Grammar Book Project

I. Nouns
A. Types of nouns:
1. Common Nouns: celebrities, rich elites, popular, famous
2. Proper Nouns: Drake, Kim Kardashian, Rihanna, Beyonce, Patrick Dempsey
3. Compound Nouns: superstar, newsmaker,hotshot
4. Concrete Nouns: married, family, divorce
5: Abstract Nouns: jealousy, happiness, love, hate, anger
B. Noun Identifiers:
1. Noun endings: richness, stubbornness, hatred
2. Following a noun marker (NM):
NM N
- Some celebrities like drama.
NM N
- Some celebrities like to create drama just to get attention from the
press or paparazzi.
3. Plural Form: celebrities, pictures, comments
4. Possessive Form:
5. Following a preposition:
NM. N. V. ADV. N. Prep. NM.
-The celebrities are always posting annoying pictures with their money.
NM. N. Prep.
-The celebrities expect everyone to like them.
C. Functions(How nouns are used):
1. Subject:
N-V S V
-Taylor Swift and Kanye West had a feud about Wests song Famous.
2. DIrect Object:
N-V-N S V DO IO
-The paparazzi took a lot of pictures of Khlo Kardashian going on a trip
with her rumoured boyfriend. (took what?)
- Khlo confirmed that she is dating basketball player Tristan Thompson.
(confirmed what?)
3. Indirect Object:
N-V-N-N S V IO
-The MTV video music awards awarded Rihanna, and many other artist
for their hard work.
 S V IO
- The MTV video music awards gave Rihanna a moonman award.
4. Adverbial Object:
N-V-N S V AO
-Patrick Dempsey takes his family to premiere on Monday evening.(takes them
where?)
S V
- Patrick Dempsey takes his wife, daughter, and twin boys to the premiere of
AO
Bridget Jones Baby on Monday evening.

5. Object of the Preposition:

Prep-N S Prep V OPrep
-Beyonce had to cancel her concert at New Jersey for Vocal Rest. (had to
what?) S Prep V OPrep
- Beyonce had to cancel her concert at New Jersey.

6. Subject Complement:
N-LV-N S LV SC
- Lil Wayne is retiring because he feels mentally defeated.
S LV SC
- Lil Wayne shares a cryptic message with all his fans that he is retiring
from music because he is feeling mentally defeated.
7. Object Complement:
N-V-N-N S V OC DO
- Before Rihanna received her award Drake gave a very emotional speech
where he tells her he loves her.
- Before Rihanna received her award Drake gave an emotional speech.
8. Appositives:
N,N S APP V
- Drake and Kanye West, best rappers, are working on a bunch of music together.
S APP V
- Drake Bell, actor and artist, is sentenced to 96 hours in prison for DUI.

9. Adjectival:
N-N S S V Adjvl
- Gwen Stefani and Blake Shelton cozy up in Oklahoma for labor day weekend.
 10. Noun in Direct Address:
N,N or N,N S
- Rihanna and Drake get matching shark tattoos that have special significance.
S S
- After 3 months of being together, Taylor Swift and Tom Hiddleston break up.

