tree trunk
Grk pnaks plank
Skt pinka- staf, bow
*pipihusih rich in milk Lith papjusi cow which produces
milk
Skt pipy- rich in milk
*pipp- young bird, nestling Slov ppa hen Transparently onomatopoeic (e.g. the Latin
Alb bib derivative means peep)
Grk ppos young bird
Skt pppak-
*pisd- press Grk piz press Greek-Indic isogloss
crush Skt pdyati presses
{1} Most probably, a root enlargement of *pis-
(Skt. pes 'to crush')
definitely not from *([h]e)pi-s(e)d-, because
Greek would have had an initial .
{2} With a different analysis (*(e)pi-s(e)d-).
{3} [AL] Usually considered a rebuilding of *
(after ), but an IE ablaut *piesd-/pisd- cannot
be excluded (cf. Avestan siiazd-/sid-).

*pisdo/eh- vulva Lith pyzd Is analysed as an old compound *(he)pi- s(e)d-

Rus pizd o- what one sits on
Alb pidh
Nristni pr
vulva
*pit(u)- (some form of) conifer Lat pnus
Alb pish spruce, pine, fir
Grk ptus pine, spruce
Skt ptu- deodar-tree

Page 265
 Sheet1

*pitu-(o-) food {1} Only as a second member of compounds, e.g.

apa-pitva- 'eating time' (RV 03.053.24), pra-pitva-
'daybreak, time before eating' (RV).
{2} Possibly, hypostasis of *aram pivah
(vi)bgya 'ready for the distribution of food'.
{3} See for this analysis s.v. pitu-.

*pitus grain OIr ith grain Probably from an unattested verbal root *peih-
Lith pits meal be
OCS pita meal fat/swollen

*pl(e)t- shoulder (blade) MIr leithe shoulder

Rus ple shoulder
Grk mo-plt shoulder blade
Hit paltna- shoulder
*plehdwhs (the mass of) people Lat plbs plebeians [as West Central
opposed to the patricians]
Grk plths throng, crowd
[common] people
*plehk- please Lat plc smooth, calm
NE placate
Lat place please (through Old
French) NE please
Toch AB plk- be in agreement

*plehk/g- strike, strike ones breasts Lat plect strike, punish West Central
Lat plang strike, strike ones
breast in lamentations, bewail
OE flcan strike, clap
Lith plkti strike
OCS plakati s weep, be
sorrowful
Grk plss strike
*ple- break, tear of NE flay West Central
Lith pli tear of
Alb plas burst, break
*ple- braid, plait Lat plect plait, interweave {1} Gershevitch 1959: 261, however, follows
OE fleohtan braid, plait Bartholomae's connection of Av. frana- with Phl.
pl 'spear (or sim.)' and translates 'pike'.
OCS pleto braid, plait
Grk plk braid, plait
Skt prana- braiding,
basketwork, turban
NE flax < *plok-so-

Page 266
 Sheet1

*pleth- spread out OIr lethaid extends, expands

Lat plant plant
Lith plei widen, spread out
Skt prthati spreads out

*pleth-mon- breadth, extension {1} [AL] Gr. 'dough-board' is hardly

related.
*pleth-os- breadth
*pleu- float, swim Grk pl(w)
wash Skt plvate
OIr lud moves
Lat pluit it rains
NE flow
OCS plov flow
Arm luanam wash
Toch B plus- float
*plumn lung Lat pulm lung Derives from *pleu- float
Grk plemn lung
Skt klman- right lung
*pleus- (pluck) fleece, feathers Lat plma the downy part of a North-West
feather)
NE fleece
Lith plskos [pl.] hair
*plh- stronghold

Page 267
 Sheet1

*plh-u- much

*plmhns full OIr ln {1} It is not certain that this is an Indo-Iranian

NE full formation.
Lith plnas {2} Possibly, for *plnus to avoid homonymy with
plnus 'flat'.
OCS pln
Av prna- filled
Skt pr- full
Toch B pllew full [of the moon]
Lat plnus is from the full-grade

*plmhu-poik/os many-coloured, variegated Grk polupokilos West Central

Skt puru-pa-
?Gothic filu-faihs very diverse
*plmh- grey, pale MIr lath grey {1} [AL] There is no evidence for a laryngeal in
Lith plkas grey this word.
Grk pelitns, polis grey
Av pourua- grey
Skt palit- grey
Lat pallidus pale
NE fallow old man
Alb plak fallow
Arm alik white

*plth-o- flat
*plth-u- broad

*plmths broad, wide Lith plats broad derived from *pleth- spread
Grk plats broad
Av pru- broad, wide
Skt prmth- broad, wide

Page 268
 Sheet1

*plmthw-ih- country, land OE folde land The Celtic languages retain the word to designate
Arm ho earth, country Brittany (e.g. MIr Letha, NWels Llydaw) while the
Skt prmthiv- earth Greeks similarly used it as a place name, i.e.
Plataia
both Celtic
and Indic also deiWed the concept as an (earth)
goddess (Skt Prmthiv- and Gaul
Litavi(s)).

*plus- flea Lith blus The Latin word, for example, requires metathesis
OCS blcha from *plusek- to *puslek-
The possible Greek cognate would seem to
require a development *plusy(e)ha- > *psuly(e)ha
> psulla
Baltic and Slavic require *blusyeha-

{1} "Die vielen Varianten beruhen auf

euphemistischer, spielerischer od[er]
volksetymologischer Verdrehung" (Frisk).

*plut- plank Lat pluteus movable penthouse, North-Western

shed
Lith platas plank
*pnm (k)st- fist NE Wst North-Western
Lith kmst [< *punkst] fst
OCS pst fist
*pneu- snort, sneeze OE fnosan sneeze West Central
Grk pn breathe
*pnm k-ts 5th fifth Av puxa-, Skt pakth-
*pnk-tho- *pnktos
Lat quntus
NE fifth
Lith pektas
OCS pt
pest
Grk pmptos
Toch B pikte

*po-sko- behind Lith pasku behind a compound of *po back and *sek- follow.
after that, later on
Alb pas after
Av paskt pasa behind
Skt pct pac behind,
westerly
[because the west is to ones
back when oriented to the rising
sun]

*pds foot Lat ps foot {1}The feminine in pad-- seems to be inherited

NE foot (< IE * ped-ih), cf. a-pad- [adj.f.] 'footless',
Lith pdas sole of foot catus-pad- [adj.f.] 'having four feet' (RV), YAv.
am.pai- [f] 'wearing sandal straps on the
Rus pd ground feet', Gr. - [f] 'with silver feet'.
Grk pos foot
Arm otn foot
Hit pata- foot
Av pad- foot
Skt pd- foot
Toch B paiyye foot

*poh-i-mn- herdsman Lith piemu herdsman from *poh(i)- watch (cows)

Grk poimn herdsman
*poh-iu- protector / herd Related to *peh- protect

Page 269
 Sheet1

*pohtlom drinking vessel Lat pculum cup Derives from *peh- drink and may be banal
Skt ptra- drinking vessel independent formations, i.e. an instrument for
drinking.
*phiweh- open meadow Lith peva meadow Possibly from the verb *peh- nourish
Grk p grass, grassy place
*pokss side, flank Latv paksis corner of a house
Rus pkh flank, loins, pakh
armpit
Oss faxs side
Skt pak- wing, flank, side
OIr ucht ?? breast
Lat pectus breast
*pl- fall NE fall West Central
Lith polu fall
Arm pul fall, crush
*plhmm palm of the hand OIr lm hand
*plhmeh Lat palma palm
OE folma palm, hand
Grk palm palm
*plik(o)s finger, thumb Lat pollex thumb North-Western
Rus plec finger, toe
*polh- fallow land Gaul olca fallow land North-Western
NE fallow
Rus polosstrip of arable land
*polt- pap, porridge OIr littiu porridge, gruel
Lat puls pap, porridge, mash
Grk pltos pap, porridge
*pont-eh- road {1} -th- in Sanskrit has been generalized from the
oblique cases.
{2} Most probably, /panim/, cf. Beekes 1989.
{3} [AL] The reconstruction given in the EWAia,
viz. *pent-oh-s / *pnr t-h-es, is improbable. The *-
o- in the root follows from Greek, Latin, Armenian,
OCS. If the laryngeal in the suffix had been *h, it
would have yielded an -stem somewhere. The
reason (not explicitely mentioned in the EWAia)
for reconstructing *h is the theory that Skt.
aspiration can only be caused by the second
laryngeal. This theory is refuted by 2pl. ending *-
the > Skt. -tha.

*pnths (untraced) path OIr itt place From the root *pent- find ones way
Lat pns bridge
OPrus pintis way
OCS pt way
Grk pntos sea (< path through
the sea), ptos path
Arm hun ford
Skt pnths path
*pros young pig, piglet MIr orc young pig From a root *perk-dig, root up the earth > NE
Lat porcus young pig furrow
OE fearh pig [cf. NE farrow]
Lith parras young pig
castrated male hog
Rus porosnok young pig
Av prsa- young pig

Page 270
 Sheet1

*pos- after, behind ? Lat posterus behind West-Central

Lith ps at, with, pstaras last, May itself derive (as the genitive form) from
furthest behind either *hep- near or *hep- back.
OCS po after {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky
dialectal Grk ps near, by 2001a.
Alb pa without

*posti after Lat post(e) after derived from *pos

Arm st after
Toch B postm after
*pot-n-ih- mistress, lady OPrus waispattin wife, mistress
Grk ptnia lady, wife
Alb zonj lady, wife
Skt ptn- lady, wife

*pthrm shallow dish Grk patn bowl, flat dish Presumed derivation from *peth- spread out
Hit pattar dish
OIr n drinking vessel
*poti over, against
*poti-e be lord over
*ptis husband Bret ozah [< *potis stegesos] The husband and wife constituted the master
lord, master husband, master of the house and mistress of the household, which might
Latv pats master of the house consist of children, grandchildren, and perhaps
unrelated slaves or servants. Of course within a
self given household not every husband and wife, of
Rus gospd [< *ghost-poti-] which there might be several (father and mother,
host sons and wives), would be master and mistress
Alb zot [< *wi-pot-] master of but only the most senior ones. Indeed, there is
the house some evidence that, should the senior man die,
Grk p sis husband his eldest son would become the master, but the
dowager would remain the mistress.
Hit pat self
Av paiti- husband
Skt pti- husband, master
Toch A pats husband

*ptyetoi rules, is master Lat potior I am master

Av paiyeiti rules
kt ptyati rules
*pou-m-s- (human) body hair Lat pbs also designates adult,
one able to bear arms
Skt pmn man, male
Lith pausts animal hair
Rus pukh down
Alb pushem begin to grow a
beard, body hair
Grk p gn beard
Shughni pm down, fluf

*prm(h)tis what is distributed Latin pars part, porti portion Possibly independent creations from *per(h)-
Skt prt- gift, granting, reward sell, distribute

*pre/oti over, against

*prehi at the front

Page 271
 Sheet1

*preih- satisfy, please {1} [LK] With the secondary shortening of the
root vowel
see Kulikov 2001: 359f., 203ff.
{2} Connection of Gr. [adj] 'soft, mild' with
prayi- is uncertain.

*pre-no- question
*prem- press down or back Lat premere press down
Toch B prm- restrain
*prep- appear OIr richt form West Central
Grk prp appear
Arm erewim am evident, appear

*prest- (period of) time ON frest period of time, interval

OHG frist period of time, interval
Toch A prat season

*preu-(g)- jump Skt prvate jumps

Lith spr gti leave, escape
Rus prygnut leap
Toch B pruk- make a leap
NE frog
Skt plava- frog
*preus- burn Lat prna glowing coals Questionable
Alb prush glowing
Skt ploati burns ?
*preus- frost NE frost North-Western
Lat pruna hoarfrost
OIr red strong cold ?
Skt pruv- hoarfrost or dew,
drop ?
*prhos before
*prmhts anus Grk prkts Greek-Armenian isogloss
Arm erastank [pl.]

Page 272
 Sheet1

*prmhh in front of NE fore

before (of time) Grk parby, near, alongside of,
beyond
Arm ar near, at
Av par before
Skt pur formerly
*prmhi in front of Gaul are- before, by
before (of time) east
Lat prae before
Lith priby, at, near
in the time of
Grk parabefore, Skt
parthereupon)
*prih-eh- love Goth frijn love, frijnds friend
OCS prijaj am favourable
Skt priyyte befriends
OE frgan love
ON fr beloved, spouse
Av frya- dear
Skt priy- dear
NE free
NWels rhydd free

*prih-o- dear

*priheh- wife ON Frigg

ON fr beloved, wife
OE fro woman
Skt priy- wife
*prihs of ones own NWels rhydd free Some have seen this word as derived from a
NE free (controversial) root *per- house, i.e. those who
belong to ones own household
Av frya- dear
Skt priy- dear
*prmk(w)eh- pine Italian forca
NE fir
*prmeh- furrow NWels rhych Only the North-West region evidences a
Lat porcaa ridge between two specifically agricultural meaning. The term is
related to the word for pig (*porkos) and there is
furrows
the widespread notion of the pig as an animal
NE furrow that leaves a furrow-like track as it roots up the
Skt prna- chasm ground.

*pro forward, ahead, away Lat pr pro before, in front of,

before, towards the front before
OHG Wr- before
OPrus pra through
Grk prin front of
before [of time]
Hit par forward, further
Av fr in front of
Skt pr- before

*pro- third-generation marker Lat pro-avus great-grandfather

Lat pro-neps great-grandson
Skt pr-napt- great-grandson

Page 273
 Sheet1

*pr- early, morning OHG fruo early Appears to have been a lengthened grade of a
Grk prearly, in the morning form ultimately based on *per- forward, through
Skt prtr early
*pro-dur- outdoor {1} [AL] For the etymology, see Forssman 2000
with reff. Originally, the etymology was proposed
by Theodor Benfey in 1839. Rastorgueva -
Edel'man 2: 501 (s.v. *2duu ar-/duu r-) mention
several Iranian formations, illustrating the
connection 'door' 'outdoor', e.g. Ishk. p-var,
tar-var 'outdoors', Yaghn. divari 'outside', Oss.
dwarm 'outside, outdoors', Bactr.
'court(yard)'.

*pro-mo- foremost, leading Gr. prmos 'leader'

Umbrian promom [Adverb]
'firstly'
*pro-tero- more to the front
*pro-tmho- first, front {1} The antiquity of Skt. -th- is confirmed by MP
pahlom and (indirectly) by OP fraara- [adj]
'superior' (see prataram). Presumably, we must
assume contamination of the superlative suffix *-
tHa- and *-tamHa- < *-tmHo-.

*prsom grain Rus prso millet *proksom [sg.] *prokseha [pl.].

Toch B proksa [pl.] grain
*proti against, up to Latv pret against
OCS protiv towards
Grk protat, in front of, looking
towards
Skt prti against
*prti-h()k-o/eh- face, front Grk prspon
Skt prtka-
Toch B pratsko chest
*proti-hk-o- turned towards, looking
towards
*psten- breast of a woman
*pstnos womans breast, nipple dialectal Grk stnion
Arm stin
Av ftna-
Skt stna-
Toch B pcane [dual]
*pster- sneeze OIr srod sneeze
Lat sternu sneeze
Grk ptrnumai sneeze
Arm prngam sneeze
*pteh- fall Grk apts not-falling
Av tta- fallen (of rain)
Hitt piddi- means flees
*pteley/weh- elm? MIr teile linden
Lat tilia linden
Grk ptel elm
ptlas wild rowan
Arm tei elm
Oss foerwe alder
*p- stink Lat pte stink
(*puh-) Lith pdau rot
Grk pth become rotten
Av puyeiti rots
Skt pyati stinks

Page 274
 Sheet1

*puh- rot {1} With the accent on the suffix (pya-) in the
corresponding form in the Knva recension (SBK
2.1.3.2).

*phes- putrefaction, pus Lat ps pus [> by borrowing NE From a root *peu(hx)- stink, rot.
pus]
Lith puvs(i )ai rotten things
Grk pos pus
Arm hu purulent blood
*puhrs wheat Lith pra winter wheat
Slov pr spelt
Grk prs wheat
*pu- headband Grk mpuks (metal) headband
Av pus- diadem
*pu- press together Grk mpuks
Av pus-
Alb puth kiss
*puk(eh)- tail NE fox Found in Germanic, Indic, and Tocharian and gives
Torwali p fox us our word fox
Skt pccha- tail
Toch B pk- tail, chowrie
*pulos (a single) hair MIr ulu beard
*pilos Grk pligges [pl.] hairs of the
body
Kurd pr head hair
Skt pulaks [pl.] bristling hairs of
the body
Lat pilus [a single] hair [of the
human body] pilleus felt
OCS plst felt
Grk plos felt

*put- cut Lat put prune

Toch AB putk- divide, share,
separate
*putls son Skt putr- Traditionally derived from *p(a)u- small + the
Osc puklo- son diminutive suffix *-tlo-, i.e. the small one
Arm ustr son
Av pura- son
*puts vulva, anus MHG vut vulva
Grk pnnos anus
Skt putau [dual] buttocks
*pyek- strike NE fight
Alb pr-pjek strike
Toch B pyk- strike [downward],
batter, beat [of a drum],
penetrate [as the result of a
downward blow]

*rab- ferocity Lat rabis violence Italic-Indic isogloss

Skt rbhas- ferocity
*red- gnaw, scrape Lat rd gnaw
MPers randtan scrape, smooth
Skt rdati bites, gnaws, cuts,
makes way, opens

Page 275
 Sheet1

*reg- dye Grk hrz dye

NPers rang colour
Skt rjyati rjyate is coloured
reddens

*re- moist, make wet Lat (ir)rigre water, irrigate West Central
*rek-nos NE rain
Lith rkia drizzles
Alb rrjedh flow, pour
*reh- put in order OIr rd- say The Latin cognate is not universally accepted
Goth rdjan talk
OCS raditi take care of
Skt rdhnti prepare
? Latin reor count, calculate
*rhis possessions Lat rs thing, afair,
circumstance
possessions, wealth
business matter
law-suit
Av ravant- rich, splendid,
ostentatious
Skt ray- possession, wealth
*rehms dirty OE rmig sooty
dirt, soot Skt rm- dark, black
*reht- post, pole Lat rtae trees growing along North-Western
the bank or in the bed of a
stream
NE rood
*rei- striped, spotted OIr rabach streaked, striped North-West
Latv ribs spotted
Rus rbyj variegated
?NE roe
*rei- tremble, be unsteady Goth reiran tremble, shake Gothic-Sanskrit correspondence
Skt lelyati swings, is unsteady

*reid- ride MIr radaigid rides Celtic-Germanic isogloss

NE ride
*rei- extend, stretch out (a body OIr ringid twists, tortures North-West
NE reach
Lith riti stretch, tighten
*reik- scratch NWels rhwyg break
line NE row
Lith riek~slice [of bread]
Grk erek bend, bruise
Skt rekh lekhline
*rek- speak OCS reti say Slavic-Tocharian Isogloss
Toch B reki word
*rend- rend, tear open NE rend
Skt rndhram opening, split,
hole
*rp- crawl Lat rp crawl, go on all fours North-West
Lith rpli ti crawl, go on all
fours
*rph- turnip Lat rpum West-Central
OHG ruoba rba
Lith rp
Grk hrp(h)us

Page 276
 Sheet1

*resg- plait, wattle Lat restis rope, cord

NE rush
Lith rezg(i) knit, do network
OCS rozga root, branch
NPers raaza woollen cloth
Skt rjju- cord, rope
*reth- run OIr reithid runs The Tocharian word for army, e.g. Toch B retke, is
NWels rhedaf run probably derived from PIE *rothikos pertaining to
*rotheh- or *rthos wheel chariot, i.e. the army was originally the
chariotry
OIr roth wheel
Lat rota wheel
OHG rad wheel
Lith rtas wheel (and plural rtai
wagon)
Alb rreth ring, hoop, tyre
Av raa- chariot, wagon
Skt rtha- chariot, wagon

*reu- roar, howl ON rymja roar

OCS rov roar
Grk romai howl
Skt ruvti roars, bellows
Lat rmor
*reu(h)- pull out [wool] ON rja (also Norw ru winter
wool
OIr rn horses mane
Rus runfleece
NPers rm pubic hair
Skt lman- rman- body hair
of men and animals
*reu(h)- tear out, pluck MIr ram spade
Lat ru tear of
fall violently
ON rja pluck wool from a sheep
Lith ruju pull out, weed
OCS rv pull out
Toch AB ruw- pull out [from
below the surface with violence]

*reud- push back NE rid

Skt rudh- check, restrain
Toch AB rutk- move, remove
*reudh- mourn, lament Lat rud roar, bellow, bray present *reudhti
ON rauta roar [whence by
borrowing NE root (for someone)]
OE rotan moan
Lith raumi mourn, lament
Slov rydati weep, cry, sob
Av raod- lament, mourn
Skt rditi weeps, roars

*rugmen- cream NE ream

Av raona- butter
*ruhes- open space OIr ri field, open land From the verb *reuh-,preserved only in Toch AB
Lat rs countryside, open fields ru- be open
Av ravah- space
NE room (with a diferent suffix)

*reuk/g- shrink, wrinkle up Lat rga wrinkle

Lith runk shrivel up
Toch B ruk- grow lean (with
hunger)

Page 277
 Sheet1

*reumn- rumen Lat rmen gullet, rumen

Baluchi rmast rumination
Skt romantha- rumination
*rumnm - horsehair OIr rn horses mane
fleece Rus run fleece
NPers rm pubic hair
Skt rman- lman- body hair
of men or animals
*reup- break Lat rump break
NE rift
Lith rpti grieve, afflict
?Skt rpyati sufering racking
pain
*reus- contend with, MHG rn make a noise, uproar
bluster, rave, rage
Skt ro- displeases, takes
ofence at
Toch B rs- criticize, accuse,
object to
*rik- nit, Lat ricinus
Skt lik
*rtho/eh- wheel Lat rota wagon A derivative, *rothikos, gives Alb rreth ring,
Lith rtai [pl.] wagon hoop, tyre (for carriages) and the Tocharian word
(Toch B retke) for army (< *chariotry).
Av raa- wagon, chariot
Skt rtha- wagon, chariot
OIr roth wheel, circle
Lat rota [again] wheel
OHG rad wheel
Lith rtas [sg.] wheel
*roudhos cry n. OHG rz
Lith graud
Skt rda-
*rmsn male Grk rsn male Generally indicates male in opposition to
Av aran- male female
Skt rmabh- bull
male animal in general
*rugis rye NE rye
*rugyo- Lith rugs
Rus ro
Shughni roz ear of rye
*ruk- over-garment OIr rucht tunic North-West
OE rocc over-garment, rochet
*s-hup underneath Lat sub underneath, animlia
suppa animals [on all fours]
Arm hup near
Hit suppala- animal
Toch B spe near
*s(e/)m one, as one, united
*s(h)nehur- sinew
*s(w)eb- lineage NE sib built on the reflexive pronoun self .
Lat sodlis associate
OCS svobod free
Skt sabh- assembly
*s(w)ed- custom, characteristic Lat sodlis companion [< Which has been analysed as a compound of
*member of a group] *s(w)e own and *dh(e)h- set, establish.
OE sidu custom
Grk thos custom, habit
Skt svadhcharacter, peculiarity,
custom
Toch B otri sign, characteristic

Page 278
 Sheet1

*saiwos hard, sharp, rude Lat saevus hot-headed, raging, North-West

furious
Latv sievs hard, curt
*sakros holy Lat sacer sacred and sacerds One might then envisage a rite by which
priest something is made sacred and some would derive
Toch B skre- happy this form from the verbal root *sek- cut, i.e. cut
off from the world.
Hit sakli- rite, custom

*sal(i)k- (tree) willow OIr sail willow

*shelik- Lat salix willow
OE sealh willow
*samhdos sand NE sand
Lat sabulum sand
Grk mathos sand
*sap- sap Lat sapa must, new wine boiled Possibly with *b
thick
OHG saf sap
NE sap
Skt sabur-dhk- yielding nectar
or milk
*sap- or *sep- taste, come to know OE sefa understanding Lat sapi taste provides a basis for sapins
Osc sipus knowing wisdom.
Arm ham taste, juice [<
*sapno-?])
*sausos dry Lat sdus dry, without rain
*sus Alb thaj dry up
Av hao- wither away
Skt u- become dry
OE sar [> NE sere]
Lith sasas
OCS such
Grk auos
*se-sh-o- crop ?
*se(n)k- cease to flow, dry up NE singe
Lith senk ebb, drain away, dry
up [of water]
OCS i-sknti dry up [of water]
Skt sakra- not drying up

*sed- go Av snaoiti approaches

Skt -sad- enter
Grk o-grade noun hods way,
OCS chod walk

Page 279
 Sheet1

*sed- set NE set {1} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 676f.

?sit

*sed- sit (down) OIr saidid sits this also supplies a causative *sodye/o- set.
Lat sd sit down, sede sit, be
sitting
NE sit
Lith sdu sit down
OCS ssti sit down
Grk hzd sit
Arm nstim sit
Av hiaiti sits

Skt sdati sits

*sedes- seat NWels sedd seat A fairly transparent nominalization of *sed- sit
Grk hdos seat
Av hadi- home
Skt sdas- place
Lat. sds
*sedlom seat, chairlike object Lat sella seat, chair, sedle
*sedros seat
NE settle
*seg- fasten OIr sainem cord
Lith sgti fasten, buckle
OCS sgnti take, grab
Skt sjati fastens

Page 280
 Sheet1

*se- hold fast, conquer OIr seg strong

overpower NHG Sieg victory
Grk ekhurs firm, strong
Hit sakkuriya- overcome
Skt shas- victory, shuri-
victorious
Greek verb kh hold

*se-es- power, violence

*seh- sow Hit s(i )-sow, throw

Lat ser
NE sow
Lith sju
OCS sjo
*seh(i)- go forward, advance Grk th press forward
Phryg sideto succeeded,
achieved
Skt sdhate suceeds
Hit zi- means cross over
*seh(i)- sift NWels hidl West Central
ON sdl
Lith setas
OCS sito
Alb shosh

Page 281
 Sheet1

*sehi- sow
Skt sra-
(seed-) plough, st-
furrow
Toch B ito +grainfield
Grk stos grain (both wheat and
barley)
*sehmen- seed Lat smen North-Western
OHG smo
OPrus semen
OCS sm
*sehros long OIr sr long lasting North-West
Lat srus late
OE sd long
*seh bind {1} Often treated as distinct (perhaps already in
Proto-Indo-Iranian) roots (ava/vi) s (< *seh-)
'untie' and si (< *sei-) 'bind'
ava-sna- and ava-star- belong to the former,
present sinti, perfect sisya and setar- to the
latter. See Insler 1971: 580ff., Kmmel 2000:
548ff.
{2} See Kulikov 2000b.
{3} Or 3pl.pres.opt.act. of ah 'to be' (see Kmmel
2000: 676).
{4} ppp *(uu i-)sh-to- (Av. hita-/v-ta , Ved.
sita-/vi-sita-)
-iu-present *sh-iu-eti (Ved. syati, Hitt. i-hi-an-zi).
*sh-iu gave through metathesis *sih > *si-ne-h
(Ved. sinti, ToA sinstr).

*seh(i)- satisfy, fill up Grk menai satisfy oneself

Arm ha contented
Hit sh- stuf full, clog up
Skt asinv- unsatisfied
Toch A si- be satisfied
*shtis satistfaction OIr saith satisfaction
Lat satis enough
Lith stis satiety
*sehi- be angry at, afflict OIr saeth pain, sickness
Lat saevus fierce
NE sore
Latv svs sharp, biting
Grk haimd kind of tooth-ache
Hit s(i)- be angry at, resent
Toch B saiwe itch

Page 282
 Sheet1

*seh-(e)l- salt OIr salann

Lat sl
NE salt
Latv sls
OCS sol
Grk hls
Arm a
Toch B salyiye
Lith slymas brine
Alb ngjelmt salty
Skt salil- sea, flood

*sehg- perceive acutely, seek out OIr saigid seeks out

Lat sgi perceive acutely, sga
fortune-teller
NE seek
Grk hgomai direct, lead
Hit skiya- make known
*shul sun Lat sl sun Gen. *shawens
*sehu-el- NE sun, Lith sul sun
OCS slnce sun
Grk hlios sun
Av hvar sun
Skt svr sr(y)a- sun

*seik- pour out Grk ikmz strain

overflow Av hiaiti sprinkles
Skt sicti sprinkles
Toch A sik- overflow
NE sye sink
Lat siat urinates
*seik- reach for Lith sekti reach for something
Toch B sik- set foot, i.e. reach
out the foot
Grk hk arrive, reach
*sek- cut MIr eiscid cuts of The semantic change from *cut to know is not,
Lat sec cut admittedly, an obvious one, but it is confirmed by
Lith -skti dig the same change in the history of *ker-s-, another
enlargement of *ker- (above) which means cut in
OCS sk cut Hit karsmi, as we would expect, but know in
Lat sci know Tocharian (AB krs-)
Hit sakk- know

*sekr- axe Lat secris North-West

OCS skyra from *sek- cut
*sek- follow OIr sechithir follows This verb is probably the same as *sekw- see
Lat sequor follow
Lith sek follow, keep an eye on
Grk hpomai
Skt scate all follow(s)
nominal derivative *skhi
follower
ON seggr follower
Skt skh- friend

Page 283
 Sheet1

*sek- say, recount publicly OIr insce discourse West Central

Lat n-seque say!
NE say
Lith saka sek say
OCS soiti indicate
Grk ennp say
*sek- see NE see
Lith sek follow, keep an eye on
Alb shoh see
Hittite skuwa eye
Lydian saw- see

*seko- following OIr sech past, beyond Derives from the verbal root *sek- follow.
Lat secus after, beside,
otherwise
Latv secen by, along
Av ha from, out of
in accordance with
Skt sc together with, sakm
with
*sel- jump Lat sali Italic-Greek isogloss
Grk hllomai
*sel- move quickly Skt ucchalati (< *udsal-) hurries {1} Synchronically distinct, but etymologically
forward probably identical with sar [2].
Toch AB sl- fly and sl- throw
[down]
Arm yem send
OCS slj send
OE sellan deliver > NE sell
OCS sl messenger

*sel- seize, take possession of OIr selb possession West Central

OE sellan hand over [> NE sell ]
Grk helen take

*sles- marsh Grk hlos marsh, meadow Graeco-Aryan

Skt sras- lake, pond
NWels hel river meadow);
*sel- release, send out OIr selg hunt
MHG silken drip
Av hrzaiti releases
Skt srmjti releases
*selk- pull Toch B slk- pull out
Lat sulcre to plough
Grk hlk pull
NE sullow plough
*selp be fat

Page 284
 Sheet1

*slpes- oil, fat, grease Grk lpos oil, fat, grease,

Skt sarp- melted butter
NE salve
Alb gjalp butter
Toch B alype unguent, fat
*sem- at one time, once Lat sem-per always, sim-plex
single
Grk haplous singly, in one way
*sem-lo-m
OIr samlith like, as
Lat simul simultaneously,
together, at the same time
OE simbel(s) always

*sem- draw water Lat sen-tna bilgewater West Central

Grk m bucket
OIr do-essim pours
Lith smti draw water
*sem- put in order/together ON semja put together
Skt samayati puts in order
Toch B ms- count
*sem- summer OIr sam summer {1} [AL] The color of the laryngeal cannot be
NE summer determined.
Arm am year
Av ham- summer
Skt sm season, year
Toch A me summer
*sem-go-(lo)s single one Lat singul single, individual
*sem-s united as one, one togethe Grk heius [m.], ma [f.], hn [nt.]
one
Arm mi one
Toch Be [m.], sana [f.] one
*smis half Lat smi- half- This has been variously interpreted as a
OHG smi- half- lengthened grade of *sem- one or derived from
the verbal root *seh- separate
Grk hmi- half-
certainly the latter makes more sense
Skt sm- half- semantically.

*sen-i/u- apart OIr sain especially

Lat sine without
Hit sanizzis excellent
Av hanar except, without
Skt sanitr apart from
Toch B snai without
NE sunder (derived)
*sen(h)- seek, accomplish OIr do-seinn pursues, strives
Grk nmi accomplish, get
[somewhere, something]
Hit sanhzi seeks, plans,
demands
Av han- gain, obtain
Skt santi wins, gets
grants
*seng- sing, make an incantation MWels dehongli explain
NE sing, song
Grk omphdivine voice,
prophecy
?Prakrit samgha say, honour

Page 285
 Sheet1

*senh obtain

*senhdr- congealed moisture, slag NE cinder North-West

RusCS sjadry clotted blood
*seno-mehtr grandmother OIr senmthair North-West
Lith senmot- literaly old-mother
*snos old OIr sen old
Lat senex old
Goth sinista eldest
Lith snas old
Grk hnos last years
Arm hin old
Av hana- old
Skt sna- old
*sent- go NE send
Lith sunt send
OHG sinnan go
Av hant- arrive
OIr st way
OHG sind way, side
Arm ntac way, passage
Toch A ont street
*sent- perceive, think Lat senti feel, snsus feeling, North-West
meaning
NHG Sinn meaning
Lith sentti think
OCS st wise
*sentos way, passage OIr st road From from *sent- go
OE s way
Arm ntac way, passage
Toch A ont street

Page 286
 Sheet1

*sep- handle (skilfully), hold Grk hp serve, prepare

Av hap- hold
Skt spati touches, handles,
caresses
venerates
Lat sepeli bury, i.e. prepare a
body
Skt saparyti honours, upholds
Grk methp ephp manage
[horses]
Skt spti- team of horses

*sepit wheat
*septm 7 seven OIr secht How it arrived in Proto-Indo-European has been a
Lat septem subject of long discussion. Generally, the fact that
NE seven many other language families in the surrounding
region possess a similar word for seven has
Lith septyn argued for borrowing. Generally, the source is
OCS sedm taken to be from pre-Akkadian *saba-tum (the
Alb shtat form used to modify masculine deWnite nouns)
Grk hept seven. However, as was the case with six, the
Arm ewtn pre-Akkadian form would be too late to serve as a
Av hapta model for the Proto-Indo-European word and the
Proto-Semitic *ab(at) looks considerably less
Skt sapt
helpful.
Toch A pt

*septm-domth 70 seventy
*septmm-ms 7th seventh OIr sechtmad
*septmo- Lat septimus
NE seventh
Lith skmas [analogical]
septitas
OCS sedm
Alb shtat
Grk hbdomos
Av haptaa-
Skt saptam- ~[analogical]
sapttha-
Toch A ptnt

*ser- flow MIr sirid wanders through which underlies *sreu-

Lat serum whey
Alb gjiz whey, (cottage) cheese
Grk ors whey
Toch B arwiye cheese

*ser- line up OIr sernaid arranges Likely derives from the vocabulary of textile
Lat ser line up, join, link manufacture
Lith sris thread
Grk er line up
Hit sarra- break
Skt sarat- thread
*ser- protect Lat serv guard
Lydian sarta protector
Av haraiti defends
*seren(y)uhs some female deity?? There are fewer semantic reasons to link the
Greek fury Erns with the Indic goddess Sarany,
wife of the Sun, although the phonological
correspondence of both their names does seem
sound enough.

Page 287
 Sheet1

*serk- construct/repair a wall Lat sarci mend, repair

Grk hrkos fence, enclosure
Hit sark- make restitution
*serk- make a circle,
*serk- make restitution Lat sarci make restitution
make whole [i.e. repair]
Hit sarnikzi makes restitution
Toch B serke circle
*serK- pass, surpass Hit sarku- projecting, immense, Hittite-Tocharian isogloss
powerful
Toch B rk- pass, surpass, go
beyond
*serp- crawl Lat serp
Grk hrp
Skt srpati
snake
Lat serpns
Alb gjarpr
Skt sarp-

*ses- rest, sleep, keep quiet Hit sess- sleep, sessnu- put to
bed
Av hah- sleep
Skt ssti sleeps
*ses(y)- grain, fruit NWels haidd barley
Ligurian asia rye
Hit sesa(na)- fruit
Av hahya- providing grain
Skt sasym grain, fruit
*seu- boil (something) NE seethe
Av hvayeiti stew
Rus utt joke around with

Page 288
 Sheet1

*seu- press out {1} [AL] Hitt. unna-/unn- [verb] 'to fill' rather
belongs to savi[1].

*seu(h)- bear a child Av hu- bear a child {1} [AL] On the basis of this adjective, a
Skt ste bears, begets denominative verb susvay has been formed:
NE son susvayant- [ptc.act.f.] (RV 10.110.06) and
susvayanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV 07.036.06). The
Grk huys son enigmatic forms with a short root-vowel su-suti-
Skt sns son [f] 'easy birth' (RV 10.039.07) and possibly su-su-
Toch B soy son mant- [adj] 'with a good birth (?)' (RV 10.039.07)
may be attributed to the influence of this
denominative verb, since the laryngeal was
regularly dropped there (*-uHa- > -va-, cf.
Lubotsky 1997b).
{2} [AL] For the reconstruction see Kloekhorst
2008: 785f. Possibly borrowed into Finnish suku-
'race, family, birth, brood'.

*seug- be sick NE sick

Arm hiwcanim sicken

Page 289
 Sheet1

*seug/k- suck Lat sg North-Western

NEsuck
Latv szu suck
OCS ss suck
*seuh child
*seuh- set in motion OIr sod twists, turns
Hit suwi- push, urge
Av hun iti seeks to create
drives forward
Toch B ewi pretext, excuse
Hit sunna- fill
Palaic snat poured out
*seup- pure Umb supa viscera of a sacrificed
animal
Hit suppa- viscera of a sacrificed
animal
Hit supp-i- pure
*seuys left OCS uj
Av haoya-
Skt savy-
*swe Reflexive pronoun Lat s him-/her-/itself
OHG sih him-/her-/itself
Lith sav-self
OCS? se -self
Alb u him-/her-/itself
Grk h he him-/her-/itself
Skt sv- ones own
Toch B a ones own
*sh-men- song Grk hmnos song, festival song {1} Possibly, a derivative of the root *seh- 'to
(of praise in honour of gods and bind' and can then be related to Gr. [f] 'song,
heroes) hymn', if from *sh-oi .
Hit ishamai- song, melody
Skt sman- song, chant
*shul-gm going to the sun (light)
*shwens-keklos wheel of the sun n
*shts satisfied OHG sat satisfied
Grk atos insatiable
OE sd satisfied
*silVbVr- silver Ibero-Celtic ilaPur Its doubtful vowels and various outcomes of the
NE silver consonants suggest that it has been borrowed
from some non-Indo-European source.
Lith sidbras
Rus serebr
*sins leopard Arm inj inc
Skt simh- lion
*siskus dry NWels hysb
Lat siccus
Av hiku-
OIr sesc sterile (of livestock).
*skab- hold up Lat scamnum stool, bench
Av upa-skambm support, prop
Skt skabhnti supports, fixes

*skaiws left Lat scaevus

Grk skais
*skand- jump OIr sceinnid leaps
Lat scand climb
Skt skndati jumps
*skauros lame Lat scaurus clubfooted
Skt khora- lame

Page 290
 Sheet1

*skeb- scratch, shave Lat scab shave, scratch North-West

NEshave
Lith skabs sharp
OCS skobl scraping knife
*skehi(-d)- cut Lat scind cut
Lith skediu separate
OCS diti filter, strain
Grk skhz split, tear
OE be-sctan > NE shit
Skt chyti cuts
*skeh- make an incision {1} vichyati (AVP+) [3sg.act.] 'to drive (by
blows)' is a denom. of vyacha-, not a causative of
ch (Hoffmann 1976: 455ff.).
{2} [AL] Hardly related to OAv. szdm
[2pl.impv.med] 'tear up!' ( Y 31.18)
sii(z)dm [2pl.impv.med.] 'banish [the fury]!' ( Y
48.7) See Lubotsky 2004a, contra Humbach,
Kellens/Pirart. For the phonetic development of
*sk- see Lubotsky 2001a.
{3} See Kulikov 2000b.

Page 291
 Sheet1

*skeid- split {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation

(see Kulikov 1998).
{2} Gr. -- is unclear.

*skits shield, board OIr scath shield North-West

OE scd thin piece of wood,
shingle
OCS tit shield
Lat sctum large leather-covered
shield
*skek- jump Lith skata jump
OCS skoiti jump
ON skagi point of land sticking
out
Skt khacati projects (of teeth)
Toch AB skk- balcony

Page 292
 Sheet1

*skend- shine {1} [AL] For the reconstruction and the

relationship between the roots cand, chand and
sad [2] see Lubotsky 2001a.

*sker- hop about Grk skar jump, hop, dance West Central
OHG scern be mischievous
OE scere-gescre locust
Lith skrs locust
*sker- threaten Toch B skr- speak hostilely,
threaten
reproach
MLG scheren ridicule
*skerd- be divided in equal parts (?) {1} [AL] For the reconstruction and semantic
development see Lubotsky 2001a: 50f.

*sket()- injure, harm OIr scth tired West Central

OE skaian injure [NE scathe is
related but a Norse loanword]
Grk askths uninjured

*skeu- sneeze Lith skiaudiu Form have been regarded as onomatopoeic and
*kseu- Skt kuti hence possibly independent creations

Page 293
 Sheet1

*skeu(h)-ih- skin {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky

2001a: 33.
*skeub- push away, push ahead NE shove
Lith skbti hurry
OCS skub pluck, tear of
*skhey-wo left
*skid-r- split
*skidrs thin OHG sceter thin West Central
Latv kidrs thin
dialectal Grk skidars thin,
slender
*skolmeh- sword ON sklm West Central
Thrac sklm
*sktos shadow, shade OIr scth shadow, reflection West Central
ghost, spectre
NE shadow
Grk sktos darkness, gloom
shadow
*syh shade Latv seja shadow
ghost
Rus sen shade, shadow
Alb hie shade, shadow
ghost, spectre
Grk skishade, shadow
reflection, image
ghost, spectre
Av asaya- who throws no
shadow
Skt chy- shade, shadow
Toch B skiyo shadow

*skis needle and/or thorn OIr sc hawthorn

Lith skuj fir-needle and cone
Rus khvojneedles and branches
of a conifer
*slag- slack OIr lac slack, weak
Lat laxus slack, loose
NE slack
Latv legans slack, soft
Grk lagars slack
*slak- strike MIr slacc sword North-West
NE slay from *kap- seize
*sleimak- snail, slug Rus slimk from *(s)lei- slimy
Grk lemaks slug
*slenk- turn, twist (like a snake) NWels llyngyr worms North-West
NE sling
Lith slenk crawl [like a snake]

*sleub- slide Lat lbricus slippery Italic-Germanic

NE sleeve
*slihu- plum-coloured OIr l colour North-West
Lat lvor bluish colour
NE sloe
Rus slva plum
*slugos servant OIr slg army, host North-West
crowd, company
Lith slaug service
Rus slug servant
*smm-logos bed-fellow SerbCS sulog wife
Grk lokhos bed-fellow, spouse

*sme(h) truly

Page 294
 Sheet1

*smeg- taste (good) OE smc taste North-Western

Lith smaguriuti delight in,
nibble on, have a sweet tooth
*smei- smile, laugh ME and NE smile
Grk meidi
Indic smyate
Norw smila laugh
Latv smeju laugh
OCS smj laugh
Toch B smi- laugh
*smeid- smear Goth ge-smeitan smear Germanic-Armenian Isogloss
??Arm mic dirt
*smeit- throw Lat mitt let go, send
Av ma- throw
*sme- chin, jaw
*smru- oil, grease NE smear
Toch B mare oily, greasy
OIr miur marrow
*smh-o- any

*smwrm chin, beard Alb mjekr beard, chin

Arm mawruk beard
Hit z(a)munkur beard
Skt mru beard, [especially]
moustache
Lith smakr chin
Alb mjekr beard, chin
OE smoras [pl.] lips
*smms some, any NE some
Grk hams anyone
Arm amen(ain) all, each
Av hama- anyone
Skt sam- anyone
*snehu- twist fibres into thread Lat nervus sinew, tendon
Grk neuron sinew, tendon
*snhwrm sinew, tendon Lat nervus sinew, tendon, nerve, From the verbal root *sneh(u)- turn, twist
muscle [> NE nerve]
Grk neuron sinew, tendon, gut
Arm neard tendon
Av nvar tendon
Skt snvan- tendon
Toch B or tendon, sinew
*sneh- swim OIr snd
Lat n
Grk nkh
Skt sn ti
Toch B nsk-
Av snayeiti washes
*sneig-(os) snow OIr snigid snows, rains
Lat nivit ninguit snows
OE snwan to snow
Grk nephei snows
Av snaaiti snows
*sner- rattle, growl NE snore, snarl West Central
Lith nirniu growl, grumble
dialectal Grk nuren +cried out

*sneub- marry Lat nbere Seen from the wifes point of view
OCS snubiti to pander
Grk nmph bride

Page 295
 Sheet1

*sneud- mist, cloud NWels nudd mist

Lat nbs cloud, mist
Av snaoa- cloud
*snh-u without, aside
*snuss sons wife, brothers wife Lat snurus sons/grandsons {1} The stem in *-eh- is everywhere secondary.
wife
OE snoru sons wife
Rus snokh sons wife
bride
Grk nus sons wife
bride
Arm nu sons wife
Skt snu- sons wife

*so that (one) OIr -so/-d this one This pronoun supplies the definite article in
*seh Lat is-te / is-ta / is-tud this (one) Germanic and Greek
*td OE s / so / t (> NE that)
the
OHG der / die / daz the
Goth sa / s / ata that (one)
Lith ts / t that [one]
OCS t / ta/to that [one]
Alb ai / ajo he/she, Grk ho / h /
t the
Arm ay-d that
Hit ta and, then
Skt s / s / tt that [one]
Toch B se/s/te such (a one)

*so-ur victorious
*shr throw ?? Lith sra millet
Toch AB sry- to plant
*soito/eha- sorcery NWels hud magic Celtic-Germanic isogloss
ON sei magic

*srm (human) excrement OE scearn dung, manure

Latv srni slag
Rus ser defecate
Grk skor [human] waste,
excrement
Av sairya- dung
Hit sakkar excrement
*sokto- sickness OIr socht silence, stupor Rare Celtic-Hittite isogloss
Hit saktizzi takes care of, the word perhaps derives from the root *sek-
dry, i.e. sickness as a form of dryness
performs sick maintenance;

*sk-h-i follower, companion Lat socius partner, companion

OE secg follower
Grk aoss help
Av hax- friend, companion
Skt skh- friend, companion
*soks sap, resin Lith saka[pl.] resin
Rus sok juice, sap, sapwood
Alb gjak blood
Grk ops sap, resin
Toch B sekwe pus
*skt (upper) leg Hit sakutt(a)- upper leg
Rus stegn [< *segdno <
*sektno] hip, groin, thigh
Av haxti- hip
Skt skthi thigh

Page 296
 Sheet1

*sokth-i- thigh {1} [AL] The Hittite form, for which see
Kloekhorst 2008: 703, offers the closest parallel,
although its meaning is not absolutely certain.

