Definiton of Frakture

Fracture is a bone break continuity and are determined according to the type and extent.
(Smeltzer dan Bare, 2002).Fracture is a break of continuity of bone, cartilage or bone
epiphyseal cartilage. (Soebroto Sapardan, Kumpulan Kuliah Ilmu Bedah).
Causes of Fracture
According Sachdeva (2010: 16), the cause of the fracture can be divided into three, namely:
1. traumatic injury
Direct injury is a direct blow to the bone so that bone fracture spontaneously.
Indirect injury is a direct blow to be away from the collision, for example, fell
by hand sticking and causing fracture of the clavicle.
Fractures caused hard contraction of muscles strong.
2. pathological fracture
Pathologic fracture is a fracture that occurs in the bone caused by the melting of the
due to pathological processes. Pathological process can be caused by lack of nutrients
such as vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, ferum.
3. Spontaneously
The bone caused by continuous stress for example the polio disease and those who
served in the military.
Sign an symptoms of Fracture
Signs and symptoms that may appear on the client with the fracture, including:
Moderate to severe pain and gain weight when moved.
Loss of function in the area of the fracture.
Edema and local discoloration of the skin due to trauma following the fracture.
Deformitas
Bone rigidity / inflexibility
Shock caused injuries and loss of blood in large quantities
The occurrence of fractures
Bones are fragile but have enough strength and elasticity to resist the pressure. But if the
external pressure is greater than the can be absorbed by the bone, then there was trauma to the
bone cause damage or breakdown of bone continuity. After the fracture, periosteum, blood
vessels and nerves in the cortex, marrow, and soft tissue that encloses the broken bone.
Bleeding occurs because of the damage and hematoma formed in the medullary cavity of the
bone. Bone tissues immediately approach to the broken bone. Necrotic tissue which stimulate
the inflammatory response that is characterized by vasodilation, plasma and leukocyte
exudation and infiltration of white blood cells. Occurrence that is the basis of bone healing
process will be.
Factors that affect fracture:
1. Extrinsic factors
External pressure that reacts to the bone depends to large, time, and direction of
pressure that can cause fractures.
2. Intrinsic factor
Some of the most important properties of bone that determine the onset of resistance
to fracture as the absorption capacity of the pressure, elasticity, fatigue, and bone
density or hardness.
Classification
Based on the properties of fracture:
closed fracture
If the broken bone fragments are not visible from the outside. Do not cause tearing of
the skin.
open fracture
If the broken bone fragments visible from the outside. Open fracture is a fracture with
a wound in the skin or mucous membrane to the leg fracture.
Based complete / incomplete fracture :
complete fracture
Broken line in the middle of the bone and is usually a shift to shift from its normal
position.
incomplete fracture
Broken only occurs in a portion of the bone diameter.
Based on the shape of broken lines and relationship with the mechanism of trauma :
transverse fracture
In the transverse direction and is the result of trauma angulation.
oblique fracture
Direction of the broken line forming an angle to the axis of the bone and is the result
of direct trauma
spiral fracture
Spiral toward broken lines and as a result of trauma rotation.
compression fractures
Fracture where the bone compression (occurs in the spine).

Complications of fractures
Another problem caused by a fracture can include:
blood loss
Bone has a rich blood supply. Bad break can make you lose large amounts of blood.
Injury organ, tissue or surrounding structures
 for example, the brain can be damaged by a skull fracture. Chest can be hurt if broken
rib.
Stunted growth of bone
if the long bones broken child close to joints where the growth plate was found.
First aid for fractures :
A good first aid treatment for patients with fractures is always important. Moving the fracture
can increase pain and bleeding and can damage the tissue surrounding the injury. This can
lead to complications in the repair and healing of the injury later. First aid for fractures is all
about immobilising (limiting movement of) the injured area. Buffer can be used for this.
Control external bleeding.