11. Object of the gerund:

Gerund-N G OG
- Worried fans, Selena takes a break from music to focus on her health.
12. Object of the participle:
Participle-N Part OPart
- Kylie Jenner gives Tyga a new Bentley after his Ferrari was reportedly
repossessed.
13. Object of the Infinite:
Infinitive-N _Inf_ Olnf
- Selena Quintanillas family reveals wax figure at Madame Tussauds.
II. Pronouns
1. Personal:
Nominative(Subjects)
- She gives fans a health update after surgery.
Possessive
- From our favorite movie Charlie and the chocolate factory, Gene Wilder passes
away.
2. Relative:
- The world is still having a hard time with Alicia Keys whom stopped wearing
makeup and we are still adjusting.
- Chris Brown who LAPD investigated for felony assault with a deadly weapon.
3. Interrogative:
- Who is the real father of Khlo Kardashian, is it Robert Kardashian or OJ
Simpson?
- What matching tattoos did Nick and Joe Jones get?
4. Reflexive:
- Britney Spears wants to collaborate with Justin Timberlake, Justin and herself go
way back.
- Adrienne Bailon says herself that her engagement to Israel Houghton is truly
magical.
5. Demonstrative:
- Rob tells Kris that being close to the family is hard because they are not
welcoming relationship with Blac Chyna.
 - Those two love birds that were so in love split, news about Jennifer Lopez and
Casper Smart.
6. Indefinite:
- Gina Rodriguez opens up to everyone about shaving her head,Who I am is not
my f***ing hair.
- Derek Hough surprises everybody by returning to Dancing with the Stars
because it is his home.
III. Verbs
A. How verbs are identified:
1. Verb Ending:
2. Tense:
- They dated in 2009. - She begins to file for divorce.
- After 3 months they broke up. - She has inspired many young girls.
- She cheated on him. -They are now raising money for charity.
- Before fame they were working at Target. - Been together since 1999 and are
still going strong.
- The fans hurt Drakes feelings. -They will get back together one day.
- They will be getting paid more that Jay Z.
3. Forms:
a. Forms of to be: They were seen together having a fun time in the
beach of Mexico.
b. Forms of to do: They are doing something good for the children,
they are donating money to the hospitals.
c. Forms of to have: Zendaya was having a hard time because they
refused to give her service because of her skin tone.
4. Types:
a. Chris Brown has had trouble with police before.
b. They are a couple of really stubborn celebrities.
c. They now know how important their career is to them.
d. Rihanna was hit by Chris Brown violently when they were dating.
e. Khlo feels bad about filing for divorce again but she will always
love Lamar.
f. Eva Mendes life changed after she became a mom, I think you
can never be prepared.
g. Demi Lovato is replacing Selena Gomez in 2016 Global Citizen
Festival.
h. Kylie Jenner is copying Kim Kardashian by dying her hair blonde.
i. The Kardashian-Jenner family went to go see Kanye Wests
season 4 fashion show in New York.
 j.Oprah WInfrey calls off all rumors about marriage with Stedman
Graham.
k. Everyone arrived at the MTV video music awards to see Rihanna
being awarded.
5. Voice:
- Beyonce and Jay Z enjoyed date night at Made in America Festival.
- Wilmer Valderrama and Minka Kelly enjoyed two trips to Mexico.
6. Verbals:
a. Gerund: Demi Lovato gave us exciting news that she will be
sharing new music.
b. Participle: Khlo Kardashian is telling Rob to get it together before
the baby comes.
- Patrick Dempsey stopped his divorce from
happening by talking to his wife.
c. Infinitive: Alicia Keys inspired women to remove their makeup.
- Kanye Wests Famous sculpture goes to price of $4
million.
IV. Adjectives
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. Explain what each
kind of adjective is and answer the questions below.
1. Kinds:
a. Demonstrative: this celebrity, those celebrities, these are the most annoying
celebrities.
b. Common: Drake is nice, Kim Kardashian has a round butt., Patrick Dempsey is
handsome.
c. Proper: celebrities live in Hollywood, Shakira sings in Spanish, Salma Hayek is
Mexican.
2. Endings: What suffixes are adjectives endings?
a. -ary: honorary award
b. -ful: successful celebrity
c. -ic: very photographic
d. -al: personal problems
e. -ical: magical performance
f. -ish: childish behaviour
g. -less: a lot of money but powerless
h. -like: dressed very childlike
i. -ly: costly Gucci flip-flops
j. -ous: dangerous stockers
k. -y: funny music videos
3. Conversions: How are other parts of speech converted into adjectives?
a. Afgdggfg
 b. Wdg
c. dg
4. Articles: What are these? How/When are they used?
a. There are only three articles: the, a, and an, they describe the noun that they
precede.
Ex: The celebrity earned a Walk of Fame star.
She deserves an award for all her hard work.
He gave the speech on how much he loves Rihanna.
5. Comparatives/Superlatives:
a. A comparative adjective is used to compare two things and a superlative
adjective is used to compare three or more things.
Ex. Kim and Kanye are rich but Jay Z and Beyonce are the richer.
Khlo and Tristan are cute, Jay Z and Beyonc are cuter but Drake and
Rihanna are the cutest.
V. Adverbs
- Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
a. Endings:
i. -ly: proudly took the award.