*sl(h)wos whole Lat salvus whole, well
*solh-u- Alb gjall living, agile, deft
Grk hlos whole
Av haurva- entire
Skt srva- all, whole
Toch A salu complete
{1} [AL] According to Plath 2000, this is an
original locative of the u-stem *salu-.
{2} [AL] The laryngeal is *h if Hitt. alli- 'great',
CLuv. alhitti- 'greatness' belong here (cf.
Melchert 1994: 51, 55, 89). XXX

*solh- dirt OE salu dark, dusky

dirty sol dark, dirty
Lat salebra dirt
Toch B sal dirty
*solo/eh- dwelling, settlement OE sl room, hall, castle North-West
*selo- Lith sal village
Rus sel village
*som- (together) with OHG samn together An o-grade derivative of *sem- one
Lith sam- with
OCS s- with
Av ha(m)- together
Skt sam- with
*somo-nm h-yo-s same (kinship) line Goth samkunja of the same may be independently formed in the two groups.
lineage cf. NE kin
Grk homgnios of the same
lineage
*somo-phtr of the same father ON samfera
Grk homoptr
OPers hamapitar-
Toch A omapcr
*somos same OIr -som self
?*somh-o- that one
NE same
OCS sam himself
Grk homs similar, same
Arm omn some, certain, any
Av hama- same
Skt sam- equal, like, same
Toch AB sam like, even

*soru booty Hit sru booty [particularly

captured men, cattle, and
sheep]
?MIr serb theft
?NWels herw raid [whose
principal goal was usually cattle]
outlawry
??Lat servus slave

*sou-mo- pressed juice

Page 297
 Sheet1

*speh- be satisfied, be filled, OE spwan thrive, succeed {1} With present *speh-i-. Skt. sph may have
thrive Lith spju have free time arisen in contact with the laryngeal (*sph-i-), but
?swell OCS spti be successful, this is uncertain.
prosper
Toch B spw- spread out
Lat sp hope
Skt sphyate grows fat

*speh(i)- be sated, prosper Lat sps hope

OE spwan thrive, succeed
Lith spju have free time
OCS spti be successful,
prosper
Hit isp(i)- get full, be filled, be
satiated
Skt sphyate grows fat
Toch B spw- spread out

*spelo/eh- shield MPers ispar shield It is commonly derived from *(s)p(h)el- strip, tear
*sko/eyto- Skt phlakam shield, board off, suggestive of a wooden or leather shield
ON fjl board
Luvian palahsa- blanket or coat

*spend- make an ofering Lat sponde

pour a libation Grk spnd
Hit sippand- ispant-
*speno- (womans) breast, nipple OIr sine teat A metathesized and simplified Western version of
OE spanu breast Proto-Indo-European *pstenos
Lith spens teat
*sper- ?sparrow NE sparrow
Corn frau
Grk sparsion starling
Toch A pr
*sper- strew, sow Grk sper
Hit isp ri
OHG spr t scattering
Alb far seed
Grk sprma seed
OIr sreb stream
*sper- wrap around Lith spartas band, ribbon West Central
Grk spera coils
Arm parem enclose, surround

Page 298
 Sheet1

*sperd pass by, walk away

*sper- move energetically NE spring

Grk sprkh drive, press
Skt sprmhyati desires
Av -sprza- excited
Toch AB sprk- disappear,
perish
*sperh- kick, spurn Lat spern separate {1} [AL] For the etymology see Lubotsky 2006.
spurn
NE spurn
Latv spert kick
Grk spar palpitate, give a start
Skt sphurti springs, spurns
Hit ispar- tread down, destroy

*sperhg- strew, sprinkle Lat sparg strew North-West

NE spark and sprinkle
*speud- hurry Lith spusti press
Grk sped hurry
o-grade derivative *spoudeh-
Lith spaud press
Grk spoud haste
Arm poyt zeal
NP poy haste
OHG spioz spear
Alb pun work

*sph-r- fat
*sphrs fat, rich Lat prosper lucky
NE spare
OCS spor rich
Skt sphir- fat

Page 299
 Sheet1

*sphen- flat-shaped piece of wood Lat sponda frame of a bed,

bedstead
NE spoon
NE spade (derived)
*splei- step, go Grk plssomai stride out
Skt plhate goes
Grk plikhs space between the
thighs
OIr slasait thigh
*sploih-n spleen OIr selg It has undergone an unusual amount of irregular
?*splen- Lat lin phonological development.
OCS slzena
{1} With tabooistic sound-replacements in the
Grk spln [> via Latin in NE daughter-languages (Skt. plhan- after snhan-
spleen] 'snot'?).
Arm paycan {2} [AL] Misprinted in EWAia as felc'h.
Av sprzan-
Skt plhn-
*spohino/eh foam Lat spma foam may originally derive from the verb to spit
NE foam
Lith spine
*spolihom something torn or split of Lat spolium hide stripped from
an animal
booty, spoils
dialectal Grk sp lia [pl.] wool
plucked from the legs of sheep
Lith sp liai [pl.] refuse of hemp
and flax
*sprmh-- heel OE spor footprint [> NE spoor],
spure heel, spur spur
Grk sphurn ankle[bone]
Toch B sprne [dual] flanks
*sre/ohgs berry, fruit Lat frga strawberries
Grk hrks hrks berry, grape

*sreb- gulp, ingest noisily Lat sorbe sup, swallow, absorb suggests onomatopoeia
Alb gjerb sip, tipple
Grk hroph gulp down
Arm arbi drink
Hit s(a)rap- gulp
MHG srpfeln
Latv strebju slurp, spoon
OCS srbati drink noisily

*srenk- snore OIr sreinnid snores West Central

Grk hrgk snore
*srno/eh- hip, thigh Lith strna loin
Av rna- thigh
*sret- boil, be agitated, move noisMIr srithit spurt of milk or blood
OHG stredan efervesce, whirl,
boil
Grk hrthos rushing noise, roar
of waves, clash of oars
Toch B rtt- incite, instigate

*sreu- flow Lith sravi ooze

Grk rh flow
Arm aoganem moisten, srvati
flows
NE stream
*sreumen flowing, streaming NE stream in river names
Rus strmen brook *sreu-men?
Grk rheuma flow, river

Page 300
 Sheet1

*srihges- cold, frost Lat frgus cold, frost West Central

Grk rhgos frost, cold);
*sroms lame Rus khromj lame Possibly a loanword in Slavic from [unattested]
Skt srm- Iranian
*srmpo/eh- sickle Hit sarpa- agricultural tool [used
in ritual along with a plough]
Latv sirpis sickle
Rus serp sickle
Grk hrp sickle
Oss xsyrf sickle
Lat sarp cut away, prune

*st(h)eug- stif Lith stkti stand tall

Rus stgnuti freeze
Toch B staukk- swell, bloat
*stag- seep, drip Lat stgnum standing water
Grk stz drip
*steh-wer- standing firm
*sthmn what stands, stature Lat stmen warp
NE stem
Lith stomu stature
Grk stmn warp
Skt sthman- position
Toch B stm tree
*sthtis place Lat stati position, station From the verbal root *steh- stand
NE stead
Lith stias standing
Grk stsis place, setting,
standing, stature
Av stiti- station
Skt sthti- position
*sthur post Grk staurs cross From the verb *steh- stand
Skt sth- post a derivative gives NE steer
*steig- prick Lat nstg goad {1} [AL] The root is given in the literature as
NE stick, stitch stegh-, but neither of the MS and AVP mss.
preserves the -gh-: we find -g-, -n- and -bh-
Grk stz prick, tattoo
instead. These readings rather point to the root
Av bitaa- having two edges steg-. Also the meaning of these forms is rather
Skt tjate is sharp, makes sharp 'to penetrate, assail' than 'to step'. All this makes
clear that the traditional etymology, connecting
Gr. [verb] 'to march, mount', [f.pl.]
'ranks, lines of battle'
OHG stgan [verb] 'to mount, ascend'
Latv. staiga^t [verb] 'to go, walk', is wrong. The
accentuation of the desiderative participle
atitistighisan must be emended to +atitistighisan
( Werba1997: 258 nr. 227), since all desideratives
are accented on the reduplication syllable.

*steig- step (up), go OIr tagu stride

walk OHG stgan climb
Skt stighnti climb
Lith steigi hurry
Grk stekh step, go
OCS stign come

Page 301
 Sheet1

*stel- put in place, (make) stand NE stall

NHG stellen put, place
OPrus stallit stand
Alb shtjell fling, toss, hurl
Grk stll make ready
send
Skt sthlam eminence, tableland
dry land, earth

*stemb(h)- make stand, prop up Lith stem~bti produce a stalk [of

plants]
Grk astemphs imperturbable,
firm
Av stmbana- support
Skt stmbhate prop, support
hinder, restrain
Toch AB stm- stand

*sten- moan OE stenan Probably related to *(s)tenh- thunder

Lith sten
OCS stenj {1} With laryngeal derivative *stenh- 'to
thunder' (see stani) ?
Grk stn roar, stnos
moaning
Skt stnati thunders
*sten- narrow ON stinnr stif, hard West Central
Grk stens narrow
*ster- steal OIr serb thief West Central
Grk ster deprive, rob
NE steal < *stel- ?

Page 302
 Sheet1

*ster- throw down {1} Pok. does not distinguish between stari and
star.

*ster- barren, infertile Lat sterilis barren

*ster-ih- NIce stirtla barren cow
Bulg sterica barren cow
Grk stera barren cow, striphos
barren
Arm ster barren
Skt star barren cow
Alb shtjerr lamb
Toch B ari kid

Page 303
 Sheet1

*ster(h)- spread out Lat stru build up and stern {1} Pok. does not distinguish between stari and
spread out star.
NE strew
Alb shtrij stretch
Grk strnmi spread out
Av strnaoiti strniti
spreads out
Skt strmti strm ti spreads
out

*ster(h)mnm strewn place, ?bed Lat strmen straw

Grk stroma straw, bed
Skt striman- act of spreading
out
bed, couch
Grk stro bed

Page 304
 Sheet1

*steu- praise Grk steutai make a gesture of or

solemnly announce show of [doing something],
promise, engage oneself, or
threaten [to do something]
Av staoiti praises
Skt stuti praises

*steub praise, sound {1} Most probably, an enlargemnet of *steu- (see

s.v. stav).

*sthbo/eh- post, pillar NE staf North-Western

Lith stbas post from the root *steh- stand;
*sthd-lom stall, stable

Page 305
 Sheet1

*sthei- become hard, fixed Lat stria icicle

Frisian str stif
Lith stras stif
Skt styyate becomes fixed,
coagulated, hardens
B stinsk- be silent
*stgs path ON stig step it derives from the verbal root *steig- step, go.
OCS stdza step
Grk stkhos row, line
*stgs step ON stig step
OCS stdza footstep
street, Grk stkhos row, line
*stlmneh- post, support OHG stollo support from *stel- stand
Grk stl pillar
*stigo/eh- way OHG steiga step, way
Alb shteg path
Grk stokhos row, line
*stmnm mouth NWels safn jawbone
Grk stma mouth
Hit istaman- ear
Av staman- maw
*storos starling Lat sturnus
NE starling
OPrus starnite gull
*strm(h)yon- sturgeon OE styri(g)a Means salmon in Gaulish
c.f. Lat sari which is a loan
*strenk- string, to pull (tight) NE string
Grk straggs drawn through a
small opening,
?MIr sreng string, cord [if not an
ON loanword]
*streug- be fatigued, exhausted Grk stregomai am exhausted, Greek-Tocharian isogloss
worn out
sufer distress
Toch B sruk- die
*strh-no- (-to-) laid down
*stuh-r- big, strong

*stup- ofcut, piece of wood Grk stpos stick, post, pole

NE stump
Toch A top club
*suh- rain Grk hei
Toch su-
*suh-n-s son NE son
OPrus sons son
OCS syn son
Av hnu- son
Skt sn- son
Toch B somke (young) son
*suh-ros sour, acid NE sour North-West
Lith sras salty
OCS syr wet
*suhsos grandfather Alb gjysh grandfather Albanian-Indic correspondence
Skt s paternal grandmother from *seuh- beget, the same root that gave the
words for son

*suhys son Grk huis son

Toch B soy son

Page 306
 Sheet1

*sus-tho- 6th sixth {1} For the Avestan form see Hoffmann 1965:
254 = Hoffmann 1975: 190. For the Sanskrit form
see Lubotsky 2000a.

*sleh- (fermented) juice Skt sr- intoxicating drink
OPrus sulo curdled milk
Av hura kumys
Latv sula (birch) sap
perhaps the word originally designated fermented
[birch] sap
{1} [AL] In the AVP, the preparation of the Sur-
drink is described in two hymns (5.10 and 8.12).
It follows that there were two ways of
preparation: by fermentation (a kind of beer) and
by distillation.

*suod as, like

*ss pig; sow Lat ss pig
NE sow
Latv suvns young pig
Alb thi pig
Grk ss hus pig
Av h- pig
Skt skar- pig, boar
Toch B suwo pig
*sw(o)r(ak)s shrew Lat srex West-Central
Latv sussuris
Bulg ssar
Grk hraks
*sward- laugh NWels chwarddiad laugh Welsh-Greek isogloss
Grk sardnios (bitter) laughter,
sardz scof, jeer
*swe(n)g- bend, swing NE swing
Skt svjate embraces
Toch B suk- hand over
*swed-o- lineage Lat sodlis associate built on the reflexive pronoun self .
Grk thos custom, habit
Skt svadh homestead
kindred group
*swehde/o- be tasty, please Grk hdomai rejoice Underlies the derived adjective found widely in
be sweet Skt svdate becomes savoury Proto-Indo-European that indicates sweet
(*swehdus)
*swehds sweet NE sweet
Skt svdh- sweet
Toch B swre sweet
Lith sdyti to salt
Lat suvis pleasing to the
senses
Grk hds what is pleasing to
the senses
*swei- blow to hiss or buzz OIr sitid blows
OCS svistati whistle
Grk sz crackle
Skt kvdati buzzes, hums,
murmurs
Goth swigln play the flute
*sweid- shine OE switol distinct, clear
Lith svid shine, am glossy
Av xana- glowing
Lat sdus, consder consider
which literally meant consult the
stars

Page 307
 Sheet1

*sweid- sweat Lat sd

NE sweat
Latv svstu
Alb dirsem
Grk id
Skt svdate
Toch B sy-

*swerhs mother-in-law NWels chwegr mother-in-law

Lat socrus mother-in-law
OE sweger mother-inlaw
OCS svekry husbands mother
Alb vjehrr mother-in-law
Grk hekur husbands mother
Arm skesur husbands mother
Skt var- mother-inlaw

*swuros father-in- law NWels chwegrwn father-in-law

Lat socer father-in-law
OE swor father-in-law
Lith uras husbands father
OCS svekr husbands father
Alb vjehrr father-in-law
Grk hekurs wifes father
Av xvasur father-in-law
Skt vura- father-in-law

*swurs wifes brother Skt vura-

OHG swgur
*swel- burn OE swelan burn
Lith svl singe
Grk hl heat of the sun
*swel- plank, board NE sill
*sel- Grk hlmata planing, decking
*sweliyon- wifes sisters husband ON svili Norse-Greek isogloss
Grk eilones [pl.]
*swelno- slope OE swelle slope, rise in land
Toch B ale mountain
*swelp- burn, smoulder Toch slp- be set alight, burn nominal derivative *swelplm (Gen. *sulplos)
OE swefl
Lat sulphur sulphur, i.e. that
which burns
*swem- swim NE swim North-West
OIr do-seinn moves
*swenh- (re)sound Lat son
Latv sant
OE swinsian sing
OIr seinnid play a musical
instrument
Lat sonus sound
NE swan (< *singer)

Page 308
 Sheet1

*swep- sleep, dream Prs. *swpti sleeps, dreams {1} With a secondary -i-.
OE swefan {2} [AL] For a discussion of the IE situation see
OCS spati Kmmel 2000: 594f.
Hit supp-
Av xap-
Skt svpiti
Caus *swopyeti *swpyeti
puts to sleep
Lat spi lull to sleep
OE swebban lull to sleep, kill
Skt svapyati svpyati lulls
to sleep

*swep- throw, sweep Lat sup throw

OCS sp strew, pour about
ON svf spear and sfl broom
Skt svap broom
Toch B sopi net, snare, throwing
net

*swer sound, rustle

*swer- darken Lat sords dirt, soil,

uncleanliness
NE swart
Oss xuarun to colour
*swer- post, rod Lat surus twig, short stalk {1} [AL] Mayrhofer considers the etymology
*swer-u- Grk hrma support Skt svru- uncertain, but he gives no reason for his doubts.
sacrificial post, stake
*swerb- turn, move in a twirling mo NWels chwerfan spindlewhorl North-West
OE sweorfan wipe, rub
Latv svrpstt bore
OCS svrab scabies
*swerg- be ill OIr serg illness
Lith serg am ill
Alb dergjem lie ill
Toch B srk- illness

Page 309
 Sheet1

*swerhK- watch over, be concerned OE sorgian grieve, be sorry for,

be anxious about
Lith srgti keeps watch over
Skt srkati takes care of
*swero- (suppurating) wound NWels chwarren ulcer
OHG sweren fester
Rus khvryj sick
Av xara- wound
*swsr sister OIr siur The word for sister has been variously analyzed
Lat soror as a compound *swe- own + *sr woman, i.e. a
NE sister woman of ones own family or, alternatively, as
*su- with + *hesr blood, i.e. (woman of)
OPrus swestro ones own bloodline. Neither derivation is widely
OCS sestra accepted.
Arm koyr
Av xahar-
Skt svsar-
Toch B er
Grk or cousins daughter

*swesr(iy)s pertaining to a sister, sister OSwed swiri mothers sisters

son
Sanglechi xr sisters son
Skt svasrya- sisters son
literally something like he of the
sister
*swesrihnos sisters son Lat cnsobrnus mothers sisters North-West
son probably originally meant pertaining to the
(any) cousin sister;
Lith sesernas sisters son
*swg/k- be silent OE swgian be silent West Central
Grk sg
*swoiniyeh- wifes sister Lith svin sister-in-law
Latv svane wifes sister
Arm keni wifes sister
*swombos spongy OE swamm mushroom West Central
Grk somphs spongy
*swpniyom dream Lat somnium dream
Lith sapns sleep, dream
Grk enpnion dream
Skt svpnyam vision in a dream
*supn(iy)om
OCS snije dream
Toch B snmetse in a trance
?Grk enpnion dream

*swpnos sleep, dream Lat somnus sleep

Lith spnas dream
OE swefn sleep
Grk hpnos sleep
Av hafna- sleep
Skt svpna- sleep
Toch B pane sleep, dream
*supns
OCS sn sleep
Alb gjum sleep
Arm kun sleep

*swprm sleep, dream Lat sopor overpowering sleep (genitive *supnos)

*swpr Grk hpar true dream, vision
walking reverie
Hit suppariya- dream
*sy(u)ros wifes brother OCS ur wifes brother
Arm hor son-in-law
Skt syl- wifes brother

Page 310
 Sheet1

*syuh- sew Lat su {1} [AL] It seems easier to account for the
NE sew attested forms by assuming metathesis *siHuC >
Lith siuv *siuHC rather than the other way round (pace
Mh), cf. also s.v. mv. Under unclear
OCS ij circumstances, *siuuH- > *suH- (syman- vs.
Grk kass stra-).

Skt svyati {2} [AL] Hitt. um(m)anza(n)- 'string, rope' does
not exist ( Melchert 2003).

*t-at- father Lat tata

Grk tata
Skt tat-
NWels tad
Luv ttis
*t(e)hu-s- be silent OPrus tusnan quiet
Hit tuhussi(i)ye- keep quiet,
acquiesce
Av tuni- sitting quietly
quiet, silent
Skt tm
*t(e)rm- thread-end OE rum From *termn-
NE thrum
Grk termieis be-thrummed
*tag- touch Lat tang touch West Central
OE accian touch lightly, stroke
Grk tetagn seizing

*tg- set in place, arrange Lith sutgti get married

?*tag- ally oneself with)
Thessalian Grk tgs military
leader
Parth tgmdr commander
Toch B tcommander
*tags leader Grk tgs leader Derives from *t[a/]g- put in order, arrange
Toch A ti [pl.] leaders
*tak- be silent OIr tachtaid chokes, stifles North-West
Lat tace am silent
ON egja be silent
*taksos yew Lat taxus yew
Rus tis yew
Grk tkson bow
NPers tax bow
*tauros aurochs OIr tarb bull
bull Lat taurus bull
OPrus tauris bison
Lith taras bull
aurochs
Rus tur aurochs
mountain goat
Grk tauros bull
Alb tarok bullock
Khot ttura- mountain goat

*teg-os cover, roof Lat. tego 'cover'

Gr. tgos 'roof'
German Dach
*tegus thick, fat OIr tiug thick
NE thick
Hit tagu- fat, swollen
*tehuros bull
*tehys-t- dough OCS testo
OHG theismo

Page 311
 Sheet1

*teh- melt NWels toddi melt

Lat tbe melt
NE thaw
OCS taj melt
Grk tk melt
Arm tanam moisten
Oss tajyn tajun melt
*tehli of that sort or size Lat tlis of that sort West Central
Lith tlei so long
Grk tlkos so old
*thmot(s) then, at that place Latv nuo tm from there West Central
OCS tamo thither
Grk tmos then
*thwot(s) so many, so long Grk ts so long, meanwhile
Skt (e-)tvat so much, so many
so great, so far
Toch B tot so much, so many
so great
so far

*teig- side OIr tib side

Arm tekn shoulder
*tek- bear or beget a child Grk tktomai bear, beget NE and Skt come from *tek-men-
NE thane
Skt tkman- child, ofspring.
*tek- run, flow swiftly OIr teichid flees
Lith tek run, flow [of water],
rise [of sun]
Rus tek flow
Alb ndjek follow
Skt tkti hurries
o-stem *tekws runner
OE ow servant
OHG deo servant
Toch B cake river

*teknom child, ofspring Grk tknon child From a root *tek- beget, hence more properly
offspring
The range of meanings for this word includes a
Germanic series all pertaining to servants of a
king or followers (e.g. NE thane).

*tes- hew, fabricate Lat tex weave, intertwine, put

together, construct
Lith tayti hew, trim
OCS tesati hew
Skt tkati fashions, creates
carpenters, cuts
Grk tktn architect, tkhn
art, technique
Skt tkan- carpenter
Hit taksan- joint
OHG dehsa axe

*tes-(t)or/n- one who fabricates Lat textor weaver
Grk tktn carpenter
Skt tkan- carpenter
Av taan- creator
It derives from the verbal root *teks- fabricate,
and the semantic divergence may be due either
to the fact that the verbal root itself is ambiguous
or the fact that the craft of the carpenter also
included the construction of wattled (woven)
walls.

Page 312
 Sheet1

*teso/eh- axe, adze OHG dehsa axe, hatchet From the verb *teks- fabricate
Av taa- axe
with a derivative in *-lo/eha- :
OIr tl axe
OHG dehsala adze, hatchet
Russian Church Slavonic tesla
axe
*testeh- plate, bowl Lat testa plate, pot originally indicated a wooden vessel
Av tata cup
*tek- hurry, rush, walk, flow

*telh- lift, raise Lat toll lift

NE thole
Grk talssai bear, sufer
Arm tuow let, permit
Skt tul scales
NE thole endure
Toch AB tl- uphold, raise
MIr tlenaid takes away
*telh-ti- sufering, sadness Gr. tals 'sad'
OHG dolen 'sufer'
*telh- pray ON ulr wiseman, sage, sayer of
sacred rituals
Hit talliya- appeal to a god for
help
*telh-om floor (of planks)? OE el floor, ille plank of floor
Lith tles planks at the bottom of
a ship
OIr talam earth, ground
Lat tells earth
Rus tlo bottom
?Skt tala- surface, bottom

*telk- push, thrust OIr tolc blow

Lith tlkti be tame
Rus tolkt push, shove
*telp- have room OIr -tella have room for
something
Lith telp find or have room
enough
enter
Skt tlpa- bed
Toch B tlp- be emptied of,
purge
*tem- reach, attain Grk tmei arrives, reaches
Toch AB tm- be born
*temh- cut
*temhes-i in the dark

Page 313
 Sheet1

*temh- be struck, be exhausted OCS tomiti torture, harass, tire {1} Subjunctive of a root aorist (Hoffmann 1967:
faint, be dark MIr tm sickness, death 240), rather than injunctive of thematic aorist
Lat tmtum any intoxicating (Whitney, Macdonell)
drink
NHG damisch foolish, silly
Skt tmyati gasps for breath, is
faint, stunned, exhausted

*temh-s-reh- darkness {1} All from PIr. *tanra-.

{2} Plural of *temafr-.
*temp- stretch Lith tem~pti stretch out, pull
*ten-p- out
ON ambr thick
OCS tp thick

Page 314
 Sheet1

*ten- stretch Lat tend stretch {1} [AL] The set-variant of the root is attested in
OE enian stretch such forms as uttna- (< *ut-tnr H-no-), pass.
Lith tnti swell tyate, tanu-, for which see Beekes 1982-3,
Beekes 1985a.
Alb ndej extend, stretch, spread
Grk tan stretch
Skt tanti expands, stretches
Lat tenuis thin
NE thin
participle *tnm -t-s
Lat tentus
Grk tats
Skt tat- stretched

*ten-d- be exhausted due tension, become tired

Page 315
 Sheet1

*ten-s- pull OHG dinsan pull if not independant creations

Lith tsti stretch, pull
Skt tamsayati draws to and fro
{1} [AL] Or reduplicated aor. (which seems less
probable, as the form is used in parallel with an
impf.) ? Cf. the discussion in Kmmel 2000: 205.
{2} [AL] See Jamison 1983: 93, fn. 35.

*ten-tlo- warp
*ten-tu- thread, cord
*ten-uh- body

*teng- moisten, soak Lat ting moisten West Central

OHG thunkn dunk
Grk tgg moisten
*teng- think, feel NE thank, think
Toch B takwlove
ck- please
Alb tg resentment, grudge
Lat tonge know
*teng()- pull OCS ras-tg pull apart
Av ang- pull
Lat tm chariot pole
OE xl wagon-pole, shaft

Page 316
 Sheet1

*teng- be heavy, difficult ON ungr heavy, difficult,

unfriendly
Lith tings idle, lazy, sluggish
OCS o-tati become heavy,
loaded
Toch B tk- hinder, obstruct
*teng-s- pole Lat tem from *ten- pull, stretch
OE tsl wagon-pole, shaft
*tenh-u- long, thin
*tenhg- shallow water Latv tgas deep spot in water
Grk tnagos shoal, shallow
water
Lat stgnum standing water,
pool, swamp ?
*tenk- become firm, thicken OIr tcht coagulated
shrink ON l buttermilk
Lith tnkus thick, copious
Skt tankti pulls together,
takrm buttermilk
Toch B taki very, fully
full
*tnklm buttermilk ON l buttermilk
Skt takrm buttermilk mixed
with water
*tnus thin, long OIr tanae thin from verbal root *ten- extend, stretch
Lat tenuis thin, fine
NE thin
Lith tevas thin, slim
OCS tnk slender, thin
Grk tanas long, elongated
MPers tanuk thin, weak
Skt tan- thin, slender, small
*tep- be warm

Page 317
 Sheet1

*tep- hot OIr te hot {1} [AL] With the secondary suffix accentuation
be warm Umb tefru burnt sacrifice (see Kulikov 1998).
OE efian gasp, pant {2} [AL] Isolated and irregular form, probably
transitive: '[Agni] heated [the bow]'.
Rus topit heat
Grk tphr ashes
Hit tapissa- fever, heat
Av tpaiti be warm
Skt tpati warms, burns
Alb ftoh make cold

*ter- speak out Hit tar- and Lith tari say

MIr to(i)rm noise, din, uproar
OPrus trin noise
Rus torotrit chatter, prattle
Luvian ttariya- curse
Toch B tr- implore
*ter(i)- rub, turn Lat ter rub West Central
Lith trin rub
OCS tr rub
Grk ter rub

Page 318
 Sheet1

*terd- pierce {1} [AL] Lith. triesti (dial.) [verb] 'to suffer from
diarrhoea' seems to show that acute is original in
this root.

*terg- scare NWels tarfu hunt

fear, threaten Lat torvus piercing wild [of the
eyes]
OE racian fear, feel dread,
shudder
Grk tarb scare
Skt trjati threatens, scolds
*terh- pierce by rubbing OIr tarathar instrument for
drilling
Lat ter rub, wear away
Lith trin rub
OCS tr rub
Alb tjerr spin [<*rub yarn back
and forth]
Grk ter pierce
Skt tr- piercing

*trhtrom auger OIr tarathar auger West Central

*trhdrom Lat terebra auger from *terh- pierce
Grk tretron borer, gimlet
*terh- across, through, above NE forms both through and
thorough
OIr tar across, above
Lat trns across
Av tar over, to
Skt tirs over, across, apart

Page 319
 Sheet1

*terh- bring across Hit tarhzi defeats
overcome Skt trati overcomes
Lat intrre enter
Skt tryati protects, shelters
Grk trns penetrating, clear
{1} [AL] The secondary root tur/tr(v) is probably
extracted from the -va-present trva-. In Vedic,
the two zero grades are largely semantically
divided, tir-/tr- meaning 'to cross', and tur-/tr-
meaning 'to conquer', cf. Lubotsky 1997b: 139, fn.
2. Among rare exceptions are aptur- 'crossing the
waters', aptrya- 'crossing of the waters'.
{2} Employed as the transitive-causative
counterpart of the class I present, meaning 'to
make pass, to make cross, to save'.
{3} [LK] Instead of the regular *titirus-, on the
model of the class I present tarati (see Kmmel
2000: 214).
{4} aptum [acc.sg.] and aptave [dat.sg.] (TS,
SB+) are based on the secondary u-stem
extracted from nom.sg. aptur.

*TerK- release, allow Hitt tarna- let, release Both languages reflect a PIE present stem *TrmK-
Toch AB trk- let go, allow neh-
*terk()- twist Lat torque twist, wind {1} [AL] Gr. [m] 'spindle'
turn torment Gr. [adj] 'precise' cannot be related
because of its -- and the initial -
Alb tjerr spin
Grk traktos spindle
Skt tark- spindle
*trmnm border Lat termen border From root *ter- cross over
Grk trma border, goal, end both Hittite and Indic provide a concrete meaning
here, i.e. post, stake, a device employed to mark
point
the limit of something.
Arm tarm end
Hit tarma- stake
Skt trman- point of sacrificial
post

Page 320
 Sheet1

*terp- satisfy

*terp- take (to oneself ), OE urfan need, lack

Av tarp- steal
Skt pautrmp- cattle stealing
Grk trpomai satisfy myself
Skt trmpyati be sated
Lith tarpst flourish
OCS trpti sufer, endure
Toch A tsrw- be confident,
rejoice
trptis (gen. *trmptis)
satisfaction
ON purft need
Grk trpsis satisfaction
Skt trmpti- satisfaction

Page 321
 Sheet1

*ters- dry Lat torre dry

become dry, dry up ON erra dry
Alb ter dry of
Grk trsomai become dry
Arm taamim wilt, fade
Skt trmyati thirsts

*teru-no- tender
*teter- gamebird MIr tethra hooded crow The range of meanings suggests a large gamebird
ON iurr capercaillie such as the capercaillie, pheasant, or partridge
Lith teterv capercaillie
OCS tetrv pheasant
Rus teterev capercaillie
Grk tetrn capercaillie
NPers tadharv pheasant
Skt tittir- partridge
*tet- fashion

*teton- carpenter {1} Cf. also Gr. [f] 'skill'

OIr. tal 'axe'
OHG dehsa(la) 'axe', which seem to point to
*teks-.

Page 322
 Sheet1

*teu- look on with favour OIr tath north

Lat tueor observe, protect
OE aw custom
Luvian cognate twa/i- eye
*teub- steal NE thief
Toch B cowai theft
*teuh- swell (with power), grow fatAv tav- be capable of
Skt tvti is strong, powerful
ORus tyju become fat
Grk sos healthy
{1} [LK] Thus Kmmel 2000: 220f., with
convincing argumentation
less plausible is the analysis as (intensive) perfect
injunctive (Hoffmann, Narten, Bendahman 1993:
206f.).
{2} [AL] The Greek adjectives reflect an ablauting
paradigm *tuehus, *tuh-u-os ( Lubotsky 1988:
123).

*teus- be happy Hit duski- be happy

Skt tyati is delighted with
*teus- be still {1} [LK] Uncertain form: Orissa mss.
Kashmir ms. trrpyant-
eds. +trrsyant- 'thirsty'
see Kulikov 2001: 406f.
{2} Cf. Jamison 1983: 50f.

*teuth- the people (?under arms) OIr tath a people, nation West Central
[common] people
Oscan touto community
OE od folk
Lith taut people
?Hit tuzzi- army
*tihn- (be) dirty Toch B tin- be dirty
OCS tina mire, Wlth
*tkeh- rule Grk ktomai procure {1} [AL] The reconstruction *tkeh- seems hardly
own, obtain Av xayati has power possible, because we need palatalization in order
to account for the Indo-Iranian facts. The
Skt kyati possesses, rules
consistent -vocalism in Greek is consistent with
OPers xyaiya king this reconstruction.
NPers h king, shah

Page 323
 Sheet1

*tei- settle, dwell

live

*tei-tro- land
*tei-tlo-

*ten- strike Grk kten kill West Central

Skt kati hurts, injures,
wounds
*ttis settlement Grk ktsis settlement
Av iti- settlement
Skt kit- settlement
*tkrehyot- clay OIr cr clay Found only at eastern and western fringes
Lat crta chalk
Toch A tukri and Toch B kwriye
both clay
*todh then Lith tad then Baltic-Indo-Iranian
Av taa then
Skt tad then
*tksom bow Grk tkson
Mycenaean to-ko-so-wo-ko bow-
makers
Scyth taxa-
*tolko/eh- sacrifice, sacrificial meal Lith talk collective assistance
feast after such a work
Rus tolokafterwork feast
Toch B telki sacrifice
*tolk- speak OIr ad-tluichetar gives thanks, North-West
rejoices
Lat loquor [<*tloquor] speak
OCS tlk meaning, explanation

*tmhes- dark Lith tams

*temh-os- ?? Av tmah-
Skt tmas-
Lith tmti become dark
Lat temere by chance from in
the dark.

Page 324
 Sheet1

*tr there OE r there (> NE there) Germanic and Indic

Skt tr-hi at the time, then {1} [AL] In spite of the late attestation in the RV,
it must be a PIE formation, because there was no
model available for an analogy (pace Mayrhofer).

*tti so much, many Lat tot West Central

Grk tsos
*tr-no- grass {1} From root *ster- 'to be rigid' ?
*trbs dwelling OIr treb habitation
Lat trabs wooden beam
ON orp farm, estate
Lith trob house, building
Grk tramna tremna house,
dwelling
*treg- gnaw Grk trg gnaw [particularly raw
fruit]
Arm turc jaw
Toch B tresk- chew
*treg- run Goth ragjan run North-West
ON rll servant
OIr traig foot
NWels troed foot
*treh- protect {1} Indicative forms only in late Vedic.
{2} Connection with tr- very uncertain.

*treio- 3x triple
*trem- shake, tremble (in fear) Lat trem shake
Lith trmti shake
Alb tremb scare, startle, shock
Grk trm shake
Toch A trm- be enraged

*trep- turn Lat trepit turns

Grk trp turn
Skt trpate becomes perplexed
?Hittite cognate is tripp-
plough (unless from *drep-)

*tres- tremble, fear MIr tarrach fearful

Lat terror terror
Lith tri tremble
Grk tr tremble, flee
Av trsaiti fears
Skt trsati trembles, is afraid

Page 325
 Sheet1

*tres- tremble, shake with fear MIr tarrach fearful

Lat terrre terrify, terror terror
Lith tri tremble
OCS trs tremble
Grk tr tremble, flee
Av trsaiti fears
Skt trsati trembles, is afraid
*treu(h)- rub away, wear away NE throw West Central
OCS tryj rub an enlargement of *ter(i)-
Grk tr rub down
*treud- thrust, press OIr trom oppressive West Central
Lat trd thrust
Goth us-riutan bother,
persecute
OCS truditi s exert oneself
Alb tredh castrate
*trewk- cut
*tryes 3 three OIr tr In some languages we have reflections of a very
Lat trs unusual feminine form, *t(r)is(o)res, i.e. OIr teir,
Av tir , Skt tisras. The underlying derivation of
NE three
*treyes is generally sought in either *ter further,
Lith trs i.e. the number beyond two, or from a *ter-
OCS trije [m.], tri [f./nt.] middle, top, protruding, i.e. the middle finger,
Alb tre [m.], tri [f.] assuming one counted on ones Wngers in Proto-
Grk tres Indo-European. Again, the probability that either
Arm erek suggestion is correct is very low.
Hit tri-
{1} [AL] Due to the introduction of the stem tray-
Av ray [m./f.], ri [nt.]
into tridh, i.e. *trayidh, which accounts for the
Skt tryas [m./f.], tr [nt.] fact that this adverb is mostly trisyllabic in the RV.
Toch B trai [m.], tarya [f.]

*trh-we overcome {1} [AL] The secondary root tur/tr(v) is probably

extracted from the -va-present trva-. In Vedic,
the two zero grades are largely semantically
divided, tir-/tr- meaning 'to cross', and tur-/tr-
meaning 'to conquer', cf. Lubotsky 1997b: 139, fn.
2. The only exceptions are aptur- 'crossing the
waters', aptrya- 'crossing of the waters'.
{2} [AL] Hajnal 1999: 95 assumes that Skt. tarus-
goes back to *tarur (cf. s.v. parvan-) and
originally formed one paradigm with the
precursor of Av. tauruuan- (< *trH-uan-), attested
in the compounds vrra-tauruuan-,
t_ba.tauruuan-.
{3} Probably for *tauruum-.

*trhos through
*tri- 3 three- Used in compounds

Page 326
 Sheet1

*tr-omt(h) 30 thirty OIr trcho

Lat trgint
Grk trikonta
Arm eresun
Av risa(n)t-
Skt trit
Toch B tryka
*trihtn watery (one?) OIr trath sea Highly speculative

Greek sea god Trtn
*tris 3x thrice Lat ter
Grk trs
Av Tri
Skt tr
*tris- vine SC trs grapevine
reed
Alb trish ofshoot, sapling,
seedling
Cretan Grk thrin vineyard
*triy-os 3rd third Arm eri third
*tri-to- Hit teriyan third, tariyanalli-
third officer)
*tri-to-
Alb tret
Grk trtos
Skt trit-
Toch B trite
*t(e)r(e)tiyo-
NWels tryddyd
Lat tertius
NE third
Lith trias
Rus trtij
Av Tritiya-
Skt trmtya-

*trmnu- thorn NE thorn Finnish tarna sedge, grass is borrowed from

OCS trn thorn some early form of Indo-Iranian
Khot tarra- grass
Skt tmmam grass
*trosdos thrush Lat turdus, NEthrush,
Lith strzdas
Rus drozd
Grk strouthos
*trmsus dry Lat torrus dried out {1} PIr. *trrna- instead of * n- is probably due to
*trmstos ON urr parched the influence of *ud- 'hunger'.
Av taru- dry
Skt trm- greedy, desirous,
vehement
*trus- reed, rush Lith tr(i )us reed, horsetail West-Central
Rus trost reed, cane
Grk thron reed, rush
*tu(e)r- cut {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky
1994b.
*tuhs-mmtys 1000 thousand NE thousand North-West
Lith tkstantis literally a swollen (or strong) hundred
OCS tysti

Page 327
 Sheet1

*th 2S thou OIr t thou, thee accusative *tewe, and enclitic *te
*tuhm Lat t thou, t thee
(emphatic) OE thou [> NE thou], e [>
NE thee]
Lith t thou, tav thee
OCS ty thou, t thee
Alb ti thou, ty thee (enclitic t
Doric Grk t thou
Arm du thou, z-kez (< *twe-)
thee
Hit zg thou (with a -g from the
first person)
Skt tvm thou, tvm thee
Toch B tuwe thou, ci thee

*tuhri-s cheese
*tum-b- mound
*tussyos empty Lith tcias empty, poor
Rus tyj empty
NPers tuh empty
Skt tucchy- empty
Av taoayeiti lets fall, lets go
*tweis- shake Grk se shake Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
Av waah- fear, anxiety
Skt tvate is excited
*twks skin Skt tvk- skin
Hit tuekka- self
body, person
Grk sk(k)os shield (< skin
shield)
*twem- grow, swell Lat. tumulus
*twer- stir, agitate Lat trua scoop, ladle
OE weran stir, churn, agitate
Grk otr n drive, agitate
Skt tvrate hurry
*twer- take, hold Lith tveri seize, take hold of, West Central
turi have, hold
OCS tvoriti shape, make
Grk seirband, bond
*twhrm curds, curdled milk Grk trs, botros literally cow-
cheese, i.e. butter
Rus torg curds, soft cheese
Av tiri- curdled milk, whey
*twors boar OIr torc
Av rsa-
*tyeg- give way, pull oneself back Grk sbomai worship, honour, Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss
sob frighten of, drive away
Skt tyjati stands back from
something

*u interrogative particle (maybe which)

*u(e)ih-(o)n wine very very possibly not IE
*d upward, out (from under) NE out
dialectal Grk hu- on
Skt ud- out

*ud- up, out {1} Ir. us, uz has been generalized from the
position before dentals.
*ud-tero- higher
*ud-tmho- highest

Page 328
 Sheet1

*udero- abdomen, stomach Lat uterus abdomen, womb Derives from *ud out
Grk hderos dropsy [<*swollen
stomach]
Av udara- stomach
Skt udra- stomach
*udrs otter Lat lutra formed from the word for water,*
NE otter
Lith dra
Rus vydra
Grk nudris
Av udra-
Skt udr
*udskeh upwards {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky
2001a.
*udstero- abdomen, stomach Grk hustr womb, hstros Derives from *ud out
stomach
Toch B wstarye liver)
*unto- wind
*uh-no- wane
*uk()sn- ox OIr oss stag, cow {1} [AL] auksa- [m] (AV+) is the name of a
NWels ych ox fragrance (cf. Griffiths - Lubotsky 1999 : 481). In
NE ox spite of the common opinion, its etymological
connection with the word for 'bull' is very
Av uxan- bull uncertain.
Skt ukn- bull
Toch B okso ox
*ul- howl, hoot Lat uluc(c)us [screech] owl
Skt lka- owl
Grk hul howl
Lat ululre howl
Skt ull- ululating
Lith ullti shout hello
*ulh-mi- wave
*ulu- owl Lat uluc(c)us
Skt lka-
*unsi- bladder {1} The Latin and Skt. words can be related if we
assume that PIE *unsi- has acquired a secondary
suffix -ti- in Sanksrit.

*upo under
*ured become weak {1} Intransitive ('they became weak') or
transitive-causative ('they made weak') (see Got
1987: 301f.).
{2} The connection with the Greek word seems
very uncertain as well as other cognates
mentioned by Pokorny.

*urei turn (around)

*urs-ni- ram {1} [AL] Cf. Gr. [m] 'ram' ?
*ursn-bo- bull
*usme you (pl.) {1} Contamination of *uma- with *iu (yyam).
{2} The form xma- comes from *uma- with an
unexplained loss of the initial *u-.

*usr- aurochs OE r aurochs Note that the meaning shifted in Indo-Iranian

*uks-n OHG ro rochso aurochs
Skt usr- bull usr- cow
Pashto - camel

Page 329
 Sheet1

*w(e)hstos empty OIr fs empty North-West

Lat vastus empty, unoccupied may be an enlargement of the PIE *heu(h)-
NE waste empty

*w(e)i- village, seat of tribe

*w(e)rsn male Lat verrs boar Indicates the male as sire
Latv v' rsis ox In Avestan *rmsn is added to words to create a
special term for the (adult) male of the species,
Av varni ram (also male)
e.g. aspa-ran- stallion or gau-aran- bull,
Toch B kaure bull. while both in Sanskrit and Tocharian it is *wersn
that is so used, e.g. Skt go-vrmsa- bull and Toch B
kaurse bull

{1} [AL] For the middle verb vrrsy (RV+), often

translated 'to be horny, act like a bull' see vars
[2].
{2} [AL] The connection with the verb vars [1] 'to
rain' seems semantically not compelling and
phonologically extremely difficult in view of Greek
forms.

*w(nm )nkts leader, lord Grk (w)naks ruler, lord, prince

Toch A ntk lord

*w(o)hstu- settlement
*wad- wade Lat vd ford a river North-West
NE wade
Lat vadum ford
OE gewd ford
*wa- split Grk gnmai break apart, snap,
crush
Hit wki bites
Toch AB wk- split open,
separate but remain attached
bloom
Lag vgna sheath, scabbard
Skt vjra-, the club or splitter
of the god Indra.

*wros cudgel Av vazra- mace, cudgel The latter gives us the mythical vajra- cudgel of
the Indic god Indra where it also indicates the
thunderbolt. In Greek it occurs in the personal
name of Melegros which means caring for the
cudgel.

*wai alas; woe OIr fae

Lat vae
OE w
Lith va
Grk oua
Av vayi
NE woe
Alb vaj lament
Arm vay woe, misfortune

*wailos wolf OIr fel wolf possible from the wail of the wolf
Arm gayl wolf
*wak- be empty Lat vac am empty
Hit wakk- fail, be lacking

Page 330
 Sheet1

*wal- be strong, rule Lat vale am strong

OE wieldan govern [> NE wield]
Lith valdyti rule
OCS vlad rule
Toch B walo king

*wlsos stake Lat vallus post, stake

NE wale stripe left on the skin by
a blow
Skt vala- pole, beam
*wps vapour, steam Lat vapor vapour, steam
Skt vp- bp- vapour,
steam
tears
*we(h) or {1} [AL] The usual reconstructions *u, u seem
less probable, because lengthening in an enclitic
particle is hardly feasible.

*we/obel- weevil, beetle NE weevil

Lith vbalas
Rus veblica (intestinal) worm
*we/ohr- water Luv. wr(sa) water {1} [AL] ToA wr, ToB war 'water' does not belong
Av. vr rain here, but rather reflects *udr-.
{2} [AL] It is even conceivable that PIE *uehr
derives from PIE *uedr, so that originally this
paradigm was not suppletive.