ii. -wards: filed complaint towards stocker.
iii. -wise: likewise he proved them wrong.
b. Conversions:
i. He was happily married to the love of his life.
ii. They basically ended up divorcing.
iii. She quickly earned a lot of money.
c. Types:
- Manner - They quickly went into their Calabasas home to get away from the
paparazzi. (How did they move?)
- They went inside the house quickly.
- Time - Khlo and Tristan were previously spotted in a beach in Mexico.
(When were they in Mexico?)
- They were in a beach in Mexico.
- Place - Wilmer Valderrama and Demi Lovatos relationship went downward
thats why they broke up. (What happened to their relationship?)
- Their relationship went downward and they broke up.
- Degree - She is too young to get married to that old guy, but he does have a
lot of money. (She is too young to what?)
- She is getting married to that old guy.
- Frequency - Drake is constantly visiting Canada where he is originally from.
- Drake visits Canada a lot.
d. Conjuctive:
e. Intensifiers: Next, Bruno Mars wrote a song about his break ups.
Finally, Lamar had the courage to propose to Khlo, the also ended
up getting a divorce after a year or two.
 herefore, they decided to move to Calabasas, California.
T
f. Comparatives/Superlatives: They more seriously took to mind about the stocker
fans.
It was harder to file for divorce a second time, but I
still love Lamar, said Khlo in an interview.
Rihanna had it worse, she got physically abused by
Chris Brown.
VI. Conjunctions
A. Coordinating (FANBOYS): They will not yet reveal the sex of Rob and Blac Chynas
baby but Rob Kardashian wants a boy.
i. They were going to file for a divorce.
B. Correlative: Kim Kardashian not only take a couple selfies, she took 6,000 on a trip to
Mexico!
i. Kim K took not only a couple selfies, she took 6,000!
C. Subordinate: While everyone is watching, Bella Hadid falls during Michael Kors fashion
Show.
i. While everyone is watching Bella Hadid falls.
D. Relative Pronouns: Calvin Harris who said that he is in a much better place after breakup
with Taylor Swift.
i. Calvin Harris who said he is in a better place.
VII. Prepositions
- Ryan Seacrest takes a picture alongside Adriana Lima and rumor has it they are
dating.
- Justin Timberlake is not against collaborating with Britney Spears.
- Amy Schumer was hospitalized in Paris.
VIII. Interjections
A. List of Interjections:
A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw
B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr
C: cheers, congratulations
D: dang, drat, darn, duh
E: eek, eh, encore, eureka
F: fiddlesticks
G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh
H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog,
huh?, humph, hurray
O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow
P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow
R: rats
S: shh, shoo
T: thanks, there, tut-tut
U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh
W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow
 Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck
- Emma Watson and Ryan Gosling are so in love and everybody is jealous ugh
even me.
- Congratulations to Blac Chyna and Rob Kardashian on baby girl!
- Say hello to Willa Fords and Ryan Neces first baby boy!
2. Phrases- Explain each type of phrase and give two labeled examples of each.
a. Prepositional - At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a
preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the
preposition.
1. At Kim Kardashians house they threw Rob Kardashian a baby shower and
didnt invite Blac Chyna.
At Kim Kardashians house they threw a baby shower.
2. During last week everyone heard from the news that Angelina and Brad Pitt
where getting a divorce.
Angelina and Brad Pitt got a divorce.
b. Appositive - An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun
right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words.
1. Gigi Hadid, a victoria secret model, defends herself from a man that tried to
pick her up.
Gigi Hadid defends herself.
2. Blue Ivy, Beyonces three year old daughter, got paid $600,00 to be on the
Formation video.
Blue Ivy got paid $600,000 to be on a video.
c. Verbal (3) - A verbal phrase is a group of words that begin with a verb and end
with a noun.
I. Gerund - Words ending in ing used as a noun.
1. Kylie and Tyga are starring in Alexander Wangs Fall 2016 campaign
video.
Kylie and Tyga are starring in a video.
2. There has been some family fueding going on with Rob Kardashian and
Kylie Jenner.
There is feuding with Rob and Kylie.
II. Participle - Words ending in ing or ed used as an adjective.
1. Kim Kardashian is teaching Rob how to swaddle a baby and warns him,
Nothing can prepare you for this.
Kim Kardashian is teaching Rob Kardashian how to swaddle a baby.
2. Rob Kardashian is tweeting Kylies real cell phone number on twitter.
Rob Kardashian is tweeting Kylies number.
 III. Infinitive - verb preceded by the word to (to go, to jump) used as noun,
adjectives, or adverbs.
1. Vitalii Sediuk tried to kiss Kims bum on a day out in France, he failed
because her bodyguard tackled him down.
Vitalii Sediuk tried to kiss Kims butt.
2. Rob and Chyna are fine and they are willing to move on and fix their
problems.
Rob and Chyna are willing to fix their problems.

Grammar Book Section 3: Clauses

3. Clauses - Explain each kind of Claude and give two labeled examples of each.
a. Independent - Can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple
sentence pattern.
1. Madonna also got naked to encourage voting.
Madonna got naked.
2. Katy Perry went to the voting polls naked and then got arrested.
Katy Perry voted naked.
b. Subordinate (7) - Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin
with a subordinate conjunction.
I. Noun Clause: Used as a noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a
predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or
an appositive.
1. When Gigi was vacationing in Milan she was attacked. [Subject]
Gigi was attacked in Milan.
2. The Marlins baseball team will retire number 16 in honor of Jos Fernndez.
The Marlins team will retire number 16.
II. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.
1. Since Angelina filed for divorce, Brad Pitt hasnt seen his six kids.
Brad Pitt hasnt seen his kids.
2. The man that was suspected on hacking Pipa Middletons iCloud is free on
bail.
The suspect that hacked Pipa Middleton is free on bail.
III. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in a an independent
clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place,
cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.
1. Khlo Kardashian said that Robs behaviour will ruin his and Blac Chynas
relationship just like Chynas mom said.
Khlo and Blac Chynas mom agree that Rob will ruin their relationship.
 2. Kate Middletons wedding was more expensive than any other celebrity
wedding.
Kate Middletons wedding was more expensive.
IV. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.
1. For the first time Idina Menzel flashes her $300,000 engagement ring.
For the first time Idina Menzel flashes engagement ring.
2. After her death Christina Grimme was honored during the I heart radio music
awards.
After her death Christina was honored.
V. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.
1. While by the poolside in France, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen soak up the sun.
In France Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen soak up the sun.
2. When celebrating Kylie Jenners BFF Jordyn Woods birthday she gifted her with
a $15,000 bracelet.
Kylie Jenner gave her BFF Jordyn Woods a $15,000 bracelet.
VI. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
1. Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner spend a night out together in Santa Monica
without the kids.
Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner spend a night together without the kids.
2. Katy Perry and Orlando Bloom go to Disneyland Shanghai where they spent the
day with Orlandos soon Flynn.
Katy Perry and Orlando Bloom go to Disneyland Shanghai.
VII. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the
sentence.
1. Anthony Anderson, who is a comedian, writer, chef, and game show host,
says that Stevie Wonder can see and he is just faking it.
Anthony Anderson says that Stevie Wonder is faking being blind.
2. Gwen Stefani, who is a singer, songwriter, and fashion designer, laughs off
Blake Shelton wedding Rumors.
Gwen Stefani laughs off wedding rumors.
4. Sentences
A. Sentence Parts
i. Subject (3)
a. Complete - It has 3 characteristics, it begins with a capital letter, it includes an
end mark, and it must contain at least one main clause, an independent subject
and verb and expresses a complete thought.
1. Tom Hanks, who started in the film Forrest Gump, is going to be
honored at the 2016 Hollywood film festival.
2. Tom Hanks is going to be honored at film festival.
 b. Simple - It consists on one independent clause (main clause) and no
dependent clause (subordinate clause)
1. Kim Kardashian was robbed during her stay in Paris.
2. Kim Kardashian was robbed in Paris.
c. Compound - it contains two simple sentences conjoined by a comma and a
conjunction.
1. Drake and Rihanna have split up again, and we assume that because the
rapper was out with India Love.
2. Drake and Rihanna split up again.
ii. Predicate (3)
a. Complete - It is the main verb with all its modifiers.
1. All of the Kardashian and Jenner family members come together in
times of struggle and tragedy.
2. The Kardashian and Jenner family come together.
b. Simple - It is the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject does.
1. Khloe Kardashian and Tristan Thompson are doing really well together
and are happy.
2. Khloe Kardashian and Tristan Thompson are doing good together.
c. Compound - it occurs when the subject in the sentence is doing more than one
action and is shared by two or more verbs.
1. Kim Kardashian cancels Las Vegas club appearance and skipped family
wrap party because of the robbery in Paris and she is not feeling up to do
things like that.
2. Kim Kardashian cancels appearance and skipped family wrap party.
B. Sentence Types
a. Declarative - it is a sentence in the form of a statement, the subject
normally precedes the verb and it always ends with a period.
1. Ronda Rousey is going to fight for the first time since losing to Holly
Holm .
2. Ronda Rousey is going to fight for the first time.
b. Interrogative - is a type of sentence that asks a question.
1. Will Drake and Rihanna forever be in the friend zone since their
break up ?
2. Will Drake and Rihanna always be in the friendzone?
c. Imperative - is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that
expresses a request or command.
d. Exclamatory - makes a statement, but it also conveys excitement or emotion
and it ends with a exclamation mark.
1. Bruno Mars is releasing his new single 24K Magic on October 7th !
 2. Bruno Mars is releasing a new song.
C. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types)
a. Run-On/Rambling - in which two or more independent clauses are joined
without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction.
1. Drake is sad after being forced to postpone multiple Summer
Sixteen shows following an ankle injury.
2. Drake is forced to postpone multiple Summer Sixteen shows.
b. Fused - in which two independent clauses are run together without an
appropriate conjunction or mark of punctuation between them.
1. Tiger Woods began playing golf at a young age he is now the
worlds greatest golfer.
2. Tiger Woods played golf at a young age.