*we/oi- place of habitation

*we/ondso- facial hair MIr fs lip
beard
pubic hair
OPrus wanso Wrst beard
OCS vs mustache
Khot vatca facial hair
*we/osno- price
*wben cutting weapon, knife NE weapon
Toch AB yepe weapon, knife
*wed- make wet {1} [AL] Full grade *(H)aud- must be secondary in
Indo-Iranian.

*wed- raise ones voice OHG far-wzan deny, disavow

Lith vadin call, name
OCS vaditi accuse
dialectal Grk wod lament
Skt vdati speaks, says
raises ones voice, sings
*wed bride, young woman

Page 331
 Sheet1

*wed- marry, carry of

*wed- push, strike OIr fiscid presses but fodb
weapon
Lith vedeg a kind of axe
Grk thei destroys
Hit wezz- strike, urge
Skt vadh- strikes, pushes, slays
Toch B wt- fight
*wedris castrated
Grk ethrs
Skt vdhri-

*wdris castrated Grk ethrs eunuch Has a more basic meaning strike in Luvian so it
Skt vdhri- castrated is not entirely certain that castration was the
NE wether meaning in Proto-Indo-European.

*wedmo/eha- bride-price OE witumo The price paid by the grooms family to the
OCS vno brides to compensate the latter for the loss of a
worker
Grk hdnon [< *wedmon]
*wedns water (gen) heteroclitic?
*weg- plait, weave OIr figid weaves Skt vgur suggests something plaited rather
Lat vlum sail, cloth than woven.
NE wick
Skt vgur- net for catching
animals
*we- strong Lat vege enliven, stir up
Skt vja- strength

Page 332
 Sheet1

*we- bear, carry also ride Lat veh bear

drive? NE weigh (as in weigh anchor)
Lith ve drive
OCS vez drive
Alb vjedh steal
Grk (w)ekhto he should bring
Skt vhati carries

*weg- shake, set in motion Lat vexre shake, vex

*we- Goth wagjan shake
Grk gai-okhos earth-shaking
Toch wsk-/wsk- move, budge,
have motion [intr.]
move [tr.]
*weitlom vehicle Lat vehiculum, Skt vahtram
*wenos wagon OIr fn from the verbal root *weg- ride in a vehicle and
Toch B yakne way, manner the word is found in the e-grade in Celtic and
Tocharian
OE wgn > NE wain
*weitlom
Lat vehiculum
Skt vahtram
OCS voz wagon
Grk khos chariot
Mycenaean wo-ka chariot

*weos way, path Lat via way, road North-West

Latv vea track From *weg- move
*weg- wet Lat vidus wet West Central
ON vkr wet, moist
Grk hugrs liquid, fluid

Page 333
 Sheet1

*weg- speak solemnly Lat vove vow, promise

solemnly, consecrate
Skt vght- sacrificer,
supplicant, institutor of a
sacrifice
Arm gog say
*wehros true OIr fr North-West
Lat vrus
OHG wr
OCS vru belief
*weht-eh- poet, seer, song, fury meaning unclear
*wehuot so long as
*wehb- cry, scream NE weep North-West
Lith vbyti summon at court
OCS vablj cry
*weht- (suppurating) wound Lith vots ulcer, abscess, boil
Grk teil wound
*wehp- body of water Lith p river
OCS vapa lake
Hit wappu- wadi, river bank
Skt vp- large pond
*wi 1P we OIr n we, us Here again there have been shifts from other
*weym Lat ns we, us forms and influences from different numbers
(emphatic) OE w we seen, for example, in the tendency of Baltic,
Slavic, and Armenian to replace the initial *n- by
Lith ms we m-, either influenced by the first person singular
OCS my we pronoun or because of the influence of the first
Alb ne (< *ns) we, us person plural verbal endings in *-m-, or both.
Grk hmes we
Arm mek we
Hit ws we
Skt vaym we
Toch B wes we, us

*wei(h)- plait, wattle Lat vie bind, interweave

twist Skt vyati weaves
NE withy
Lat vtis vine
ON veggr wall

Page 334
 Sheet1

*wei(h)- go after Lat vs thou wantest {1} [AL] For v(a)iiemi ( Yt 15.43) and apa
Lith vej chase, drive, pursue v(a)iieiiti ( Yt 8.23) see Kellens 1984: 89.
Grk hemai strive
Skt vti follows, strives
Toch B wy- will drive, lead

*weid- see, know (as a fact) Lat vide, NE wit, Grk oda, {1} Roots ved [1] and [2] are etymologically
identical, but they function as separate roots
already in PIIr.

Page 335
 Sheet1

*weides- what is seen MIr fad face to face

NE -wise as in lengthwise
Lith vidas face
OCS vid appearance
Grk eiudos appearance
Skt vdas- knowledge
*weig/k- turn, yield ON vkja vkva turn
OE wcan yield
Grk ek yield
Av vag- throw
Toch AB wik- disappear
*weih wrap, envelop {1} [AL] The meaning of pra vyate is 'to be
covered = impregnated'.
{2} [AL] The root actually always appears in the
zero grade in IIr., the present reflecting *uiH-aia-.

*wih(e)s- strength, vitality Lat vs power {1} Relation to vayi is uncertain.

Grk s power
Skt vyas- vitality, growth
*weihs vital force Lat vs A vital force and has been linked with one of the
strength Grk s words for man, *wihros
*weik- appear Lith vkti come, go
Grk eke it appeared good
Av visaiti presents itself
Skt viati enters
OE wh woh image, idol
Grk eikn image, likeness
*weik- consecrate Lat victima sacrificial victim
NE witch
Goth weihan consecrate
NHG Weihnachten Christmas
Eve
Skt vinkti select out.
*weik- fight OIr fichid fights North-West
Lat vinc conquer
OE gewegan fight
Lith apveiki defeat
Rus vek force

Page 336
 Sheet1

*wei- settle down

*weip- set in motion, agitate Av vip- throw, ejaculate Indo-Iranian-Tocharian isogloss

Skt vpati trembles
Toch B wip- shake
*weip- swing, shake {1} For the meaning see Kmmel 2000: 498.

*weip- turn Lat vibrre

*weib- NE wave, wipe
Skt vpate
*weis- ooze out Skt avean they flowed it underlies the noun *wis- poison
NE ooze
a number of European river
names, e.g. Weser, Vistula

Page 337
 Sheet1

*weis- twist, wind around NE ware (seaweed

Lith vystyti swaddle
Skt va- dress
Rus vkh(o)r whirlwind
Arm gi juniper
*weit- willow OIr fith some kind of twining
plant
Lat vtis vine
NE withy
Lith vyts willow
Rus vtina branch
Grk t willow
Av vaiti- willow
Skt veta- reed

*we- wish, want Hit wkmi I wish {1} [AL] Further nonce forms are Present III:
Av vasmi I wish vavaksi [2sg.] 08.045.06, vivasti [3sg.] 07.016.11,
Skt vmi I wish and Present I: avasat [3sg.impf.] 02.022.01.{2}
[AL] usan [adv] 'eagerly' (RV) most probably
Grk hekn willingly does not exist, cf. Jamison 2007: 156f. See s.v.
usan-.
{3} [AL] According to Kmmel 2000: 479f., these
perfect forms rather belong to vs.

Page 338
 Sheet1

*wek- speak OIr focal word O-grade present formation *wokti

Lat voc call
OHG giwahanem recall
OPrus wackitwei entice
Grk eiupon spoke
Arm goem call
Av vak- say
Skt vvakti speaks, says
Toch B wesk- speak, say
{1} [AL] The RV perfect forms vavca [3sg.act.]
and vavakse [2sg.med.] are nonce (cf. Kmmel
2000: 441ff.).
{2} [AL] Cf. already vivaksu- [adj] (AV)
RV vivaksase is unclear, for a discussion see
Heenen 2006: 219.

*wek- speak Grk. v. pn, n. pos Also, OIr anocht not (to be) uttered cf. Skt
utter forth Skt. vacas- speech, anukta.
pronouncement, ukhtam hymn
Av. vaca-tati- fashioning of an
utterance
Toch A wktasure eulogy
OHG giwahan mention, tell of
giwaht fame

*wek-es- word, speech

*weksh song

Page 339
 Sheet1

*wel- die ON Valhalla hall of the dead

ON valr one who dies on the
battlefield
Latv velis spirit of the dead
Czech valti fight, make war
Toch A wl- die, walu dead
*wel- grass NWels gwellt grass
OPrus woltis head of grain
Hit wellu(want)- grass
*wel- see NWels gweled see
Toch B yel- examine, investigate
Lat voltus facial expression,
appearance, form
OE wuldor fame

*wel- turn, wind, roll Lat volv

Grk eil
Skt vlati
*wel- warm, heat NE well as well up [from *boil] West Central
Alb val heat, boiling
Arm gol heat

*wel- wish, want MWels gwell better

Lat vol want
NE will
Lith pa-vlmi wish
OCS velj wish
Arm ge beauty
Av var- choose, wish
Skt vrmntchooses
*wel(h)- strike, tear at Hit walh- strike, attack as well
as pluck, tear
Lat vell strike
H.Luvian wal(a)-
Toch A wl- die
ON valr (whence we have both
Valhalla and Valkyrie)
*weld- crush, grind, wear out NWels gwlydd mild, soft, tender
NEwilt
Toch B wlts- crush, grind

*welg- move up and down {1} [AL] On semantic grounds, it is difficult to

connect valgu- [adj] 'handsome, beautiful' (RV+)
with this verb (< 'lively'?).
{2} [AL] The appurtenance of Old Khotanese valj-
[verb] 'to go astray, be decieved' (< *uu arjaiua- ?) is
very uncertain.
{3} [AL] The non-palatal -g- in this thematic
present is unique and in need of explanation.
AiGr. I: 141 points out that -lc- and -lj- do not
occur in Sanskrit, which is not really surprising
because the cluster -lg- is extremely rare. Jasanoff
Heth. und Idg. (ed. Neu / Meid) 85 (XXX) assumes
an original athematic present with o- grade in the
root, which, considering the semantics
(intensive), seems attractive, but the
phonological problem remains.

Page 340
 Sheet1

*welh want, wish {1} [AL] 2du.act. avrrntam (RV 01.180.04) is

nonce.
{2} [AL] The sigmatic forms 3pl. avrrsata (AV+),
1sg. avrrsi (Up.), etc. are secondary.
{3} [AL] The anit forms of this root in Sanskrit are
of secondary origin. The metrics of the RV clearly
shows that the root was still set in this text:
vavrrse and vavrrmahe must be scanned /vavrse/
and /vavrmahe/, respectively
avri must be trisyllabic /avuri/
for 3sg. vrrta and for the TA-Ptc. vrrta- we can
read /(v)rta/, cf. Kmmel 2000: 459.

*welhbr- pull smbds leg {1} [AL] Considering the form of the root, this
must be an original compound.

*weliko/eh- willow NE
NE willow
Grk elk willow
*welk- wet OIr folc heavy rain North-West
*welg- OHG welk wet, moist, mild
Lith vlgau moisten
OCS vlaga moisture juice of
plants
*wlsu- meadow, pasture Hit wllu- Derives from *wel- grass
Grk Elysian lsios
*welutrom case Lat involcrum case As a derivative from ?*wel- wind, turn, it may
Grk lutron case have been independently formed in some or all
the languages
Skt vartra- cloak

Page 341
 Sheet1

*wemh vomit

*wmhmi spew, vomit Lat vom

Lith vmti
Grk em
Av vam-
Skt vmiti
*wen get, win {1} [AL] RV 09.072.08 vasmahi with secondary
loss of the nasal.
{2} The set-forms are analogical after the root
sani. The same is probably valid for class V
present, as opposed to Avestan thematic one.
{3} [AL] As demonstrated by Kmmel 2000:
447ff., perfect forms with long reduplication
belong to vani 'to love'.
{4} [AL] vanij- [m] 'merchant' (RV+) can hardly
be related to van-.

Page 342
 Sheet1

*wen- strike, wound NWels gweint bored through

Hit wen- copulate with suggest
a piercing motion
NE wound
Arm vandem destroy
*wend- (a single) hair MIr Wnd a single hair
OHG wint-brwa eyelash
Grk onthos hair root, young
beard
acne
*wend- wind, twist NE wind nominal forms that suggest any object produced
Grk knnathron basketcarriage by twisting flexible branches or osiers
Skt vandhra- wicker carriage
Umbrian pre-uendu turn
Arm gind ring
Toch AB wnt- +cover, envelop

*weng- bend NE wink

Lith vngti try to avoid
Alb vang felloe
Skt v gati limps
*wenh- desire, strive to obtain ON vinr friend
Av vant wife, across lust
Lat venus
Skt vnas-
Hit wen- copulate
Toch B wna pleasure
An *-sk- suffixed form gives
NE wish
Skt vchati wishes, desires

*wenk- curve {1} [AL] For a recent discussion of this form see
Kulikov 2001 s.v.

*wenVst(r)- (ab)omasum Lat venter belly

OHG wenist belly, omasum
Grk nustron abomasum
Skt vanith- part of the entrails
of a sacrificial animal
*wer- boil, cook Lith vrdu cook, boil
OCS vrj cook, boil
Hit war- burn
Toch A wrtk- cook
*wer- crow Lith vrna
Rus vorna
Toch B wraua
*wer- find Arm gerem take prisoner West Central
Lith su-resti catch
*wer- perceive, give attention to Lat vereor honour, fear
NE ware and wary
Latv vrt look, gaze, notice
Grk ouros guard, or see
Hit werite- put ones attention
Toch AB wr- smell

Page 343
 Sheet1

*wer- surround, cover, contain Lat aperio

Grk rumai
Skt vrmti
*wer-b()- oversee, protect OPrus warbo protects
Toch AB yrp- oversee, observe,
take care of
*wer- shave, shear Toch B wrk- shear poorly attested (an
Arm gercum shave, cut hair Armenian-Tocharian isogloss)
*wer- work NE work
?strength, fury Grk hrz do
Av vrzyeiti works
Toch B warkl power, strength,
energy
*werh-u- protector {1} [AL] For an analysis and separation from var
[2] see Lubotsky 2000.

*wrhus broad, wide Grk eurs broad, wide

Av vouru- broad, wide
Skt ur- broad, wide
Toch B wartse
*werno/eh- alder MIr fern alder
Alb verr alder
Arm geran alder
Skt varaa- Crataeva roxburghii

*wers lift oneself {1} [AL] For a recent discussion of the verb see
Kmmel 2000: 474ff.
{2} [AL] For a discussion of possible derivatives,
attested in the RV (svavrrsti-, vrrsad-aji-), see
Scarlata 1999: 526f.
{3} [AL] See Kloekhorst 2008: 969ff. for the
semantics.

*wers- thresh Lat verr sweep (grain after

threshing)
Latv vrsmis unwinnowed heap
of grain
OCS vrti thresh
Hit warsi plucks, harvests
*wers- peak OIr ferr better [< *higher] The Greek word for heaven, ouranos, may
Lat verrca varus, pimple belong here as well if, as has been
suggested, it comes from *worsmmno-
OE wearr sill
Lith virs highest point
Rus verkh peak
Grk hrma point, top
Skt vrman- height, peak

Page 344
 Sheet1

*wert- turn OIr do-fortad pour out {1} [AL] For the distribution of the reduplication
Lat vert turn vowel in the perfect, for its meaning and an
Lith veri turn analysis of the other reduplicated forms see
Kmmel 2000: 463ff.
OCS vrtti s draw around
dialectal Grk bratnon ladle
Av vart- turn
Skt vrtate turns
Toch A wrt- throw
Sog wrtn chariot
Mitanni -wartanna lap around a
horse track
OE weoran become
OHG werdan become

*werwer- squirrel ScotsGael ferag

Lat vverra
OE c-weorna (<*oak-squirrel)
Lith vvers
Rus vverica
OPers varvarah

Page 345
 Sheet1

*wes- be dressed Grk nnmi get dressed As we can see, in Baltic and Slavic it speciWcally
Arm z-genum get dressed pertains to the wearing or putting on of shoes.
Hit wess- be dressed
Skt vste wear
Toch B ws- be dressed
Lat vestis clothes

*wes- crush, grind, pound, wear o Hitt wesuriya- press, oppress

OE wisnian dry up, wither, waste
away
Alb veshk wither, shrivel, wilt
*wes- graze OIr fess food
OE wesan feast, cause to graze
Hit wesi- pasture, wesiya-
graze
Av vstar- herdsman
Toch A wsri grassy area,
pasture

*wes-ent-o- spring
*wes-no- purchase Lat vnum that which is sold derives from *wes- buy (e.g. Hit wasi buys)
OCS vno bride-price
Arm gin price
Skt vasn- price
Grk onos price [usually of a
captive]
*wes-tro- garment

*wsperos evening Lat vesper West Central

*wkeros Lith vkaras
OCS vecer
Grk hsperos
Arm gier

Page 346
 Sheet1

*wsrm spring Lith vsara r/n heteroclitic

Skt vasant- {1} [AL] The deviating meaning of the Skt. words
OIr errach is strange. We might look for the original meaning
'spring' in the compound vasarh 'killing in the
Lat vr spring (?)' and possibly in RV 08.048.07 soma
OCS vesna rjan pra na ymsi trr ahnva s ryo vsarni
Grk ar 'O king Soma, prolong our life-time, as Srya
Arm garun prolongs the days in the spring' (or ahni
Av vari in spring vsarni means 'day-time'?).
Toch B ysre < *wes-eh-ro-, {2} [AL] In spite of the fact that it is attractive to
reconstruct *h- in this word and to connect it
originally spring wheat
with the root for 'to shine' (vas [2]), Gr.
clearly points to an absence of the initial
laryngeal.

*wstor- herdsman Hit westara- herdsman Derives from the verbal root *wes- graze.
Av vstar- herdsman
*wesu- excellent, noble OIr feib in excellence
??*hwesu- Luv wsu good
Av vohu- good
Skt vsu- good
Names:
Gaul Vesu-avus
Lat Vesuna (name of a goddess)
Germanic tribal name Wisi (e.g.
the Visigoths)

*wsu-luos fame (good)

*wet- see (truly) OIr fethid sees, pays attention
to
Lat vts seer, prophet
Skt pi vatati is familiar with, is
aware of

*wet-s-o- yearling {1} A derivative of PIE *uet-es- 'year', cf.

vatsara-. Similar formations are Alb. vi 'calf', Go.
wirus 'lamb'
Gr. [n] 'young animal'.

*wet-us old

Page 347
 Sheet1

*wet(-es) year OIr feis sow

NE wether
with -u(so)- old
Lat vetus
Lith vtuas
OCS vetch
Sogdian wttnyy
*wtelos yearling Lat vitulus calf, yearling A related form gives NE wether
Grk telon yearling
Skt sa-vtra- having the same
calf
*weyt-i- willow
*wi- apart, in two, asunder Av vi- apart, of
Skt vi- asunder
Lat vitium defect [> by
borrowing NE vice]
NHG wider
*wi-dh- put asunder Lat dvid divide
Latv vidus interior
Hit wid(i)- bring
Skt vidh distribute
*wi(n)- common elm (Ulmus glabraKurdish viz
NE wych-elm
Lith vnkna elm
Rus vjaz elm
Alb vidh elm
*wideweh- widow OIr fedb This word is usually taken as a nominal derivative
*huidheweh- Lat vidua of a verb *wi- heh- attested only in Anatolian,
meaning separate
NE widow
OPrus widdewu {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky
Rus vdov 1994a.
?Alb ve (if not a loan from Latin)
Hit SALu(i)dati-
Av viav
Skt vidhv-
Grk theos bachelor

*widu tree, forest OIr fid tree North-West

NE wood
*widmn- knowledge Grk dmn skilled
Skt vidmn- wisdom
Toch B ime consciousness,
awareness, thought
*wihin grapevine
*wihrs man OIr fer man {1} With laryngeal loss in compounds? {2}
warrior, hero Lat vir man Possibly related to Skt. vayas-.
NE werewolf
Lith vyras man, husband
Av vra- man
Skt vr- man, husband
*wihrs man, husband OIr fer man, husband May derive from a word meaning young (e.g.
Lat vir man, husband Toch A wir young fresh or Alb ri young, if the
OE wer man, husband [NE latter is from *wrihxos < *wihxros)
werewolf ]
Lith vyras man, husband
Av vra- man
person [as opposed to animals]
Skt vr- hero
[eminent] man
husband

Page 348
 Sheet1

*wi- extended family, clan Av vis- clan Indicates a residence unit larger than the nuclear
Skt vi- dwelling family and is generally translated as extended
clan family or clan
OCS vs village
Lat vcus village
Gothic weihs village
Grk oik house, household
Toch B ke place
*wkitih 20 twenty OIr fiche Easily analysable as *dw- two + *kmmtih tens
*dui-dmti Lat vginti while the other decades are formed on the full-
*hui-hmt-i- Alb njzet grade
Grk ekosi {1} [AL] It seems very unlikely to me that Skt.
Arm ksan vims is a hypercorrection for *vs . It is also
Av vsaiti difficult to explain away Oss. ss / insj
Skt vimat 'twenty'.
Toch B ikm
*wipots master of the clan Lith vipatis master
*wi-poti- Av vispaiti- master of the clan
Skt vipti- head of the
household

*wis (social unit of ) settlement, OCS vs village It also yields derived forms, e.g. *weiks- which
Av vs- village gives us Lat vlla (< *weiks-leha-) country-house,
country estate and *woikos which underlies Lat
Doric Grk -(w)ikes tribes
vcus village, hamlet
Lat vlla (< *weis-leha-) quarter of a city and Grk (w)oikos household
country-house, country estate (the source of NE economy).

*wikso- mistletoe, birdlime Lat viscum birdlime

OHG wchsila black cherry
[Prunus cerasus]
Rus vnja cherry
Grk ikss mistletoe
*ws poison Lat vrus potent liquid, poison, derives from *weis- flow (slowly)
venom
{1} [AL] It is unclear whether the scarcely
Grk is [organic fluid] poison
attested Skt. verb ves- 'to flow' (RV 3pl.impf.
stagnant smell and taste, avesan
Skt via poison ptc.pres. vesanth) and Av. vaah- [n] 'filth,
MIr f poison fustiness (?)' are related.
Av vi(a)- poison
Toch B wase poison
*wis- bison OHG wisant
*witeros far NE withershins a compound of *wi- apart, in two and *-tero-, the
Av vtara- a further one comparative suffix.
Skt vitarm far away
*wl(o)p- (red)fox Lat vulps
Lith lp
Grk alpks alps
Arm aus
Hit ulip(pa)na- wolf
Av urupis dog
raopi- fox, jackal
Skt lop- jackal, fox

Page 349
 Sheet1

*wlhneh- wool NWels gwlan {1} [AL] The variant rn-vabhi-, given by the
?*hulh-neh- Lat lna EWAia with reference to Debrunner, FS Sommer
NE wool 22, is not found in Visvabandhu. XXX
Lith vlna
Rus vlna
Grk lenos
Hit hulana-
Av varn-
Skt rn .-

*wlmknos smith god Lat Volcnus

*wlmkehnos Oss woergon, a smith god
*wlmkh- she-wolf
*ulkih-
*wlmko- wolf Lat lupus Explained as a nominalization of the unattested
*ulko- NE wolf adjective dangerous (*wlmkwo-) or derived from a
r verbal root *wel- tear
Lith vilkas
Rus volk
Alb ujk
Grk lkos
Av vhrka-
Skt vrmka-
Toch B walkwe

*wnm dst- bladder Lat vs-(s)ca Italic-Indic correspondence

Skt vast-
*wnm nktih lady, queen Grk (w)nassa queen
Toch A ni lady
*wdrm- water {1} [AL] It is highly uncertain that YAv. vaii- [f]
'watercourse, irrigation channel' belongs here. It
can easily be a derivative of the verbal root vad-
'to lead'. Cf. further Sogd. w' /wd/ 'bed', Pash.
wla 'river bed', which were connected with the
Avestan word by Henning (Sogdica, London 1940,
p. 25).

*wo-eie- incite
*wo-o- incitement {1} [AL] There are no certain cognates in Iranian.
For Av. vzita- [adj] 'most respected' see vh, the
meaning and interpretation of OAv. vz [du] Y
51.12 is uncertain.

*wognis ploughshare Lat vmis ploughshare West Central

OHG waganso ploughshare
OPrus wagnis coulter
Grk ophns ploughshare
*wh 2D ye two, you two OE git ye two, inc incit you accusative *uhwe you two
two
Lith jdu ye/you two
OCS va ye/you two
Skt yuv m ye/you two
Toch B yene ye/you two
*woi-- inhabitant / abode
*winom ?wine Lat vnum From the verbal root *wei(hx)- twist, hence
Alb ver originally that of the vine
Grk onos
Arm gini
Hit wiyana-
*woh- cow Lat vacca cow No semantic distinction between these three
Skt va- cow

Page 350
 Sheet1

*wok- speech

*wks voice Lat vx A nominal derivative from *wek- speak

Grk [acc.] pa
Av vx
Skt vk
Toch B wek
*wolo- hair {1} With a different interpretation.
*wolno/eh- (bloody) wound Lat volnus wound, injury *wo[l/r]n[o/e]ha-
Alb varr wound, injury, sore
Grk oul scar
Rus rna wound
Skt vra- wound
*wlos tail hair (of a horse) Lith vala[pl.] tail of a horse Attested only in Lithuanian and Old Indic and in
Skt v la- v ra- tail of a horse both languages specifies the tail hair of a horse
horsehair
{1} [AL] Thieme's explanation of vra- as
'warding off (flies)' (following Yska, Nir. 11.31)
has a strong flavour of folk etymology. Moreover,
the root vrr- does not mean 'to ward off', which
renders the idea even less probable ( Lubotsky
2000).

*wlswom gums Grk oulon from *wels- bulge

Skt brsva-
*wr(h)s nourishment, strength Hit wargant- fat
Grk orgnatural impulse, mood,
anger
Av varz- power
Skt rj- rj- strength,
nourishment
*wrgs chain, row, series Alb varg chain, row, string,
strand
Grk rkhos row of vines
Toch B warke chain, garland
*worhd-i/o- frog Latv varrde
Arm gort
*worhdus upright, high Grk (w)orths upright, standing
Skt rdhv- upright
high
Toch A orto from above

*worhdo- wart NE wart Suggests that the association between warts and
Latv ap-virrde abscess frogs is quite old
Rus vred abscess
NPers bal wart
*worm- ant Grk hrmikas

Skt valmka-
Toch B warme
*worPo- enclosure Hit warpa enclosures
Toch A warp enclosure
??Lat urbs city (< *ritual
enclosure)
*wortok- quail Grk rtuks
Skt vartaka-

Page 351
 Sheet1

*worwos furrow Lat urvre to mark out a West-Centra

boundary with a furrow
Grk ouron range (of area that
could be ploughed up in a day)
*wos you (pl.) {1} Cf. *us-me in IIr. *uma- (Skt. yusma-).

*wos(h)-ko- wax NE wax

Lith vkas wax
OCS vosk wax
*wosn-ie buy, to sell Denominative
*wospo/eh- garment Lat vespa one who steals clothes
from the dead.
Hit was(sa)pa- garment, shroud
Luv waspant wearing funeral
shrouds

*wsu goods Luv wsu goods Suggests the possibility of a PIE *wosu goods if
Skt vsu- wealth, goods, riches, these are not independent creations (cf. the same
semantic development in NE goods)
prosperity

*wtis god-inspired OIr fith prophet or gods

ON Oinn Odin
Skt api-vat- inspires
*wto- (true) knowledge, shamani OIr fth prophetic wisdom
OE w song, poetry
OE wd furious, frenzied >
archaic NE wood mad
*wtonwho incarnates
OE Woden
ON Oinn
*wr(h)d- root Lat rdx root, rmus branch
branch Grk hrdix branch
palm-frond
ON rt root [NE root is borrowed
from Old Norse]
OIr frn root
OE wyrt herb, plant [> NEwort]
Grk hrza root
Toch B witsako root ??

*wrmb- branch, sprig, twig Lat verbna leaves and saplings

for sacral use
Lith virrbas twig, switch
Grk hrbdos twig, rod
*wred- grow, stand, take shape Latv rdt bear
Rus rodt produce
Grk orths upright, straight,
true
Av vrdaiti grows
Skt vrmdhti grows, increases,
becomes strong, vrdhant-
upright,
Toch AB wrt- form, shape

*wreg- press, oppress Lat urge press, oppress North-West

ON reka avenge, punish,
OE wrecan avenge, punish >
NEwreak
*wreg- track, hunt, follow Lat urgre press
NE wreak
Hit rki- track
Toch B werke chase, hunt

Page 352
 Sheet1

*wreh- break, tear to pieces Lith rti cut, scratch West Central
OCS rzati cut, hew
Grk rhgnmi break
*wrehg- thorn MIr fraig needle West-Central
Lith ras dry stalk, stubble
prong of fork
Grk hrkhs thornhedge,
hrkhis spine, backbone
*wrtos flock, herd OE wr herd of swine May have been formed on the verbal root *wer-
Skt vrta- flock, swarm bind.
*wrmhn lamb Grk arn
*urh-en- Arm gan
Av varn-
Skt urn-
Toch B yrye

*wrmhos pimple Lat varus pimple

Lith vras measles
Toch B yoro +pimple
*wriyo/eh- fort Grk hron promontory Both the specific Thracian meaning and the fact
Thrac bra city, town built on a that the Greek cognate hrion means promontory
suggests an original meaning of acropolis in
hill,
those IE traditions where the word came to mean
Messapic (the city name Uria) city and a derivative from *wer- high.
Toch B rye city

*wrmmis worm, insect Lat vermis

NE worm
Lith varrmas mosquito
OCS vermije grasshoppers
Grk rhmoks woodworm
*wrmto/eh- enclosure OE wor court, courtyard, farm May reflect independent creations in these
Lith varrtai gate, gateway various groups, all derived from the root *wer-
cover, enclose, protect.
OCS rata gate
Skt vrmti- enclosure
?Toch B warto forest < *sacred
grove < *sacred enclosure

Page 353
 Sheet1

*ya- honor, worship Grk hzomai dread (hgios Greek-Indo-Iranian isogloss

*yeh- (Beekes) holy)
*hieh- (IIAL) Skt y jati worships {1} [AL] In Indo-Iranian, the second laryngeal has
disappeared in front of the cluster IE *gC, on
which see Lubotsky 1981: 135 ff. The initial
laryngeal seems to be indicated by je
[3sg.pf.med.] and by the reflex in Greek.
{2} [AL] Hajnal 1999: 95 interprets yajus- as an
original stem in -ur-, forming one paradigm with
yajvan-.

*yak(k)- cure, make well OIr cc cure, treatment

Grk kos cure, treatment
*yam now, already Lat iam now, already North-West
*yau OHG ju already
Lith ja already
OCS ju already
*ybe/o- enter, penetrate, copulate Rus jeb Eastern
Grki oph
Skt ybhati
Toch B yp- enter, set [of sun]

*yeg- ice, icicle OIr aig ice Possibly solid expanse of ice
NE icicle
Hit eka- ice
*yeh- do, make Hit izi does, makes
act vigorously Toch A ya- do, make
Grk hrs hero, Hr
Skt yt- witchcraft
*yeh- throw Latin iaci West Central
Greek hmi
*yehgeh- power, youthful vigour Lith jeg strength, power West Central
Grk hb youth, vigour, puberty

Page 354
 Sheet1

*yhs- gird Lith josiu gird, girdle, buckle on

[a sword]
OCS po-ja gird
Alb n-gjesh gird, buckle on
Grk znnmi gird
Av yh- gird
Grk zn belt
*yeh- ask for, beg Skt y- beg, entreat Indo-Iranian-Tocharian isogloss
Toch B ysk- beg
{1} Attested both in the active ('imploring') and
passive ('implored') usages.
{2} An enlargement of the root y- is Skt. yc
[verb] 'to implore' (RV yc- +): ycmi
[1sg.pres.act.], ycante [3pl.pres.med.] (RV+),
aycista [3sg.aor.med.] (MS+), ycisat
[3sg.aor.subj.act.] (RV), yayce [3sg.pf.med.] (Br.
+), ycay [caus.] (AV+), ycisy [fut.] (Br.+),
ycita- [TA-Ptc.] (AV+), ycitum [inf.] (AV+)
yca- [m] 'request' (AV+)
yc- [f] 'id.' (TS+).
{3} [AL] For the semantic analysis of these Vedic
forms and their relationship to Gr. and
other Greek forms like e [m] 'zeal, jealousy',
[verb] 'to search, seek out, desire', see
Garcia-Ramon 1999.

*yeh- go, travel Lith jju ride possibly an iterative-intensive derivative of *hei-,
OCS jad ride i.e. *hy-eh-
Av y- go
Skt y ti goes, travels
Toch AB y- go, travel
*yhwot(s) as many, as long Grk hs as long as
Skt yvat as much, as many
as great, as large
as often, as far
*yek- express, avow Lat iocus joke Meaning is unclear
Umb iuka prayers
MWels ieith speech
OHG jhan express, explain
Skt ycati asks, solicits, entreats

*ykrm(t) liver Lat iecur, Lith (j )knos [pl.], {1} The laryngeal is based on Greek and is
*(h)iek-r- Grk hepar uncertain.
Av ykar
Skt ykrmt

Page 355
 Sheet1

*yem- hold Av yam- hold Eastern

Skt yam- hold, sustain, ofer,
grant
Toch B ym- achieve, obtain
reach [< * come to hold or the
like]
Toch B ym- do, make, efect
*yemos twin Lat geminus
Skt yam-
OIr emon twins
Av yma- twin
*yes- boil NWels ias boiling
OE gist foam, yeast [> NE
yeast]
Grk z boil, cook
Av yaya- boil
Skt ysyati boils
Toch A ys- boil
Toch B ys- excite, ravish [<
*make boil]
Hittite is(s)na- dough

*yet- put in the right place NWels addiad longing

be in place? SC jatiti se flock together
Av yataiti yatayeiti puts
oneself in the right or natural
place
Skt ytati puts oneself in the
right or natural place
Toch AB yt- adorn, yt- be
capable of [intr.]
have power over
tame

Page 356
 Sheet1

*yeu- bind, join together Lith jutis ox, steer [<*that {1} [LK] Probably secondary after -stuvna-
which is yoked] ( Joachim 1978: 139).
Skt yuti binds, unites {2} [LK] ypa- [m] 'sacrificial post, pillar (to
which sacrificial animals are fastened)' (RV+)
Lat iung most probably does not belong here ( Got 1997:
Lith jngti 1029, fn. 48).
Grk zegnmi {3} This root may have formed the basis of *ieug-
Skt yunkti > Skt. yoj.

*yeu- ripen
*yeud- moved, stirred up Lat iube order, command
fight Lith jud move, stir
Grk husmn battle
Av y iyeiti fights
Skt ydhyati fights
Toch A yutk- be anxious
*yeud- set in motion, stir up Lat iube order
Lith jud move oneself, stir
Pol judzic incite
Av yaozaiti becomes agitated [of
water and emotions]
Toch A yutk- become upset,
worry
Grk husmn combat
Skt ydhyate fights

*yeudms fighter OCS o-jmin warrior from verb *yeud- fight

Skt yudhm-
*yeu- stir up, incite Goth jiukan fight, struggle
be unquiet Av yaozaiti stirs oneself up
Toch B yuk- overcome, surpass

Page 357
 Sheet1

*yeuh- mix something moist Lat is

pottage, soup Grk zm
Latv yut mix, mix dough
Skt yuti binds, unites
*yew(e)s- order Lat is law, right, justice, duty
Av yao-d- make ritually pure
Skt mca yca health and
happiness
*yw(e)s- grain Hit ewan Derives from the verbal root *yeu- ripen, mature
NPers jav
Skt yva- grain,
Grk zeiaeinkorn or emmer
wheat
Oss joew millet
Toch B yap millet
*yoinis reed, rush MIr an reed North-West
Lat iuncus reed
iniperus juniper
ON einir juniper
*yu (animal) body hair Arm asr wool
Skt yu +pubic hair
Toch AB yok body hair, wool
*yrk(o)s roedeer NWels iwrch
Grk zrks
*ys relative pronoun Gaul dugiionti-io who serve
*yh Lith gers-is good
*yd OCS dobr-j kind, good
Grk hs / h / h who, what,
that
Skt ys / y / yd who, what,
that
*yoteros which of the two Doric Grk teros which of the
two
Av yatra- which of the two
Skt yatar- which of the two
*yti as much, as many Grk hsos as many
Skt y ti as many as, as often as

*yu- shout (for joy) MIr ilach victory cry West Central
Lat ibil shout
NE yowl
Grk iz shout
*yugm yoke OWels iou derives from *yeug- join, harness
Lat yugum
NE yoke
Lith jngas
Grk zugn
Arm luc
Hit yukan
Av yugam
Skt yugm

*yuh-r- water Lith jrs sea

Thracian iuras [a river name]

Page 358
 Sheet1

*yuhs ye / you OIr s ye, you enclitic *wos

*usw Lat vs ye, you the accusative serves as the nominative form for
*swe OE g ye [> NE ye], ow you Celtic, Italic, Slavic, Albanian, Greek, and
Anatolian.
[> NE you]
Lith j s ye, jus you
OCS vy ye, you
Alb ju ye
Grk humeius ye, humas you
Arm i-jez you
Hit sums ye, you
Skt yym ye, yum n you,
enclitic vas
Toch B yes ye, you).

*yhs- broth Lat is broth, sauce, juice [> NE

juice]
Lith je fish soup
Rus ukhbroth, fish soup
Grk zm leaven
Skt y- soup, broth, water in
which pulses of various kinds
have been boiled
*yust(iy)os orderly, fitting OIr uissse just right, fitting Adjective, derived from *yew(e)s-
OCS ist actual, true

Page 359
 Sheet1

Gram. Form Related Forms Semantic Domain Source

Conjunctions JPM

Conjunctions JPM

Conjunctions JPM

'a hunderd cows': Skt. ata-gv-n- Numbers JPM

[adj] 'consisting of a hundred Beekes
cows' (RV) OP ata-gu- [m] IIAL
'Sattagydia' Gr. [f]
'great sacrifice' (< *-gwu-eh-)
'lord over a hundred, centurio':
Skt. at-pati- [m] (TB) Elam.-
OP *ata-pati- [m]

Present VI<VII: IIAL

vindhte
[3sg.med.] (RV)
(secondary
present stem
based on the
aorist stem vidh-
-)
Aorist A: vidhat
[3sg.act.] (RV, YV)
{1}

Time JPM

IIAL

Page 360
 Sheet1

'well-made': Skt. s-krrta- [adj] Values JPM

(RV+) OAv. h.krta-, YAv. hu- IIAL
krta- [adj]
'with good mental power': Skt. su-
krtu- [adj] (RV+) Av. hu-xratu-
[adj]
'of good dominion': Skt. su-katr-
[adj] (RV+) Av. hu-xara- [adj]
Elam.-OP (Med.) *hu-xara- PN
'generous': Skt. su-dnu- [adj]
(RV+) Av. hu-dnu- [adj]
'well-treated': Skt. s-bhrrta- [adj]
(RV+) YAv. hu-brta- [adj], OP
ubrt- /u-brrta-/ [adj]
'of good mind': Skt. su-mnas-
[adj] (RV+) YAv. hu-manah-
[adj] 'with fighting spirit' Gr.
(Myc.) /Eumens/ PN, -
[adj] 'well-disposed, favourable'
'famous': Skt. su-rvas- [adj]
(RV+) Elam.-OP *u-auu ah- PN,
(Med.) *hu-srauu ah- PN, MP hu-sraw
[adj] 'famous' Gr. - [adj]
(< *hsu-leues-)
'well-spoken': Skt. skt- [adj]
(RV+) Av. hxta- [adj]
'of good work': Skt. sv-pas- [adj]
(RV+) Av. huupah-, YAv.
huuapah- [adj], Sogd. (Man.) xwp
[adj] 'good', MP xub [adj] 'id.'
'having good horses': Skt. sv-va-
[adj] (RV) YAv. huu-aspa- [adj]
OP uv-aspa- [adj]

IIAL
IIAL
Time JPM
IIAL

Binding JPM

Bug JPM
Celt.

[du.m.] ubh, IIAL

ubhu (RV+)
[du.f.] ubh (RV+)

Beekes
Light & Dark JPM

Page 361
 Sheet1

Light & Dark JPM

Fauna JPM

Beekes
yh [nom.sg.m.] 'whoever, whichever': Skt. y- ca IIAL
(RV+) (RV+) Av. ya- c
y [nom.sg.f.] 'whoever, whichever': Skt. yh k
(RV+) cit (RV+) OAv. yahmi
yt [nom.sg.n.] kahmict_
(RV+) 'whenever': Skt. yc cid (RV+)
ym [acc.sg.m.] YAv. yat_-cit_, OP yciy /ya-ciy/
(RV+)
ysmai
[dat.sg.m.n.]
(RV+)
etc.

Present VI: miti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV)
Aorist RED:
ammiat (Up.)