c. Fragment - are groups of words that look like sentences, but aren't.
1. Flashes abs on television.
2. Emotionally damaged after Paris robbery.
d. Misplaced Modifier - is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated
from the word it modifies/describes, and because of the separation, sentences with this
error often sound awkward, ridiculous, or confusing.
1. Another mansion in Los Angeles Kylie Jenner bought one.
2. Another mansion Kylie Jenner bought.
e. Double Negative - it intensifies the negativity of the sentence as a whole,
double negatives in a single clause cancel each other out and transform the
meaning into a positive.
1. Janet Jacksons pregnancy hasnt not been the easiest.
2. Janets pregnancy isnt the easiest.
f. Comma Splice - are similar to run-on sentences because they also incorrectly
connect independent clauses. A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses
are connected with only a comma.
1. Wisins heartbreaking news, about newborn daughter My princess
just died.
2. Wisins heartbreaking news, about newborn daughter.
5. Paragraphs
1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions)
a. Hook (Lead)
Anecdotal - Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic.
Ex. Everybody loves surprises especially when its your
birthday. Everybody comes over, you have your family and best friends surrounding you
and you have a wonderful time. You get a lot of gifts and money which makes you really
happy. You know who else loves surprises, Katy Perry who turned 32 on October 26.
One of her best friends decided to throw a surprise party for her and he invited 15 of her
closest friends, she loved it.
Query based - Question that brings the reader to the topic.
Ex. Does a person need professional help after they have
suffered a really dramatic experience for example a robbery or
held captive while also being held at gunpoint?
b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing - usually one
sentence in length - and something that is arguable)
Assertion (claim)
Ex. Khloe Kardashian is moving way too fast in her
relationship with Tristan Thompson and she should slow things
down.
Fact (empirically verifiable)
Ex. Most celebrity stars are encouraging people to vote
because it is very important for this election.
Opinion (personal position on a topic)
Ex. Celebrating your birthday with your family is the most
important.
Belief (social, religious, or political in nature - an opinion held by
many to be fact, though it is not necessarily)
Ex. Not liking the Kardashians is a sin because they are the
best.
Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always,
every, never, none, most, half - avoid using this type of thesis
statement)
Ex. All of the cute celebrity couples end up separating or
divorcing.
Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic)
Ex. On E! News, Jess Cohen argues that there has been a
lot of rumors about Khloe Kardashian and boyfriend Tristan
Thompson getting engage and possibly expecting a baby.
Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven)
Ex. A very dramatic experience like what Kim Kardashian
went thru can cause a lot of emotional distress.
2. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to
support or expand on the thesis)
a. Topic Sentences(must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and
focus on one subject and area of evidence or support)
 Multiple sources additionally indicate that Kris Jenner is really mad
at Kim Kardashian because Kim went to go help out Caitlyn Jenner
pick out a gown and didnt tell Kris about it.
b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual
sentences - quotes should be embedded within sentences)
According to Brie Bella, Daniel Bryan is not OK and I dont know
what to do about his depression. (E! News)
Daniel Bryan is not doing good with his depression and I dont
know what to do, according to Brie Bella. (E! News)
Unfortunately for Brie, Daniel Bryan is not doing good with his
depression and I dont know what to do. (E! News)
Unfortunately for Brie, Daniel Bryan is doing [ worse ] with his
depression and I dont know what to do. (E! News)
Unfortunately for Brie, Daniel Bryan. depression. is getting
worse. (E! News)
Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same
length without quotation marks, but still citing the source)
ORIGINAL QUOTE - Daniel Bryan..depression.is
getting worse. (E! News)
PARAPHRASE - Depression can cause a lot emotional
distress like Daniel Bryan. (E! News)
Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections)
ORIGINAL QUOTE - Daniel Bryan..depression.is
getting worse. (E! News)
SUMMARY - Daniel Bryan is suffering from depression.
Abstract Examples (hypothetical, what if examples - AVOID)
No one can get out of depression.
Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples)
A study in Chicago, Illinois shows that depression is more
common in teenagers and adults from 14 years old all the
way to 60 years or older.
c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the
paragraph with a transitional word - possibly an adverb - and should echo
the thesis of the essay)
In conclusion, depression is a serious matter and you should seek
professional help to treat it or it can become worse. That is
something Brie Bella should consider for Daniel Bryan.
3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions - should not be mere summaries of the previous
paragraphs of your essay)
 Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the
potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the
thesis - CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT)
If depression wasnt a serious matter then there wouldnt be
doctors or medicine specialized to treat that type of illness.
Statement (s) of Extension (extending the consequences of
disregarding the implications of the thesis - could be one or more
sentences)
The anger that Kris Jenner has towards Kim can indicate
jealousy Kris has towards Caitlyn maybe because she looks
better or maybe because she doesnt want Caitlyn to take
her daughter away from her.
Establishing the Significance of the Thesis
As the research indicates, people suffering from depression
can get worse and possibly be permanent.
Final Sentence (connects to the hook)
So given all the consequences about depression, Brie Bella
should consider taking Daniel Bryan to get professional help.