IIAL
IIAL
IIAL
Love & Hate JPM

Water JPM
IIAL

Page 362
 Sheet1

t [nom.sg.] 'Dsa/Dahka with six eyes': Skt. Numbers JPM

(RV+) dsa- alak- (RV 10.099.06) IIAL
adbhh [instr.pl.] YAv. dahkm xuua.am ( Y
(RV+) 9.8)
am [gen.pl.] 'six months old, taking six
(AVP+) months': Skt. -msya- (SB+)
at [loc.pl.] YAv. xuua.mhiia-
(KS+)

Numbers JPM

? Meals JPM

older nom. vm (RV 06.055.01), acc. vm (Br.+) (sometimes also nom.), instr. vIIAL
IIAL
? Health&Sickness JPM

Position JPM
Beekes

Page 363
 Sheet1

Textiles JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Trees JPM

Shape JPM

Air JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Throw JPM

? Fauna JPM

Air JPM

Shape JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 364
 Sheet1

Shape JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

IIAL

Health&Sickness JPM
Reductive Activities

Reductive Activities JPM

Present VI<VII: JPM
krrntti [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
Aorist A: krrtas
[2sg.act.] (RV)
kart
[2sg.inj.act.] (Br.,
S.)
Perfect: cakarta
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Fut: kartsy (AV)
Abs: vikrrtya (RV)
TA-Ptc.: krrtt-
(RV+)

Motion JPM

Page 365
 Sheet1

Present I: bhate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Present VII:
mbhna-
[ptc.med.]
'purifying (his own
body / himself)'
(RV 08.044.12)
Present VI<VII:
umbhti
[3sg.act.] 'to
beautify, to make
beautiful' (RV)
Present I<VII:
mbhate
[3sg.med.] 'to
adorn oneself'
(RV+), mbhati
[3sg.act.] 'to
purify' (AV+)
Present AYA:
ubhy 'to be
beautiful,
splendid' (RV)
Caus: obhay
(AV+)

Throw JPM

Present I<VII: IIAL

undhati
[3sg.act.]
'cleanses' (RV
10.085.35),
undhata
[2pl.impv.act.] (RV
10.017.14), YVm+
Present IV:
udhyatu
[3sg.impv.act.]
'let it become
clean' (VS+),
udhyate
[3sg.med.]
'becomes clean'
(SB+)
Caus {1}:
undhayantu
[3pl.impv.act.] (RV
10.017.10)
TA-Ptc.: uddh-
'purified, pure,
clean' (RV+)

Page 366
 Sheet1

Sight JPM

Present I: canti IIAL

[3pl.act.] (RV+)
Present IV: cyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Aorist A: aucat
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: och
[2sg.inj.act.] (VS)
Aorist mediopass:
oci (RV)
Perfect: uca
[3sg.act.] (RV,
SB), uucn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Intensive:
ucan
[3pl.inj.act.]
(RV+), ucna-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Caus: ocy
(RV+)
Inf: ucdhyai
(RV)

Measure & Quantity JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Fauna JPM

Transport JPM

Construction JPM

Page 367
 Sheet1

IIAL

Motion JPM

IIAL

Body (Upper) JPM

ptau [loc.sg.] IIAL

Fish JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Page 368
 Sheet1

Present I: ctati to appear in (his/her/its/their) greatness': Skt. mahin cikitre IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Present AYA:
cityante
[3pl.med.] (RV+),
cityant-
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
Aorist mediopass:
ceti [3sg.], cti
[3sg.inj.] 'has/is
appeared, has/is
shown (oneself)'
(RV)
Aorist S (< Aorist
R): acait [3sg.act.]
'has perceived'
(RV 06.044.07)
Aorist R: ctna-
[ptc.med.]
'making oneself
perceptible,
drawing attention
to oneself' (RV
09.101.11)
Perfect: cikta
[3sg.act.], cketa
[3sg.act.],
cikitvms- /
cikit- [ptc.act.]
'to see, pay
attention, respect'
(RV+), cikit
[3sg.med.] 'to
appear, show
(oneself)
be known' (RV-
YVm) {2}
Desid: cikits 'to
wish to perceive,
watch' (RV+)
Caus: cety , city
'to make
perceived, reveal
to make perceive'
Give & Take JPM

Qualities JPM

Fish JPM

Page 369
 Sheet1

Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

Fire JPM

Position JPM

Values JPM

Fire JPM

Fire JPM

Present I: Knowledge & Thought JPM

smrthas
[2du.subj.act.]
(RV 10.106.09),
smarethm
[2du.impv.med.]
(RV 07.104.07),
smranti
[3pl.act.] (RV-Kh.,
AV+)
Perfect: sasmara
[1sg.act.] (AVP
5.11.7)
Passive: smaryte
[3sg.] (TAm,
DhS.+)
TA-Ptc.: smrrta-
(S.+)
-smrrta-dhrut-
'with whom no
deception can be
remembered' (RV
10.061.04)

Page 370
 Sheet1

Present VI<VII: IIAL

mucmi
[1sg.act.] (RV+)
Present IV:
mcyate
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
mucyte
[3sg.med.] (AV,
SB) {1}
Present I:
mkama-
[ptc.med.] (KSp-
MSp) {2}
Aorist R:
mugdhvam
[2pl.med.] (RV)
Aorist A: mucat
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: mukata
[3pl.inj.med.]
(RV+)
Perfect:
mumucmhe
[1pl.med.] (RV+),
mumucah
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV),
mmocati
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
08.018.12),
mumca
[3sg.act.] (TAm,
SB+)
Fut: mokyati
[3sg.act.] (AVP+)
Desid:
mmukama-
[ptc.med.] (RV
10.111.09)
TA-Ptc.: ti-mukta-
'escaped,
avoided' (SB)

Qualities JPM

Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

Page 371
 Sheet1

Textiles JPM

Textiles JPM

Beekes
Beekes
Bird JPM

Present IV: pyati Sun, the spy': Skt. sryam sp Sight JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Aorist R/Aorist S
{2}: spata
[3sg.aor.med.]
(RV 01.010.02)
Perfect: paspa
[3sg.med.] 'to
look at, to guard,
to notice' (RV)
Caus: spyasva
[2sg.impv.med.]
'to make visible,
spied out' (RV
01.176.03)
TA-Ptc.: nu-
spata- 'guarded'
(RV 10.160.04),
spat- '(clearly)
perceived, clear,
visible' (TSp+)

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 372
 Sheet1

Reductive Activities JPM

Textiles JPM

Conflict JPM

Bird JPM

? Light & Dark JPM

Containers JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Motion JPM

Speech JPM

Page 373
 Sheet1

Present V: IIAL
pruuvnti
[3pl.act.] (RV),
pruute
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Present IX: pru
(YV)
Present IV: vy-
pruyat (SB
4.5.10.4)
Present AYA:
pruy (RV)
Aorist A: pru
[1sg.subj.act.] (RV
10.077.01) {1}
Fut: proiynt-
[ptc.act.] (KS+)
TA-Ptc.: pruit-
'sprinkled' (RV)

Human Sounds JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Present IV: IIAL

arajyata
[2pl.impf.med.]
(AV 15.8.1),
-rajyante
[3pl.med.] (SB
5.6.2), rajyate
[3sg.med.] (Ep.
+), rajyati
[3sg.act.] (Ep.+)
Present I<IV:
lajjamna-
[ptc.med.]
'become shy' (<
'become red') (AB
3.22.7 +)
Caus: rajaya
[2sg.impv.act.]
(AV 1.23.1 = AVP
1.16.1) {1}
TA-Ptc.: rakt-
'dyed, red' (Br.+)

Motion JPM
Beekes

Construction JPM

Page 374
 Sheet1

Construction JPM

Present III>I: standing on the chariot': Skt. rathe-sPlacement Verbs JPM

tthati [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
Perfect: tasthu
[1,3sg.pf.act.]
(RV+)
Aorist R: stht
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Precative: stheur
[3pl.act.] (AV),
stheam
[1sg.act.] (VS)
Fut: sthsyati (Br.
+)
Passive: sthyate
[3sg.] (KSp+)
Caus: sthpay
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: sthit-
'standing,
determined'
(RV+)

Meals JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

IIAL

Present I: tejate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Intensive: ttikte
[3sg.med.] (RV
04.023.07),
ttijna-
[ptc.med.] (YVm)
TA-Ptc.: n-tikta-
'urged on,
sharpened' (RV)
tigit- 'sharp,
pointed' (RV)

Page 375
 Sheet1

Speech JPM

Present AYA: IIAL

stanyati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
{2}
Present IV: tanyati
[3sg.act.] (RV
06.038.02)
Aorist R: stanihi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 06.047.30),
stan [3sg.inj.act.]
(RV 10.092.08)
Aorist RED:
atatanat
[3sg.act.] (AVP
2.58.4), tatnat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV
08.021.18),
tatanas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV
01.038.14) {3}
Intensive:
tamstanhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(AV 5.20.1)
TA-Ptc.: stanita-,
also [n] 'thunder'
(S.+)

Air JPM

Bird JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Qualities JPM

Page 376
 Sheet1

Present VI: tudti Convey JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Present VII>I:
tundate
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.058.01),
tundn-
[ptc.med.] (AV
6.22.3) {1}
Perfect: (-)tutda
[3sg.act.] (RV
01.162.17,
10.016.06)
na-ptc.: tunn-
'crushed, ground'
(RV+)

Fauna JPM

tjyas- [comp] 'sharper' (RV+) IIAL

Speech JPM

Speech JPM

Values JPM

Speech JPM

Page 377
 Sheet1

IIAL

Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

'with outstretched hands': Skt. IIAL

uttn-hasta- [adj] (RV) Av.
ustna-zasta- [adj], ustni
zasti ( Y 29.5)
'with outstretched hands in
reverence': Skt. uttnhasto
nmas (RV 06.016.46) OAv.
nmah ustnazast
? Motion JPM

?? Fauna JPM
Plants (Wild) JPM

Plants JPM

Ornament JPM

Conjunctions JPM

Page 378
 Sheet1

Kinship JPM

Bird JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Position JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Color JPM

Textiles JPM

Weapons JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 379
 Sheet1

Trees JPM
IIAL

Plants JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Dieties JPM

Plants JPM
Shape JPM

Hair JPM

Plants JPM

Fauna JPM
IIAL

Page 380
 Sheet1

Bend and Press JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Present VII: Reductive Activities JPM

bhankti IIAL
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
bhajnt-
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
bhadhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+)
nir-bhanah (for
*-bhanak-s)
[2sg.impf.act.] (AV
3.6.3)
Perfect: babhja
[3sg.act.] (RV
08.004.05)
Present
IV/Passive: n
bhajyate [3sg.]
(RV-Kh. 5.5.10),
bhajyantm
[3pl.impv.] (AV
8.8.3, 8.8.4),
bhajyamna-
[ptc.] (AB 3.22.7)
{1}
na-ptc.: bhagna-
'broken' (Br.+)

IIAL

Run & Jump JPM

Beekes
'the shining dawn': Skt. us- vi- IIAL
bht (RV) YAv. u hm vi-
uuaitm Gr. ' 'the
dawn appeared' (Hom.)
'shines with shine(s)': Skt.
bhnbhir / bhnn vibhti
(RV) YAv. viiuuaiti bnubii ( Yt
17.6)

Page 381
 Sheet1

Present II: bhti Light & Dark JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Fut: bhsyti
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
TA-Ptc.: bhta-
'shining' (Up.+)

IIAL

IIAL
Light & Dark JPM

Present I: bhjati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: bhaki
[1sg.med.] (RV)
abhakta
[3sg.med.] (RV),
abhkta
[3sg.med.] (AB),
abhkam
[1sg.act.] (YV)
SI-impv: bhaki
(RV)
Perfect: babhja
[3sg.act.] (RV, SB)
bhej [3sg.med.]
(RV+), bhejir
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
Passive: vi-
bhjymna- {1}
[ptc.] 'being
shared out' (AV
12.5.28), vi-
bhjynte {1}
[3pl.] 'are
distributed' (MSp
2.2.13:25.13)
v bhajyate [3sg.]
(YVp+)
Fut: bhakyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Caus: bhjayata
[2pl.impv.act.] 'to
make share, to
make partake' (RV
10.009.02+)
Desid: bhkate
[3sg.med.] 'to
beg' (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: bhakt-
'received, given'
(RV+)

bhv [nom.acc.d arm-strong': Skt. bhv-jas- [adj] (RV) YAv. bzu.aojah- [adIIAL
Light & Dark JPM

Page 382
 Sheet1

Speech JPM

Speech JPM

Trees JPM

Present IX: Reductive Activities JPM

bhintti [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
Present IV:
bhidyte
[3sg.med.] (RV-
Kh. 2.1.6, TS)
bhidyta
[3sg.opt.med.]
{1} (MSp),
bhidyte
[3sg.med.] {1}
(SB, KathA
3.234:100.15)
bhidyate
[3sg.med.] (AVS,
AVP, YVp+)
Aorist A: abhedam
[1sg.act.] (RV)
Aorist S:
abhaitsam
[1sg.act.] (AVP)
bhitths
[2sg.inj.med.]
(KS+)
Perfect: bibhda
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
bibhide
[3sg.med.] (AVP
5.9.5)
Fut: bhetsyati
[3sg.act.] (S.+)
Desid: bibhitsa
(RV 10.061.13)
Abs: bhittv
(RV+), vi-bhdy
(RV+)
na-ptc.: bhinn-
(RV+)

Page 383
 Sheet1

Speech JPM

Present I: bhayate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV)
Aorist R: bhema
[1pl.inj.act.] (RV),
bhes [2sg.inj.act.]
(YVp+)
bhiyn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Aorist S: bhaih
[2sg.inj.act.]
(AV+)
Perfect: bibhya
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
bibhvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
Present
III<Perfect:
bbhyat- [ptc.act.]
(RV+), bibhts
[3du.act.] (AV+),
abibhet
[3sg.impf.act.]
(YVp+)
TA-Ptc.: bht-
'frightened,
afraid' (RV+) {1}

bhiysam [acc.sg.] (disyllabic /bhyasam/ in 2.28.6a and 9.19.6b), bhiyse [dat.sg.],

IIAL
Conflict JPM

? Fauna JPM

Blow Up JPM

Bird JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Page 384
 Sheet1

'fuel and straw': Skt. idhm-barhi- Blow Up JPM

(RV) YAv. asma barsma IIAL
'to spead the straw': Skt. pr
strrte barhh YAv. barsma
(fra-)star-

Color JPM

Construction JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Present IX: Binding JPM

badhnt IIAL
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV+),
-badhnmas
[1pl.act.] (AV+),
badhn
[2sg.impv.act.]
(AV+), abadhnata
[3pl.impf.med.]
(AV+)
Perfect: babndha
[3sg.pf.act.] (AV+)
-bedhr
[3pl.pf.act.] (AVS
09.03.06 AVP
16.39.06), bedh
[3sg.med.] (AV)
Passive: badhyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Fut: bhantsymi
[1sg.act.] (YVm+)
Caus: bandhay
(SB+)
Inf: -bdhe (AVS
05.28.11 = AVP
02.59.9)
Abs: baddhv
(AV+)
TA-Ptc.: baddh-
(RV+)

IIAL
Kinship JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Page 385
 Sheet1

Measure & Quantity JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Color JPM

Page 386
 Sheet1

Present I: bhrati 'to promote Convey JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) to ofer': Skt. pr-bhar- [verb] 'to IIAL
'to bring' ofer, present' (RV+) YAv. fra-
Present III: bar- [verb] 'to bring (forward)'
bbharti [3sg.act.] OP fra-bar- [verb] 'to transport,
(RV+ carry over' Khot. haur-, hr-
once bibhrti [verb] 'to give'
04.050.07), Skt. pr-bhartar- [m] 'promotor'
abibhran (RV) YAv. frabrtar- [m] a type
[3pl.impf.act.] of priest (cf. Umb. arfertur [m] title
(RV, with a unique of a priest < *ad-fertor)
ending) 'to carry' Skt. pr-bhrrti- [f] 'ofering' (RV+)
Present II: bhrti YAv. hu-frabriti- [f] 'good
[3sg.act.] (RV ofering'
01.173.06, 'to carry the speech, voice (in
06.013.03) {1} mind)': Skt. vcam mnas
Aorist S: bibharti 'carries the speech in
abhram mind' (RV 10.177.02), vcas
[1sg.act.] (RV+), bhar- 'to bring the word' (RV)
abhr [3sg.act.] OAv. vcm barait [manah]
(RV+) 'raises his voice (in accordance
Aorist mediopass: with his mind)'
bhri [3sg.inj.] 'to bring existence': Skt. sum
(RV) bhar- (AVS 8.2.1) YAv. ahm
Perfect: jabhra bar-
[3sg.act.] (RV+), 'to support Truth': Skt. rrtm bhar-
jabhrir (RV+) OIran. *rrtam-bara- PN
[3pl.med.] (RV+), 'to bring homage': Skt. nmas
babhre bhar- (RV+) YAv. nmo bar-
[3sg.med.] (RV) NP (poet.) namz burdan
Passive: bhriyte 'to ofer a praise': Skt. stmam
[3sg.] (RV+), (pr-)bhar- (RV+) YAv. staomca
bhriyte bartu
[3sg.subj.] {2} 'to foster well, to treat well': Skt.
(RV 05.031.12+) s-bhrrtam bhar- (RV+) YAv.
Fut: bhariyat hubrtm bart_, OP ubrtm
[3sg.cond.act.] abrm /hubrtam abaram/
(RV 02.030.02),
bhariymas
[1pl.act.] (VS+),
bhariynt-
[ptc.act.] (YV+)
Intensive: vi-
jarbhrrts
Food Prep JPM

Conflict JPM
Reductive Activities

Page 387
 Sheet1

Vital Functions JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Conflict JPM

Present AYA/Caus: IIAL

n barhay 'to lay
low' (RV+)
Present VI<VII:
brrmha (SB+)
(created on the
model of drrmha )
Aorist IS: n barht
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV)
Intensive: upa
brbrrhat
[3sg.subj.act.] 'to
underlay, to put
underneath' (RV
05.061.05), pa
barbrrhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 10.010.10)
{1}
TA-Ptc.: pri-
brrdha- 'firm,
strong' (SB+)

Earth JPM
Dwelling

Page 388
 Sheet1

Present VI: IIAL

bhurntu
[3pl.impv.act.]
(RV), bhurnta
[3pl.inj.med.] (RV)
Present ANYA:
bhurayti
[3sg.act.] (RV)
Intensive:
jrbhurti
[3sg.act.] (RV),
jrbhura-
[ptc.med.] (RV)

Light & Dark JPM

Convey JPM

? Sacred JPM

Organs JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Blow Up JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Conflict JPM

Page 389
 Sheet1

Present I {1}: IIAL

bdhati [3sg.act.]
'to perceive, to
notice' (RV+)
Present IV:
bdhyamna-
[ptc.med.] 'to
wake (intr.), to be
awake' (RV+), 'to
perceive, to
notice' (AV+)
Aorist R:
budhnta
[3pl.inj.med.] (RV)
Aorist IS: bhutsi
[1sg.med.] (RV+),
abhutsata
[3pl.med.] (AV+),
ni-bdhiat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
02.016.07)
Perfect: bubodhas
[2sg.subj.act.]
(RV), bubudhn-
[ptc.med.] (RV, Br.
+)
Fut: bhotsy (TS,
Br.+)
Caus: bodhy 'to
wake (tr.), to
make wake up'
(RV+)
Aorist mediopass:
bodhi 'to be
awake' [3sg.],
abudhran [3pl.]
(RV), budhram
[3pl.] (RV
10.035.01)
TA-Ptc.: prti-
buddha-
'perceived,
recognized' (RV+)
Sight JPM

Page 390
 Sheet1

Present VI: IIAL

bhujnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV 06.062.06),
pari-bhujt
[3sg.subj.act.] '(it)
embraces (both
worlds)' (RV
01.100.14 +)
Perfect: pri
bubhojh
[2sg.ppf.act.]
'(you) have
embraced (both
worlds)' (RV
01.033.09)
na-ptc.: bhugna-
'bent, curved' (S.
+)

Bend and Press JPM

Page 391
 Sheet1

Present VII: 'providing many nourishments': IIAL

bhujat, Skt. puru-bhjas- [adj] (RV) YAv.
bhujte pouru.baoxna- [adj] 'rich in
[3pl.med.], refreshments (?)'
bhunjmahai 'atone(ment) for the
[1pl.subj.med.] transgression': Skt. nas
(RV+) bhujema (RV) OAv. anah
-bhujant- bjm ( Y 31.13)
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
Aorist R: m
bhojam
[1sg.inj.act.] 'may
I not atone (for
other people's
deed)' (RV
02.028.09), (m)
bhujema
[1sg.opt.act.] {1}
'may we (not)
atone (for smth.)'
(RV)
bhjate
[3sg.subj.med.]
'(people) lives on
(cows)' (RV
01.072.08)
Aorist SIS:
+bhukimahi
[1pl.med.] (MS)
Perfect:
bubhujmhe
[1pl.med.] (RV
08.067.16),
bubhujrir
[3pl.med.] (RV
01.138.03)
Fut: bhokyate
[3sg.med.] (S.+)
Caus: bhojaya
[2sg.impv.act.] 'to
make enjoy' (AV
19.50.6+)
Inf: bhjase 'for
use' (RV), -
Run & Jump JPM
IIAL
Being & Doing JPM

Bug JPM

Values JPM

Containers JPM

Conflict JPM

Page 392
 Sheet1

Sacred JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Blow Up JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Blow Up JPM

Trees JPM

Conflict JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Food Prep JPM

Beekes
Textiles JPM

Trees JPM
Celt.

Page 393
 Sheet1

Head JPM

Values JPM

Health&Sickness JPM
Beekes

Numbers JPM

Sight JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Present I: bhrjate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Aorist R: bhrt
[3sg.act.] (RV),
bhrjysam
[1sg.opt./prec.act.
] (AV 17.1.20)
Aorist mediopass:
bhrji [3sg.] (RV
05.054.06)
Aorist IS:
bhrjiya
[1sg.opt.med.]
(MS)

Water JPM

Beekes
Kinship JPM
Beekes

Page 394
 Sheet1

Kinship JPM

Conflict JPM

Present IX: IIAL

bhrnti
[3pl.act.] (RV)
Aorist S: bhreate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV)

Present I: IIAL
bhrmasi
[2sg.act.] (BAU+),
bhramyt
[3sg.prec.] (S.)
Present IV:
bhrmyate
[3sg.med.] (Up.+)
Caus: bhramay
(S.+)
Intensive:
bambhramyam
a- [ptc.med.] (Up.
+)
TA-Ptc.: bhrnta-
'having wandered
about,
transmigrating'
(Ep.+)

Animal Noises JPM

Present I: IIAL
bhramate
[3sg.med.] (AVP
6.23.1+)
Present IV:
bhra(m)yate
[3sg.med.] (TA+)
Aorist A: bhraat
[3sg.inj.act.] {1}
(RV 10.173.01)
TA-Ptc.: bhrat-
'fallen down' (AV
20.136.7,
20.136.8 (?),
TSp+) {2}

Page 395
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM
Food Prep JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Blow Up JPM

Present VI: bhrrjjti Food Prep JPM

[3sg.subj.act.] (RV IIAL
04.024.07+),
bhrrj(j)yyur
[3pl.opt.act.] {1}
(MSp
1.10.11:151.6 =
KSp 36.6:73.1)
TA-Ptc.: bhrrta-
'fried, roasted,
baked' (GrrS.+)

Dieties JPM

brrhat- [f] (RV+), b 'to bring out a loud word': Skt. Position JPM
vco bharat brrht (RV IIAL
03.010.05) YAv. brzm bart_
vcim ( Yt 10.113
Yt 17.61)
'high mountain': Skt. brrhad-giri-
'coming from the high mountains'
(RV) YAv. garaii brzat
'high(est) sun': Skt. svr brrht (RV)
OAv. barzitm barzimanm
huuar 'the sun, the highest of
the heights' ( Y 36.6), YAv. huuar
barzitm barzimanm ( Vr
19.2)

Time JPM

Color JPM

Shape JPM

Page 396
 Sheet1

Convey JPM

Head JPM

Textiles JPM

Present II: pshi IIAL

[2sg.impv.act.]
(AV, SB+)
Abs: -psya (BAU)
TA-Ptc.: pst-
'chewed, eaten,
consumed' (KS,
SB)

IIAL

Construction JPM

Fauna JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Only in IIAL
compounds

Page 397
 Sheet1

Caus: bamhayate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (KS,
MS, Br.)
TA-Ptc.: blh- (RV
01.181.07)
n-blha- (RV
01.106.06)

bahv- [f] IIAL

bmhyas- [comp]
'very fat' (MS)
bmhitha- [sup]
'strongest, most'
(RV+);

Speech JPM

Present VI: IIAL

drrbhti [3sg.act.]
(SB)
TA-Ptc.: sm-
drrbdha- 'bundled
together, tied into
a bunch' (SB)

Sacred JPM

IIAL
Kinship JPM
IIAL

Food & Drink JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Position JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Sensation JPM

Page 398
 Sheet1

Present IV/VI {1}: Binding JPM

adyah IIAL
[2sg.impf.act.]
(RV 02.013.09+)
Perfect: dad
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Passive:
dymna- [ptc.]
(YVm+)
Aorist mediopass:
sam-dyi [3sg.]
(RV 01.139.01)
TA-Ptc.: n-dita-
'bound on' (RV)
na-ptc.: -sam-
dina- 'unbound'
(RV 08.102.14)

Textiles JPM

Present II: abhi- IIAL

dti [3sg.act.] (SV
1.336=1.4.1.5.5)
Present I: abhi-
dsati [3sg.act.]
(RV+) (based on
the subjunctive of
the sigmatic
aorist)

Celt.

Present V: dunti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Passive: dyate
[3sg.] (RV-Kh.
7.7.2, ChUp.+)
na-ptc.: dn-
'burned,
tormented' (AV+),
duna- (SrS.)
TA-Ptc.: duta-
'burned' (AA)

'to give life': Skt. sum dadtu IIAL

(RV 10.059.07) Av. ahm dadt_
( Y 46.13)
dtar- ahu ( Y 50,11)

Page 399
 Sheet1

Present III: ddti Give & Take JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
ddat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+), deh
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+), daddhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV), datte
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Aorist R: dt
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
dti
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), deym
[1sg.opt.act.] (RV
08.001.05), di
[1sg.med.] (KS-
MS)
Aorist A: dat (-
adat) [3sg.act.]
(RV) (a secondary
formation on the
basis of 3sg.med.
root-aor. *a-dH-a)
Aorist S: dsat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), adii
[1sg.med.] (AV)
Aorist mediopass:
dyi [3sg.] (RV)
Perfect: dadu
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
dad [3sg.med.]
(RV+) {1}
Passive: dyte
[3sg.] (AV, SV+),
dymna- [ptc.]
(AV+)
Fut: dsyti
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Desid: dtsasi
[2sg.act.] (RV+),
ddsant-
to give a gift': Skt. dnam d- (M Exchange & Property JPM
IIAL

Beekes

Page 400
 Sheet1

Present I: dyate Measure & Quantity JPM

[3sg.med.] (RV+) IIAL
(< PIE *dh-eie-),
Present IV/VI {2}:
ava-dyti
[3sg.act.] (YV+)
Aorist S: va
diya
[1sg.opt.med.]
(RV 02.033.05)
Aorist R: avdt
[3sg.act.] (MS+),
va admahi
[1pl.med.] (VS),
dva
[2sg.imp.act.]
(VS+)
TA-Ptc.: (nir-)va-
tta- '(completely)
distributed' (KS+)

Social Organization JPM

Water JPM

Fire JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Air

Time JPM

Perfect: ddya IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+),

ddayat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+), ddet
[3sg.ppf.act.]
(RV+) (the pres.
meaning accounts
for the ptc.

ddiyant-)
Caus.: -dpayas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV
06.022.08 +),
dday (JB)

Page 401
 Sheet1

Direction JPM

Present III: Speech JPM

ddetu IIAL
[3sg.impv.act.]
(RV), dididdhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV), ddeati
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
Present VI: dint-
[ptc.act.] (RV
10.110.07 +),
dimna-
[ptc.med.] (RV
03.031.21 +)
Aorist S
(secondary):
adiki [1sg.med.]
(RV), dita
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Perfect: dida
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Intensive:
ddiant-
[ptc.act.], ddite
[3sg.med.] (RV)
dediy (RV-Kh.,
AV+)
TA-Ptc.: dit-
'shown (direction)'
(RV+)

goddess dawn': Skt. devm IIAL
usam (RV) Gr. (Hom.) '
, '

Page 402
 Sheet1

'god(s) and mortal(s)': Skt. dev- Dieties JPM

mrtya- (RV+) Av. dauua- IIAL
maiia-
'all gods / davas': Skt. vve
devh (RV+) Av. dauu
vsp h
'most divine among the gods /
most davic among the davas':
Skt. devnm devtama- (RV
02.024.03) YAv. dauu
dauuanm dauu.tm
'to worship the gods / davas': Skt.
devayaj- [m] 'sacrifice to the
gods' (KS+)
devayj- [adj] 'sacrificing to the
gods' (VS+) YAv. dauua-iiasna-
[adj], dauua-iiaz- [adj]
'worshipping the dauuas'
'surrounded by gods/davas': Skt.
devvant- [adj] (RV) YAv.
dauuauuat-
'all gods/davas': Skt. vve devh
OAv. dauu visp h ( Y 32.2)
'agreeable to the gods / davas':
Skt. devjuta- [adj] (RV) OAv.
dauu.zuta- [adj] ( Y 32.4), OP
*baga-duta- [m] PN, Med. *baga-
zuta- [m] PN

Present II: dti to worship with an excellent praise': Give & Take JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV IIAL
01.127.04 (bis)),
dat- [ptc.act.]
(RV 07.014.03,
07.017.07
datah
[nom.pl.]) {1}
Present I: dati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Present V: dnti
[3sg.act.] (RV
08.004.06)
Perfect: dada
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
dvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
(< *de-d-)

Desid: dkate
[3sg.med.] 'to
dedicate oneself,
to consecrate
oneself' (YVp+)
(< *di-d-) {2}

Page 403
 Sheet1

Hair JPM
Textiles

Give & Take JPM

da [nom.acc.pl.], ten months (pregnancy, foetus)': SktNumbers JPM

IIAL

Numbers JPM

Direction JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Liquid Motions JPM

Page 404
 Sheet1

Present I<VII: IIAL

drrmhata
[2pl.impv.act.]
(RV+)
Present VI<VII:
drrmhthe
[2du.impv.med.]
(RV, AV)
Present IV: drrhya
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV), drrhyasva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV)
Aorist IS: adrrmht
[3sg.act.] (KS+)
Perfect:
ddrrh-
[ptc.med.] (RV),
dadrrhanta
[3pl.ppf.med.] (RV
10.082.01)
Caus: adrrmhayata
[3sg.impf.med.]
(AV 4.11.7),
drrmhayati
[3sg.act.] (S.)
TA-Ptc.: drrdh- (<
*drrzdh-) 'fixed,
firm, solid' (RV+)
drrmhit- 'firm,
fastened' (RV)

Dwelling JPM

Bug JPM

Present AYA: IIAL

damyti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Present ANYA:
damanyat
[3sg.inj.] (RV
10.099.06)
dmyata
[2pl.impv.act.]
(SB=BAU)
Aorist A: dnah
[2sg.inj.] (RV
01.174.02) (with
irregular -n-)
Caus: damyati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: dnt-
(Br.+)

Page 405
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM

dmpat Marriage JPM

[nom.acc.du.] IIAL
'husband and
wife' (RV+)

Present I<VI: Vital Functions JPM

danti [3pl.act.] IIAL
(MS+), da
[2sg.impv.] (RV+),
dant- [ptc.act.]
(RV+)
Aorist S: ?
dkur
[3pl.inj.act.] (MGS
2.16.3)
Perfect:
dadavms-
[ptc.act.] (RV
04.038.06, AVP
3.16.6)
Caus: damay
(S.+)
Intensive:
dndana-
[ptc.med.]
'snapping (of
horses)' (RV
10.095.09)
Abs: damtv (Br.
+)
TA-Ptc.: dat-
(AV+)

Caus: damsyas [2sg.inj.act.] 'make capable' (RV 10.1 Knowledge & Thought JPM
IAL

from *dens- 'teach, inculcate' ? (SGM) IIAL

Conflict JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Page 406
 Sheet1

Present IV: dryeta Reductive Activities JPM
[3sg.opt.med.] IIAL
(YVp+), dryte
[3sg.med.] (SB)
{2}
Present IX: drryt
[3sg.opt.act.] (SB)
Aorist R: drt
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV)
Aorist S: darasi
[2sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
darta
[3sg.opt.med.
(prec.)] (RV
01.132.06)
SI-impv: dri (RV)
Perfect: dadra
[3sg.act.] 'has
burst, has
scattered (intr.)'
(RV 06.027.04)
dadrrvms-
[ptc.act.] 'to
burst' (tr.) (RV
04.001.14),
ddrrh
[2sg.impv.act.] 'to
burst' (tr.) (RV
01.133.06),
-dadrur [3pl.act.]
(RV 04.019.05)
{3}
Caus: dary 'to
storm, to attack'
(RV), dray 'to
split, to break' (Br.
+)
Intensive:
dardarti
[3sg.act.] 'to tear
open' (RV)
na-ptc.: dra- (Br.
+)
Motion JPM

Give & Take JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Page 407
 Sheet1

Aorist R {1}: 'visible over a long distance': Skt. Sight JPM

drran [3pl.inj.act.] dre-drr- 'visible far and wide' (RV) IIAL
(RV+), dran Av. dradartma- 'looking far'
[3pl.subj.act.] 'looking like sun / seeing sun-light':
(RV+) Skt. svar-drr- [adj] 'looking like sun
Aorist S: drrkata seeing sun-light' (RV) {3} Av.
[3pl.med.] (RV), huuar.darsa- [adj] 'looking like
drrkase sun'
[2sg.subj.med.]
(RV 01.006.07)
{2}
adrkam
[1sg.act.] (Br.+)
Perfect: dadra
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
dadrrk
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Passive: drryte
[3sg.] (RV
10.146.03 +)
Aorist mediopass:
dari [3sg.],
drrran, drrram
[3pl.] (RV+)
Fut: drakyti
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Caus: daryati
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Desid: ddrrk
(RV+)
Abs: drrtya (RV
10.034.11),
drrtv (AV)
Inf: drtum 'to
see' (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: drrt-
'apparent, visible'
(RV+)

Sight JPM

Social Organization JPM

Page 408
 Sheet1

Present IV: duyet Exchange & Property JPM

[3sg.opt.act.] IIAL
(AB+) {1}
Caus.: dyanti
[3pl.act.] (RV
07.104.09+) {2}
Aorist RED:
dduat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV
03.003.01+)
TA-Ptc.: duta-
(Up., S.+)

Travel JPM

Convey JPM
Beekes

Beekes
IIAL

IIAL

Light & Dark JPM

Vital Functions JPM

IIAL

IIAL

Position JPM

Beekes
Occupations JPM

Trees JPM

In the RV, only oblique cases (from the stem dadhn-) are attested, nom.sg. ddhiIIAL

Page 409
 Sheet1

Shape JPM

Present V: 'undeceivable eye': Skt. ckur IIAL

dabhnuvanti mitryor vruayor dabdham
[3pl.act.] (RV 'undeceivable eye of Mitra and
01.055.07 +) Varua (= sun)' (RV 06.051.01),
Aorist R: -dabhr dabdha-ckus- (AV 13.2.44)
[3pl.inj.] (RV), Av. dirbii aaoii mir (
dabhan [3pl.inj.] Yt 10.82)
(RV), dbhat, 'with infallible mental power': Skt.
dabhti dbhuta-kratu- [adj] (RV) Av.
[3sg.subj.act.] aaoii.xratu- [adj]
(RV), dabhanti
[3pl.subj.act.]
(RV)
Aorist A: adabhat
[3sg.act.] (YV+)
Perfect: dadbha
[3sg.act.] (RV),
debhur [3pl.act.]
(RV)
dadmbha
[3sg.act.] (AV)
(with secondary
m in the root
under the
influence of the
semantically close
root dambh)
Passive: dabhyate
[3sg.] (RV
01.041.01)
Desid: dpsati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Inf: -dbhe (RV
08.021.16)
TA-Ptc.: -dabdha-
'undeceivable,
unharmed,
undeceived' (RV,
AV)

Conflict JPM

Meals JPM

IIAL

Page 410
 Sheet1

Earth JPM

IIAL
Present I: dhati Fire JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
nr dahante
[3pl.med.] (TS)
Aorist S: adhk
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
dhkat-, dkat-
[ptc.act.] (RV), SI-
impv: dhki (RV)
Aorist SIS: dhkt
[3sg.inj.act.]
(GB+)
Perfect: dadha
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Present
IV/Passive:
dhyase
[2sg.med.],
dhyamna-
[ptc.med.] (RV-Kh.
3.15.20),
dahyante
[3pl.med.] (AV
12.4.3 +),
dahymna-
[ptc.med.] (YVp+)
{1}
Fut: dhaky
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: dagdh-
(AV+)

with -eh-
extension
Present VI:
kyati [3sg.act.]
(KS+)
Caus: kpay
(TS+), Aorist RED:
cikipas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV
10.016.01+)

Page 411
 Sheet1

Present V: IIAL
daghnuyt
[3sg.opt.act.] (KS,
KpS)
Aorist R: -dhak
[2,3sg.inj.act.]
(RV)
daghys
[2sg.opt.act.] (RV
01.123.05)
Fut: -daghiyante
(JUB)

Present III: 'to put down the feet': Skt. pad n IIAL
ddhti [3sg.act.] dadhti (RV 01.146.02) YAv.
(RV+); dhatthh pa nidaaite ( Yt 17.6)
[2du.act.] (RV+); 'to put inside': Skt. antr dh- 'to
dadhmsi hide, cover' Lat. inter-fici 'to
[1pl.act.] (RV+); destroy, kill'
ddhati [3pl.act.] 'to give a name': Skt. nma dh-
(RV+) (RV+) OAv. nmm dadt_ ( Y
dadhuh 38.4+) Gr.
[3pl.impf.act.] Lat. nmen indere Hitt. SUM-an
(RV+); dadh dai
[1sg.med.] (RV+);
dhats [2sg.med.]
(RV+); dhatt
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
dadhre [3pl.med.]
(RV+); ddhat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+); dheh
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+); dhatsva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV+)
ddhat- [ptc.act.]
(RV+)
Aorist R: dht
[3sg.act.] (RV+);
dhuh [3pl.act.]
(RV+); adhita
[3sg.med.] (RV+);
dhat, dhti
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
dheym
/dheyaam/
[1sg.opt.act.] (RV)
dheyuh
[3pl.opt.act.] (RV)
(for the genesis of
these forms see
Kortlandt 1987b,
Lubotsky 1995
XXX)
dhmahi

Page 412
 Sheet1

Placement Verbs JPM

Present AYA {1}: Food & Drink JPM

dhyati [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
Aorist SIS:
adhait [3sg.act.]
(HirGS 1.17.5)
Perfect: dadhr
[3pl.act.] 'they
have sucked' (RV
09.099.03) (?)
{2}
Caus: dhpy
(RV)
Inf: dhtave 'to
drink' (RV), Abs:
dhtv (SB)
TA-Ptc.: dht-
(AV+)

Kinship JPM

caring for the cows': Skt. g-dhyas- [adj] (RV 10.067.07) OA

IIAL
IIAL

{1} IIAL

IIAL
Body (Upper) JPM

Law & Order JPM

Dieties JPM
Beekes

Page 413
 Sheet1

Law & Order JPM

Present II: pri Being & Doing JPM

dhat IIAL
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
07.050.02),
adihan
[3pl.impf.act.]
(JB), dihn-
[ptc.med.] (RV
10.087.04),
-degdhi [3sg.act.]
(KauS)
Aorist SA:
adhikan
[3pl.act.] (JB)
TA-Ptc.: digdh-
(AV+)

Placement Verbs JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Textiles JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Present I: dhmati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S:
adhmsam
[1sg.act.] (AVP)
Passive:
dhamyate {1}
[3sg.] (RV
10.135.07)
dhmy (JB, Up.)
TA-Ptc.: dhmt-
'blown up' (RV
07.089.02, Br.+)
dhamit- 'fanned'
(RV 02.024.07)

Run & Jump JPM

Page 414
 Sheet1

IIAL

Present VA: IIAL

dhnva (< IE
*dhenh-ue-)
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+) {2}
Perfect:
dadhanyur
[3pl.opt.act.] (RV
04.003.12),
dadhnat
[3sg.inj.act.] 'set
in motion' (trans.)
(RV 10.073.01),
dadhanvms-
[ptc.act.] (both
intr. and trans.)
(RV)
dadhanv
[3sg.med.] (RV)
{3}
Aorist IS:
adhanviur
[3pl.opt.act.] (RV,
SB) {3}
Caus: dhanyan
[3pl.inj.act.] 'to
make run, to set
in motion' (RV
01.071.03),
dhanayante
[3pl.med.] (RV)

Body (Upper) JPM

Give & Take JPM

Page 415
 Sheet1

Causative 'to uphold the Truth': Skt. rrtm IIAL

(Present X): dhray (RV) OAv. am dar-
dhryati 'to uphold the Earth': Skt. km
[3sg.act.] (RV+) ddhra (RV 01.067.05) OAv.
Present IV: drt zm ( Y 44.4)
dhriyate (< *dhr- 'to provide goods': Skt. vsni
ie-) [3sg.med.] dhraya (RV 09.063.30) OP
(RV 05.034.07 +), draya-vau- [m] PN 'Dareios' (<
dhriyran PIIr. *dhrayat-vasu-)
[3pl.opt.med.] 'to support the pillar': Skt.
(SB) {1} sthm dhrayantu (RV
Aorist R: dhrrths 10.018.13) YAv. stun
[2sg.inj.med.] (AV vraiieiti ( Yt 10.28)
3.25.1)
Aorist RED:
ddharat
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Perfect: ddhra
[3sg.act.] (RV+) =
present
in later texts
rebuilt into a
reduplicated
present ddharti
[3sg.act.] (JB),
ddhrati [3pl.act.]
(YVp) ( Kmmel
2000: 261f.) {2}
dadhr
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
intrans.
Intensive:
drdhari
[2sg.act.] (RV
05.084.03)
v adardhar
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV 02.038.04)
TA-Ptc.: dhrrt-
(RV+)

Run & Jump JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Trees JPM

Binding JPM

Page 416
 Sheet1

Present V: courageous mind': Skt. dhrrn mnas (RV), dhrran-manas- IIAL

dhrruh
[2sg.imp.act.] (RV
01.080.03+)
Aorist A: adhrras
[2sg.act.] (SB),
dhrrnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV), dhrrma-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Aorist IS:
adhariur
[3pl.act.] (TA
5.1.3)
Perfect: dadhra
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
ddhrruh
[3pl.act.] (AV)
{1}, dadhart
[3sg.inj.] (RV)
Caus: dharay
(KS+)
TA-Ptc.: dhrrta-
'irresistible'
(RV+), dhrrit-
'bold, brave,
daring' (RV+)
Inf: dhrr-e, -
dhrrah (RV)

Conflict JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 417
 Sheet1

Present IA: Run & Jump JPM

dhvati [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+), dhvate
[3sg.med.]
Present IB:
dhavante
[3pl.med.] (RV)
Aorist IS:
adhvita
[3sg.med.] (RV
09.070.08)
Aorist RED:
adadhvat
[3sg.act.] (RV
09.087.07,
intrans., probably
nonce)
Caus: dhvy 'to
drive' (RV
10.146.02+) {1}

IIAL
Movement JPM

Position JPM

Page 418
 Sheet1

Present II: dgdhi IIAL

[3sg.act.] (TSp+),
duhnti [3pl.act.]
(RV+), dhok
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV, AV), dohat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+), dugdhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(AVP-S.m), duh
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
dugdhe
[3sg.med.] (Br.+),
duhr [3pl.med.]
(RV+), duhat
[3pl.med.] (RV+),
duhrat
[3pl.med.] (RV-
TSm)
duha
[3sg.impf.med.]
(MSp), duhat
[3sg.impf.med.]
(RV+) {1},
dhate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV+)
dhukva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV+), duhm
[3sg.impv.med.]
(RV-Br.m),
dohatm
[3sg.impv.med.]
(KSm, TBm)
Aorist S:
adhukata
[3pl.aor.med.] (RV
09.110.08),
dhukata (MS
4.2.13:37.1)
Aorist SA:
dhukat
[3sg.act.] (RV),
Being & Doing JPM

Page 419
 Sheet1

Present V: dhnoti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
dhnuth
[2pl.act.] (RV+)
later dhunoti
[3sg.act.],
dhunute
[3sg.med.] (Br.+)
with secondary
short vowel
{1} Aorist S:
adhata
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.082.02),
adhta
[3sg.med.] (AVP)
Perfect: dudhuvta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(RV 08.070.11),
dudhuve
[3sg.med.] (AV
12.1.57)
Intensive:
dodhavti
[3sg.act.] (RV)
ddhuvat,
dvidhvat-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
davidhva
[3sg.pf.act.] (RV
01.140.06)
ddhot
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV)
{2}
TA-Ptc.: dht-
'shaken' (RV+)

Construction JPM

Beekes
Family JPM

Fish JPM

Page 420
 Sheet1

IIAL

Present IX {2}: Conflict JPM

kiti [3sg.act.] Health&Sickness IIAL
(RV+)
kinti [3pl.act.]
(RV+)
Present V: kimi
[1sg.act.] (AV+)
Present IV:

kyante
[3pl.med.] 'to be
destroyed, perish'
(RV+)
kyte {3}
[3sg.med.] (AV,
SB, TB)
Aorist S: keta
[3sg.inj.med.]
(AV+), keths
[2sg.inj.med.]
(VS+)
Aorist mediopass:
kyi [3sg.] (TS-
MSm)
Caus: kpyati
[3sg.act.] (AV)
TA-Ptc.: kit-
'exhausted,
decreased' (RV,
KS+)
-kita- (RV+)
na-ptc.: k-
{2} (AV, Br.+)

Liquid Motions JPM

imperishable fame': Skt. kiti rvah, rvas- kita- IIAL

Body (Upper) JPM

Celt.

Construction JPM

Law & Order JPM

Page 421
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM

Plants JPM
IIAL

Earth JPM

Trees JPM

Water JPM

Convey JPM

Convey JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Convey JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Bugs

Page 422
 Sheet1

Present IV: 'destroyer of evil': Skt. druh Values JPM

drhyati hant (RV 02.033.17) YAv. jata IIAL
[3sg.act.] (AVP+) druj
Aorist A: druhan 'breaking agreement, betraying
[3pl.inj.act.] friends, treacherous': Skt.
(RV+) drghamitra- (RV 10.089.12),
Aorist S: adrukas mitra-drh- (MS+) YAv.
[2sg.inj.act.] (Br. mir.drug-
+) mirm druiti ( Yt 10.45), Parth.
Perfect: dudrha drwxt-myhr, MP mihr-drz
[3sg.act.] (RV, AV,
JB)
Fut: dhrokyati
[3sg.act.] (MS)
TA-Ptc.: drugdh-
'deceitful, false'
(RV+)

Hair JPM

Meals JPM

Transport JPM

telling lies': Skt. drogha-vc- [adj] 'saying deceitful words' ( IIAL

Beekes

Social Organization JPM

Dieties JPM

IIAL
Aorist IS<R: IIAL
dhvant
[3sg.act.] (RV
08.006.13) {1}
Caus: dhvnayat
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV 06.018.10)
dhvanayt
[3sg.inj.] (RV
01.162.15
nonce) TA-Ptc.:
dhvnt-, also [n]
'darkness' (RV+),
[m] 'name of a
wind' (VS+)

Page 423
 Sheet1

Tools JPM

daughter of heaven/Zeus': Skt. duhi Kinship JPM

IIAL

Dieties JPM

Fire JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Dwelling JPM

dhr [nom.sg.], dhram [acc.sg.], dhur [instr.sg.], dhr [loc.pl.], etc. IIAL
Human Sounds JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Page 424
 Sheet1

Present I: IIAL
dhvmsate
[3sg.med.]
(AVP+)
Present IV:
-dhvasyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Present X:
dhvasayah
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV)
dhvasyant-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
Aorist A: -dhvasn
[3pl.inj.act.] (RV
08.055.05)
Perfect:
-dadhvase
[2sg.med.] (RV
10.113.07),
dadhvasat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(AVP)
vi-dadhvamsur
[3pl.act.] (Up.)
Caus.: dhvamsy
(YVp+)
TA-Ptc.: dhvast-
(AVP+)

Reductive Activities JPM

Conflict JPM

Transport JPM

Root present ? Vital Functions JPM

(SGM)

Dieties JPM

Page 425
 Sheet1

In the RV only du. Construction JPM

and pl.: dvr, IIAL
dvrau
[nom.acc.du.],
dvras [nom.pl.],
dras [acc.pl.]
dvr [nom.sg.]
(AV+). From Br.
on, dvra- [n].

IIAL
Fauna JPM

Present I: IIAL
dytamna-
[ptc.med.] (RV
10.177.02),
dytate
[3sg.med.] (AV+)
Present AYA:
dyutayanta
[3pl.inj.med.] (RV
02.034.02)
Aorist S<R:
dyaut
[2,3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist R: dyutant-
[ptc.act.] (in
dyutd-yman-
[adj] 'with shining
driving' (RV),
dyut(d)dyu- [adj]
'with shining
days' (MS)),
dytna-,
dyutn-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Perfect: (v)
didyute
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
didyutat
[3sg.ppf.act.] (RV)
didyta [3sg.act.]
(AV)
Caus: dyotay (RV,
AV)
Intensive:
dvidyot
[3sg.inj.act.]
(RV+)
dvidyutat
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
{1}

Page 426
 Sheet1

Present I: IIAL
jyotatm
[3sg.impv.med.]
(MS)
Passive: ava-
jyotymna- [ptc.]
(SB)
Caus: jyoty (AV)
Abs: ava-jytya
(Br.+)

Beekes
Bug JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Celt.

Fauna JPM

Position JPM

/div(i)y-/ IIAL
Dieties JPM

drghyas- [comp] 'long-lasting darkness': Skt. Shape JPM

'lasting longer, drgh- tmas- 'long-lasting IIAL
longer (in length)' darkness' (RV), drgh-tamas- [m]
(RV+) N. of a rri (RV) OAv. dargm
drghitha- [sup] ii tmah 'long life-time of
'longest' (RV+) darkness' ( Y 31.20)
'long life-time': Skt. drgh- yu()-
(RV) OAv. dargm ii ( Y
31.20)
'long-lived': Skt. drghyu- [adj]
(RV) OAv. dargiiu- [adj] Gr.
[adj.] 'with a long life'
(with analogical --)
'long-armed': Skt. drgha-bhu-
[adj] (Ep.+) OAv. darg.bzu-
[adj], YAv. dar.bzu- [adj]
'whose fame reaches far and
wide': Skt. drgh-ravas- [adj]
(RV), drgha-rt- [adj] (RV+) OP
*darga-avah- [m] PN

Shape JPM

Beekes
Construction JPM

Page 427
 Sheet1

Head JPM
IIAL
Beekes

Position JPM

ptir dn Family JPM

[gen.sg.] (RV IIAL
also ur dn RV
10.061.20), dm
suptn (RV
06.003.07),
damm [gen.pl.]
(RV 10.046.07),
probably dmsu
[loc.pl.] (RV
01.134.04,
01.141.04)

Dwelling JPM
Family

Marriage JPM

? Fauna JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Page 428
 Sheet1

dr, drah [gen.sg.] 'wood' (RV+), dr [instr.sg.] Trees JPM

IIAL

dh [nom.acc.sg.] (RV, SB), doh [gen.sg.] (SB), d Body (Upper) JPM

IIAL

IIAL
Textiles JPM

Present II: ni- IIAL

dryt
[3sg.opt.act.] (Br.)
Fut: drsyti
[3sg.act.] (Br.)

Intensive: dandrammeeting': YAv. ha-dramana- [n] '(p Run & Jump JPM
IIAL

Reductive Activities JPM

IIAL

Page 429
 Sheet1

Present I: drvati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Perfect: dudrva
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Fut: droyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Aorist RED:
dudrot [3sg.act.]
(RV 02.030.03),
dudrvat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV) {1}
Caus: drvyati
(RV+)
Present AYA:
dravayanta
[3pl.inj.med] (RV
10.048.05)
Intensive perfect:
dodrva [3sg.act.]
(TS)
TA-Ptc.:
(d-)druta- 'run
(away)' (VS)

Present IX: drn- (metrically, drun-) [ptc.med.] (RV 04.004.01), druti, dr IIAL
Water JPM

Plants JPM

Fauna JPM

dvyas- [comp] (RV)

'visible far and wide': Skt. dre- IIAL
drr- [adj] (RV) YAv. dra-
dar(tma)- [adj] {2}
'far-renowned': dre-ravas- [adj]
(SrS.) {3} YAv. dra-srta-
[adj], MP drsraw [m] PN

IIAL

Shape JPM

Page 430
 Sheet1

IIAL

'wrongly done': Skt. du-krrt- [adj] Values JPM

'wickedly done', [n] 'evil action' IIAL
(RV+) OP du-krrta- [adj] 'badly
done'
'speaking badly, insulting,
slandering': Skt. duh-msa- [adj]
(RV+) YAv. du.saha- [adj]
'difficult to reach': Skt. dur-pan-
[adj] (RV), dur-pa- [adj] (SB+)
YAv. du-piia- [adj]
'difficult to access', 'hardship,
danger': Skt. dur-it- [adj, n] (RV+)
YAv. du-ita- [adj, n]
'wrongly performed sacrifice': Skt.
dr-iti- [f] (AV+) YAv. du-iiati-
[f]
'bad, inauspicious word': Skt. dur-
ukt- [n] (RV+) YAv. du-uxta-
[adj] 'badly spoken' MP duhxt
'bad words'
'evil-minded': YAv. du-mainiiu-
[adj] 'evil-minded', [m] 'enemy'
MP dwm(y)n' /dumen/, Parth.
dwmyn, NP duman 'enemy'
'evil-minded': Skt. dur-mnman-
[adj] 'evil-minded' (RV) OAv.
du-manah-, YAv. du-manah-
[adj] Gr. (Hom.) - [adj]
cf. also Skt. dur-mat- [f] 'evil mind,
hatred' (RV+), YAv. du-mata- [adj]
'badly thought'

Conflict JPM

Numbers JPM

Values JPM

Page 431
 Sheet1

Present II: dvti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
dvims [1pl.act.]
(RV+)
-dvite
[3pl.med.] (AV+)
Aorist SA: dvikat
[3sg.inj.act.] (AV)
Aorist RED:
-adidviat
[3sg.act.] (AVP)
Perfect: didvea
[3sg.act.] (SB)
TA-Ptc.:
(ndra)dvita- (RV
09.073.05+)

'two-footed, biped': Skt. dvi-pd- Numbers JPM

[adj] (RV+) Sogd. (Buddh.) y- IIAL
p''kw Khot. i-vva- [adj] (<
*dvi-pda-) Gr. - [adj]
Lat. bi-ps [adj] OE twu-fte
[adj]
'double-tongued': Skt. dv-jihva-
[adj] (AV+) Sogd. (Buddh.)
yz''k Lat. bi-linguis [adj]
'two-legged': Skt. dv-pratitha-
[adj] (Br.) YAv. bi-paititna-
[adj]

for the second time': Skt. dvityam Numbers JPM
[adv] (RV+) OAv. daibitm [adv] IIAL
( Y 45.1), YAv. bitm, t_bitm [adv]
OP <duuviitiym> [adv] Umb.
duti 'iterum'

/d(u)v/ Numbers JPM

/duvdaa/ Numbers JPM

IIAL

The forms in the RV are: d(u)v, d(u)vu [nom.acc.m.], d

Numbers JPM
IIAL

Page 432
 Sheet1

Numbers JPM

dvay- [f] Numbers JPM

IIAL
'father heaven': Skt. dyu pit,
dyuh [nom.sg.], dya Time JPM
dyu ptar [voc.] (RV+) Gr. IIAL
() , [voc.],
Umb. Iupater [voc.], Lat. Iup(p)iter,
Gr.

'time and again': Skt. pra-div-
[adv] (RV) OAv. fraidiuu [adv]
( Y 32.14)

Dieties JPM

Kinship JPM
Beekes
Fire JPM

Fauna JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Meals JPM
Beekes

Body (Lower) JPM

IIAL

Present I: ghate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: ava-
gdha-
'penetrated into
the water, dived
in' (SrS.+)

Plants JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Page 433
 Sheet1

Being & Doing JPM

Speech JPM

Speech JPM

Values JPM

Beekes
Present IV: Poetics JPM
gyanti [3pl.act.], IIAL
gye [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist S: gsi
[1sg.inj.med.]
(RV)
Aorist SIS:
agsiur [3pl.act.]
(RV+)
Perfect: jagau
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Fut: gsy (Br.+)
Passive:
gymna-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: gt-
(RV+: RV only
abhgta-)

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Values JPM

Values JPM

Swim JPM

Page 434
 Sheet1

Reductive Activities JPM

Qualities JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Bug JPM
Celt.
Bend and Press JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Aorist IS: IIAL

jambhiat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
10.086.04)
Intensive: abhi-
jjabhna-
[ptc.med.] (AV),
jajabhyte
[3sg.med.] (TS)

Present AYA: grind up the two jaws (of the wolf)': Skt. hn jambhaya IIAL
jambhyati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist RED:
ajjabham
[1sg.act.] (AV
7.56.5)
Marriage JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Beekes

Page 435
 Sheet1

Present I: jnmi Vital Functions JPM

[1sg.act.] (RV+)
Present IV: jyate
[3sg.med.] 'be
born' (RV+)
Aorist R: ajani
[1sg.med.] (RV
08.006.10
later aji TB)
Aorist IS: janita
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
jniva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist RED:
jjanat [3sg.act.]
'has produced,
has created'
(RV+)
Aorist mediopass:
jani [3sg.] (RV),
jni [3sg.inj.] (RV
01.141.01), jni
[3sg.inj.] (RV
08.007.36)
Perfect: jajna
[3sg.act.] 'has
produced, has
given birth (to)'
(RV+), jaj
[3sg.med.] 'is
born' (RV+)
Fut: janiyte
[3sg.med.] 'will be
born' (RV
01.081.05+)
Caus: janyati
[3sg.act.] 'to
produce' (RV+)
Abs: janitv (RV
10.065.07)
Inf: jnitoh (RV
04.006.07)
TA-Ptc.: jt-, also
IIAL

Kinship JPM
IIAL

IIAL
IIAL
Family JPM
IIAL

Kinship JPM
IIAL

Page 436
 Sheet1

grind up the two jaws (of the wolf) Head JPM

IIAL

Food & Drink JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Social Organization JPM

Bird JPM
Celt.

Human Sounds JPM

Page 437
 Sheet1

Present I: jranti IIAL

[3pl.act.] (RV) 'to
make age'
Present IV: jryati
[3sg.act.] (RV),

jryati [3sg.act.]
(AV+) 'to become
decrepit'
Aorist IS: jriur
[3pl.inj.act.] (RV)
Aorist A or
Present VI {1}:
jurtam
[2du.impv.act.]
'make decrepit!'
(RV 01.182.03)
jurnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV) 'old, decrepit'
Perfect: jajra
[3sg.act.] 'has
become old' (AV
10.8.26),
jujurvms-,
jujur- [ptc.act.]
(RV)
Caus: jary 'to
make age' (RV+)
{2}
na-ptc.: jr-
(RV), jr- (AV+)
{3}

[f] jrat- (RV, AV). IIAL

Vital Functions JPM

Already in the RV (2x) acc.sg. jarm, from where jar- [ Family JPM
IIAL
Family JPM

Present IV: jasyata IIAL

[2pl.impv.] (RV),
Aorist A:
jsamna-
[ptc.med.] (RV),
Perfect: jajsa
[3sg.act.] (AV),
jajastm
[3du.impv.] (RV)
Caus: jsay (Br.
+), Aorist RED:
ajjasah [2sg.act.]
(AVP+)

Page 438
 Sheet1

Aorist A: junta 'to enjoy according to the wish': IIAL

[3pl.inj.med.] Skt. un jujoa (RV 04.025.01)
(RV+) YAv. utm zaomca
Aorist R: ajuran 'to be agreeable to the gods': Skt.
[3pl.med.] (RV dev-juta- (RV), jtam devbhih
01.071.01), jat (RV 10.125.05) OAv.
[3sg.subj.act.] dauu.zuta- 'desired by the
(RV), jun- Dauuas, favourite of the
[ptc.med.] (RV) Dauuas'
SI-impv: ji (RV) 'of the same wish': Skt. sa-ja(s)-
Aorist IS: jiat [adj] 'being in harmony with,
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV united' (RV+) OAv. ha-zaoa-
02.035.01) [adj]
Perfect: juja
[3sg.act.], juju
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Caus: joyate
[3sg.med.] 'to
enjoy (mutually)'
(RV)
Abs: jutv (RV)
TA-Ptc.: jut-,
jta- 'welcome,
wished,
agreeable' (RV+)

Food & Drink JPM

Containers JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Beekes
Give & Take JPM
IIAL

Trees JPM

Page 439
 Sheet1

Weapons JPM

Fauna JPM

Hair JPM

Construction JPM

Values JPM

Bird JPM

Celt.

Construction JPM

Give & Take JPM

Head JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Binding JPM

Page 440
 Sheet1

Present III: jhti Travel JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+), IIAL
jhte [3sg.med.]
(RV+)

Present IV: hyate,
hyte [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Perfect: jahr
[3pl.act.] (RV+),
jah [3sg.act.] 'he
has abandoned'
(RV 10.071.08)
{1}
Aorist S: ahs
[2,3sg.act.]
(RV+), ahsata
[3pl.med.] (RV)
Aorist SIS:
hsitam
[2du.inj.act.]
(AV+)
Fut: hsyanti
[3pl.act.] (AV+)
Caus: v
hpaymasi
[1pl.act.] 'to make
open, to spread
apart' (AV+)
Aorist RED: va
jhipas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV
03.053.19)
na-ptc.: hn-
(RV+)
Abs: hitv (RV+)

Human Sounds JPM

Head JPM

Fauna JPM

Time JPM
IIAL

Page 441
 Sheet1

Values JPM

Speech JPM

Tools JPM

Color JPM
Metals

Water JPM

Desire JPM

Organs JPM

Fauna JPM

Head JPM

Come & Go JPM

IIAL

IIAL
Fauna JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Textiles JPM
Dwelling

Page 442
 Sheet1

Present IV: hryati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV-
TBm, SB=BAU),
hryama-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Caus: harayanta
[3pl.inj./subj.med.
] (RV 04.037.02)

Present I: hrate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Present IV: hrryati
[3sg.act.] (RV
10.086.07, Br.+)
Perfect: jhrr-
[ptc.med.] (RV
01.101.02)
Intensive:
jarhrranta
[3pl.inj.med.] (RV)
Caus: haryati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: hrrit-
'glad, excited'
(RV+)

Qualities JPM

Fish JPM

Beekes
Body (Upper) JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Numbers JPM

Page 443
 Sheet1

Present III: juhti Liquid Motions JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Perfect: juhv
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Aorist S: hauam
[1sg.inj.act.]
(TS+), ahauur
[3pl.act.] (KS)
SI-impv: hoi (RV
06.044.14)
Aorist mediopass:
hvi [3sg.] (RV)
Fut: hoyti
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Passive: hyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: hut-
'poured
worshipped with a
sacrifice' (RV+)

IIAL
IIAL
Speech JPM
Beekes

Liquid Motions JPM

Beekes
Conflict JPM

Meals JPM

Fauna JPM

IIAL

Dwelling JPM

IIAL
Qualities JPM

Values JPM

IIAL

Page 444
 Sheet1

Body (Lower) JPM

Position JPM

Space JPM

Organs JPM

Fauna JPM

Desire JPM

Dwelling JPM
Beekes

Organs JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Social Organization JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

IIAL
Celt.

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 445
 Sheet1

Give & Take JPM

Come & Go JPM

also n- [f] (TS+), hlduni- [f] (Br.) IIAL

Sensation JPM

Give & Take JPM

Agriculture JPM

Caus: hrsay IIAL

(Gobh.+)
TA-Ptc.: nir-hrasta-
(SrS.)
Values JPM

Plants JPM
Beekes

Air JPM

Beekes
Dieties JPM

Tools JPM

Fauna JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Human Sounds JPM

gluh [nom.sg.] (AV), glvam [acc.sg.] (AVP), glvah [nom.pl.] (AB 1.25.13), glaubh
IIAL

Page 446
 Sheet1

Reductive Activities JPM

Fauna JPM

IIAL

Kinship JPM
Beekes

Earth JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Page 447
 Sheet1

Present IX: jnti Knowledge & Thought JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
(< *j n-n-aH- with
restored laryngeal
in the root)
jnt [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist R: jeys
[2sg.opt.act.] (RV
02.010.06) {1}
Precative: jeam
[1sg.act.] (AV, VS)
Aorist S:
ajsths
[2sg.med.] (AV+)
Aorist SIS:
ajsima
[1pl.act.] (JB)
Perfect: vi-jn-
[ptc.act.] (RV
10.077.01
nonce), jajau
[1sg.act.] (late Br.
+) {2}
Passive: v
jyante [3pl.]
(RV 04.051.06),
+sam jyate
[3sg.] (AV
20.129.11),
-jyte [3sg.]
(YVp+)
Aorist mediopass:
jyi [3sg.] (RV
06.065.01)
Caus: sm japay
'to make agree, to
slaughter' (AV+)
japay 'to teach,
to make know'
(Br.+)
Desid: jijsate
[3sg.med.] (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: -jta-
Knowledge & Thought JPM

Sight JPM

IIAL

Beekes
IIAL
Knowledge & Thought JPM

Trees JPM

IIAL

Page 448
 Sheet1

Head JPM
IIAL

Kinship JPM
IIAL

IIAL
Head JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

IIAL

Fauna JPM

Hair JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Page 449
 Sheet1

Plants JPM
Beekes

Water JPM

Dwelling JPM

Organs JPM

Organs JPM

Weapons JPM

? Swim JPM

? Swim JPM

Present III: jgti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist R: gt
[3sg.aor.act.]
(RV+)
Perfect: jagyt
[3sg.pf.opt.act.]
(RV)
Inf: gtave (RV)

Beekes
Come & Go JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Page 450
 Sheet1

Conflict JPM
Reductive Activities

Liquid Motions JPM

Present IV: IIAL

grrdhyant-
[ptc.act.] (RV
02.038.03, SB+)
Aorist A: grrdhat
[3sg.act.] (RV
10.034.04)
Perfect: jgrrdhh
[3pl.act.] (RV
02.023.16) {1},
jagrrdhur [3pl.act.]
(SB 3.9.3.21)
Fut: gardhiyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.)

Present VI: ud- Throw JPM

gurma- IIAL
[ptc.med.] (VS)
Intensive: apa-
jrgura-
[ptc.med.] 'raising
the arm (for
striking)' (RV
05.029.04)
Abs: apa-gry
(RV 05.032.06)
na-ptc.: ud-gra-
(Cl.)

Trees JPM

Bug JPM

Conflict JPM

Page 451
 Sheet1

Present SK: may you come to us for': Skt. s na

Come & Go JPM
gchati [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
Aorist R: gan
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
(< PIE *h-
gwem-t with
secondary g- from
the present)
Aorist A: gmat
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist RED:
ajgamat
[3sg.act.] (AV)
Perfect: jagma
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
jagm [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Fut: gamiy
(AV+)
Caus: gamyati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
gmaya
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 05.005.10)
'let go, bring!'
Inf: gntave
(RV+), gmadhyai
(RV)
TA-Ptc.: gat-
(RV+)

Family JPM
IIAL

Page 452
 Sheet1

Present VI: girti Food & Drink JPM

[3sg.act.] (AV+), IIAL
gilati (Br.+)
Aorist A: garan
[3pl.inj.act.] (RV)
Aorist IS: grt
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV)
Perfect: jagra
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Fut: gariy (Br.+)
Intensive: jalgulas
[2sg.subj.act.] (RV
01.028.01),
galgalti [3sg.act.]
(VS)
na-ptc.: gr- (RV
10.088.02 +)

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Present IX: grrti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
grrt [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Present I: jrate
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
{1}
Aorist R: grta
[3sg.inj.med.] (RV
01.173.02)
Aorist A:
gurasva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV
in the Br.
transformed into
a present, e.g. TB
gurate)
Perfect: juguryt
[3sg.opt.act.] (RV)
Abs: abhigry
'approving,
accepting' (RV)
TA-Ptc.: grt-
'welcome' (RV+)

Weapons JPM

Page 453
 Sheet1

Health&Sickness JPM
Fire

Trees JPM

? Speech JPM

Trees JPM
IIAL

Organs JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

IIAL

Desire JPM

Page 454
 Sheet1

Present II: hnti Vrrtra-slayer': Skt. vrrtra-hn- (RV) Conflict JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+), IIAL
ghnnti [3pl.act.]
(RV+), jah (<
*gwhnr -dhi)
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+)
Present I<III:
jghnate
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Perfect: jaghna
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Fut: haniyti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Passive: hanyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Caus: ghtayati
(Br.+)
Intensive:
jghanti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Desid: jghmsati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: hat-
'killed, slain'
(RV+)
Abs: hatv (RV+),
Inf: hntave,
hntavi

Qualities JPM
IIAL

Textiles JPM

Beekes
IIAL
Measure & Quantity JPM

IIAL

Page 455
 Sheet1

IIAL

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Qualities JPM

jiy- IIAL
Beekes
Trees JPM

Bird JPM

Beekes
Earth JPM

godh(s) [nom.sg.] IIAL

Occupations JPM
Beekes
JPM

Fauna JPM

gurv- [f] (AVP, S. Qualities JPM

+) {3} IIAL
gryas- [comp]
(KS, TB+)
garitha- [sup]
(P, Cl.)

Page 456
 Sheet1

Tools JPM
Beekes

Shape JPM

Celt.

?? Formal Speech & Song JPM

Head JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Fauna JPM

Conflict JPM

Celt.
Food & Drink JPM
IIAL

'to place inside (-> conceal, IIAL

destroy)': Skt. antr dh- (RV+)
Lat. inter-fici
'to ban, expel': OAv. atar
mruii Lat. inter-dc
Values JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 457
 Sheet1

Agriculture JPM

Head JPM

Tools JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

IIAL

Formal Speech & Song JPM

dn [nom.sg.], dntam [acc.sg.], dats [gen.sg.], etc. ( Head JPM

IIAL

nom.sg.m. aym, IIAL

dat.sg.m./n.
smai
abl.sg.m./n.
asmt
gen.sg.m./n. sya
{1}

Beekes

Page 458
 Sheet1

Food & Drink JPM

Beekes

IIAL

Food & Drink JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Pronouns JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Speech JPM

Fauna JPM

Position JPM
Beekes

IIAL
Fauna JPM

Page 459
 Sheet1

Food & Drink JPM

nom.sg. tm, Vital Functions JPM

acc.sg. tmnam, IIAL
loc.sg. tmni
weak stem:
instr.sg. tmn,
dat.sg. tmne,
loc.sg. tmn(i),
sometimes also
acc.sg. tmnam
(RV 01.063.08),
puru-tmnam
'rich in life-breath'
(RV 08.002.38)

Organs JPM

Present II: hate to say the word': Skt. vcas ohase (RV 01.030.04) YAv. IIAL
[3pl.med.] (RV),
hna- [ptc.med.]
(RV), ohase
[2sg.subj.med.]
(RV)
hate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV)
Aorist IS: uhita
[3sg.med.] (RV
06.017.08) {1}

s [instr.sg.] with the mouth, with the tongue': Skt. s jihvy (RV 01.14 IIAL
'with the mouth,
before one's eyes,
present, visible'
(RV)
ss [abl.sg.] (RV)
other case forms
are based on
sn- [n] (sn,
sni [loc.sg.],
sn [instr.sg.]
(RV+)) and sy-
[n] 'mouth, jaws'
(RV+)

Page 460
 Sheet1

Pronouns JPM

Present II (act.): Come & Go JPM

1sg. mi, 2sg. i, IIAL
3sg. ti, 2du.
ithas, 3du. its,
1pl. imsi, 2pl.
ith, 3pl. ynti,
2sg.impv. ih,
1sg.impf. yam,
3pl. yan (< PIE
*he-hi u-) (RV+)
Present (them.)
yate [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Perfect: iyya
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
y [3pl.act.]
(RV+)
Fut: eyti
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: d-ita-
(RV)
Inf: ityai (RV) {1}

Beekes
Movement JPM

Water JPM

Movement JPM

Page 461
 Sheet1

Present IV: yati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+),
-iye [1sg.med.]
(RV 04.033.01)
Present IX: isi
[2sg.act.] (RV+),
int- [ptc.act.]
(RV+), in-
[ptc.med.] (RV
01.061.13)
Present X:
iayema
[1pl.opt.act.] (RV
01.185.09),
iyant- [ptc.act.]
(RV+)
Present ANYA:
iayti [3sg.act.]
(RV)
(Perfect: ir
[3pl.med.] (AV) (?)
{1})
Aorist ANA: iaat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV)
Inf: idhyai 'to
drive on' (RV
07.043.01),
iaydhyai (RV)
TA-Ptc.: iit-
'urged' (RV+)

Roads JPM

Trees JPM

Textiles JPM

Fauna JPM
Beekes

Page 462
 Sheet1

'with quick horses': Skt. v-va- Fauna JPM

(RV+) YAv. su.aspa- IIAL
'unbound horse': Skt. vita- va-
(RV) YAv. Vtspa- [m] PN, OP
vitasp- /vitspa-/ [m] PN (= 'of
unbound horses')
'to appease horses': Skt. vn pr-
(RV+)
Mitanni-IA Bi-ri-da-a-uu a [m] PN (=
Skt. *prtva-), Mitanni-IA Bi-ri-i ua-
a-u-uu a [m] PN (= Skt. *priyva-)
OAv. Frnspa- [m] PN
Elam.-Iran. Pir-ri-ya-i-ba [m] PN (=
Iran. *Friyspa-)

Come & Go JPM

Bird JPM

Trees JPM

Trees JPM

Fauna JPM

Fauna JPM
Celt.

Health&Sickness JPM
IIAL

'reddish/white steed': Skt. rvant- Color JPM

aru- (RV) YAv. auruuat- IIAL
aurua-
'reddish/white horse': Skt. va-
aru- (RV) YAv. aspa- aurua-
auruspa- 'with white horses'

Give & Take JPM

IIAL

Bug JPM

Beekes
Position JPM

Page 463
 Sheet1

Organs JPM

Position JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Come & Go JPM

Position JPM

Head JPM
IIAL
Celt.

Position JPM

IIAL

IIAL
antatya- (AVP IIAL
7.15.7, 8.8.3
for -t- see
Griffiths 2004 ad
7.15.7)

Page 464
 Sheet1

IIAL

IIAL
Present V: pnti Give & Take JPM
[3sg.act.] {1} IIAL
(AV+)
Perfect: pa
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
pir [3pl.med.]
(RV+), pn-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Passive: pyte
(YVm+)
Fut: psy (Br.+)
Caus: pay (Up.
+)
Desid: ps- (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: pt-
'reached,
complete, known'
(RV+)

ap(u)v- IIAL

Fauna JPM

'to close doors': Skt. dvr- Position JPM

apidhna- Gr. IIAL
'to close, to cover': Skt. p-vrrta- Beekes
(RV) Lat. op-erre

Bird JPM

Page 465
 Sheet1

Present VI: rrcchti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist A: rat
[3sg.aor.act.]
(TS), (nr) rata
[2pl.aor.act.] (RV
01.004.05),
rma
[1pl.aor.inj.act.]
{2} (RV)
Caus: arpay
(RV+), TA-Ptc.
(caus.): rpita-
(RV+), arpit- (RV
01.164.48) {3}
TA-Ptc.: rrt- (TS)

Earth JPM

Movement JPM

Plants JPM

Speech JPM

Swim JPM
Beekes

IIAL

Transport JPM

Values JPM

Clean JPM

Page 466
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM

Present I: rcati Formal Speech & Song JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+), IIAL
abh arce
[1sg.med.] (RV
05.041.08,
06.022.01), abhy
rcase [1sg.med.]
(RV 10.064.03)
Perfect: nrrch
[3pl.act.] (RV+),
nrrce [3sg.med.]
(RV 01.160.04)
Passive: rrcyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Caus: arcayas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV
03.044.02)
Inf: rrcse (RV)

rrc-am [acc.sg.], rrc- [instr.sg.], rrg-bh [instr.pl.] Formal Speech & Song JPM
IIAL

Health&Sickness JPM

Liquid Motions JPM

Present I: rati [3sg.act.] (RV-YVm) IIAL

Page 467
 Sheet1

Present II (act. 'may we be those ': Skt. t Being & Doing JPM
all RV+): smi syma (RV) Av. ti x iim IIAL
[1sg.], si [2sg.], 'who are you? to whom do you
sti [3sg.], sthh belong?': Skt. ko 'si kasysi (Ep.)
[2du.], stah OAv. ci ah kahii ah {2}
[3du.], smh,
smsi [1pl.],
sth(na) [2pl.],
snti [3pl.], h,
st [3sg.impf.],
san [3pl.impf.]
(< *Ha-Hs-),
sat(i) [3sg.subj.],
syt [3sg.opt.],
edhi [2sg.impv.],
stu [3sg.impv.],
sntu [3pl.impv.],
snt- [ptc.] (cf.
also s.v.)
Perfect: sa
[1/3sg.act.] (RV+)
sitha [2sg.act.]
(RV+)

Throw JPM

Present II: ste Placement Verbs JPM

[3sg.med.] (RV+) IIAL
sate [3pl.med.]
(RV+)
sn- [ptc.med.]
(RV), sna-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
{1}
Aorist: sita
[3sg.med.] (Br.+)
Perfect: sm
cakre [3sg.med.]
(Br.+)
TA-Ptc.: sit-
'seated' (TS+)

Time JPM

Marriage JPM
Marriage JPM

Page 468
 Sheet1

nom.sg. srrk (RV 01.164.04), gen.sg. asn-s (AV+), instOrgans JPM

Celt.
IIAL

IIAL

Plants JPM

Conjunctions JPM
IIAL

Textiles JPM
Beekes

Measure & Quantity JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Page 469
 Sheet1

Present I: vati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: vt
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
avias
[2sg.aor.subj.act.]
(RV+)
avitu
[3sg.impv.act.]
(RV+)
aviddh
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+)
Perfect: va
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
vitha [2sg.act.]
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: -ta-
(RV+) (yumta-
[adj] 'supported
by you' (RV)
indrot- [m] PN
(='supported by
Indra') (RV, Br.)
possibly identical
with the Hurrian
name In-tar--da,
En-dar--ta)

IIAL
IIAL
Present IV: ucyasi Social Organization JPM
[2sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Perfect: uvca
[3sg.act.] (RV),
ci [2sg.med.]
(RV 08.082.02),
okivms- (RV
06.059.03) for
*okvms- < IE
*He-Huk-us-, c-
- [ptc.act.] (RV)

Page 470
 Sheet1

Present I: oati Fire JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+), IIAL
as [2sg.inj.act.]
(RV)
Present IX:
unt- [ptc.act.]
(RV) {1}
Aorist IS: oitam
[2du.inj.act.]
(SB+)
Perfect: uvoa
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Passive: praty-
uyama- [ptc.]
'being scorched'
(PB)
Caus: oaya
[2sg.impv.act.]
(AVP(O) 2.48.4)
TA-Ptc.: uta-
'scorched' (Br.+)

Present I: jrase waking Mitra': Skt. jgrrvms m Knowledge & Thought JPM
[2sg.med.] (RV) IIAL
Present III
(<Perfect): jgrat-
[ptc.act.] (RV X),
jgrati [3pl.act.]
(AV), jgrti
[3sg.act.] (MS)
Perfect: jgra
[3sg.act.] 'he is
awake' (RV+)
jgrrvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
jgrrh
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+)
jgar
[3sg.ppf.act.]
(RV+)
Caus: jry (RV)
(<< *gry , cf.
Av.)
Aorist RED: jgar
[3sg.act.] (RV)

iy-m [nom.sg.f.], i-d-m [nom.acc.sg.n.], i-m-m [acc.sg.m.] {1} IIAL

IIAL
Pronouns JPM
IIAL

Page 471
 Sheet1

Present II: yti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Present IV (?) {1}:

yate [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist S: aysam
[1sg.act.] (RV+)
Perfect: yayu
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: yt-
(RV+)
Inf: ytave (RV+)

'as far as I/we can': Skt. yvad e

IIAL
(RV) OAv. yauuat_ isi ( Y 28.4),
y.t ismaid ( Y 35.7)
'how much soever': Skt. yvant-
kyant- ca (AV+) YAv. yauuat_
cuuat_ca ( V 6.29), cuuat_ yauuat_

also ytr IIAL

Weapons JPM
Beekes

Pronouns JPM

Pronouns JPM
Beekes

Qualities JPM

Page 472
 Sheet1

Present I: rjate earth quakes': Skt. rejata kh 'earth quaked' (RV 04.022.04) IIAL
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
rjati [3sg.act.]
'make tremble'
(RV)
Caus: rejyati
[3sg.act.] (RV)

Run & Jump JPM

Law & Order JPM

Come & Go JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Social Organization JPM

raghv- [adj f] IIAL

(RV+)
rghyas- [comp]
'faster, very fast'
(TS) (replacing
*rmh , cf. YAv.
rjita-)

IIAL

IIAL

Page 473
 Sheet1

JPM
IIAL
navnm [gen.pl.] 'nine' (RV I, X+) Numbers JPM
IIAL

Numbers JPM

Page 474
 Sheet1

instr.sg. nmn /n 'having many names': Skt. pur- Formal Speech & Song JPM
man- [adj.] (RV) Gr. IIAL
[adj]
'dear name': Skt. priy- nman-
(RV) OE fro nama 'surname,
cognomen'
'famous name': Skt. rtya-
nman- (RV) Gr.
ToA om-klyu, ToB em-klywe
'fame'
'to call the name': Skt. ahve
nma (RV 03.056.04) YAv. nma
zbaiiaa ( Yt 15.49)
'Asurian names': Skt. asury i
nma (RV 10.054.04) OAv.
hirii nmn ( Y 37.3)
'using a good name': Skt. su-
nman- [adj] (AV) Elam.-Iran.
*hu-nman- [m] PN XXX (Hinz)

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Fauna JPM
IIAL

Numbers JPM
Beekes

Values JPM

Law & Order JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

IIAL

Page 475
 Sheet1

Desire JPM

Celt.
Meals JPM

IIAL

Bird JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

nom.acc.sg. Body (Upper) JPM

dhar, gen.sg. IIAL
dhnas, loc.sg.
dhan(i), instr.pl.
dhabhih (RV+)
also early
secondary forms
of stem dhas-:
nom.acc.sg.
dhah, loc.pl.
dhassu (RV+)

Body (Upper) JPM

Construction JPM

Light & Dark JPM

IIAL

Movement JPM

Page 476
 Sheet1

Liquid Motions JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Present I: rmate IIAL

[3sg.med.] 'to
become
appeased' (RV+),
rama
[3sg.impv.act.]
'appease, make
quiet' (VS+)
Present IX:
ramt
[3sg.impf.act.] 'to
quiet, to appease'
(RV)
Aorist S: ramsta
[3sg.med.] (RV-
AV)
Aorist RED:
rramat
[3sg.act.] (RV,
AVP)
Perfect: reme
[3sg.med.] (Br.+)
Fut: ramsya (Br.
+)
Caus: rmya 'to
make stop' (RV+),
ramya id. (RV+)
Abs: ratv (Br.)
TA-Ptc.: rat-
'pleased,
delighted,
devoted' (Br.+)

Give & Take JPM

Qualities JPM

Page 477
 Sheet1

Color JPM

rhi- [f] (RV+) IIAL

Vital Functions JPM

IIAL

? Metals JPM

IIAL
IIAL

sat- [f] (RV+ IIAL

in later Skt. also
'virtuous, faithful
wife')
st- [n] also
'being, reality'
(RV+)
true formula': Skt. saty mntrah (RV 01.152.02) OAv. hai IIAL

Values JPM

notice well!': Skt. viddh (RV 02.020.01) Gr. (Aisch.) IIAL

Exchange & Property JPM

Values JPM
Beekes

Page 478
 Sheet1

Present VI: ubjh IIAL

[2sg.inj.act.] (RV),
ubjnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV)
Abs: ny-ubjya (JB
1.353)
TA-Ptc.: sm-
ubjita- (AV+)

IIAL

Beekes
vght [nom.sg.], vghte [dat.sg.], etc. IIAL
IIAL

IIAL
urv- [f] 'broad earth': Skt. km urvm
IIAL
vryas- [comp] (RV) Gr.
(RV+) 'far-reaching fame': Skt. urugym
vritha- [sup] rvas (RV) Gr.
(RV+) 'broad seat': Skt. ur sdas (RV)
urv sdman (RV) Gr.

Present IV: vyati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
{1}
Aorist S: avst
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Caus: (nir)vpay
'to extinguish'
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: ud-vta-
'extinguished'
(Br.)

Page 479
 Sheet1

Present I: 'to increase the dominion': Skt. IIAL

vrdhanti vardhyanti katrm (RV
[3pl.act.] (RV+), 01.054.08) OAv. xarm
vrdhate vardait ( Y 28.3)
[3sg.med.] (RV+) 'to strengthen the judgment': Skt.
Aorist R: vrdhat vrdhn nah msam 'he will
[3sg.subj.act.] strengthen our judgment' (RV
(RV), vrrdhnt- 05.041.09) OAv. vrzdi
[ptc.act.] (RV), sghi 'with strengthened
vrrdhn- judgments' ( Y 46.3)
[ptc.med.] (RV) 'to increase in power': Skt.
Aorist A: avrrdhat vvrrdhn jas (RV 03.045.05)
[3sg.act.] (RV[+]) OAv. aojah vardaiiat ( Y
Aorist IS: 50.3)
vardhimhi
[1pl.opt.act.]
(VS+)
Perfect: vavrdha
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vvrrdhh
[3pl.act.] (RV+)
vvrrdhvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV+),
vvrrdh
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Caus: vardhya
'to make grown,
big' (RV+)
Aorist RED:
vvrrdhat
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vvrrdhanta
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: vrrddh-
(RV+)
Inf: vrrdhse (RV),
vvrrdhdhyai
(RV)

IIAL
IIAL
Water JPM

Qualities JPM

Kinship JPM
IIAL

Page 480
 Sheet1

IIAL

Beekes
Beekes
IIAL

uar [voc.sg.], usrh [gen.sg., acc.pl.], usr [loc.sg.], usr m [loc.pl.] IIAL

Plants JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Transport JPM
IIAL

Give & Take JPM

Page 481
 Sheet1

Present AYA: Textiles JPM

vyati (< IE *hu- IIAL
ie-) [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
Perfect: vur
[3pl.act.] (RV
001.061.08)
Fut: vayiynt-
[ptc.act.] (RV
based on the
present stem)
Passive: yate
[3sg.] (YVp+)
Inf: tum (RV)
tave (RV
10.130.02)
tavi (RV
01.164.05)
vtave (AV)
TA-Ptc.: ut-
(RV+)

Weapons JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Marriage JPM
IIAL

Trees JPM

Transport JPM

Bird JPM

Containers JPM

Page 482
 Sheet1

Present VII: sm Textiles JPM

unap [2sg.inj.act.] IIAL
(RV 02.013.09),
Present IX: ny-
ubhnt
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV 04.019.04),
ubhns
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV
01.063.04)
Present VI<VII:
pombhata
[2pl.impv.act.]
(AVS 8.8.11+)
TA-Ptc.: ubdh-
'fettered' (RV+)

Fauna JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Law & Order JPM

Values JPM

Beekes
Plants JPM

Trees JPM
Celt.
Beekes
Beekes
IIAL

IIAL
IIAL

Page 483
 Sheet1

IIAL

vrrk-inflexion IIAL
IIAL

IIAL
Beekes
Celt.

Beekes
Organs JPM

Agriculture JPM

IIAL
Fire JPM
Time JPM

Fire JPM

Fire JPM
Construction JPM

Fire JPM
Construction JPM

Time JPM

IIAL

Page 484
 Sheet1

Present VII: indh IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
indhte
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
probably here
Present I dhate
[3sg.med.] 'to
thrive, fare well'
(RV+)
Aorist IS:
indhidhvam
[2pl.med.] (SB)
indhiya
[1sg.opt.med.]
(TS 1.5.8.5)
Perfect: dh
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
dhir [3pl.med.]
(RV+)
Fut: indhiy (S.)
TA-Ptc.: iddh-
(RV+)

Beekes

Present II: e 'as far as I can': Skt. yvad e
(RV IIAL
[1sg.med.] (RV+) 03.018.03) OAv. yauuat_ isi

te [3sg.med.] 'to possess ruling power': Skt. e
(RV+) katryasya (RV 04.055.08)
YAv. is.xarii.tma- [adj]
'possessing the greatest ruling
power'

Beekes

Page 485
 Sheet1

Present SK: ichti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
ichnt-
[ptc.pres.act.]
(RV+)
ichase [2sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist A: iema
[1pl.opt.act.] (RV
08.044.27),
ianta [3pl.med.]
(RV 01.126.05),
ie [1sg.inj.med.]
(RV) {1}
Aorist IS: aiima
[1pl.act.] (KB),
aiiur [3pl.act.]
(SB)
Perfect: ur
[3pl.act.] (RV
03.001.02 {2},
SV, Ep.+), iyea
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
[3sg.med.] (RV
10.098.03, Br.+),
ir [3pl.med.]
(AV, Br.+)
Fut: eiyati, -te
[3sg.act., med.]
(Br.)
Passive: iyate
[3sg.] (RV
09.069.01, AVP,
S.)
Inf: ii (RV
02.002.09), itye
(RV), -etum (KSp)
TA-Ptc.: it-
'wished for,
loved', also [n]
'wish' (RV+)

Present II: de IIAL
[1sg.med.] (RV+)

tte [3sg.med.]
(RV+)

dna- [ptc.med.]
'invoking,
praising' (RV)
TA-Ptc.: dit-
(RV+)

IIAL

nas [gen.sg.] (RV+), n [instr.sg.] (RV+) with cluster reduction IIAL

Trees JPM

Page 486
 Sheet1

IIAL

Plants JPM

Present VII: IIAL

rrdhat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
01.084.16),
rrndhnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV)
Present V: rrdhnoti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Present IV: sm-
rrdhyatm
[3sg.impv.med.]
(RV 10.085.27 ,
AV+), rrdhytai
[3sg.subj.med.]
(TS+), rrdhyte
{1} [3sg.med.]
(TS, MS, SB)
Aorist R: rrdhyma
[1pl.opt.act.] (RV),
rrdhnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV)
Aorist IS:
vy rdhita
[3sg.med.] (MSp)
Aorist mediopass:
v rdhi [3sg.]
(YVp), sm
rdhi [3sg.] (SB)
Perfect: sm-
nrrdhe
[3sg.med.] (RV
10.079.07),
nardha [3sg.act.]
(AV+)
Caus: ardhyati
(AV+)

Desid: rtsant-
[ptc.act.] (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: -rrddha-
'successful,
prosperous' (AV+)
(in sam-rrddha-
'unsuccessful'
(AV))
Present I: rhati IIAL
[3sg.act.] (RV)
rhant- [ptc.act.]
(RV)
Perfect: arhire
[3pl.act.] (RV
10.092.11)
Inf: arhse 'to be
equalled, to
correspond' (RV
10.077.01)

IIAL

Page 487
 Sheet1

Exchange & Property JPM

IIAL

Dwelling JPM

Containers JPM

? Transport JPM

Sensation JPM

Binding JPM

Beekes
Beekes
Beekes
Food Prep JPM

Kinship JPM

IIAL

Plants (Wild) JPM

IIAL

Page 488
 Sheet1

'overcome trouble': Skt. mhas- IIAL

tari- (RV) YAv. vtar-zah-
'save from trouble': Skt. mhas-
tr- (RV) YAv. zahucit_
riiete
IIAL

Bend and Press JPM

IIAL
IIAL
Celt.

Transport JPM
Celt.

Head JPM

Position JPM

Social Organization JPM

IIAL

Beekes
Position JPM
IIAL
Beekes

Beekes

Page 489
 Sheet1

Binding JPM

instr.sg. ap, gen.abl.sg. aps, nom.pl. pas, acc.pl. apWater JPM

IIAL

'born later, younger': Skt. apara-j- IIAL

(VS
cf. also Singhalese varada
'younger brother') YAv. apara-
zta-
'first second': Skt. prva-
para- (RV) YAv. pauruua-
apara-
Body (Upper) JPM

Celt.

IIAL

IIAL
pc- [f] IIAL

Dieties JPM
IIAL
IIAL
Trees JPM

IIAL
Celt.
Position JPM

Color JPM
Metals Beekes

IIAL
Beekes

Page 490
 Sheet1

Tools JPM
Beekes

Tools JPM

Conflict JPM

Give & Take JPM

Conflict JPM

Present VI: ny- IIAL

rrnti [3pl.act.]
(RV 01.052.07)
{1}, ud-rrnt-
[ptc.act.]
'skewering onto'
(RV 10.155.02),
rrti [3sg.act.]
(AV+)
TA-Ptc.: ny-rr ta-
'(poured) full,
stufed' (RV) {1}

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Celt.
Dwelling JPM

Qualities JPM

IIAL

IIAL

IIAL

Page 491
 Sheet1

Food Prep JPM

Beekes
Light & Dark JPM

IIAL

'giving the most power': Skt. IIAL

ojodtama- [adj] (RV) YAv.
aogaz-dastma-
'the most powerful power': Skt.
jitham jas (RV) YAv. aojaha
aojita
'to slay with power': Skt. ghnantv
jas (AV) YAv. nine aojaha
'dominion and power': Skt.
katrm jas (RV) OAv. aog
xaramc, cf. also YAv. aogar
xarm ( Yt 13.12)
'firm power': Skt. jas dhruvm
(RV) YAv. druuahe aojah
'power of the arm': Skt. bhv-jas-
[n] 'power of the arm', [adj]
'powerful in the arm, arm-strong'
(RV) YAv. bzu.aojah- [adj]
'powerful in the arm'

Kinship JPM
Kinship JPM

Kinship JPM
Beekes

IIAL
to carry firewood': Skt. idhmm bhar- (RV), idhm-bhrrti- [a IIAL

Page 492
 Sheet1

only in the formula m yh (RV+), m ca y ca (RV) '+_ happiness and longeviIIAL

IIAL
yv [nom.sg.], yvnam [acc.sg.], yne [dat.sg.], ynas [gen.sg.] (RV+) IIAL

Movement JPM

'as far as we are concerned': Skt. IIAL

asmd abh (RV) OAv. ahmat_
aib {3}
'to harness': Skt. abh-dh- (RV+),
Skt. abhi-dhn- 'halter' (AV+)
YAv. aiiiti- 'bridle', YAv.
zaranii.aiina- 'with a golden
halter', Sogd. y'n, ''nh 'bridle'
'to study': Skt. abhi-as- (Mn.+)
YAv. aii-ah-
Skt. abhysa- 'reading, study'
(RPr., Mn+) YAv. aiiti- 'study,
reading (aloud)'

IIAL

IIAL
Agriculture JPM

Beekes

Page 493
 Sheet1

Present IX: IIAL

mrrdnti [3sg.act.]
(SrS.+)
Passive: -mrrdyta
[3sg.opt.] (MS
2.2.5:19.2),
mrrdymna-
[ptc.] (SB+)
Inf: sm-marditoh
(TS)
TA-Ptc.: mrrdit-
'smashed,
crushed' (AV+)
{1}

Agriculture JPM

Agriculture JPM

Present V: anti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Present AYA:
ayata
[3sg.inj.med.]
(RV), -ayah
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV)
nayathah {2}
[2du.act.] (RV
10.040.06)
Aorist R: nat (<
IE *he-hne-t)
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
nat [3sg.inj.act.]
(RV 07.104.23),
pr ak
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV),
nat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), aym
[1sg.opt.act.]
(RV+), ta
[3sg.med.] (RV),
ata [3pl.med.]
(RV), nate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV), amhi,
namahi
[1pl.opt.med.]
(RV)
Aorist S: kata
[3pl.med.] (TB
1.3.10.3), ki
[1sg.med.] (TA
2.3.1)
{3} Perfect {4}:
nma [3sg.act.]
(< IE *he-
hno(n)-e) (RV-
YVm), nar
[3pl.act.] (RV,
YVm)
na [3sg.act.]
(RV, YVm)

Page 494
 Sheet1

only in compounds IIAL

Transport JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

IIAL
IIAL
life(time) disappears, expires': Skt. kityu- (RV) [adj] 'who IIAL
IIAL
IIAL
Food Prep JPM

IIAL

IIAL

Tools JPM
IIAL

IIAL

Trees JPM

Page 495
 Sheet1

nom.acc.sg. sthi Organs JPM

(RV+ IIAL
later -i- also in
nom.acc.pl.
sthni AV, dat.pl.
asthbhyas AV),
elsewhere
asthn-/asthn-:
instr.pl. asthbhi
(RV+), gen.sg.
asthns (AV+),
gen.pl. asnm <
*asthnm (MS)

Fauna JPM

vyas [gen.sg.] Fauna JPM

IIAL

'residence of Truth': Skt. rrtsya IIAL

dhman- (RV)
rrt-dhman- [adj] 'who has Truth
as residence' (KS+)
Ar-ta-ta-a-ma PN (Mitanni-IA)
OAv. a dmm ( Y 48.7)
'reverence - Truth': Skt. rrtm
nmas (RV) OAv. nmah
ai-c ( Y 34.3), aa-nmah- PN
'master (?) of Truth': Skt. vedh
rrtsya (RV 10.086.10) YAv.
aauuazdah- PN, ' PN
(Iranian), Arm. Artavazd PN (<
Iran.)
'to serve Truth': Skt. rrtm sapmi
(RV 05.012.02)
rrtasp- [adj] 'serving Truth' (RV)
OAv. am hapt ( Y 31.22)
'yoked with Truth': Skt. rrt-yukti-
[f] 'connection with Truth' (RV
10.061.10) OAv. a yuxt ( Y
49.9)
'source of Truth': Skt. khm rrtsya
(RV 02.028.05) YAv. aahe x

Page 496
 Sheet1

Present IV: IIAL

rdhyatm
[3sg.impv.med.]
(AV+)
Present V:
rdhnti
[3sg.act.] (YV+)
Aorist R: rdhat(i)
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
Aorist S: artss
[2sg.act.] (AV+)
Aorist IS: rdhii
[1sg.inj.med.]
(AV+), rdhiya
[1sg.opt.med.]
(AVP)
Perfect: rardha
[3sg.act.] (RV
10.107.06 +)
Fut: rtsy (AV+)
Caus: rdhay 'to
make succeed'
(AV+)
TA-Ptc.: rddh-
'brought about,
accomplished'
(AV, Br.+)

IIAL
IIAL
IIAL
IIAL
(with) fast horses': Skt. rrjr- va-, rrjrva- [m] PN (RV) IIAL
Color JPM
Beekes

'waters and arable lands/plants': IIAL

Skt. aps urvrs (AV 10.10.8a)
OAv. ap uruuar sc ( Y 44.4)
YAv. apasc uruuar sc ( Y 51.7)

IIAL
Fauna JPM
IIAL

Page 497
 Sheet1

trah [nom.pl.], strr to adorn with stars': Skt. strrbhih Air JPM
IIAL

Present IV: yati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Caus: oya
(AV+)

Present VII>VI: IIAL

tujnti [3pl.act.]
(RV)
Present VI: tujnt-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
Perfect: tutujyt
[3sg.opt.act.] 'to
stimulate' (RV
01.143.06)
ttujna-,
ttujn-
[ptc.med.]
'hurried, eager'
(RV) {1}
Passive: tujyte
[3sg.] 'to be put
to panic (flight)'
(RV) {2}
Present AYA:
tujyant-
[ptc.act.] 'to press
forward' (RV
07.104.07)
Inf: tujse (RV)

jyas- [comp] 'the mightiest of the mighty ones': IIAL

'stronger' (RV+) Skt. ugrm jitha- (RV)
jitha- [sup] YAv. uranm aojita-
'strongest' (RV+) 'with mighty arms': Skt. ugr-
bhu- [adj] (RV, AV) YAv.
ura.bzu- [adj], Scyth. -
[m] PN
dhani [loc.sg.] (RV 05.034.03), possibly also dhar [loc.sg.] (RV 08.002.12, 10.0 IIAL

Celt.
IIAL

Page 498
 Sheet1

Marriage JPM

Present I: vdati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vade [1sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist S: avdiur
[3pl.act.] (RV+)
Perfect: dima
[1pl.act.] (RV
01.161.01), de
[1sg.med.] (Br.+)
Passive: udyte
[3sg.] (RV
05055.08+),
vdyte (to the
caus. stem) (KS,
SB+)
Fut: vadiy
(AV+)
Caus: vday (Br.
+)
Intensive: vvadti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: udit-
'spoken', [n]
'speech' (RV+)

Aorist R (>IS): IIAL

vadht [3sg.act.]
(RV+), vadhyt
[3sg.opt.act.]
(TS+) {1},
vadhiths
[2sg.inj.med.]
(RV-Kh) {2}

Present II: vti Blow Up JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
{1}
Aorist S: avst
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Perfect: vavau
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
TA-Ptc.: vta-
(S.), pa-vta-
(Br.)