Paragraphs Quiz
1. What is another word for Hook?
a. Introduction
b. Lead
c. Ending
d. Body
2. The thesis statement goes at the end of the essay. T/F
3. How many types of hooks are there?
a. 5
b. 4
c. 9
d. 2
4. What must the body paragraphs contain?
a. Introduction, ending, sentences
b. Introduction, Evidence from Quotations, ending
c. Topic Sentence, Evidence From Quotations, closing sentence
5. What is another word for closing paragraph?
a. Introduction
b. Closing
c. Body
 d. Conclusion
6. Closing paragraphs should be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of
your essay. T / F
7. How many types of concluding paragraphs are there?
a. 7
b. 10
c. 11
d. 4
8. Body Paragraphs must have the thesis in each and present evidence to support
or expand on the thesis. T / F
9. How many types of thesis statements are there?
a. 10
b. 15
c. 7
d. 8
10. Body paragraphs should ALWAYS have a topic sentence. T / F

Answer Key
1. B 2. F 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. F 7. D 8. T 9. C 10. T
6. Essays -
a. Types
i. Persuasive (Argumentative)
1. It utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate
than another idea. It persuades a reader to adopt a certain point of
view or to take a particular action. The argument must always use
sound reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical
reasons, using examples, and quoting experts.
a. Steps you should take to produce an effective argument:
i. Be well informed about your topic.
ii. Test your thesis.
iii. Disprove the opposing argument
iv. Support your position with evidence
ii. Expository (Informative)
1. Definition or Description
a. The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the
student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound
on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea
in a clear and concise manner. This can be accomplished
 through comparison and contrast, definition, example, the
analysis of cause and effect, etc.
2. Process (How-to)
3. Compare and Contrast
4. Cause and Effect
iii. Analytical/Critical
a. In this type of essay you analyze, examine and interpret such
things as an event, book, poem, play or other work of art.
1. Evaluative
a. The purpose of an evaluation essay is to demonstrate the
overall quality of a particular product, business, place,
service, or program. While any evaluation involves injecting
some form of opinion, if an evaluation is done properly, it
should not come across as opinionated. Instead, the
evaluation should seem reasoned and unbiased. The key to
making this happen, and therefore the key to a good
investigative essay, is establishing clear and fair criteria,
judgments, and evidence.
2. Interpretive
a. The interpretive essay is another common writing
assignment that asks you to closely read and write about
your understanding of a text.
iv. Narrative (tells a story)
a. When writing a narrative essay, one might think of it as
telling a story. These essays are often anecdotal,
experiential, and personal. Allowing students to express
themselves in a creative and, quite often, moving ways.
1. Personal Anecdote
i. Anecdotes give a rare glimpse into the inner workings
of the writer's life, and they are not always flattering.
Their purpose is to present a piece of the writer's
humanity for the reader to react to and reflect upon.
Subject matter varies; personal anecdotes can be
about childhood, marriage, schooldays, siblings,
embarrassing moments, love affairs and friendship.
 Using personal anecdotes within an essay is a
creative way to draw your audience's attention.