Page 499
 Sheet1

IIAL

Several times trisyllabic /vaata-/ in the RV Air JPM

IIAL

Air JPM

vanitu- IIAL

Present I: vpati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vapate [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist S: vpsur
[3pl.inj.act.]
(ApDhS)
Aorist SIS: avpst
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Aorist mediopass:
vpi [3sg.inj.] (Br.)
Perfect: pthuh
[2du.act.] (RV+)
pe [3sg.med.]
(RV)
Passive: upyte
(RV+) [3sg.]
Caus: vpayati
[3sg.act.] (YVp)
Fut: vapsy (Br.+)
TA-Ptc.: upt-
'strewn out,
thrown' (RV ny-
pta- +)
Abs: abhy-py
(RV 02.015.09)

Page 500
 Sheet1

Present V: vrrti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV),
vrrv [1sg.med.]
(RV)
rut [3sg.med.]
(RV+) {1}
Aorist R: var
[2,3sg.act.] with
long augment
(RV+)
varat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
avrrta [3sg.med]
(RV)
Aorist S:
varathah
[2du.subj.act.]
(RV
nonce)
Aorist IS: avrt
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Aorist mediopass:
vri [3sg.] (RV)
Perfect: vavra
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vavre [3sg.med.]
(RV+), vvart
[3sg.ppf.act.] (RV)
Caus: vryante
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
Abs: vrrtv, vrrtv
(RV)
TA-Ptc.: vrrt-
(RV+, also p ,
p , abh , pr ,
pr , etc.)
Inf: vrtave (RV)

IIAL

Page 501
 Sheet1

Present VII: IIAL

vrrkti [3sg.act.]
(RV+), vrrak
[2,3sg.impf.act.]
with long
augment (RV),
vrrj [1sg.med.]
(RV+)
Present I<VII:
vrrj-a- (Br.)
Aorist R: avrrjan
[3pl.act.] (RV),
vrk
[2,3sg.inj.act.]
(RV), vrrkta
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Aorist S: vrrki
[1sg.inj.med.]
(RV)
Perfect: vavrrjuh
[3pl.act.] (RV)
vvrrje [3sg.med.]
(RV)
Passive: vrrjyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Intensive:
vrvrrjat < *Huar-
Hurj- [ptc.act.]
(RV)
Desid:
samvvrrksreta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(SB)
Caus: pri varjay
(AV+)
Abs.: vrrktv (RV+)
Inf: pra-vrrje (RV),
vrrjse (RV),
vrrjdhyai (RV)
TA-Ptc.: -vrrkta-
(RV+)

Page 502
 Sheet1

Present I: vsati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: avtsh
[2sg.act.] (AV+)
Perfect: uvasa
[1sg.act.] (KSp)
atuh [3du.act.]
(RV+) {1}
proivams-
[ptc.act.] (RV
08.060.19)
Passive: (to the
caus. stem)
udvsymna-
[ptc.] 'being taken
of the fire'
(MSp+)
Fut: vatsy (KS+)
Caus: vsay
(RV+) 'to make
dwell, to let wait'
TA-Ptc.: uita-
'having dwelt' (Br.
+)
Abs: uitv (TS+)

Dwelling JPM

Page 503
 Sheet1

Present SK: uchsi the lighting dawn': Skt. (vy)uchntm usam (RV) YAv. usa IIAL
[2sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist R: vas
[3sg.act.] (RV
secondary forms
are 3sg.act. avt
(AV) and avt
(MS)), v vasas
[2sg.subj.act.] (RV
.008.03) {1}
Perfect: uvsa
[3sg.act.],
[2pl.act.], r
[3pl.act.] (RV+)
Fut: vatsya (MS,
Br.)
Caus: vsy 'to
let dawn' (RV+)
Inf: vstave (RV)
TA-Ptc.: ut-
'brightened, lit up'
(RV+)

Dwelling JPM
Celt.

Beekes
IIAL

Beekes
Sensation JPM

Love & Hate JPM

Page 504
 Sheet1

yas- [comp] 'quick horse': Skt. m vam IIAL

'quicker' (Br.) (RV) YAv. suca asp Gr. Celtic Lex
itha- [sup]
'quickest, very 'having quick horses': Skt.
quick' (RV+) vva- [adj] (RV) YAv.
su.aspa- [adj]
'possession of quick horses': Skt.
vvya- [n] (RV) YAv.
su.aspiia- [n]
'to harness the quick ones': Skt.
yunajmi (RV) OAv.
yaogt_ s ( Y 44.4), asit
yaojat ( Y 30.10)
'quick sun': Skt. m sryam
(AV) Gr. '
'having a fast chariot': Skt. -
ratha- [adj] (VS
RV already - rtha-) Med.
*su-raa- [m] PN

IIAL

gen.sg. aks Sight JPM

(RV) Beekes
nom.acc.du. ak- IIAL
(RV+) {1}

Body (Upper) JPM

Conflict JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Page 505
 Sheet1

Present II: abh IIAL

ami [2sg.act.]
(RV), abh amnti
[3pl.act.] (RV),
abh amti
[3sg.act.] (VS),
amva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(TS) 'to swear',
sm amte
[3du.med.] 'to
make a treaty'
(TS), mt
[3sg.impf.act.] 'to
swear' (TS)
Perfect: nir-emie
[2sg.pf.med.] 'to
acquire by
perjury' (AVP
5.36.7, 9.23.4
a secondary
formation)
Caus: may
(RV+) 'to hurt,
ache'
Aorist RED:
amamat (Pp.
mamat) (RV) 'to
hurt, ache'

Binding JPM

IIAL

Meals JPM
Beekes

Conflict JPM

IIAL

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Page 506
 Sheet1

? Values JPM

IIAL

IIAL

Present III: yarti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+),

rte [3sg.med.] (<
PIIr. *Hi-Har-, *Hi-
Hr-) (RV+)
Present V: rrti
[3sg.act.] {2}
(RV+)
rrvti [3sg.act.
(them.)] (RV+)
Aorist R: (d) rta
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
(sm) rata
[3pl.med.] (RV),
aranta
[3pl.inj.med.] (RV)
Perfect: (vy) ra
[3sg.act.] (RV
03.030.10), (ud)
ritha [2sg.act.]
(RV 02.009.03),
rh [3pl.act.]
(RV+)
Intensive: larti
[3sg.act.] (RV)
Fut: ariy (Br.+)
Caus: ray (RV+)
(to the medial
stem r-)
na-ptc.: r- (TS)
{3}

Page 507
 Sheet1

Movement JPM

rv [nom.sg.] (RV)'mighty race-horse': Skt. ugrh IIAL

rv (RV) OAv. auruuat
ugrg
'coursing horse': Skt. vnm
rvatm (AVS 4.9.2c) YAv.
auruuat_.aspa- '(riding on a)
coursing horse'
Shape JPM

IIAL
Trees JPM

IIAL

Sight JPM

IIAL

Qualities JPM

Water JPM

with diminutive -heh Celt.

Page 508
 Sheet1

Sight JPM

Present I: ybhati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV-Kh.,
AV+)
Fut: yapsynt-
[ptc.act.] (TB+)
Passive (?):
+yabhymna-
{1} [ptc.] (RV-Kh.
5.22.3)
Des.passive:
yyipsyate [3sg.]
'(the wife) is
sought for
copulation' (SrS.)

Reductive Activities JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Air JPM

Present I: va Vital Functions JPM

mehanti [3pl.act.] IIAL
(RV)
Aorist R: amiham
[1sg.act.] (Br.)
Aorist SA: amikat
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Fut: mekymi
[1sg.act.] (AV+)
Caus: mehay 'to
make urinate'
(RV)
TA-Ptc.: pari-
mdha- (S.)
Inf: mih (RV)

Reductive Activities JPM

IIAL

Page 509
 Sheet1

Beekes
Present I<VII: IIAL
nndati [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
Aorist IS:
nindiur
[3pl.act.] (RV
01.161.05, SrS.)
{2}
Aorist R: nidn-
[ptc.med.]
'blamed' (RV
04.005.12)
Perfect: ninidr
[3pl.act.] (RV
10.027.06),
nindima [1pl.act.]
(RV 01.161.01)
Passive:
nidymna- [ptc.]
(RV 06.052.03)
nindyate [3sg.]
(DhS.+) {2}
Desid: nnitst
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: nindit-
{2} 'mocked,
defective' (RV+)

next-of-kin': nbh-nditha- [m] Body (Upper) JPM

IIAL

Body (Upper) JPM

Head JPM

Page 510
 Sheet1

Bird JPM

to stand erect': Skt. rdhv- sth- (RV+) YAv. r hit IIAL

Present VII, Extend JPM

VII>VI: rrjnti IIAL
[3pl.act.] (RV
03.043.06), rrjate
[3pl.med.] (RV),
rrjate [3sg.med.]
(RV), rrjta
[3pl.inj.med.]/
[2pl.impv.act.] (RV
05.087.05)
Present IV: -rrjyate
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.140.02),
rrjiyant- [ptc.act.]
(RV 06.037.02,
06.037.03) {1}
Present YA: irajy-
'to direct, to direct
straightforwardly,
to lead' (RV)
Present VII+AS:
rrjase [1sg.med.]
(RV), rrjasn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)

Present II: rti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV
01.104.04), rt
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV
06.012.05),
Present I: rjati
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vi-rjni
[1sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
Aorist S: arjiuh
[3pl.act.] (RV)
Intensive: rrajat
[ptc.act.n.] (RV)
Inf: rjse (RV)

at the far (end) of the space': Skt. dr pr rjasah (RV 10 IIAL

IIAL
IIAL

Page 511
 Sheet1

rt [nom.sg.] Social Organization JPM

Beekes
IIAL

Direction JPM

Present IV: ryate IIAL
[3sg.med.] (intr.)
(RV, YVm)
Present IX: riti
[3sg.act.] (trans.)
(RV+)
Present V: arivan
[3pl.impf.act.]
(MS)
Intensive: lelya
[3sg.pf.] (KS, MS),
alelet [3sg.ppf.]
(KS), alelyata
[3sg.ppf.med.]
(KS), -> pres.
lely- (TS, SB+
here also SB
lelay [adv] 'in a
tremble') (cf.
Praust 1999:
51f.)

Page 512
 Sheet1

Present VI: ruvti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV)
Present II: rauti
[3sg.act.] (SrS.
+), ruyt
[3sg.opt.act.] (SB)
Present I:
ravanta
[3pl.impf.med.]
(MS+
secondary after
nvate)
Aorist IS: rvt
[3sg.act.] (RV)
rviuh [3pl.act.]
(RV)
Caus: rvay (S.
+)
Intensive: rravti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)

Reductive Activities JPM

rrjyams- [comp] straight path': Skt. rrjn path (RV 01.041.05) OAv. rz IIAL
(RV+)
rjitha- [sup]
(RV+)
Present I: sredhati IIAL
[3sg.act.] (RV)
Aorist A: sridhat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV),
-sridhna-
[ptc.med.]

Page 513
 Sheet1

Present VI: avije IIAL

[1sg.impf.med.]
(RV), vijnte
[3pl.med.] (AV+)
Aorist R: vikta
[3sg.inj.med.]
(RV)
vikths
[2sg.inj.med.]
(AVP+)
Perfect: vivijre
[3pl.med.] (RV)
Intensive:
vvijna-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
vevijyte
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Caus: vejay (Br.
+)
Aorist RED: vvijas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: pr-vikta-
(RV+)

? Dieties JPM

Tools JPM

Earth JPM

Agriculture JPM

Color JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Fauna JPM

Kinship JPM

Kinship JPM

Kinship JPM

Page 514
 Sheet1

Position JPM

Position JPM

Conflict JPM

Space JPM
IIAL

Social Organization JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Position JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Trees JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Page 515
 Sheet1

Body (Lower) JPM

Position JPM

Social Organization JPM

Convey JPM

Time JPM

Trees JPM

Trees JPM
Beekes

Position JPM

Sacred JPM

Convey JPM

Conflict JPM

Page 516
 Sheet1

Values JPM

Values JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Water JPM

nom.acc.sg. har Time JPM

(RV+) IIAL
loc.sg. han,
hani (RV, hni
AV+), instr.sg.
hn (RV+),
dat.sg. hne
(RV+), gen.abl.sg.
hnas (RV+),
dat.pl. habhyas
(RV+),
nom.acc.du. han
(RV+),
nom.acc.pl. h
(RV), hni (RV+),
gen.pl. hnm
(RV+), loc.pl.
hasu
on the basis of
the latter form
(analysed as <
*ahas-su), other
s-stem forms
have arisen:
hobhyas [dat.pl.]
(RV I,X+), hahsu
[loc.pl.] (Br.+)
secondary a-stem
form gen.pl.
hnm (RV
08.022.13)

Time JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Social Organization JPM

Fauna JPM

Social Organization JPM

IIAL
Law & Order JPM

Page 517
 Sheet1

Travel JPM

Plants JPM

Fauna JPM

Tools JPM

Water JPM

Conflict JPM

Give & Take JPM

Blow Up JPM

Fire JPM

Trees JPM

Fauna JPM

Law & Order JPM

Give & Take JPM

Weapons JPM

Page 518
 Sheet1

Desire JPM

JPM
Shape JPM

Fish JPM

Plants JPM

Kinship JPM

Transport JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Plants JPM

Fish JPM

Water JPM

Fire JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Travel JPM

Page 519
 Sheet1

Liquid Motions JPM

Trees JPM

Water JPM

Position JPM

Meals JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

IIAL

Health&Sickness JPM

Bird JPM

Law & Order JPM

Pronouns JPM

Time JPM

Position JPM

Page 520
 Sheet1

Position JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Head JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

abl.sg.n. amhs Shape JPM

'from distress, IIAL
peril' (the only
attested form)
amhyas- [comp]
'narrower' (AitB+)

Fauna JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Construction JPM

Shape JPM
Plants (Wild) JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Containers JPM

Page 521
 Sheet1

Dieties JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Shape JPM

Plants JPM

Plants JPM
Celt.

Body (Upper) JPM

Weapons JPM

Law & Order JPM

Health&Sickness JPM
IIAL

Page 522
 Sheet1

Position JPM

Come & Go JPM

Time JPM

Values JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Conflict JPM

Sacred JPM

Metals JPM

Page 523
 Sheet1

us [nom.sg.] Time JPM

(RV) IIAL
usam, usam
[acc.sg.] (RV, later
um [acc.sg.] in
RV 01.181.09,
10.068.09),
usas [gen.sg.,
acc.pl.], older
us (also as in
RV 10.095.04),
usi [loc.sg.]
(RV+), usau,
usau
[nom.acc.du.]
(RV+), usah
[nom.pl.] (RV
us (AV+)),
udbhi
[instr.pl.] (RV+),
usm [gen.pl.]
(RV+)

Dieties JPM

Direction JPM

RV forms: vh/vh 'the birds fly': Skt. pr vyah Bird JPM

[nom.sg.], vm paptan (RV) YAv. fr vaii patn IIAL
[acc.sg.], vh 'carried by birds (?)': Skt. v-bhrrta-
[gen.sg.], vyah [adj] (RV) YAv. vaii.brta- [adj]
[nom.pl.]
vbhih [instr.pl.],
vbhyah [dat.pl.],
vnm [gen.pl.]

Plants JPM

Metals JPM

Page 524
 Sheet1

Time JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Clean JPM

Binding JPM

Love & Hate JPM

Present I: rkati Conflict JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV) IIAL
Aorist IS: rakiat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), raks
[2sg.inj.act.] (AV
5.7.1), arakt
[3sg.act.] (MSm
1.5.14:84.10)
Perfect: rarka
[3sg.act.] (RV, SB)
TA-Ptc.: rakit-
(RV+)

Meals JPM

Page 525
 Sheet1

nram [acc.sg.] 'protector of men': Skt. nrr-ptr- Family JPM

(RV+) [m] (RV), nrr-pa- [m] 'king' (S.+) IIAL
nre [dat.sg.] Gr. [m] PN
(RV+) 'with the courage of a hero': Skt.
nras [nom.pl.] nrr-mas- [adj] (RV) YAv.
(RV+) naire.manah- [adj] Gr.
nrrn [acc.pl.] , ' [m] PN
(RV+), narm 'glory of men': Skt. rvo nrrm
[gen.pl.] (RV+) (RV) Gr.
'killing men': Skt. nrr-hn- [adj]
(RV) OAv. jnar- [adj] Gr.
[adj]
'wisdom of men': Skt. nrr-mdha-
[m] PN (RV, TS+) YAv. narm
mzdrm
'following the hero': Skt. nrr-c-
[adj] (RV) YAv. haxne narm
( V 19.26) (?)

Bird JPM
IIAL

Bird JPM
IIAL

Trees JPM

Head JPM
Beekes

Health&Sickness JPM
Vital Functions

Time JPM

Page 526
 Sheet1

Present VI: 'to increase the rule': Skt. katrm Vital Functions JPM
kant- [ptc.act.] ukatam (RV 01.157.02) OAv. IIAL
(RV 01.114.07) xarm vaxat_ ( Y 31.6)
{1}, ukat 'to increase oneself': Skt. tanvm
[3sg.impf.] (RV ukmh (RV 06.066.04) OAv.
10.055.07), uxii tanm ( Y 33.10)
ukma- 'the growth (rise) of the sun': Skt.
[ptc.med.] (RV+) sryasya vaktha- (RV
Aorist IS: uks 07.033.08) YAv. h vaxt_ ( Yt
[2sg.act.] (RV 5.91)
10.027.07)
Perfect: vavka
[3sg.act.] (RV),
vavak
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Caus: vakayam
[1sg.inj.act.] 'to
make strong' (RV
10.049.08)
ukayanta ?
[3pl.subj.med.]
(RV 06.017.04
for this form see
Jamison 1983:
139)
TA-Ptc.: ukit-
'grown, grown up'
(RV) {2}

Family JPM

Family JPM
IIAL

'at the head of the chariots': Skt. IIAL

gre rthnm (RV) Av.
Araraa-
'honey(-drink) of the best quality':
Skt. mdhvo agriym (RV) Av.
ariia- mau-
IIAL

Present III>I: sam hase [2sg.med.] (VS+) IIAL
Social Organization JPM

Page 527
 Sheet1

Present IV: IIAL

ydhyata
[2pl.impv.act.]
(RV+), ydhyate
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Present I: d
yodhanti [3pl.act.]
'to rebel' (AV
12.3.28), ud
ayodhan
[3pl.impf.act.] (PB
7.5.2) {1}
Aorist IS: yodht
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
yodhiat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
08.045.05)
Aorist R: yodhat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
06.039.02)
SI-impv: ytsi (RV)
Caus: yodhy
(RV+)
Inf: yodhanyai
(AVP 5.10.8)
TA-Ptc.: yuddh-
'conquered', also
[n] 'fight' (RV+)

Desire JPM

Water JPM

IIAL
'active mind': Skt. iira IIAL
mnas (RV 08.048.07) Gr.
(Hom.)
'powerful speech': Skt. vcam
iirm (RV) OAv. vx a
Love & Hate JPM

ns [nom.du.] (RV 02.039.06), nas- [gen.du.] (RV+), Head JPM

IIAL

Page 528
 Sheet1

Fire JPM
IIAL

IIAL
Trees JPM

Time JPM

Numbers JPM

at, atu [nom.acc.] (RV+), atbhh [instr.] (RV+), Numbers JPM

IIAL

IIAL

Transport JPM

Tools JPM

Fauna JPM

Sacred JPM

Fire JPM
IIAL

Page 529
 Sheet1

Being & Doing JPM

Bug JPM

Bug JPM

Trees JPM

Head JPM

rtri- (AV+) IIAL

Present I: rdati to prepare the way': Skt. path rdant (RV+) YAv. pa r IIAL
[3sg.act.] (RV)
SI-impv: rtsi (RV
05.010.01)
Perfect: rarda
[3sg.act.] (RV
07.049.01)
TA-Ptc.: radit-
{1} 'gnawed,
bitten' (AV+)

IIAL
Beekes
IIAL
Aorist IS: rviam IIAL
[1sg.subj.act.] (RV
)
Aorist R / Present
II: rvat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(MSm-KSm)
TA-Ptc.: rut-
'wounded, hurt'
(RV, AV)

Page 530
 Sheet1

Present II: rudanti IIAL

[3pl.act.] (RV+),
arodt
[3sg.impf.act.]
(YVp+) {1}
Aorist A: rudat
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Caus: roday 'to
make weep'
(RV+)
Abs: ruditv (S.
+)

Present VII>VI: IIAL

lumpmi
[1sg.act.] (AVP),
lumpt
[3sg.opt.act.]
(AVS)
Present
IV/Passive:
lupyte
[3sg.med.] (AV+),
lpyeta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(TS) {1}
Aorist A: aplupat
[3sg.act.] (AVP
8.15.12+)
Aorist mediopass:
lopi [3sg.inj.] (S.)
Perfect: lulopa
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Caus.: lopay (Br.
+)
Abs: sam-lpya
(AVS 10.1.30),
lmpam (MS)
TA-Ptc.: l-lupta-
(AV+)

Present IV: IIAL

arupyan
[3pl.impf.act.]
(AVP 8.15.7+)
Caus: ropy 'to
cause racking
pain' (AVP+)
Aorist RED:
arrupas
[2sg.act.] (AV)
rrupas
[2sg.subj.act.] 'to
cause racking
pain' (AV)

Present AYA: IIAL

ilyat [2pl.impv.]
(RV 01.191.06,
AV+)
IIAL

Page 531
 Sheet1

Present IV: ryant- [ptc.act.] (TSp 2.3.5.1, DhS.) IIAL

standing on the chariot': Skt. rathe-th- (RV+) Av. raa-tIIAL

IIAL

Fish JPM

Present I: vranti IIAL

[3pl.act.] (RV+)
Present AYA:
vrrya
[2sg.impv.act.] 'to
let rain' (RV
10.098.01,
probably, nonce)
Aorist IS: avart
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist A: avrrat
[3sg.act.] (KS+,
nonce)
Perfect:
vavarvms-
[ptc.act.] (MS, KS)
Caus: vary
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: vrrt-
(abhvrrta- RV+)
Abs: vrrtv (RV)

IIAL

Page 532
 Sheet1

Present VII: 'to harness the fast(est) ones': Skt. IIAL

yunjmi [1sg.act.] yunajmi (RV) OAv.
(RV+) yaogt_ s ( Y 44.4)
yukt [3sg.med.] asit yaojat ( Y 30.10)
(RV+) 'yoking with truth': Skt. rrt-yukti-
Aorist R: ayuji [f] (RV 10.061.10) OAv. yjn
[1sg.med.] (RV+), a.yuxt ( Y 49.9)
yukv 'having yoked horses (as wealth)':
[2sg.impv.med.] Skt. yuktva- [adj] (RV
(RV+) 05.041.05), yuktva- [m] PN
Aorist S: ayukata (JB+) YAv. yuxta.aspa- [adj],
[3pl.med.] (RV+), yuxtspa- [m] PN
ayuki [1sg.med.]
(MSm)
Perfect: yuyujma
[1pl.act.] (RV
06.061.12),
yuyuj [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Passive: yujyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Fut: yokyate
[3sg.med.] (AV+)
Aorist mediopass:
yoji [3sg.],
yujran [3pl.] (RV)
Abs: yuktv
'having yoked'
(RV+)
Inf: yuj 'to yoke'
(RV)
TA-Ptc.: yukt-
(RV+)

Beekes
Celt.
{1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 1988: 79. IIAL

Beekes
Body (Lower) JPM

Sacred JPM
Beekes

Conjunctions JPM

Page 533
 Sheet1

obl. yum-, encl. vas IIAL

gen.sg. ys IIAL
(RV), loc.sg.
yn (TS)
in later texts,
thematic y-
(TS+)
Hair JPM

Bug JPM

Dwelling JPM

v [nom.sg.] 'swift dog': Skt. rrj-van- [m] PN '= Fauna JPM

vnam [acc.sg.] with swift dogs' (RV) Gr. IIAL
nas [gen.sg.]
'four-eyed dog': Skt. vnau
caturaku (RV) YAv. spnm
caru.camm
'with the feet of a dog': Skt. v-
pad- [m] 'wild animal' (AV+)
YAv. sp.pad- [m] PN

Present IX: va- IIAL

krrnyt
[3sg.opt.act.] 'to
make lean' (MS
3.6.9:73.8)
Present IV: krryati
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Perfect: cakra
[3sg.act.] (AV
12.3.16)
Caus: ava-
karyanti
[3pl.act.] 'to make
lean' (RV
06.024.07)
TA-Ptc.: krrita-
'emaciated' (Br.)

Health&Sickness JPM

IIAL

Page 534
 Sheet1

Present I: IIAL
kdante
[3pl.med.] (RV
05.058.06),
kodanti [3pl.act.]
(RV 07.058.01)
Caus: koday
(RV), kodayat
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV 04.019.04) 'to
pulverize, to
make small' or 'to
make shake'
( Jamison 1983:
153)

IIAL
IIAL
Bend and Press JPM

Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

Give & Take JPM

Dwelling JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Dwelling JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Page 535
 Sheet1

Dwelling JPM

Fish JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Shape JPM

Trees JPM

Plants JPM

Bird JPM

Give & Take JPM

Head JPM

Plants JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Fauna JPM

Conflict JPM

Head JPM

Page 536
 Sheet1

Intensive: Formal Speech & Song JPM

carkarmi IIAL
[1sg.act.] (RV),
carkirma
[1pl.subj.act.]
(RV), carkrrdhi
[2sg.impv.] (AVP
5.34.8), crkrre
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Aorist IS: krt
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
akriam
[1sg.act.] (RV+)

Bird JPM

Bug JPM

Textiles JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Color JPM

Fauna JPM

Fauna JPM

Position JPM

Conflict JPM

Page 537
 Sheet1

Animal Noises JPM

Plants JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Love & Hate JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

? Come & Go JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Plants JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

'to accept a wish': Skt. kmam IIAL

tya (RV 10.066.14) OAv.
kmahii it (?) ( Y 43.13)
'to grant a wish': Skt. kmam
prra (RV) OAv. prn
kmm ( Y 28.10)
Fire JPM

Present IV: Love & Hate JPM

kyamna- IIAL
[ptc.med.] (RV
03.009.02)
Perfect: () cake
[3sg.med.] (RV)
cakn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)

Page 538
 Sheet1

Love & Hate JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Family JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Conflict JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Qualities JPM

Movement JPM

Page 539
 Sheet1

Present II: ye Placement Verbs JPM

[3sg.med.(stat.)]
(RV+)
yna-
[ptc.pres.med.]
(RV)
*ayta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(AVP 8.15.5)
re [3pl.med.
(stat.)] (AV+)
te [3sg.med.]
(Br.+)
vi erm
[3pl.impv.] (AVP
2.73.3)

Present IV: yate
[3sg.med.] 'falls'
(AV+) {1}
Aorist IS:
aayiths
[2sg.med.] (RV
10.124.01)
an
[3pl.subj.act.] (RV
01.174.04)
Perfect: aayn-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Inf: aydhyai
(RV)
TA-Ptc.: -ni-ita-
'restless' (RV+)

IIAL
Time JPM

Color JPM

Family JPM
Dwelling

Fauna JPM

Values JPM

Page 540
 Sheet1

Convey JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Motion JPM
IIAL

Convey JPM

Weapons JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Speech JPM

Conflict JPM

Containers JPM

Dwelling JPM

Qualities JPM

Page 541
 Sheet1

Bend and Press JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Love & Hate JPM

Motion JPM

Fauna JPM
IIAL

Plants (Wild) JPM

Page 542
 Sheet1

Present IV: Health&Sickness JPM

myati [3sg.act.] IIAL
(AVP+)
Present AYA:
amyate
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Aorist R: amva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(TS+)
Aorist IS:
amiths
[2sg.med.] (RV
03.029.16),
amita
[3sg.med.] (RV
05.002.07)
Perfect: aam
[3sg.med.] (RV),
ama [3sg.act.]
(Br.+)
aamna-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Caus: amy 'to
make peaceful,
appease
to slaughter (a
sacrificial animal)'
(AV+)
Aorist RED:
aamat
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: nt-
'soothed,
extinguished'
(AV+)

Health&Sickness JPM

Love & Hate JPM

Fire JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Textiles JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Page 543
 Sheet1

Shape JPM

Textiles JPM

Fire JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Conflict JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Color JPM

Hair JPM

IIAL
Water JPM

?? Dieties JPM

nom.acc.sg. hrdi, gen.sg. hrrds, loc.pl. hrrts Organs JPM

IIAL
Beekes

Page 544
 Sheet1

Vital Functions JPM

Textiles JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Celt.
Measure & Quantity JPM

Occupations JPM

Plants JPM

Binding JPM

Present IX: rrti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV)
Present IV: ryate
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.164.13 +),

ryate [3sg.med.]
(SB = BAU),
ryte [3sg.med.]
(MS, KS) {1}
Aorist IS: aart
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Aorist mediopass:
ri [inj] (RV)
Perfect: ar
[3sg.med.] (AV,
SB) {2}
na-ptc.: r-
'broken' (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: a-rta
'unharmed' (KS+)
rt- 'smashed,
crushed (?)' (RV
01.174.06)
Inf: rtoh (RV)

Fauna JPM

Fauna JPM

Page 545
 Sheet1

Movement JPM

Food Prep JPM

Beekes
IIAL

Bird JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Agriculture JPM

Present I: IIAL
apkaan
[3pl.impf.act.] (AV
10.7.20)
Run & Jump JPM

Weapons JPM

Present VII: t- Textiles JPM

krratti [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV 10.130.02)
krrtti [3sg.act.]
(AV, TS+)

also ct(t)ra- IIAL

Textiles JPM
Beekes

Time JPM

Dwelling JPM

Values JPM

Page 546
 Sheet1

Sacred JPM

Conflict JPM

Blow Up JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Present VI: ut-kucant- [ptc.act.] (KauS) IIAL

Speech JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Fauna JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Celt.
Celt.

Beekes
Human Sounds JPM

Page 547
 Sheet1

Meals JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Present I: cyvam IIAL

[1sg.subj./inj.act.]
(RV 01.165.10)
cyavante
[3pl.med.] (RV+),
cyvna-
[ptc.med.]
(athematic!) (RV
10.115.06,
usually PN)
Aorist S: cyoths
[2sg.inj.med.] (RV
10.173.02),
acyota
[3sg.med.] (AB+)
Perfect: cicyu
[2sg.med.] (RV
04.030.22),
cucyuv
[3sg.med.] 'has
undertaken' (RV
08.045.25)
Caus: cyvyati
[3sg.act.] 'to
make stir' (RV+)
Aorist RED:
cucyavuh
[3pl.act.] (RV,
AVP), -
cucyuvmhi
[1pl.opt.med.]
(RV)
TA-Ptc.: cyut-
'movable, shaken'
(RV+), -cyuta-
'unshakable'
(RV+)

Beekes
Construction JPM

Bird JPM

Plants JPM

Page 548
 Sheet1

Pronouns JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Celt.

Extend JPM

Trees JPM

Tools JPM

Present I: ryate Placement Verbs JPM

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Perfect: irya
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
iriy [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist R: ret
[3sg.act.] (RV)
Aorist S: rema
[1pl.subj.act.] (RV
04.043.01), rait
[3sg.act.] (AV
13.2.9) {2}
Fut: rayiy (Br.
+)
Caus: c-chrpay
'to raise up' (VS+)
TA-Ptc.: rit-
'attached (to
something),
leaning (on
something), fixed'
(RV+)

Trees JPM

Page 549
 Sheet1

Bend and Press JPM

Sensation JPM

Clean JPM

Sensation JPM

Beekes
Sensation JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Beekes
Construction JPM

Page 550
 Sheet1

Health&Sickness JPM

Construction JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

broad-hipped': Skt. prrth-roi- [a Body (Lower) JPM

IIAL

? Weapons JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Beekes
Beekes
Bug JPM

Bug JPM

Textiles JPM

Placement Verbs JPM

Trees JPM

Beekes
Position JPM
Beekes

Page 551
 Sheet1

Tools JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Fauna JPM

Trees JPM

Meals JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Tools JPM

Hair JPM

Dwelling JPM

Plants JPM

Dwelling JPM
Construction JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

krrt [nom.acc.sg.] (RV+), aknh [gen.sg.] (AV+), akn [instr.sg.] (VS+), kabhIIAL

Vital Functions JPM

Page 552
 Sheet1

Binding JPM

Earth JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Head JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Celt.

Body (Lower) JPM

Extend JPM

Bug JPM

? Fish JPM

Fauna JPM

Fish JPM

Bird JPM

Bug JPM

? Meals JPM

Fauna JPM

Page 553
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM

Social Organization JPM

Conflict JPM
Celt.

Food & Drink JPM

? Weapons JPM

Trees JPM

Trees JPM

Sacred JPM

Sacred JPM

Dwelling JPM

Color JPM

Social Organization JPM

Beekes
Textiles JPM

Page 554
 Sheet1

Construction JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Beekes
IIAL

Celt.

ras [nom.acc.], Head JPM

obl. cases rn- IIAL
(r [instr.sg.], Beekes
rs
[gen.abl.sg.],
rn [loc.sg.],
rsu [loc.pl.])
later also r
[nom.du.] (RV
04.058.03),
rm [nom.sg.]
(AV+), etc. and
ras [instr.sg.],
rasi [loc.sg.]
(RV-Kh., AVP+),
etc.

Tools JPM

Present IX: IIAL

rnti [3pl.act.]
(RV+)
Perfect: iriye
[3sg.med.] (RV
05.044.13)
TA-Ptc.: rt- (RV)

Textiles JPM

Fish JPM

Plants JPM

Page 555
 Sheet1

Body (Upper) JPM

Motion JPM

Conflict JPM

Organs JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Motion JPM

Celt.

Textiles JPM
Celt.

Bug JPM

Hair JPM

Page 556
 Sheet1

Shape JPM

Trees JPM

Fauna JPM

? Run & Jump JPM

Construction JPM

Construction JPM

Water JPM

Transport JPM

RV bhri krrtvah 'many times', AV da krrtvah 'ten times' IIAL

Present I: viy-akaan [3pl.impf.act.] (AVP 15.5.5), vi-kaant- [ptc.act.] (AVP 2.3 IIAL
Present II: va IIAL
kaumi
[1sg.act.] (RV)
kuvn-
[ptc.med.] (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: kuta-
(SB)

Fire JPM

Page 557
 Sheet1

Qualities JPM

Qualities JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Motion JPM

Meals JPM

Construction JPM

Position JPM

Tools JPM
IIAL
Numbers JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Weapons JPM

Containers JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Page 558
 Sheet1

Bird JPM

Containers JPM

Love & Hate JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Containers JPM

Bird JPM

Textiles JPM

Food Prep JPM

Motion JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Values JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Page 559
 Sheet1

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Health&Sickness

Law & Order JPM

Sight JPM

Dwelling JPM

Speech JPM

Celt.
Aorist R: avitan IIAL
[3pl.act.] (RV),
vitn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Aorist S: avait
[3sg.act.] (RV)
Aorist RED
(caus.): ivitat
[3sg.act.] (RV)

Page 560
 Sheet1

Present I: va- IIAL

kate [3sg.med.]
(SB+)
Caus: samky
(AV+) 'to look at,
show'
avaky (Br.+)
'to make to look
at'
Intensive: (abh)
ckati [3sg.act.]
(RV+) 'to
consider'
avackaat [ptc.]
(RV+)

Present II: cte Sight JPM

[3sg.med.],
ckate
[3pl.med.] (RV+),
ckase
[2sg.subj.med.]
(RV)
Present I: cakata
[3sg.inj.med.] (RV
01.121.02,
09.071.09
a nonce
formation)
SI-impv: caki
(RV)
Perfect: cacka
[3sg.act.] (RV
05.002.08), abh
cakur (< *a-
kc-) [3pl.act.] (RV
10.092.15),
acacakam
[1sg.ppf.act.] (RV
05.030.02),
cacak
[3sg.med.] (Br.+)
Caus: cakay 'to
reveal' (RV)
Abs: cky (RV)
Inf: ckase,
cke, sam-cki
'for seeing' (RV)

Secondary cku- ( shining eye, clear sight': Skt. tvem ckuh (RV .008.06) IIAL

Page 561
 Sheet1

Possible inflexion: 'with golden chariot-wheels': Skt. Transport JPM

hraya-cakra- (RV) Av. IIAL
zaranii.caxra-
'"the wheel" of the sun': Skt.
sryasya cakr- ON sunnu
hvl Gr.

Motion JPM

Present I: crati to wander between (heaven and earth / god and man)': Skt. anta
IIAL
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
vy-calat
[3sg.impf.act.] 'to
wander around'
(AV+)
Aorist IS:
acriam
[1sg.act.] (RV+)
Perfect: cacra
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Fut: cariy (Br.+)
Caus: cray
(KS+), vi-clayati
[3sg.act.] 'to
shake' (KS+)
Aorist RED:
ccarat [3sg.act.]
'to make wander'
(AV+)
Intensive:
carcarti [3sg.act.]
(AV+), n calcalti
[3sg.act.] 'to stir,
to quiver' (MS)
carcryma-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Desid: cicar(i)
(Br.)
na-ptc.: cra-
(Up.+)
Inf: critave,
cardhyai (RV)

Bend and Press JPM

Page 562
 Sheet1

Present VI: v 'to cultivate barley': Skt. yvam IIAL

krrantu karathah, yvam crkrrat (RV)
[3pl.impv.act.] YAv. yauuanm (a)kartanm,
(RV) yaokarti- [f] 'cultivating barley'
krrasva 'to make a furrow': Skt. krrm
[2sg.impv.med.] krrasva (RV) YAv. karim
(RV) kraiieiti
krratu
[3sg.impv.act.]
(RV)
Present I: karat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV)
karathas
[2du.act.] (RV)
kara
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV), kret
[3sg.opt.act.]
(AV+)
Aorist SA: (sam)
akrrkat [3sg.act.]
(YV+)
Passive: krryte
[3sg.] (MSp+)
Fut: krakye
[1sg.med.] (Br.)
kariynt-
[ptc.act.] (Br.)
Aorist RED:
ackrram
[1sg.act.] (RV)
Intensive: crkrra
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: krrt-
(AV+)

Food & Drink JPM

Sacred JPM
Beekes

Plants (Wild) JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 563
 Sheet1

Being & Doing JPM

Motion JPM

Containers JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Present II: vsiti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV),
vasih
[2sg.impv.act.]
(AV), avast
[3sg.impf.act.] Br.
+), vasnt-
[ptc.act.] (RV),
ue [1sg.med.]
(RV 08.093.16)
Present I: vsati
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Aorist A (?):
unt- [ptc.act.]
(RV 01.061.10)
Intensive:
vasat-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
Caus: vsay
(RV+)
Inf: abhivsas
(RV 10.092.80)

Human Sounds JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Plants JPM

Beekes
Beekes

Page 564
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM

Numbers JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Page 565
 Sheet1

ctitha- [sup] ' 'rich (and) bright': Skt. revt IIAL

citrm '(the) rich (Uas has)
brightly (climbed both worlds)' (RV
03.061.06) YAv. rauuat_
cirm OP *raiva-cicca-, *raiva-
cira-
'brillant, wonderful assistances':
Skt. citrbhir tbhih (RV), citrti-
(RV 10.140.03)
OAv. cir.auuah- [adj]
'(with) bright shine': Skt. citr-
bhnu- [adj] 'with a bright shine'
(RV+) OP *cicca-bnu- (Onom.)
'having brilliant gifts': Skt. citr-
rti- [adj] (RV+) OAv.
cir rtaii
'with brillant goods, ornaments (=
shining stars)': Skt. citrvasu- [adj]
(YVm+) OP *ciccva(h)u- [m] PN

Aorist A: khyat IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Passive: pa
khyyate
[3sg.med.] (Br.+)
'is/can be seen, is
known'
Caus: khypay
(KS+) 'to make
known, to
proclaim'
TA-Ptc.: sm-
khyta-
'calculated,
counted' (AV+)
{1}

Desire JPM

Motion JPM
IIAL

Beekes
Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Beekes

Law & Order JPM

Page 566
 Sheet1

Color JPM
IIAL

Celt.

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Masc.Acc *ks Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Beekes

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

{1} IE nasal present *kwri-ne-h-ti with ppp. *kwrih-t-Exchange & Property JPM
IIAL
Celt.

Trees JPM

also often written krmi- Bug JPM

IIAL

Page 567
 Sheet1

Color JPM

Qualities JPM

Tools JPM

kap [instr.sg.], 'night and day': Skt. kapbhir Time JPM

kaps [gen.sg.], habhica (RV 04.053.07) YAv. IIAL
kapm [gen.pl.] asnmca xafnmca ( V 4.45)
kapbhi 'night and dawn': Skt. kpa
[instr.pl.] is based usrca (RV 07.015.08) OAv. u
on instr.sg. xapc ( Y 44.5)

Beekes
Numbers JPM

Interrogative Pronouns JPM

Page 568
 Sheet1

Color JPM

Bird JPM

Qualities JPM

Agriculture JPM

Give & Take JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Direction JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Page 569
 Sheet1

Desire JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Head JPM

?? Fauna JPM
Liquid Motions JPM

Sight JPM

Placement Verbs JPM

Celt.

Law & Order JPM

Construction JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Travel JPM

Earth JPM

Page 570
 Sheet1

Liquid Motions JPM

Conflict JPM

Present IV: ryasi [2sg.act.] (RV 07.055.03), rya [2sg.i Animal Noises JPM
IIAL

Human Sounds JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Qualities JPM

Meals JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Beekes

Page 571
 Sheet1

Present VII: rikti Travel JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+), IIAL
riak
[3sg.impf.act.]
(with a secondary
long augment)
Present IV: ricyate
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Aorist R: raik
[3sg.act.] (RV)
(with a secondary
long augment),
rikths
[2sg.inj.med.]
(RV)
Aorist S: rikata
[3pl.med.] (Br.)
Aorist mediopass:
reci [3sg.inj.] (RV
04.016.05)
Perfect: rirca
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
riric [3sg.med.]
(RV+), arirect
[3sg.ppf.act.] (RV)
ririkvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: tirikta-
'left over' (RV
08.058.03), rikt-
'emptied, empty'
(AV+)

Binding JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Agriculture JPM
Come & Go JPM

Page 572
 Sheet1

Run & Jump JPM

Dieties JPM

Present I: Extend JPM

rmbate IIAL
[3sg.med.] (RV)
lmbate
[3sg.med.]
(MSp+)
Present IV: IIAL
rdhyatu
[3sg.impv.act.]
(AV 17.1.6 +)
Aorist A: radham
[1sg.inj.act.] (RV
01.050.13),
radhma
[1pl.inj.act.] (RV
10.128.05)
Aorist IS: randh
[2sg.inj.act.] 'to
subjugate, make
subject' (RV)
Aorist R: randhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 04.022.09)
{1}
Perfect: rradhr
[3pl.act.] 'to be
subject' (RV
07.018.18),
rrandh
[2sg.impv.act.] 'to
make subject' (RV
06.025.09)
Caus: randhy 'to
subjugate, make
subject' (RV+)
Aorist RED: (m)
rradhas
[2sg.inj.act.] 'id.'
(RV) {2}
TA-Ptc.: raddh-
'succumbed,
subject to' (RV)

Plants JPM

Page 573
 Sheet1

Bend and Press JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Trees JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Earth JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Organs JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Earth JPM

Present IV: - IIAL

lubhyant-
[ptc.act.] (AV), -
lbhyet
[3sg.opt.act.] (SB)
Perfect: *lulobha
[3sg.act.] (AVP
19.51.2) 'is
broken'
Caus: lobhy
(RV+)
Aorist RED:
allubhan
[3pl.act.] (JB
2.384)
TA-Ptc.: lubdha-
'confused' (KS+),
lubhita- (S.+)

Page 574
 Sheet1

Love & Hate JPM

Values JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Speech JPM

Clean JPM

Travel JPM

Fauna JPM

Beekes
Sight JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Page 575
 Sheet1

Light & Dark JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Fauna JPM

Plants JPM

Fauna JPM

Values JPM

IIAL
sometimes IIAL
scanned in three
syllables
/ra(y)kas-/ in the
RV (cf. Lubotsky
1995: 218f. for a
discussion
possibly under
influence of ray-)

Exchange & Property JPM

? Fauna JPM

Fish JPM

Water JPM

IIAL

Page 576
 Sheet1

Body (Lower) JPM

Earth JPM

Textiles JPM

Weapons JPM

Textiles JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Trees JPM

Containers JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Beekes
Air JPM

Celt.

Bug JPM
IIAL

Fauna JPM

Page 577
 Sheet1

Kinship JPM

Qualities JPM

Clean JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Family JPM
Celt.

Family JPM
Earth JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Page 578
 Sheet1

Shape JPM

Dwelling JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Dieties JPM

Fauna JPM

Construction JPM

Bug JPM

Tools JPM

?? Dieties JPM

Conjunctions JPM
IIAL

Meals JPM

Relative Pronouns JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 579
 Sheet1

Measure & Quantity JPM

IIAL

Meals JPM
Beekes

Meals JPM

Position JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Beekes
Measure & Quantity JPM
Beekes

Page 580
 Sheet1

Present III: mimh IIAL

[2sg.impv.act.],
mmte [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist R: mhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV), msva
[2sg.impv.med.]
Aorist S: msi
[1sg.med.] (AV),
mstai
[3sg.subj.med.]
{1} (AV)
SI-impv: msi (RV)
Perfect: -mamur
[3pl.act.] (RV
01.110.05),
mamtur
[2du.act.] (RV
03.032.07),
mam [3sg.med.]
(RV-YVm)
Abs: -mya (RV),
mitv (RV)
TA-Ptc.: -mita-
(RV+)
Inf: prati-mi, pra-
m (RV)

Air JPM

IIAL
Vital Functions JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Fauna JPM

Beekes

Page 581
 Sheet1

Measure & Quantity JPM

Trees JPM

Beekes
Values JPM

Values JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

mt [nom.sg.], Kinship JPM

mtram IIAL
[acc.sg.], mtr
[gen.sg.], mtr
[nom.acc.du.]
'parents', etc.

Kinship JPM

Kinship JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Page 582
 Sheet1

Measure & Quantity JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Plants JPM

Sight JPM

Present IX: minti to make the fury disappear': Skt. pr manym minti (RVIIAL
[3sg.act.] (RV),
mint [3sg.inj.]
(AV)

Present IV: myate
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
myte [3sg.med.]
(MS, SB)
Aorist S: mei
[1sg.inj.med.]
(AV), memahi
[1pl.inj.med.]
(YV+)
Perfect: mimya
[3sg.act.] (RV),
mmya [3sg.act.]
(AV)
Aorist mediopass:
myi [3sg.] (YVp,
SB)
Intensive: -
mmyna-
[ptc.int.med.] (RV
01.096.05) {1}
Desid: mimati
[3sg.act.] (AVP
5.32.10)
Inf: pra-mye 'to
harm' (RV
04.054.04)
pra-myam (RV
04.055.07)

Come & Go JPM

Page 583
 Sheet1

Food Prep JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Conflict JPM

Values JPM

Conflict JPM

Color JPM

Qualities JPM

Beekes

Air JPM
Formal Speech & Song JPM

Health&Sickness JPM
Body (Upper) JPM

Plants JPM

Page 584
 Sheet1

Agriculture JPM

Beekes
Fauna JPM

Meals JPM
Beekes

Bug JPM

Textiles JPM

Present IV: pra- '(let the one who tries) to hurt us IIAL
mrrcyati [3sg.act.] (will hurt oneself) with evil
(JB 2.138:2) speeches': Skt. mrrkta
Caus: marcyati duruktih (RV 01.147.04),
[3sg.act.] (RV) abhastim y no marcyati
Aorist SIS (Prec.): dvayna (RV 05.003.07) OAv.
mrrkta daibitm du.sastimriit_ ( Y
[3sg.med.] (RV 45.1)
01.147.04) 'an enemy tries to hurt (us)': Skt.
TA-Ptc.: mrrkt- marcyt artv (RV
'hurt' (RV) 02.023.07) YAv. artica
ga.mrciinahe ( Yt 13.137)

Health&Sickness JPM

IIAL
Head JPM

Shape JPM

Page 585
 Sheet1

Dwelling JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Values JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Page 586
 Sheet1

Bend and Press JPM

Qualities JPM

IIAL

IIAL

Food Prep JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Binding JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 587
 Sheet1

Present IV: IIAL

mriyase
[2sg.med.] (RV ),
mriyte (< *mr-
ie-) {1}
[3sg.med.] (AV+)
Aorist R: mrrths
[2sg.inj.act.]
(RV ), marti
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV) {2}, mrate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV), murya
[1sg.opt.med.]
(RV )
Aorist S: mrri
[1sg.inj.med.]
(AVP)
Perfect: mamra
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
mamrrvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
Fut: mariyati
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Caus: mryati
[3sg.act.] 'to kill'
(AV+)
Desid: mumrati
[3sg.act.] 'to
desire to die' (S.
+)
Inf: martave 'to
die' (AVP)
TA-Ptc.: mrrt-
'died, dead' (RV+)
a-mrrta- (< *nr -
mrrto-) [adj]
'immortal' (RV+)

Light & Dark JPM

See mrtya- IIAL

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 588
 Sheet1

Perfect (?): IIAL

mumurat
[2sg.subj.act.]
'shall hinder' (RV
08.097.03) {1}
Intensive:
marmartu
[3sg.impv.act.]
'let (Brhaspati)
hinder (him)' (RV
08.097.03) {2}

Family JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Family JPM

Swim JPM

Textiles JPM

Beekes
Movement JPM

Values JPM

Page 589
 Sheet1

Values JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Movement JPM

Present IX: IIAL

amut
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV)
Present AYA:
muya (RV)
Aorist IS: mo
[2sg.inj.] (RV+)
Aorist R: math
[2sg.subj.med.]
(RV)
Passive: muyate
[3sg.] (Br., DhS.
+)
TA-Ptc.: mut-
'taken away,
robbed' (RV)

Beekes
Present I: IIAL

-mvant-
[ptc.act.f.]
'pushing down'
(AV-Br.)
Passive:
-mvyamna-
[ptc.] (KSp)
TA-Ptc.: mta- (<
*muh-t- <
*mi uuh-t-) in
kma-mta-
'impelled by love'
(RV 10.010.11)
mvit- (TB+)

Present I: sam- IIAL

mlate (KS), Fut.
sam-mliyate
(KS)
TA-Ptc.: sm-
mlita- 'with eyes
closed' (KS)

Abs: sam-mlya
'with eyes closed'
(RV 01.161.12)

Page 590
 Sheet1

Exchange & Property JPM

IIAL

Construction JPM

mradyms- [comp] (JB), mraditha- [sup] (S.) IIAL

Earth JPM

Present I: v IIAL
mrad
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 06.053.03), v
mradate
[3sg.med.] (MS
1.6.3:90.6)
Caus: mraday 'to
make soft' (TS)
{1}

Present II: brvti 'to speak being the knowing one': Speech JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+) Skt. vy bravt vidvm '[Agni] IIAL
bruvnti [3pl.act.] announced [the right paths, since
(RV+) he is a] knowing one' (RV
brt [3sg.med.] 01.145.05) OAv. vduu vdu
(RV+) mraot
YAv. v mrii
IIAL
Head JPM

Sensation JPM

Fish JPM

IIAL
Social Organization JPM
Color JPM

hundred rams': Skt. atm men (RV) Elam.-Iran. *ata- IIAL

Page 591
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM

Bug JPM

come quickly to help': Skt. makum Time JPM

IIAL

Beekes
Ornament JPM

Head JPM

/martiya-/ 'rich mortal': Skt. mrtah revn IIAL

(RV 07.001.23) YAv. rauua
maiia ( Yt 14.36)
maiinm rauuatm ( Vd 20.1)
see also gya-
dev-
pars

Celt.
Space JPM

Water JPM

Bug JPM

Page 592
 Sheet1

Trees JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

vamr- [f] Bug JPM

IIAL

Organs JPM
IIAL

Organs JPM

Desire JPM

Bug JPM
Water JPM

Organs JPM
IIAL

Page 593
 Sheet1

Measure & Quantity JPM

IIAL

Plants JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Health&Sickness JPM
Health&Sickness JPM
Beekes

Health&Sickness JPM

Fauna JPM

Human Sounds JPM

IIAL
Human Sounds JPM

Fauna JPM
IIAL

Exchange & Property JPM

Page 594
 Sheet1

Organs JPM

Bug JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

IIAL

Family JPM

IIAL

Beekes
IIAL
Beekes
Kinship JPM

Meals JPM

Beekes

Page 595
 Sheet1

Fauna JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Textiles JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Conflict JPM

Water JPM
IIAL

Position JPM
Beekes

Beekes
'(certainly) not': Skt. nd (RV+) Conjunctions JPM
Av. nit_ IIAL
'cerainly not': Skt. nd ev (RV
10.051.04) OAv. nit_ auu
'or not': Skt. n v (RV+) YAv.
na-uua ( V 5.26) Lat. nve, neu
'not at all': Skt. n vi (RV+)
YAv. na-uua
'no-one': Skt. n-kih (RV, AV) Av.
na-ci Oss. n-cy / ne-ci Lat.
ne-quis
'there is no ': Skt. nsti (RV+)
OCS nst

Conjunctions JPM

Page 596
 Sheet1

Air JPM
IIAL

Textiles JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Present I: ndant- IIAL

[part.act.] (AV+)
Present X / Caus:
nady 'to
resound' {1} (RV)
Intensive:
nnadati [3pl.act.]
'to resound, roar
loudly' (RV),
nnadat-
[part.act.] (RV,
AV)
nnadya (JB)

vrrk-inflexion: nadym [acc.sg.], nadyh [gen.sg., nom.acc.pl.], nad [loc.sg.] IIAL
Plants (Wild) JPM
IIAL

Textiles JPM

Organs JPM

Health&Sickness JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Values JPM

IIAL
IIAL

Page 597
 Sheet1

Present I: IIAL
ndhamna-
[ptc.med.] (RV+),
ndhai
[1sg.subj.med.]
(SBK 4.5.1.16)
TA-Ptc.: ndhit-
'oppressed' (RV)
{1}

Transport JPM
IIAL
Beekes

Health&Sickness JPM

Present I: -ndanti [3pl.act.] (YVp+) IIAL

Present III: ninikta Clean JPM
[2pl.impv.act.] (RV IIAL
10.132.06)
Aorist R: nir-
ijn- [ptc.med.]
(RV 09.069.05)
Aorist A: anijam
[1sg.act.] (AV
10.4.19 +), anijan
[3pl.act.] (AV+)
Aorist S:
anikmahi
[1pl.med.] (AVP
16.149.12), niki
[1sg.inj.med.] (AV
10.5.15-21)
Aorist SIS:
anaikt [3sg.act.]
(AV 2.7.1)
Caus: nejay (Br.
+)
Intensive: nenikt
[3sg.med.] (RV
09.071.03 +)
TA-Ptc.: nikt-
'washed clean'
(RV+)

IIAL
IIAL

Page 598
 Sheet1

Present I: nyati 'to lead a horse': Skt. vam Travel JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) nay (RV+), *ava-n- PN ('led by IIAL
Present II (nonce): the horse' (?)) (Mitanni-IA) YAv.
neth [2pl.act.] aspa naii OP. asam frnayam
(RV 10.126.02), 'to lead away the bound one': Skt.
ntam baddhm nay (RV 10.034.04)
[3du.impf.med.] YAv. bastm naii OP. basta
(RV 01.121.05) anayat
Aorist S: anait
[3sg.act.] (AV+),
anaiam
[1sg.act.] (MS),
naita
[3sg.inj.med.]
(RV), nat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
SI-impv: nei
(RV+)
Perfect: ninya
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
ninyt
[3sg.opt.act.] (RV)
Passive: nyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Fut: neyati
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Intensive: neny
(RV+)
Desid: nnasi
[2sg.act.] (RV
08.103.04 +)
Inf: nei 'to
lead' (RV)
TA-Ptc.: nt-
(RV+)

Movement JPM

Agriculture JPM

Page 599
 Sheet1

Present IV: nyati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist RED (intr.):
nat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV),
nan [3pl.act.]
(YV)
Perfect: nana
[3sg.act.] (RV
09.067.30 ,
10.017.01),
-neur [3pl.act.]
(BAU 1.3.7 = SB
14.4.1.8)
Fut: naiyati
[3sg.iact.] (AV+)
Caus: ny 'to
make disappear,
to destroy' (RV+)
Aorist RED (tr.-
caus.): annaat
[3sg.act.],

nnaah [2sg.inj.]
'to damage' (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: nat-
(RV+)

Health&Sickness JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Health&Sickness JPM
Celt.

nom.sg. ng, Time JPM

acc.sg. nktam, IIAL
nom.acc.du.
nkt
acc.pl. nkth
(analogical after
rtrh), instr.pl.
naktbhih (after
habhih)

Page 600
 Sheet1

Present I: namanti Bend and Press JPM

[3pl.act.] 'to bend' IIAL
(tr.) (RV+),
nmate
[3sg.med.] 'to
bend (oneself)'
(intr.), 'to bend
(for oneself)' (tr.)
(RV+)
Aorist S: ann
[3sg.act.] (KS),
anamsata
[3pl.med.] (Br.),
namsante
[3pl.subj.med.]
(RV)
Perfect: nnma
[3sg.act.] 'has
bent (oneself)'
(intr.) (RV), neme
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.057.05)
nanmas
[2sg.subj.act.]
{1} 'to turn away'
(RV 01.174.08 =
02.019.07)
Fut: namsyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Caus: namy
'make bow' (RV+),
namay (Up.+)
Aorist RED:
nnamas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV
08.024.27)
Intensive:
nmnamti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
nmnate
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.140.06)
nnnamat
[ptc.act.] (RV
Give & Take JPM

'homage to you (greeting)': Skt. IIAL

nmas te (RV+) YAv.
nmas.ti, nmas.t
'to bring homage': Skt. nmas-
bhar- (RV+) YAv. nm bar-
'sacrifice with homage': nmas
miydhah (RV) OAv. miiazdm
nmah
Trees JPM

IIAL

Page 601
 Sheet1

npt [nom.sg.] grandson of the waters': Skt. apm Kinship JPM

(RV+) Beekes
nptam [acc.sg.]
(RV+)
nptr [instr.sg.]
(RV+)
nptre [dat.sg.]
(RV+)
nptuh
[gen.abl.sg.]
(RV+)
nptas [nom.pl.]
(RV+), nptrrbhih
[instr.pl.] (RV+)
ndbhyas [dat.pl.]
(RV 10.060.06)
later nptram
[acc.sg.] (KS+),
etc.

vrrk-inflection Kinship JPM
IIAL

Kinship JPM

Dieties JPM

Position JPM

Page 602
 Sheet1

Present I: nsate Travel JPM

[3sg.med.] (RV) IIAL
Present III:
nmsate
[3pl.med.] (RV+),
nimsata
[3sg.inj.med.
(them.)] (RV),
*nimsta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(AVP 8.15.5) 'to
visit'
Aorist R: nasmahi
[1pl.opt.act.] (for
*asmahi) (RV
02.016.08)

IIAL

Speech JPM

Present II: -nauti Speech JPM

[3sg.act.] (GrrS.) IIAL
Caus: ti-nvayet
[3sg.opt.act.]
(TSp 6.3.4.4, SB)

Page 603
 Sheet1

Present I: nvate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV+)
nvant- [ptc.act.]
(RV 06.017.10)
Present VI:
nuvnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV 01.029.05)
{1}
pra auti
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Aorist S: nata
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
Aorist IS: anavita
[3sg.med.] (RV
09.071.07)
Aorist RED {2}:
nnot [3sg.act.]
(RV)
Intensive:
anonavur
[3pl.act.] (RV),
nvnot
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV)
Intensive perfect:
nonva [3sg.act.]
(RV 01.079.02)

Convey JPM

Being & Doing JPM

nv()yas- [comp] (RV), nvatara- [comp] (Br.+), nvit Time JPM

Beekes
IIAL

Organs JPM

powerful vs. weak': Skt. ugrm dhr- (RV 07.041.02) OAv.

IIAL
to sit down': Skt. ni-ad- [verb] 't Position JPM
Beekes
IIAL

IIAL

Page 604
 Sheet1

IIAL
IIAL
IIAL

Health&Sickness JPM

Construction JPM
IIAL

Time JPM

IIAL
Pronouns JPM

Sacred JPM

IIAL
acc. asmn given by us': Skt. asmd-rta- [adj] 'given by us' (VS) OAv. IIAL
(RV+), instr.
asmbhi (RV+),
dat. asmbhyam
(RV+), abl. asmt
(RV+), gen.
asmkam (RV+),
loc. asmsu (RV+)
asm
[dat.gen.loc.] (RV,
AV)

Beekes
Time JPM
IIAL

Page 605
 Sheet1

Human Sounds JPM

?? Fauna JPM

IIAL
Textiles JPM

Blow Up JPM

Beekes
Beekes
Beekes
IIAL

Bird JPM
Shape JPM

Plants JPM

Organs JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Kinship JPM

? Marriage JPM

Qualities JPM

Earth JPM

Page 606
 Sheet1

Textiles JPM

Present IV: Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

pdyate IIAL
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
n padyate 'to lie
down, to copulate'
(RV+)
Present III>I: (
)pbdamna- 'to
tread on one and
(then) another
foot, to stamp'
[ptc.med.] (RV,
Br.)
Aorist
mediopass.: pdi
[3sg.inj.] (RV-
YVm), apdi
[3sg.] (AV+),
apadran [3pl.] (RV
06.020.04)
Aorist R: padt
[3sg.opt.med.]
(RV), padti
[3sg.subj.act.]
(with double
characterization)
(RV 09.073.09),
-patths
[2sg.inj.med.]
(AV), apadmahi
[1pl.med.] (VS),
apadi [1sg.med.]
(SB) padm
[3sg.impv.med.]
(AVP 5.15.7)
Aorist S: apatsi
[1sg.med.] (AV
6.120.2, ChU
8.14.2), apatsata
[3pl.med.] (AB
7.14.6)
Perfect: papda
[3sg.act.] (RV),
pede [3sg.med.]
IIAL

IIAL

'at the place of Id' (= refreshing IIAL

draught): Skt. lys pad (RV)
OAv. padi aii ( Y 50.8)
'the tracks of the cattle': Skt.
padni pavh (RV 01.067.06)
YAv. pasu pam ( V 2.24)

Page 607
 Sheet1

Roads JPM

Conflict JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Present II: pti Food & Drink JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+), IIAL
ph
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+), pn-
[ptc.med.] (RV
09.070.04)
Aorist S: psati
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
10.017.04),
psatas
[3du.subj.act.]
(RV 07.034.23)

IIAL

Fire JPM

? Dieties JPM

Page 608
 Sheet1

Present III>I: Food & Drink JPM

pbati [3sg.act.]
(RV+) {1}
Aorist R: apt
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
pnti [3pl.subj.]
(RV), pths
[2pl.subj.] (AV)
Aorist S: ps
[3sg.act.] (RV
05.029.08)
Perfect: papu
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
pape [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Passive: pyte
[3sg.] (AV+)
Fut: psyate
[3sg.med.] (Br.+)
Desid: pipati
[3sg.act.] (RV
01.015.09)
pipsati 'to be
thirsty' [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
Caus: pyy
(RV+)
Abs: ptv (RV),
ptv (RV+)
Inf: ptave [inf]
(RV)
TA-Ptc.: pt-
(RV+)

Binding JPM

Present III: vi- IIAL

pipn-
[ptc.med.]
'separating,
moving apart'
(RV)
ut-ppna-
[ptc.med.] 'rising'
(AV)
ut-ppte
[3sg.med.] (MS,
TS) {1}

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Present IV: pyati IIAL
[3sg.act.] (RV-
TBm)

Page 609
 Sheet1

Present V>I: IIAL

pnvate
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Aorist R: pyna-
[ptc.med.] (RV
01.079.03)
(nonce)
Present I: pyate
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.164.28) (nonce
form based on the
adjacent
pyobhih)
Perfect: ppya
[3sg.act.] (RV)
pipyathur
[2du.act.] (RV)
ppema
[1pl.ppf.act.] (RV)
ppivms-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
pipy--
[ptc.act.f.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: pr-pta-
'overflowing' (RV
07.041.07), -
pta-'swollen' (RV
08.009.19)
na-ptc.: pr-pna-
'overflowing'
(AV+), -pna-
'swollen' (AV+)

IIAL

Page 610
 Sheet1

Present VII>VI: 'adorned with all ornaments, richly Color JPM

pimati [3sg.act.] decorated': Skt. viva-p- [adj] IIAL
(RV+), pimte {1} (RV), viv-peas- [adj] YAv.
[3sg.med.] (RV+) vsp.pis- [adj], vsp.pasah- [adj]
Aorist A: pi 'to put on dainty clothes,
[2sg.impv.act.] decorated with stars': Skt. vstri
(RV 07.018.02) panni vsna (RV 10.001.06)
Aorist R: pin- pipa strrbhih (RV 01.068.10)
[ptc.med.] strrbhih pipi (RV 06.049.03)
'adorning' (RV YAv. vaste vahanm
07.057.03) sthrpasahm ( Yt 13.3)
Perfect: pipa 'adorned with gold, wearing
[3sg.act.] (RV+), golden adornments': Skt. hraya-
pipi [3sg.med.] peas- [adj] (RV) YAv.
'has adorned zaranii.pas- [adj, f], zaranii.pis-
has adorned [adj]
oneself (refl.)
is adorned (pass.)'
(RV+)
Passive:
piymna-
[ptc.med.] (AV
12.5.36)
TA-Ptc.: pit-
'adorned' (RV+)
piit- 'cut to size'
also [n] 'meat, cut
in pieces' (AV+)

Love & Hate JPM

Blow Up JPM

IIAL

Page 611
 Sheet1

Present VII: Agriculture JPM

pinti [3sg.act.]
(RV+), pimnti
[3pl.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: apikan
[3pl.act.] (SB)
Perfect: pipa
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
sm pipie
[3sg.med.] (pass.)
(RV 01.032.06)
Fut: pekyati
[3sg.iact.] (JB,
Up.)
Passive:
piyma-
[ptc.med.] (AVP
6.15.5, SB+)
TA-Ptc.: pit-
(RV+)

IIAL

Textiles JPM

IIAL
Fauna JPM
Beekes

Page 612
 Sheet1

Present I: pcanti Food Prep JPM

[3pl.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Present
IV/Passive:
pcyate
[3sg.med.] 'to
ripen' (RV
01.135.08 +),
pacyte
[3sg.med.] 'to be
cooked, to ripen,
to be digested'
(RV+) {1}
Aorist S: pkat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
08.069.15,
10.027.18)
Perfect: papca
[3sg.act.] (AV+),
pece [3sg.med.]
(RV+), peciran
[3pl.plpf.med.]
(AV 5.18.11)
Fut: pakyate
[3sg.med.] (Br.+)
Inf: pktave (AV+)

Food Prep JPM

Food Prep JPM
IIAL

Exchange & Property JPM

Bend and Press JPM

plikn- [f] IIAL

Earth JPM

Page 613
 Sheet1

Tools JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Present IX: prrti to fulfil/grant a wish': Skt. kmam Measure & Quantity JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Present IX>VI:
prrti [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
Present III>I:
piprata
[3sg.impf.med.]
(RV 05.034.02)
{2}
Present III: pparti
[3sg.act.] (AV
13.3.4) {2}
Present IV:
pryama-
[ptc.med.] 'to
become full' (RV
01.051.10 +),
pryte
[3sg.med.] (MS+)
{3}
Aorist S: aprs
[2,3sg.act.] (RV,
Br.)
SI-impv: prsi (RV)
Aorist R: aprt
[3sg.act.] (AV-
YVm) {4}
Aorist IS:
priths
[2sg.inj.act.] (TAm
1.14.2) {5}
Perfect: papr
[3sg.act.] (RV\ X2
01.069.01),
papru [3sg.act.]
'has filled' (RV+),
pupre
[3sg.med.] 'has
become full' (MSp
4.6.6:88.10f.)
{6}
Aorist
(medio)pass:
Containers JPM

Page 614
 Sheet1

Measure & Quantity JPM

Movement JPM

Shape JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Dwelling JPM

Fauna JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Plants JPM

Bug JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Water JPM

Water JPM

also often spelled pat- in texts IIAL

Page 615
 Sheet1

pacnm [gen.pl.] (YV+) Numbers JPM

Numbers JPM

Numbers JPM

Travel JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Page 616
 Sheet1

? Sacred JPM

Position JPM
Beekes
? Dwelling JPM

Blow Up JPM

Present III: pparti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S {1}:
prat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), para
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 01.097.08)
SI-impv: pri
[2sg.] (RV)
Aorist IS: priat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
Caus: pray 'to
make cross over'
(RV+)
ply 'to bring
across, to save, to
protect' (AV
18.3.1, RV-Kh.+)

Exchange & Property JPM

Fauna JPM

Page 617
 Sheet1

Come & Go JPM

Conflict JPM

Being & Doing JPM

'higher life': Skt. sum pram (RV IIAL

01.140.08), parsu- [adj] 'dying,
dead' (Ep.+) OAv. parhu-
'(containing) higher life' ( Y 46.19)
'farther-of day': Skt. pratare
han 'on a farther-of day' (RV
10.095.01) YAv. par.asna- [adj]
'future', Pash. parn 'yesterday'

beyond the mortals (and the gods)': Skt. par h mrtyair ( IIAL

Page 618
 Sheet1

Originally, a IIAL
heteroclitic
paradigm (RV):
prur [nom.acc.],
prva
[instr.sg.],
prvaas
[gen.abl.sg.],
prvai [loc.sg.],
prva, prvi
[nom.acc.pl.]
later prva
[nom.sg.] (AVP,
TS+) and pru
[instr.sg.],
pruas
[gen.abl.sg.],
prui [loc.sg.]
(all RV+)
later also paru-
(AV+)

IIAL
Numbers JPM
IIAL

Fauna JPM

Vital Functions JPM

IIAL

Construction JPM

Page 619
 Sheet1

Present IX: prrti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist R: prdh
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV)
Perfect: -puprys
[2sg.opt.act.] (RV
05.006.09) {1}

Celt.

Come & Go JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Celt.
Values JPM

Present SK: Formal Speech & Song JPM

prrchmi [1sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
Aorist S: prt
[3sg.act.] (RV
10.032.07),
prrkase
[2sg.subj.med.]
(RV 10.022.07)
prkt [3sg.act.]
(AVP+)
Perfect:
papraccha
[3sg.act.] (YVp+)
{2}
Passive:
prrchymna-
[ptc.] (RV, Ep.+)
{2}
Fut: prakyti
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Inf: prtum
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: prrt-
(RV+)

Color JPM
Celt.

Body (Upper) JPM

Page 620
 Sheet1

Dieties JPM

Trees JPM

IIAL
Throw JPM

'to thresh the ears of corn': Skt. IIAL

parn hanmi 'I thresh the ears of
corn' (RV 10.048.07) YAv. yaa
n satmca hazarmca
bauuarca paranm nijatm
hiit_ 'as if a man would thresh a
hundred, a thousand, a hundred
thousand of ears of corn' ( Yt
13.71
Geldner's edition reads
pairitanm nijam, although the
best ms. F1 has paranm)

Body (Lower) JPM

Roads JPM

Earth JPM

IIAL
Time JPM

IIAL
Body (Lower) JPM
IIAL

IIAL
IIAL

Page 621
 Sheet1

Body (Upper) JPM

Present I: ptati 'flying quickly': Skt. u-ptvan- Run & Jump JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+) [adj] (RV 04.026.04) Gr.
Present AYA:
paty 'to fly' 'flying quickly': Skt. raghu-ptvan-
(RV+) (RV) Gr.
Aorist RED: (Hom)
apaptat [3sg.act.] 'let the arrows fly': Skt. avah
'flied' (RV+) patantu (AV 2.3.6) YAv. iunm
Perfect: paptr patti
[3pl.act.] (RV), 'birds fly': Skt. pr vyah
pettur [3du.act.] paptan (RV) YAv. fr vaii patn
(RV), paptivms-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
Fut: patiyti
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Caus: paty 'to
make fly' (RV+)
Aorist RED:
appatat [3sg.act.]
'made fly' (RV+)
Intensive:
-ppatti
[3sg.act.] 'to
shoot again and
again' (RV
06.006.05), -v
ppatan
[3pl.inj.act.] 'to
fall asunder' (RV
08.020.04)
Desid: pipati
(AV+)
TA-Ptc.: patit-
(AV+)
Inf: ptitum'
(TS+)

Run & Jump JPM

Extend JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 622
 Sheet1

Present I: pvate Clean JPM

[3sg.med.] 'to IIAL
become clean'
(RV+)
Present IX: punti
[3sg.act.] 'to
clean' (RV+)
Aorist IS: apavita
[3sg.aor.med.]
(RV, MS)
Perfect: pupuvur
[3pl.act.] (Br.+)
Passive: pyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Caus: pavy
(TS+)
pvy (AVP, KS+)
Abs: ptv 'having
cleansed' (RV),
ptv (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: pt- {1}
(RV+)

Trees JPM

Celt.
Celt.
ptriya- IIAL
IIAL
pit [nom.sg.] 'father's fame': Skt. pitrr-rvaa- Kinship JPM
(RV+) [adj] 'who takes care of his IIAL
pitram [acc.sg.] father's fame' (RV) Gr. (Hom.)
(RV+)
pitr [dat.sg.] Gr. [m] PN
(RV+)
pitras [nom.pl.]
(RV+)
pitrrbhyas [dat.pl.]
(RV+)
pitr, pitrau
[nom.acc.du.]
'parents, father
and mother'
(RV+);

Kinship JPM

Kinship JPM

pvar- [f] (RV+) IIAL
Beekes

Page 623
 Sheet1

Love & Hate JPM

Meals JPM

Trees JPM

Fish JPM

Textiles JPM

Construction JPM

Meals JPM

Bird JPM

Perfect: pipl Bend and Press JPM

[3sg.med.] 'is IIAL
pressed out'
(pass.) (RV
04.022.08)
Present AYA/Caus:
pday 'to press
to hurt, to pain, to
vex' (AV 12.5.70
+)
Passive: apdyata
[3sg.impf.] 'was
squeezed out' (TS
2.6.7.1)

Body (Lower) JPM

Trees JPM

Page 624
 Sheet1

IIAL

Food & Drink JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Social Organization JPM

Values JPM

Conflict JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Textiles JPM
IIAL

Page 625
 Sheet1

Present I: to extend power': Skt. paprathac ch Extend JPM

prthate IIAL
[3sg.med.] 'to
spread, extend'
(intr.) (RV+)
prathatam
[2du.impf.act.] 'to
make spread, to
make extend' (RV
06.069.05,
06.072.02),
prathantu
[3pl.impv.act.]
(VS, SB)
Aorist IS:
aprathita
[3sg.med.] (RV
02.011.07),
prthita
[3sg.inj.med.]
(RV)
Aorist R:
prathn-
[ptc.med.] (RV
01.092.12,
06.064.03
nonce)
Perfect: paprthat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
paprath
[3sg.med.] (intr.)
(RV-TBm)
Caus: prathyant-
[ptc.act.] 'to make
spread, make
extend' (RV+),
prathayase
[2sg.med.] 'to
spread (oneself)'
(intr.) (RV+)

prathin [instr.sg.] (RV) (< *prathimn) IIAL

IIAL
Swim JPM

Organs JPM
IIAL

Textiles JPM

pr [nom.sg.], pram [acc.sg.], etc. (RV+) IIAL

Page 626
 Sheet1

prv- [adj.f.] 'of many wonderful deeds': Skt. IIAL

(RV+) puru-dmsa(s)- [adj] (RV) Gr.
purutma-, (Hes.) - [adj]
purtma- [sup] 'of many names': Skt. pur-
'very much, in man- [adj] (RV) Gr. -
great numbers, [adj]
very often, 'of many colours': Skt. puru-
occurring very pa(s)- [adj] (RV) Gr. -
often' (RV) [adj] (?)

'(of) full moon': Skt. pr-ms-a- Measure & Quantity JPM

[m] 'sacrifice at full moon' (KS+) Beekes
YAv. prn.m ha- [m] N of god IIAL
(divinity of the full moon) MP
purr-mh 'full moon'
'(having) full life(time)': Skt.
pryu- [m] N. of a Gandharva
(= 'having full life-time') (Ep.)
YAv. prniiu- [adj] 'of age' {1}

Color JPM

pru- [f], also name of a river (RV+) Color JPM

IIAL

IIAL
prrthv- [adj.f.] '(of) wide fame': Skt. prrth rvas IIAL
(RV+) (RV)
prthyas- [comp] prrthu-rvas- [m] PN (RV+)
'broader, wider' Gr. , [m] PN
(SB+) 'of wide expanse/lakes': Skt. prrthu-
jryas- [adj] (RV) YAv.
pru.zraiiah- [adj] 'forming wide
lakes' ( Yt 8.2)
'wide waters': Skt. pah prrthvh

(RV) YAv. p pr
'with broad hips': Skt. prrth-roi-
[adj] (SB+) YAv. pru.sraoni-
[adj]
'broad place': Skt. prrthm ynim
sasda (RV 10.099.02) YAv.
pru.yaona- [adj] 'with a broad
place'

Shape JPM
Beekes

Page 627
 Sheet1

Social Organization JPM

Bug JPM
IIAL

Construction JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Numbers JPM
IIAL

Position JPM

pt [nom.sg.], padb
ipeds and quadrupeds': Skt. dvi-p Body (Lower) JPM
IIAL
Beekes

Occupations JPM

IIAL
Beekes

Page 628
 Sheet1

Containers JPM

Plants JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

? Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Celt.

Body (Upper) JPM

Plants JPM

Meals JPM

pnths [nom.sg.], 'comfortable

p road': Skt. syonn IIAL
pathh (RV) YAv. huuiiaon h
patn
'the path of Truth': Skt. rrtsya
pnthh (RV) YAv. aahe
patm
cf. also s.v. rrj-, rad

Roads JPM

Fauna JPM
Beekes

Page 629
 Sheet1

Position JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Position JPM

Marriage JPM
IIAL

Containers JPM

Beekes
Present IV: ptyate [3sg.med.] (RV-YVm) IIAL
ptye [dat.sg.] (RV+), etc. Marriage JPM

Social Organization JPM

Hair JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Beekes
Beekes

Page 630
 Sheet1

Present IX: 'to worship and please (gods)': IIAL

pranti [3pl.act.] Skt. ykat pipryac ca (RV)
(RV+) OAv. yazamaid friimah ( Y
Present IV: 38.4)
apryama- YAv. k yazite k frnt_ ( Yt
[neg.ptc.med.] (JB 13.50)
3.232), priyantm 'having satisfied horses': IAr.
{1}, pryantm *prtuu a- PN (Mitanni-IA) YAv.
[3pl.impv.med.] frnspa- [m] PN
(S.m+)
Aorist S: prat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
01.180.06),
apraiam
[1sg.act.] (Br.)
Aorist SIS: aprait
[3sg.act.] (SB)
Perfect: pipriy
[3sg.med.] (RV),
pipryat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), piprh
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV), pipres
[2sg.ppf.act.] (RV-
Kh., YVm)
TA-Ptc.: prt-
'pleased,
satisfied' (RV+)

IIAL
Bend and Press JPM

Sight JPM

Time JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Fire JPM

Water JPM

Beekes
Body (Lower) JPM

Page 631
 Sheet1

Position JPM

Position JPM

Love & Hate JPM

'we would like to be (your) dearest IIAL

friends': Skt. syma prthh
(RV 06.026.08) OAv. frat h
hm
'lord of the beloved one': Skt.
priy-pati- (YV+) Elam.-Iran.
*friyapati-
'having desired horses': IAr. *prii ua-
auu a- [m] PN (Mitanni-IA) Elam.-
Iran. *friyspa- [m] PN

Marriage JPM

Family JPM

Trees JPM

Agriculture JPM

Position JPM
Beekes

Kinship JPM

Page 632
 Sheet1

Time JPM

IIAL

Celt.

IIAL
partly pronominal inflection IIAL

Plants JPM

Position JPM

Head JPM

praty [nom.sg.m.], pratyc-am [acc.sg.m.], pratyk [nom.sg.n.], pratc-s [ablIIAL

IIAL
Body (Upper) JPM

? Health&Sickness JPM

Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

Trees JPM

Sensation JPM

Page 633
 Sheet1

Present IV: pyati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (AVP
13.4.4, YVp+)
TA-Ptc.: n--
pyita- 'non-
putrified' (SB
1.1.3.5)

Health&Sickness JPM
IIAL

Plants JPM
Beekes

Textiles JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Hair JPM

Hair JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Kinship JPM
IIAL

Body (Lower) JPM

Conflict JPM

Values JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 634
 Sheet1

Textiles JPM

Qualities JPM

Placement Verbs JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Earth JPM

Construction JPM

Color JPM

Motion JPM

Convey JPM

Extend JPM

Placement Verbs JPM

Speech JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

Plants JPM

Page 635
 Sheet1

Textiles JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Animal Noises JPM

Textiles JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Convey JPM

Human Sounds JPM

? Meals JPM

Space JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Page 636
 Sheet1

Organs JPM

Hair JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Conflict JPM

Bug JPM

Transport JPM
Beekes

Human Sounds JPM

Family JPM

Plants JPM

Textiles JPM

Position JPM

Beekes
IIAL
Family JPM

Social Organization JPM

Page 637
 Sheet1

Values JPM

Sacred JPM
Celt.

Trees JPM
Celt.

Earth JPM

Trees JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Qualities JPM

IIAL
Qualities JPM

Come & Go JPM

Page 638
 Sheet1

Present III>I: Placement Verbs JPM

sdati [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
Perfect: sasda
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist A: sadat
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: stsat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
10.053.01)
SI-impv: stsi (RV)
Aorist mediopass:
sdi 'has sat
down' (RV+)
Fut: satsy (Br.+)
Caus: sdy
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: satt-
'put, settled
down' (RV+)
na-ptc.: -sanna-
'set down' (AV+)

Placement Verbs JPM

Gen. *sed-os 'seat' Construction JPM

Celt.

Construction JPM

Binding JPM

Page 639
 Sheet1

Present I: shant- '(to beat of enemy's) force and Conflict JPM

[ptc.act.] (RV, power IIAL
AVP), shante to establish power (in oneself)':
[3pl.med.] (RV+) Skt. tvim shah '(Indra beat
Perfect: ssha Vrrtra's) force, (Vrrtra's) power (with
[3sg.act.] (RV- his power)' (RV 01.080.10)
YVm), shvms-, shas- dh (RV) Av. hazas
ssahvms- tuui ( Y 29.1)
[ptc.act.] (RV), tuum dasuu haz ( Y 33.12)
sash
[3sg.med.]
Aorist R
(precative):
sahys
[3sg.opt.act.] (RV)
Aorist S: skat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), skv
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV), aski
[1sg.med.] (RV)
Aorist IS: sahita
[3sg.med.] (RV)
SI-impv: saki (RV
05.033.02)

Desid: skant-
[ptc.act.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: -sdha-
'invincible' (RV+)
Inf: shadhyai,
saki (RV)

'(to beat of enemy's) force and IIAL

power': Skt. tvim shah
'(Indra beat Vrrtra's) force, (Vrrtra's)
power (with his power)' (RV
01.080.10) OAv. hazas tuui
( Y 29.1)
'to establish power (in oneself)':
shas- dh- (RV) OAv. tuum
dasuu haz ( Y 33.12)

Agriculture JPM
Beekes

Come & Go JPM

Tools JPM

Page 640
 Sheet1

JPM

Plants JPM

Shape JPM

Present IV/VI {2}: resting place (unharnessing)': Skt. avasna- [n] (RV+) OAv IIAL
syti [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
Present IX: sinti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
siya [3sg.act.]
[2.720.3.1] (RV
10.028.10, JB),
siet [3sg.inj.act.]
(RV 08.067.08)
Aorist R: st
[3sg.inj.act.]
(RV+), ava-sat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(AVP 4.15.6), vi
sitam
[2du.impv.act.]
(RV 08.005.09),
sam satm
[3pl.impv.med.]
(AVP 4.14.5)
Caus: syyati
(TS+)
TA-Ptc.: sit-
'bound' (RV+), v-
ita- 'untied'
(RV+)

Desire JPM

Desire JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 641
 Sheet1

sarir- [n] 'sea, ocean' (KS+) Meals JPM

IIAL

Sight JPM

nom.sg. svr (< 'sun-like': Skt. svar-drr- (RV) Air JPM

*sHrr < *sHur < YAv. huuar.darsa- IIAL
*shul), gen.sg. 'sunny, bright, heavenly': Skt.
sras, dat.sg. sr svr-vant- (RV+) OAv.
xvnuuat-, YAv. xvanuuat-
'sun in the rock (= heaven)': svr
yd man (RV 07.088.02c) YAv.
asmanm xvanuuatm
'brilliant as the sun': Skt. svr
citrm (RV 01.148.01d) YAv.
huuar-cira- [m] PN

Liquid Motions JPM

Extend JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Tools JPM

Travel JPM

Page 642
 Sheet1

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Sight JPM

Position JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Present III: sisari Run & Jump JPM

[2sg.act.] (RV), IIAL
sisrate [3pl.med.]
(RV)
Present X:
sarayante (RV+)
Present ANYA:
sarayn
[3pl.subj.act.]
(RV), saraynt-
[ptc.act.]
Aorist A: sarat
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Perfect: sasra
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
sasre [3sg.med.]
(RV)
Fut: sariynt-
[ptc.act.] (RV)
Inf: srtave,
srtavi

Give & Take JPM

Water JPM

Movement JPM

Convey JPM

IIAL

Page 643
 Sheet1

Meals JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Food Prep JPM

Placement Verbs JPM

Time JPM
IIAL

Measure & Quantity JPM

Numbers JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Position JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Page 644
 Sheet1

Present V: santi IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Perfect: sasna
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist A: sanat
[3sg.act.] (RV,
Br.m)
Aorist IS: saniat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), snianta
[3pl.subj.med.]
(RV)
Fut: saniyti
[3sg.act.] (RV,
S.m)
Intensive:
saniata
[3pl.med.] (RV
01.131.5)
Desid: sisati
[3sg.act.] (RV, AV)
TA-Ptc.: st-
(RV+)

Qualities JPM

Kinship JPM

Time JPM

Come & Go JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

? Roads JPM

Page 645
 Sheet1

Being & Doing JPM

Plants JPM
Numbers JPM
Beekes

Beekes
Numbers JPM
Beekes

Liquid Motions JPM

Meals

Placement Verbs JPM

Conflict JPM

? Dieties JPM

Page 646
 Sheet1

Construction JPM

Shape JPM
Law & Order JPM

Come & Go JPM

Present I: srpati Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Perfect: sasarpa
[3sg.act.] (SB+)
Aorist A: asrrpat
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Fut: sarpsyati,
srapsyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
TA-Ptc.: srrpta-,
also [n] 'crawling
track' (KS+)
Abs: (nih-)srrpya
(AV)

Present II: ssti [3sg.act.] (RV+) Knowledge & Thought JPM

IIAL

Plants JPM

Food Prep JPM

Page 647
 Sheet1

Present V: sunti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
sunvn-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
stative middle
sunv [3sg.] and
sunvir [3pl.] with
a passive
meaning (RV)
Present III: suvati
[3pl.] (RV)
Aorist R: st
[2pl.impv.act.]
(RV)
Aorist S: asota
[3sg.med.] (ChU)
Aorist mediopass:
svi [3sg.] (RV),
suvn- /svn-/
[ptc.med.] (RV-
TSm)
Perfect: suva
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
suum [1pl.act.]
(RV+), suvn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Fut: saviymi
[1sg.act.] (MS),
soyati [3sg.act.]
(ChU+)
Passive: syte
[3sg.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: sut-
(RV+)
Abs: abhi-tya
(TS+), sutv (S.
+)
Inf: stave (RV),
stoh (RV+)

Present II: ste Vital Functions JPM

[3sg.med.] (RV), IIAL
st [3sg.med.]
(TB)
Perfect: sasva
[3sg.act.] (RV, AV)
Aorist R: ast
[3sg.act.] (MSm)
Fut: syant-
[ptc.fut.act.] (RV
05.078.05)
Inf: stave (RV,
AV)
TA-Ptc.: s-ta-
'easily born' (RV
02.010.03), sta-
[m] 'child, son'
(AVP 5.37.4)

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 648
 Sheet1

Food & Drink JPM

Beekes
Movement JPM

Sacred JPM

Direction JPM

Pronouns JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Poetics

/suvarg-/ IIAL
Beekes
Desire JPM

Metals JPM

Fauna JPM

Qualities JPM

Give & Take JPM

Direction JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 649
 Sheet1

Reductive Activities JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Present IV/VI: IIAL

chyti [3sg.act.]
(AV+) {1}
TA-Ptc.: va-
cchita- 'pulled of
(skin)' (SB)

Page 650
 Sheet1

Present VII: IIAL

chindhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 01.133.02),
chintti [3sg.act.]
(AV+)
Present
IV/Passive:
chidyamna-
[neg.ptc.med.]
(RV 02.032.04)
'unbreakable',
chidyate
[3sg.med.] (AV+),
chdyamna-
[ptc.med.] (TS+),
chidyte {1}
[3sg.med.] (MS,
SB)
Aorist R: chedma
[1pl.inj.act.] (RV
01.109.03)
Aorist A: achidan
[3pl.inj.act.] (AV+)
Aorist S: chitths
[2sg.inj.med.] (AV
8.1.4), chitsi
[1sg.inj.med.]
(YVp)
Aorist IS:
acchaitst
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Aorist mediopass:
chedi [3sg.] (RV
01.116.15), chedi
[3sg.inj.] (RV+)
Perfect: cichidh
[3pl.act.] (AVP
2.39.2 = TBm
3.7.13.1), cichda
[3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Caus: chedayati
[3sg.act.] (S.+)
na-ptc.: chinn-
Weapons JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Page 651
 Sheet1

Present X: IIAL
chadyati
[3sg.act.] (RV, Br.)
Aorist S: achn
[3sg.act.] (RV)
chntsur
[3pl.act.] (RV)
chantsat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
SI-impv: chantsi
(RV)
Aorist RED:
acachadat
[2sg.act.] (AVP
5.27.1)
Perfect: cachanda
[3sg.pf.act.] (RV
07.063.03),
cachadyt
[3sg.pf.opt.act.]
(RV 10.073.09)
Caus: chandayate
[3sg.med.] 'to
take pleasure in'
(RV 10.027.08,
08.050.05),
chandayati
[3sg.act.] 'to
seem, to please'
(SA+)

Run & Jump JPM

Values JPM

Present I: rdha the troop of Rr ta': Skt. rdhm rrtsya (RV 08.007.21) YAv. IIAL
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV), rdhant-
[ptc.pres.act.]
'boasting
(enemy)' (RV)
Caus:
atipraardhyati
[3sg.act.] (RV) 'to
make audacious'

Conflict JPM

? Health&Sickness JPM

Page 652
 Sheet1

IIAL

Convey JPM

Celt.
IIAL
Shape JPM

Weapons JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Celt.

Light & Dark JPM

Trees JPM

Qualities JPM

Conflict JPM

Bug JPM

Motion JPM

Crawl, Slide, Fall JPM

Color JPM

Social Organization JPM

Marriage JPM

Beekes

Page 653
 Sheet1

Food & Drink JPM

Human Sounds JPM

? Binding JPM

Throw JPM

Head JPM
Meals JPM

accentless IIAL
same [nom.pl.]
Hair JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Textiles JPM

Organs JPM

Swim JPM

Water JPM
Beekes

Human Sounds JPM

Marriage JPM

Page 654
 Sheet1

Air JPM

IIAL
Kinship JPM
IIAL

Pronouns JPM

IIAL
JPM

Sacred JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Social Organization JPM

Trees JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Page 655
 Sheet1

heteroclitic with IIAL

sakthn-: instr.sg.
sakthn (VS
23.29),
nom.acc.pl.
sakthni (RV
05.061.03)
nom.acc.du.
sakthy , -u
(RV+)

*sol(h)uo-teht- wholeness Health&Sickness JPM

IIAL

Earth JPM

Dwelling JPM

Position JPM
Beekes

Family JPM

Kinship JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

IIAL

Exchange & Property JPM

Celt.

IIAL

Page 656
 Sheet1

Present IV: Desire JPM

sphytai IIAL
[3sg.subj.med.]
(AVP 8.11.11),
sphyate
[3sg.med.]
(SmavidhB
3.3.1)
TA-Ptc.: sm-
sphta- 'complete,
not lacking
anything' (MS+)

Exchange & Property JPM

Weapons JPM
Celt.

Meals JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Bird JPM

Throw JPM

Motion JPM

Page 657
 Sheet1

Present I: IIAL
sprdhante
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
Perfect:
pasprrdhte
[3du.med.] (RV)
pasprrdhethm
[2du.ppf.med.]
(RV), pasprrdhn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Aorist R:
asprrdhran
[3pl.med.] (RV),
sprrdhn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Abs:
mithasprrdhya (RV
01.166.09)
Inf: sprdhitum
(AV+) [[ XXX AiGr
I: 25,27::
sprdhn
[3pl.aor.inj.] (RV
06.067.09) is a
nonce formation
(Joachim 173, fn.
598-600)
Inf: sprdhse (RV
05.064.04)]]

Run & Jump JPM

Present VI: Convey JPM

sphurti [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV)
Aorist S: spharh
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV)

Throw JPM

Run & Jump JPM

IIAL
Measure & Quantity JPM

Page 658
 Sheet1

Construction JPM

Come & Go JPM

Organs JPM
IIAL

Water JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Trees JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Body (Lower) JPM

Food Prep JPM

Liquid Motions JPM

Water JPM

Page 659
 Sheet1

Qualities JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Tools JPM

Qualities JPM

Liquid Motions JPM

IIAL
Space JPM

Space JPM

Construction JPM

Present V: pra- Reductive Activities JPM

stignoti [3sg.act.], IIAL
pra-stignuyt
[3sg.opt.act.] (MS
2.1.12:14.4f)
Aorist IS: *-
stegiat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(AVP 13.4.5)
Desid: +ati-
ttigiant-
[ptc.act.] (MS
1.6.3:89.9)
Inf: ati-tgam (MS
1.6.3:89.9) {1}

Come & Go JPM

Beekes

Page 660
 Sheet1

Placement Verbs JPM

Present IX: Placement Verbs JPM

stabhnmi IIAL
[1sg.act.] (RV)
stabhy (RV)
Perfect:
tastmbha
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist IS:
stambht
[3sg.act.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: stabhit-
'consolidated,
propped' (RV+)
Abs: stabdhv
(AV+)

Present: ni()tananti [3pl.act.] (ep.) Human Sounds JPM

IIAL

Shape JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Page 661
 Sheet1

Present V: strri IIAL

[2sg.act.] (RV
01.129.04),
astrrot
[3sg.impf.act.]
(GB
2.3.12:199.15),
strrut
[3sg.med.]
(YVp+)
Perfect: tast(r)ir
[3pl.med.] (AVS
19.46.3 = AVP
4.23.5)
Aorist R: star
[3sg.act.] (RV),
(m) star
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV)
Aorist S: strrya
[1sg.opt.med.]
(AV 10.5.15-21),
astrri [1sg.med.]
(Br.)
Fut: stariymahe
[1pl.med.] (KSp)
Desid: tstrati
[3sg.act.] (SBK),
tstrate
[3sg.med.]
(MSp+)
Inf: strtave (SB),
startavai (AB)
TA-Ptc.: -strrta-
(RV+) 'invincible',
strrta- (KSp+)
'overthrown'

Health&Sickness JPM
IIAL

Page 662
 Sheet1

Present IX: strrti Extend JPM

[3sg.act.] (AVP+),
strrt
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV), strrte
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Perfect: tistir
[3sg.med.] (RV)
Aorist IS: -astarh
[2sg.act.] (AV
12.3.38)
Aorist mediopass:
stri (RV
06.063.03)
Passive: stryate
(KB+),
stryma-
(KSm+)
Inf: -strri (RV
06.044.06)
Abs: strtv
(MSp+), -strya
(TSp+)
na-ptc.: str-
(RV+)

Construction JPM

Page 663
 Sheet1

Present II: astaut Formal Speech & Song JPM

[3sg.impf.act.] IIAL
(RV), stumi
[1sg.act.] (AV+),
stuti [3sg.act.]
(AV+)
Present I: stvate
[3sg.med.] (RV)
stve [3sg.med.]
'is praised'
(stative) (RV)
Perfect: tutuvr
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist mediopass:
stvi (RV)
Aorist S: astoi
[1sg.med.] (RV),
astota
[3sg.med.] (RV+),
stoat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
SI-impv: stoi (RV
10.022.04)
Passive: styte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Fut: staviy
(RV+), stoya (Br.
+)
TA-Ptc.: stut-
(RV+)

Present I: stobhati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV)
Aorist R: pra-
stubhn-
[ptc.med.] (RV
04.003.12, nonce)
stobdhi
[2sg.impv.act.] (JB
nonce)
Caus: stobhayat
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV 01.088.06)
TA-Ptc.: stubdha-
(Br.+)

Construction JPM

Beekes

Page 664
 Sheet1

Qualities JPM

Roads JPM

Travel JPM

Construction JPM

JPM

Head JPM

Bird JPM

Fish JPM

Textiles JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Beekes
sthvyas- [comp] IIAL
'thicker, stronger'
(Br.+)
sthvitha- [sup]
'thickest,
strongest' (TS+)
Construction JPM

Water JPM

Kinship JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Qualities JPM

Kinship JPM

Kinship JPM
Beekes

Page 665
 Sheet1

IIAL

Meals JPM
IIAL

Beekes
Fauna JPM
Celt.
Beekes

Fauna JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Family JPM

Food & Drink JPM

IIAL

svdv- [f] Sensation JPM

svdiyas- [comp] IIAL
'sweeter' (RV+)
svditha- [sup]
'sweetest, most
pleasant' (RV+);

Blow Up JPM

Light & Dark JPM

Page 666
 Sheet1

Present I: svedate Vital Functions JPM

[3sg.med.] (Ar., IIAL
Up.)
Present IV:
svidyanti
[3pl.act.] (SB+)
Perfect: sividn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Caus: svedayati
(SmavidhB)
na-ptc.: svinn-
(AV+)

Kinship JPM
IIAL

Kinship JPM
IIAL

? Kinship JPM

Fire JPM

Construction JPM

Kinship JPM

Earth JPM

Fire JPM

Swim JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Page 667
 Sheet1

Present II: svpiti Knowledge & Thought JPM

[3sg.act.] (TSp+) IIAL
{1}, svapnt- Beekes
[ptc.act.] (RV)
Present I: n
svapa
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV, AV+)
Perfect: suupuh
[3pl.act.] (RV+)
'to sleep in
(pres.)',
suupvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV),
suup-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Aorist SIS: svpst
[3sg.inj.act.]
(AVP+)
Caus: svpyati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist RED: svap
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV),
sivapah
[2sg.inj.act.]
(them.) (RV)
TA-Ptc.: supt-
'fallen asleep'
(AV+)
Abs: suptv (AV)

Throw JPM

Present I: svranti IIAL

[3pl.act.] (RV+)
Aorist S: svr
[3sg.act.] (RV)
Inf.: svaritoh (JB)

Light & Dark JPM

Construction JPM

Motion JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 668
 Sheet1

Sight JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Kinship JPM
IIAL

Kinship JPM

Kinship JPM

Speech JPM

Kinship JPM

Qualities JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

IIAL

Kinship JPM

Page 669
 Sheet1

Present IV: svyatu Textiles JPM
[3sg.impv.act.] IIAL
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: syt-
'sewn up' (RV+)

Kinship JPM

Speech JPM

Textiles JPM

Sensation JPM

Placement Verbs JPM

Social Organization JPM

Speech JPM

Trees JPM

Fauna JPM

Celt.

Shape JPM

Beekes
Celt.

Page 670
 Sheet1

Fire JPM

Pronouns JPM

Pronouns JPM

Pronouns JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Family JPM

Dwelling JPM

Occupations JPM

Page 671
 Sheet1

? Tools JPM

Containers JPM

Present II: takti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV),
takanth
[ptc.act.nom.pl.f.]
'rushing (waters)'
(AVP)
TA-Ptc.: takt-
'rushing along,
fleeting, fugitive'
(RV)

Convey JPM

Celt.

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Construction JPM

Convey JPM

Space JPM

Come & Go JPM

Beekes
Beekes

Page 672
 Sheet1

Present IV: Conflict JPM

tmyati [3sg.act.]
(YVp+)
Aorist R/A (?):
tamat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
02.030.07, TB)
{1}
Perfect: tatma
[3sg.act.] (Br.)
Caus: tmayati
(KS-KpSp+)
TA-Ptc.: tnt-
'breathing with
difficulty, fainted,
exhausting' (KS+)

IIAL

Extend JPM

Page 673
 Sheet1

Present V/VIII: Extend JPM

tanti [3sg.act.] IIAL
(RV+), tanut
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Aorist R: tan
[3sg.act.] (RV),
tnata [3pl.med.]
(RV), ataths
[2sg.med.] (Br.)
Aorist S: atn
[3sg.act.] (RV, AV)
atmst [3sg.act.]
(TS)
Perfect: tatna
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
ttna [3sg.act.]
(RV 01.105.12),
tatne [3sg.med.]
(RV+), tate
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.083.05),
tatnire [3pl.med.]
(RV-YVm), (vi)
tenir [3pl.med.]
(AV+)
Passive: tyte
[3sg.] 'to be
performed (of a
rite)' (RV+)
'to be stretched'
(AV+, almost
exclusively in
compounds)
Fut: tamsy (Br.)
Caus: tnay
[2sg.impv.act.] 'to
stretch' (AV 4.4.6
= 6.101.2)
TA-Ptc.: tat-
'extended, skilled,
performed' (RV+)

Present I: tandate [3sg.med.] (RV 01.138.01) IIAL

Page 674
 Sheet1

Present X: Extend JPM

tamsayethe IIAL
[2du.med.] (RV
10.106.01),
tamsayat
[3sg.impf.act.]
(VS)
Aorist A: tasat
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Perfect: tatasr
[3pl.med.] (RV),
tatamsatam
[2du.ppf.act. (?)
{1}] (RV
01.120.07)
Intensive: vi-
tantasite
[3du.subj.med.]
(RV 06.025.06)
Inf: pari-
tamsaydhyai
(RV)

IIAL
IIAL
tanvm [acc.sg.] 'self (reflexive)': Skt. svy tanv IIAL
(RV+) (AV) OAv. xva- tanuuas-ct_ ,
tanv [instr.sg.] YAv. huua- tan-, MP, NP xwtan
(RV+) 'self'
tanv [dat.sg.] 'made by oneself': Skt. tan-krrt-
(RV+) (RV+) YAv. tanu.krta-
tanbhyas 'to hide oneself': Skt. tanvm gh
[dat.pl.] (RV+) (RV) YAv. tanm ()guz
'dear body': Skt. priym tanvm
(RV, AV) YAv. frii tanuui
'protector of the bodies': Skt. trt
tannm YAv. tanuiie
rrm
'to protect the body (himself)': Skt.
tan-p- [adj] (RV+) YAv. tanm
piti
'to shine with the body / to light up
the body': Skt. tan-rc- [adj]
'shining with the body' (RV) YAv.
tanm raocaiieiti 'to light up the
body' ( Yt 10.142)

Qualities JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Extend JPM

Page 675
 Sheet1

Qualities JPM

Transport JPM

tnyas- [comp] 'thinner' (Br.) IIAL

Water JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Meals JPM

Shape JPM

IIAL

Page 676
 Sheet1

Present I: tpati *tep-os- warmth Qualities JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Present IV: the sun warms, burns': Skt. srya
tapyate tapatu (AV 8.2.14) Av. huuar
[3sg.med.] (RV+), tpaiieiti
tpyate
[3sg.med.]
(YVm+), tapyte
[3sg.med.] (AV,
TSm, SB) {1}
Aorist mediopass:
tpi [3sg.] (RV+)
Aorist S: tapths
[2sg.med.] (AV
9.5.6), atpst
[3sg.act.] (KS+)
Aorist RED:
attape
[3sg.med.] (RV
08.072.04) {2}
Perfect: tatpa
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
tepn-
[ptc.med.] (RV),
tatpate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV 04.002.06)
Fut: tapsyti
[3sg.act.] (KS+)
Caus: tpyant-
[ptc.act.] (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: tapt-
'heated, hot,
glowing' (RV+)

Speech JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Page 677
 Sheet1

Present VII: trrtti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+),
trrndhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+)
Aorist R: trdas
[2sg.subj.act.] (RV
06.017.01), trrdyur
[3pl.opt.act.]
(S.), tarddhi
[2sg.impv.act.]
(AVP 5.20.3)
Perfect: tatarda
[3sg.act.] (RV,
AV), tatrrdn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Caus: vi-tarday
'to drill into, to
hollow out' (S.)
Desid: ttrrtsn
[3pl.subj.act.] 'to
wish to open' (RV
10.074.04 +)
Abs: pra-trrdya
(SB)
na-ptc.: ava-
trra- (AVP
1.58.3+), -trra-
(KS+)

Values JPM
Celt.

Reductive Activities JPM

Tools JPM
Celt.

Position JPM

Page 678
 Sheet1

Present I: trati 'to cross the waters, the river': Skt. Come & Go JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+), aps tari- (RV+), Skt. aptr- [adj]
tarete [3du.med.] 'crossing the waters' (RV+) OP
(RV 01.140.03) tigrm viyataraym (DB I 88)
Present VI {2}: Khot. bi-tar- (+ river) MP vi-
-tir dardan (+ river) MoP guar- /
[2sg.impv.act.] guatan (+ river)
(RV+), -tirasi 'to overcome all hostilities,
[2sg.act.] (RV+), enemies': Skt. vv dvmsi tari-
-tirte [3sg.med.] (RV+) YAv. vspa t_ba
(RV+) titartm, tar.t_baa(h)-,
til-a- (VS) t_ba.tara-, t_ba.tauruuan-
Aorist IS: trt [adj] 'overcoming hostilities'
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
triat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+), trimahi
[1pl.opt.med.]
(RV+)
Perfect: tatra
[3sg.act.] 'to
cross, to pass
over' (RV, TBm),
titirur [3pl.act.]
(RV), titirvms-,
tatar- {3}
[ptc.act.] (RV)
Passive: pr
tryatm
[3sg.impv.] (TBm
2.5.1.3)
Caus: pra try
'to extend' (AV)
Intensive: tartarti
[3sg.act.] (RV),
tritrat- [ptc.act.]
'to come through'
(RV)
Desid: titrati
[3sg.act.] 'to wish
to take across, to
wish to ferry' (Br.
+)
na-ptc.: -tra-
Movement JPM

Caus: tarkay 'to consider' (Ep.+) Textiles JPM

IIAL

Space JPM

Page 679
 Sheet1

Present VI<VII: IIAL

trrmpti [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
Present V: trrpti
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
trrputm
[2du.impv.act.]
(RV 08.035.10)
Present IV: trrpyati
[3sg.act.] (RV-Kh.,
AV+)
Aorist A: trrpat
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Aorist R:
trrpysma
[1pl.opt.act./prec.
act.] (TS)
Perfect: ttrrpur
[3pl.act.] (AV,
TBm), ttrrpn-
[ptc.med.] (RV
10.095.16)
Fut: atrapsyat
[3sg.cond.act.]
(Br.)
Caus: tarpyati
(RV+)
Aorist RED:
attrrpat [3sg.act.]
(AV+)
TA-Ptc.: trrpt-
(RV+)

Desire JPM

Page 680
 Sheet1

Present IV: Qualities JPM

trryant- [ptc.act.] Beekes
(RV+) IIAL
Aorist A: trrat
[3sg.inj.act.]
(AV+)
Aorist R: trr-
[ptc.med.]
'thirsty' (RV),
+atrrta
[3sg.med.] (AVP
5.31.3)
Perfect: ttrrr
[3pl.act.] (RV)
Caus: vi-taray
(KS+)
Aorist RED:
attrrma
[1pl.act.] (RV
04.034.11 +)
TA-Ptc.: trrit-
'thirsty' (RV
01.016.05 +)

IIAL
Bird JPM

Present II: tkati 'to fashion a song of praise': Skt. IIAL

[3pl.act.] (RV+) mntram tak- (RV) OAv.
tdhi mrm taat_
[3sg.impv.act.] 'to fashion the speech': Skt. vcas-
(RV) tak- (RV) YAv. vacas-tati-
tti [3sg.act.] Gr. (Pind.)
(AB)
Present V:
takoti [3sg.act.]
(SB, JB)
Aorist IS:
atakiur
[3pl.act.] (RV)
Aorist A: takat
[3sg.act.] (RV)
Perfect: tatka
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
TA-Ptc.: tat-
(RV+), takit-
(MS)

IIAL

Page 681
 Sheet1

Values JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Present II: t tavti Blow Up JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV IIAL
10.059.01)
Perfect: ttva
[3sg.act.] 'to be
strong' (RV
01.094.02)
Aorist RED {1}:
ttot [3sg.inj.act.]
'to make
powerful' (RV)
Intensive: sam-
tvtvat
[ptc.act.nom.sg.m
.] 'to become
stronger again
and again' (RV
04.040.04)

Values JPM

Present IV: IIAL

tuyant- [ptc.act.]
(AVP 2.79.3) (?)
{1}, tuyet
[3sg.opt.act.]
(SrS.+)
Present X:
tuyant-
[ptc.act.f.] 'being
content' (RV
10.027.16 {2})
Caus: toayati
[3sg.act.] (JB, S.
+)
TA-Ptc.: tuta-
(KthB, GB+)

Social Organization JPM

Earth JPM

Present AYA: kyati [3sg.act.] (RV) Social Organization JPM

IIAL

Page 682
 Sheet1

Present II: kti to abide the roads': Skt. path Dwelling JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+), kiyema (AV 6.117.3) OAv. pa IIAL
kiynti [3pl.act.] ait ( Y 43.3)
(RV+), kyat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+)
Aorist S: keat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
06.003.01)
Fut: keiynt-
[ptc.act.] (RV
02.004.03)
Caus: kayy
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV 03.046.02)
kepayat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV
05.009.07)

'lord of the ground': Skt. ktrasya IIAL

pti- (RV+), kitrapatya- [n]
'dominion, property' (RV, AVP),
kaitrapaty- [n] 'belonging to the
lord of the ground' (YV+) YAv.
irahe paiti- ( Y 2,16)
'land with(out) good pasturage for
cattle': Skt. agavyt ktram (RV
06.047.20) YAv. ira-
gaoiiaoiti-

Conflict JPM

Dwelling JPM

Earth JPM

Pronouns JPM

Weapons JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Speech JPM

Light & Dark JPM

IIAL

Page 683
 Sheet1

Pronouns JPM
IIAL

Pronouns JPM

IIAL
Dwelling JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Run & Jump JPM

Present IV: 'there is no other protector except IIAL

tryase you
[2sg.med.] (RV+) who is another protector except
Aorist S: trsate you?': Skt. na trt vidyate
[3sg.subj.med.] tvad anyah (Ep.) OAv. k
(RV), trdhvam rt vist anii at_-c ( Y
[2pl.impv.med.] 50.1)
(RV), atrsmahi 'protection for the cows': Skt. go-
[1pl.med.] (Br.) tr- [n] 'cow-shed, barn' (RV+)
{1} 'family, lineage' (YV+) YAv.
Perfect: tatre rrm gu ( Yt 19.69)
[3sg.med.] (RV 'to protect men (and) cattle': Skt.
10.132.07 (bis), tryantm pruam pam (AV
BAU 5.14.4) 8.7.11) rri pasuu vraii
TA-Ptc.: trt- (Br. ( Yt 13.10)
+)

Beekes
Motion JPM

Motion JPM

Values JPM

Page 684
 Sheet1

Motion JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Celt.
tryas 'three-footed': Skt. tri-pd- (RV+) Numbers JPM
[nom.pl.m.] (RV+) YAv. ri-paa- [n] 'length of
tribhys three feet' Gr. - [adj],
[dat.abl.pl.m.n.] Gr. (Myc.) ti-ri-po-de [nom.du.]
(RV+) Lat. tri-ps [adj] OE ri-fte [adj]
tri [loc.pl.m.n.] 'thrice': Skt. tr [adv] (RV+)
(RV+) YAv. ri [adv] Gr. [adv]
tr [nom.acc.pl.n.] Lat. ter (OLat. terr) [adv]
(RV, SB) 'thirteen': Skt. tryo-daa [num]
tisrs (YV+) MP, NP szdah [num],
[nom.acc.pl.f.] Pash. dyrlas [num] Lat.
(RV+), etc. trdecim [num]

Present I<VA: 'conquering all, everything': Skt. IIAL

trvasi [2sg.act.] viva-tr-, viv-trti- (RV) YAv.
(RV), trvant- vspa.tauruuair- [f] PN OIran.
[ptc.act.] (RV, *Vispa-tar-va- [m] PN
YVm) 'overcoming Vrrtra': Skt. vrrtra-tr-
Aorist R: turyma (RV) YAv. vrra-tauruuan-
[1pl.opt.act.] (RV)
Perfect: tuturyt
[3sg.opt.act.] (RV)
Intensive: v
tartryante
[3pl.med.] (RV),
vi-trtura-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Desid: ttrati
[3sg.act.] (RV
10.100.12)
Abs: vi-trya (RV)
Inf: turve (RV)
TA-Ptc.: a-trta-,
-trta- (RV)

Beekes
Beekes

Page 685
 Sheet1

Numbers JPM
IIAL

? Dieties JPM

Numbers JPM

Plants JPM

Numbers JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Plants (Wild) JPM

Bird JPM

trrv- [f] *trs-neh- thirst Qualities JPM

IIAL

Plants (Wild) JPM

the shaper fashioned': Skt. tvt tataka (RV) OAv. IIAL

Numbers JPM

Page 686
 Sheet1

Pronouns JPM

Beekes
Celt.
Measure & Quantity JPM

Motion JPM

Body (Upper) JPM

Celt.
Motion JPM

Give & Take JPM

Meals JPM

? Fauna JPM

Sacred JPM

Beekes
Beekes
Position JPM

with raised arms': Skt. d-bhu- [adj] (SB+) YAv. uz-bzu- [ad
IIAL

IIAL
IIAL

Page 687
 Sheet1

Organs JPM
IIAL

Fauna JPM
IIAL

IIAL

Organs JPM

Beekes
IIAL
Fauna JPM
Beekes
IIAL

Animal Noises JPM

IIAL
Bird JPM

IIAL

Beekes
Present I: vradanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV 02.024.03) {1} IIAL

IIAL
+vrry [instr.sg.] AVP 5.28.8 IIAL
IIAL
acc. yumn IIAL
(RV+), abl.
yumt (RV+)
gen. yumkam
(RV+, also
yumka in RV
07.059.09 and
07.059.10), etc.
yum
[dat.gen.loc.] (RV)

? Fauna JPM
Beekes

Page 688
 Sheet1

Measure & Quantity JPM

Beekes
nom.sg. vrr, acc.sg
having virile horses': Skt. vrra- Family JPM
IIAL

Social Organization JPM

IIAL
Swim JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Weapons JPM

Human Sounds JPM

Beekes

Fauna JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Page 689
 Sheet1

Social Organization JPM

Construction JPM

Air JPM

or not': Skt. n v (RV 10.029.01, AVS 1.32.2, etc.) YAv. na IIAL

Bug JPM

In the RV, the Water JPM

word is often IIAL
disyllabic /vaH-ar/
< /*uaH-rr/. It is
only attested in
the nom.sg. and
may form a
suppletive
paradigm with
udn-.
{2}

Beekes
Hair JPM

Beekes
Weapons JPM

Present VII: untti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+)
undnti [3pl.act.]
(RV+)
undnt- [ptc.act.]
(RV+)
Perfect: dur
[3pl.act.] (AV)
Passive: udyate
[3sg.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: utta- (Br.)

Speech JPM

IIAL

Page 690
 Sheet1

Beekes
Conflict JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Marriage JPM

Beekes
Textiles JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Page 691
 Sheet1

Present I: vhati Convey JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vhate [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist S: vakat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+), vt
[3sg.act.] (RV
10.015.12)
Aorist SIS: vkt
[3sg.inj.act.]
(AV+)
SI-impv: vaki (RV-
YVm), later
vkva [med.]
(VS+)
Aorist R: volhm
[2du.impv.act.]
(RV)
uhta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(RV)
Perfect: uvha
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
hire [3pl.med.]
(RV)
Passive: uhyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Intensive: hyte
(?)
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV 01.120.11)
vanvahy (SB+)
Fut: vaky (AV+)
TA-Ptc.: dh-
(RV+)
Inf: vlhum,
vlhave,
vhadhyai (RV)

Movement JPM

Transport JPM
Transport JPM

Roads JPM

Qualities JPM

Page 692
 Sheet1

Formal Speech & Song JPM

Values JPM

Beekes
Beekes
Speech JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Water JPM

obl. asm-, encl. nas Pronouns JPM

IIAL

Textiles JPM

Page 693
 Sheet1

Present II: vti Travel JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+), IIAL
viynti [3pl.act.]
(RV+), vh
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV),
vayati
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), vh
[2sg.impv.act.]
(RV
next to irregular
vih and 2pl. vit)
Aorist S: vat
[3sg.subj.] (RV)
SI-impv: vi (RV)
Perfect: vivya
[3pl.act.] (RV)
vivye [3sg.med.]
(RV)
Intensive: veveti
[3sg.act.] (RV),
vevyate
[3sg.med.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: vt-
(RV+)

Present VII>VI: 'looking for finds': Skt. icchn Knowledge & Thought JPM
vindti [3sg.act.], avidat (RV 10.005.05) YAv. IIAL
vindte ismn vnasti ( V 7.79)
[3sg.med.] (RV+) 'to find the way/place': Skt. gtm
Aorist A: vidt vividrire (RV 02.021.05) YAv.
[3sg.inj.act.] gtuu vidn ( V 2.8)
(RV+), vidt 'to find the cow(s)': Skt. g
[3sg.subj.act.] vindan (RV 01.062.02) OAv.
(RV+) gm vdat_ ( Y 51.5), YAv.
Aorist S: avitsi vdat_.gu- [m] PN ( Yt 13.127)
[1sg.med.] (RV) 'to acquire fame': Skt. rvo vivide
Perfect: vivda (RV 04.026.05) YAv. visrauuah-
[3sg.act.], vivid [m] PN ( Yt 13.119)
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Passive: vidyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Aorist mediopass:
avedi [3sg.],
(sam-)vidn-
[ptc.] (RV)
Intensive: vi-
vvidat- [ptc.act.]
(RV), vvidna-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: vitt-
'found' (RV+)
Inf: vid, -vde
(RV)

Page 694
 Sheet1

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Motion JPM

Present AYA: IIAL

vyyati [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
Aorist A: vyata
[2pl.act.] (RV
01.166.04),
avyata [3sg.med.]
(RV)
Perfect: -vivyathur
[2du.act.] (RV
06.072.05, Ep.),
vivy [3sg.med.]
(RV)
Passive: vyte
[3sg.] (AV+) {1}
TA-Ptc.: vt-
'veiled' (RV+)

Health&Sickness JPM
IIAL

Conflict JPM

Sight JPM

Sacred JPM

Conflict JPM

Page 695
 Sheet1

Present IV: vianti *wei-mn- abode IIAL

[3pl.act.] (RV+),
viat
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV+), vinte
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
Aorist R: viran
[3pl.med.] (RV
08.027.12)
Aorist S:
vikmahi
[1pl.med.] (RV)
Aorist IS: vet
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV
08.060.20)
Perfect: viva
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
viveh
[2sg.ppf.act.] (RV
03.032.10),
vivire [3pl.med.]
(RV 08.101.14+)
Fut: veky (Br.+)
Caus: vey
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: vita-
(RV+)
Inf: -vam (RV
02.024.06)

Movement JPM

Present I: vpate IIAL

[3sg.med.] (RV)
Present AYA: vipy
'to become
inspired' (RV)
Aorist R: vipn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Perfect: vivipre
[3pl.med.] (RV
03.032.04) {1}
Caus: vepy 'to
shake, agitate'
(RV+)
Aorist RED:
avvipat [3sg.act.]
(RV)

Motion JPM

Liquid Motions JPM

Page 696
 Sheet1

Motion JPM

Trees JPM

Present II: vti Desire JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
umsi [1pl.act.]
(RV+
02.031.06
irregularly masi)
unt- [ptc.act.]
(RV+)
vas
[2sg.subj.act.]
(RV)
medial forms are
rare: unh
[ptc.med.] and
nonce umnah
{1} Perfect:
vvar [3pl.act.]
(RV), vvae
[3sg.med.] (RV)
{3}

Page 697
 Sheet1

Present III: vvakti to say with the tongue': Skt. uvkth Speech JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+) IIAL
Aorist RED:
vocat [3sg.act.]
(RV+), vcat
[3sg.subj./inj.act.]
(RV), vce
[1sg.subj.med.]
(RV)
Aorist mediopass:
avci [3sg.] (RV+)
Perfect: uvca
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
ch [3pl.act.]
(RV+), cie
[2sg.med.] (RV+)
{1}
Passive: ucyte
[3sg.] (RV+)
Fut: vaky
(RV+)
Intensive:
vvact
[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV)
Caus: vcay (Br.
+)
Desid: vvakant-
[ptc.act.] (VS+)
{2}
TA-Ptc.: ukt-
(RV+)
Inf: vktave (RV),
pra-vce (RV)

Poetics JPM

'sweet speech': Skt. vcah svdh IIAL

svdyah (RV 01.114.06) Gr.

'to pronounce a speech': Skt.
vocma vcah (RV 01.078.05)
Gr.
'well-spoken word': Skt. skt-
vcas (RV) YAv. hxtm vac
Beekes

Page 698
 Sheet1

Health&Sickness JPM

Plants JPM

Sight JPM

Motion JPM

Qualities JPM

Desire JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Reductive Activities JPM

Present I: vlgati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (AV+)
Caus: abhi-valgay
(S.)

Page 699
 Sheet1

Present IX (med.) 'choice share': Skt. vreyam IIAL

{1}: vrrt bhgm (RV 10.035.07) OAv.
[3sg.med.] (RV+) vairm bgm Elam.-Iran.
Aorist R: avri *varya-bga- PN
/avuri/ [1sg.med.] 'to make a (right) choice': Skt.
(RV 04.055.05) pravar- [n] 'choice of the priest'
vrrta [3sg.inj.med.] (KS+) OAv. frauuai- 'guardian
(RV+) {2} spirit' (< * ur-ti-)
vras 'to choose for praising': Skt.
[2sg.conj.act.] prastaye avrrta (RV
(RV) 09.070.06 ) OAv. sstri vrn
vurta ( Y 46.3)
[3sg.opt.med.]
(RV, with restored
v-), ur-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Perfect: vavrr
[2sg.med.] (RV),
vavrrmhe
[1pl.med.] (RV)
TA-Ptc.: vrrt-
(RV+) {3}

Present I: pa- IIAL

valhmasi
[1pl.act.] (VS
23.51), pa-
valhante
[3pl.med.] (SB
12.4.2.8), upa-
vlheta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(SB 11.4.1.9)
TA-Ptc.: pra-
valhita- (GB+)

Trees JPM

Qualities JPM

Plants JPM

Containers JPM

Page 700
 Sheet1

Present II: avamt IIAL

[3sg.impf.act.]
(RV+), vman
[3pl.subj.] (RV
10.108.08)
Perfect: uvma,
vavma [3sg.act.]
(SB/SBK)
TA-Ptc.: abh-
vnta- 'spit out'
(MS+)

Vital Functions JPM

Present V: vanti IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vanute [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Aorist R: vnva
[1du.subj.act.]
(RV), vanate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV), vanm
[1pl.opt.] (them.)
(RV), vanemahi
[1pl.opt.med.]
(them.) (RV)
Aorist S: vmsi
[1sg.inj.med.]
(RV), vmsat
[3sg.subj.act.]
(RV), vamsate
[3sg.subj.med.]
(RV), vamsmhi
[1pl.opt.med.]
(RV) {1}
vmsva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV)
Aorist IS: vanita
[3sg.opt.med.]
(nonce) (RV)
Perfect: vavanm
[1pl.act.] (RV),
vavanvms-
[ptc.act.] 'winner'
(RV) {3}
vavn [3sg.med.]
(RV)
Desid: vvsati
[3sg.act.] (RV+),
vivse [1sg.med.]
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: -vta-
'undefeated' (RV)
{2}
Inf: pr-vantave
(RV)

Page 701
 Sheet1

Conflict JPM

Hair JPM

*wend-ur- wickerwork ? Motion JPM

Bend and Press JPM

Desire JPM

Present: vcati IIAL

[3sg.act.] (RV-Kh.,
AV+)
Perfect: vvakre
[3pl.med.] (RV)
Passive: vacyte
[3sg.med.] (RV)
{1}

Organs JPM

Food Prep JPM

Bird JPM

Give & Take JPM

Sight JPM

Page 702
 Sheet1

Motion JPM

Sight JPM

Hair JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Celt.

IIAL

Shape JPM

Trees JPM

Present AYA: () IIAL

vrryte
[3sg.med.] (RV+)
Aorist A:
vrrasva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV)
Perfect: d
vvrrasva
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV),
(ud)vvrr-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
{1}

Agriculture JPM

*wers-men- Position JPM

IIAL

Page 703
 Sheet1

Present I: vrtate Motion JPM

[3sg.med.] (RV+) IIAL
Aorist R: avart
[2,3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist mediopass:
varti [3sg.] (RV+)
vrrtran [3pl.]
(RV), later
replaced by
avrrtsata (RV+)
to pf. stem sam-
avavarti [3sg.]
(RV+), -
avavrrtran [3pl.]
(RV)
Aorist RED:
vavrrtat [3sg.act.]
(them.) (RV)
Perfect: vvrta
[3sg.act.] (RV),
vvrrtuh [3pl.act.]
(RV) {1}
Intensive: ()
varvarti, vrvarti
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
varvar
[3sg.impf.] (RV)
nu varvur
[3pl.impf.] (RV
analogical) (RV)
Desid: vvrrtsa-
(RV+)
Caus: vartyati
[3sg.act.] (RV+)
Aorist RED:
avvrrtat [3sg.act.]
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: vrrtt-
'turned, turning
around' (RV+)
Inf: -vrrte,
vartaydhyai (RV)
Abs: -vrrty (RV)
Fauna JPM

Page 704
 Sheet1

Present II: vste to wear clothes': Skt. vstri vas Textiles JPM
[3sg.med.] (RV+) IIAL
avasran
[3pl.impf.med.]
(RV 04.002.19)
vsna-
[ptc.med.] (RV+)
Aorist IS: avasita
[3ag.med.] (RV),
vsiv
[2sg.impv.med.]
(RV)
Perfect: vvase
[3sg.med.] (RV
08.004.08),
vvasn- [ptc.]
(RV)
Caus: vsy
(RV+) 'to clothe',
Fut: (to the caus.
stem)
vsayiyse
[2sg.med.] (RV)

Reductive Activities JPM

(< *su-vsar-a-) Food & Drink JPM

IIAL

IIAL
Exchange & Property JPM

'to make clothes': Skt. vstr kar, IIAL

vstr skrrt (RV 05.029.15)
YAv. vastr sca k ( Yt 17.14)
'to wear clothes': Skt. vstr
vsna- (RV 09.097.02) YAv.
vastr vahaiti ( Yt 10.126)

Time JPM

Page 705
 Sheet1

Time JPM
IIAL

Occupations JPM

vsv- [adj f] '(possessing/encompassing) all Values JPM

(RV+) goods': Skt. vivvasu- [adj] IIAL
vsyas- [comp] (RV+), vsu vvam (RV+) OAv.
(RV+), vsyas- vsp.vohu- [adj], vspc voh
[comp] (TS+) 'provider of goods': Skt. dtar-
vsitha- [sup] vsu- (RV+) YAv. dtrm
(RV+) vohunm Gr.
'having goods as fame': Skt. vsu-
ravas- (RV+) OAv. vahu
srauuah Elam.-Iran. *vau-
avah- [m] PN Illyr. Ves-cleves-
[m] PN
'possessing the light of goods':
Skt. vsu-roci- [m] PN (RV+)
YAv. vohu-raocah- [m] PN Elam.-
Iran. *vahu-rauah- [m] PN NP
behrz [m] PN
'most excellent, the best': Skt.
rtham vsitham (AV)
OAv. vahitm sratm

Beekes
Present I: pi Sight JPM
vatema IIAL
[1pl.opt.act.] (RV)
Caus:
apivtyant-
[ptc.act.] (RV),
Aorist RED: py-
avvatan [3pl.act.]
(RV 10.013.05)

IIAL

Beekes

Page 706
 Sheet1

Time JPM
IIAL

Fauna JPM

Celt.
Position JPM

Measure & Quantity JPM

Trees JPM

Marriage JPM
IIAL

Trees JPM

Knowledge & Thought JPM

Plants JPM
killing men': Skt. vra-hn- [adj] Health&Sickness JPM
IIAL

Family JPM

Page 707
 Sheet1

vt [nom.sg.] (RV+) Family JPM

IIAL

Numbers JPM

vitpati- (TB+ 'lord of all tribes': Skt. vvsm Social Organization JPM
accent uncertain) vim ptim (RV 06.015.01) YAv. IIAL
vsp vs vspati ( Vyt 16)
'lord of the tribes': Skt. vim
viptih (RV 09.108.10) YAv.
vsm vspaiti ( Yt 10.18)

Dwelling JPM

Trees JPM

Meals JPM
IIAL

Fauna JPM
Position JPM

Fauna JPM

Page 708
 Sheet1

Hair JPM
IIAL

Dieties JPM

Fauna JPM
IIAL
Fauna JPM
IIAL

Organs JPM

Social Organization JPM

The RV forms are: udn [instr.sg.], udns [gen.abl.sg.], uWater JPM

IIAL

Present X: vjyati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vjyant- / vjaynt- [ptc.act.] (RV+) IIAL

IIAL

Tools JPM

Pronouns JPM

IIAL
Plants JPM

Fauna JPM

Page 709
 Sheet1

vk [nom.sg.] IIAL
(RV+)
vcam [acc.sg.]
(RV+)
vcs [gen.sg.]
(RV+), etc.
Human Sounds JPM
Beekes

IIAL
Health&Sickness JPM

Hair JPM
IIAL

Head JPM

Food & Drink JPM

Placement Verbs JPM

Fauna JPM

Position JPM

Health&Sickness JPM

Bug JPM

Dwelling JPM

Bird JPM
IIAL

Page 710
 Sheet1

Agriculture JPM

IIAL

JPM

Beekes
Textiles JPM

Exchange & Property JPM

Sacred JPM

Sight JPM

Trees JPM

Trees JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Conflict JPM

Travel JPM

Page 711
 Sheet1

Reductive Activities JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Fauna JPM

[nom.sg.] r (RV Fauna JPM

10.095.03), IIAL
[acc.sg.] raam
(RV 02.014.04 PN,
SB 11.5.1.2),
rm (RV
08.034.03
secondary)

Health&Sickness JPM

Dwelling JPM

Bug JPM

Dwelling JPM

Page 712
 Sheet1

Present I: yjati 'to worship the Truth': Skt. rrtm Sacred JPM
[3sg.act.] (RV+) yaj (RV+) OAv. am yaz
Aorist S: ykat 'to worship (and) to please': Skt.
[3sg.subj.act.] ykat pipryac ca (RV) OAv.
(RV+), ays yazamaid friinmah
[2sg.act.] (RV 'to praise (and) to worship': Skt.
03.029.16 +), stuhi ykv (RV 05.042.11),
yt [3sg.act.] stavat yajte (RV 06.047.15)
(RV-Kh.+) OAv. yazmnaca stauuas
SI-impv: yki 'worshipping the gods': Skt. deva-
(RV) yj- [adj] (KS+) YAv. dauua-
Perfect: j iiaz- 'worshipping the Dauuas'
[3sg.med.] (RV+) 'well-worshipping': Skt. su-yj-
Fut: yaky [adj] (RV+) YAv. hu-iieti- [f]
(RV+) 'good worship'
Caus: yjy 'to
cause someone to 'goal of the worship': Skt. yajsya
sacrifice' (YV+) rtham (RV) OAv. ar
Passive: ijyte yasnm 'the goals the worship' (
(YVp+) Y 33.8)
Inf: yjadhyai 'Mitra / Mira, worthy to be
(RV+) worshipped': Skt. mitr yajyah
Abs: itv (AV) YAv. yesnii mir
TA-Ptc.: it- Aram.-Iran. mtr-yzn PN
(RV+) 'to worship with a worship': Skt.
yajm yaj- (RV) YAv. yasnm
yaz-
'the worship the word': Skt.
yajm vcah (RV) OAv.
vacah yasn ( Y 34.1)

Health&Sickness JPM

Time JPM

Vital Functions JPM

Water JPM

Being & Doing JPM

Throw JPM

Conflict JPM

Page 713
 Sheet1

Textiles JPM
IIAL
Beekes

Present II: ymi Formal Speech & Song JPM

[1sg.act.] (RV), IIAL
yti [3sg.act.] (RV
07.038.06)

mahe [1pl.med.]
(RV+), iye
[1sg.med.] (RV
02.017.07), iyn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
{1}
Aorist S: va
ysat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV
06.066.05),
ysta
[3sg.opt.med.]
(RV)
Aorist SIS:
aysiam
[1sg.act.] (RV
01.018.06),
ysisths
[2sg.opt.med.]
(RV 04.001.04)
Passive: yate
[3sg.] (RV)
Inf: iydhyai (RV
06.020.08) {2}

Come & Go JPM

Relative Pronouns JPM

Formal Speech & Song JPM

ykrrt Organs JPM

[nom.acc.sg.] (AV) IIAL
yakns
[gen.abl.sg.]
(RV+)
yakani [loc.sg.]
(AVP)

Page 714
 Sheet1

Exchange & Property JPM

Marriage JPM

Present III: Food Prep JPM

yayastu IIAL
[3sg.impv.act.]
(RV)
Present III>I:
yant-- (< *i ua-
i usa-) [ptc.act.f.]
(RV 03.053.22 +)
Present IV: pra-
yasyati [3sg.act.]
(AVP 9.28.3), pra-
ysyant-
[ptc.act.f.] (AVS
12.5.31 = AVP
16.144.5)
TA-Ptc.: pr-yasta-
'made hot,
boiling' (RV+)

Present I: ytate Placement Verbs JPM

[3sg.med.] (intr.) IIAL
(RV+), ytati
[3sg.act.] (trans.)
(RV)
Aorist R: ytna-,
yatn-
[ptc.med.] (RV)
Perfect: yetire
[3pl.med.] (RV+)
Caus: yty
(RV+)
TA-Ptc.: pri-
yatta- 'lined up'
(RV+)

Page 715
 Sheet1

Present VI: -yuvti Binding JPM

[3sg.act.] (RV, IIAL
TSm)
-te [3sg.med.]
(RV+)
Present II: yauti
[3sg.act.] (AV+)
yut [3sg.med.]
(YVp +)
yutm
[3sg.impv.med.]
(AV 11.10.16)
-yuvn-
[ptc.med.] {1}
(RV 07.091.05,
SB, S.)
Aorist IS:
-yvitam
[2du.inj.act.] (RV
08.005.13)
ayvt [3sg.act.]
(VdhS.)
Aorist S:
ayumahi
[1pl.med.] (AVP)
m yota
[2pl.inj.act.]
(SrS.m)
m ydhvam
[2pl.inj.med.]
(SrS.m)
Perfect: -yuyuv
[3sg.med.] (RV
01.138.01)
Intensive: -yoyuve
[3sg.stat.] (RV
10.093.09)
-yyuvna-
[ptc.med.] (RV
04.001.11)
Desid: yyatah
[3du.act.] (RV)
Abs: -yy, -yya
(RV+)
JPM
Conflict JPM

Movement JPM

Occupations JPM

Food Prep JPM

Page 716
 Sheet1

Food Prep JPM

Law & Order JPM

to cultivate barley': Skt. yvam kaPlants JPM

Plants (Wild) JPM

Hair JPM

Fauna JPM
Celt.
Relative Pronouns JPM

Relative Pronouns JPM

IIAL

Relative Pronouns JPM

Human Sounds JPM

yoke and yoke pin': Skt. yuga-amyaTransport JPM

Beekes
IIAL

Water JPM

Page 717
 Sheet1

Pronouns JPM

Meals JPM
Celt.

Law & Order JPM

Page 718