v. Research
a. The investigation and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.
1. MLA Citation Format
a. MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used
to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and
humanities

2. APA Citation Format

a. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly
used to cite sources within the social sciences.
b. Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized
paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a
clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt.
Times New Roman font.
c. Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the
top of every page. To create a page header/running head, insert
page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in
the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a
shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50
characters including spacing and punctuation.
d. Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page,
Abstract, Main Body, and References.

vi. Timed
1. Document Based Question (DBQ)
a. A document-based question (DBQ), also known as
data-based question, is an essay or series of short-answer
questions that is constructed by students using one's own
 knowledge combined with support from several provided
sources. Usually it is employed on timed history tests.

2. Synthesis
a. A synthesis essay is a written work that takes a unique
viewpoint about a central idea, theme, or topic, and backs it
up with a combination of multiple sources. The process has
four major components:
i. Synthesizing Sources
ii. Composing a thesis or claim
iii. Formatting the essay
iv. Talking with the texts

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps
i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining
a. Pre-writing strategies use writing to generate and clarify ideas.
While many writers have traditionally created outlines before
beginning writing, there are other possible prewriting activities. Five
useful strategies are brainstorming, clustering, free writing, looping,
and asking the six journalists' questions (who, what, when, where,
why and how)
b. Prompt Analysis is to basically annotate. For example:
i. Circle
ii. Underline
iii. Highlight
iv. Ask yourself the six journalists questions (who, what,
when, where, why and how)
c. Outlining you should follow the four suggestions presented here to
create an effective outline. When creating a topic outline, follow these two
rules for capitalization: For first-level heads, present the information using
all uppercase letters; and for secondary and tertiary items, use upper and
lower-case letters.
 ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources
a. Research can be the most difficult part of an assignment. In each case,
the process will be different, but there are a few basic steps that can be
applied to most topics. By following these simple steps, you will become a
research expert equipped with the skills you need to locate articles for any
paper or project.

b. Many faculty members in the library and beyond strive to help students learn
to evaluate the information sources they use, whether in print, or on websites, or
presented as images, audio, or video.

1. There are 2 types of sources they are called Primary Source and
Secondary Source.
a. A primary source is a document or physical object which was
written or created during the time under study. These sources were
present during an experience or time period and offer an inside
view of a particular event.
b. A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources.
These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.
 Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of
primary sources in them.

c. Work Cited Page

i. MLA Format
a. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including
in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed
in the following order:
1. Author.
2. Title of source.
3. Title of container,
4. Other contributors,
5. Version,
6. Number,
7. Publisher,
8. Publication date,
9. Location.

Ex:
Website:
"Entertainment News, Celebrity News, Celebrity Gossip | E! News." E! Online.
N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2016.

Magazine:
"The Kardashian/Jenner Sisters Introduce Individual Personal Media Apps."
Entertainment Close-up 17 Sept. 2015: n. pag. Web.

ii. APA Format

a. Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the
information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you
cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must
appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must
be cited in your text.
 b. Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the
essay; label this page "References" centered at the top of the page (do
NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should
be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Quiz Essay
1. What does a persuasive essay due?
a. Persuades
b. Tells a story
c. Opinion
2. What is another word for expository essay?
a. Argumentative
b. Analytical
c. Narrative
d. Informative
3. How many steps to a expository essay is there?
a. 6
b. 5
c. 8
d. 4
4. What is MLA format used for?
a. Liberal arts and humanities
b. Literature
c. sciences
5. What is APA format used for?
a. Sciences
b. Literature
c. Social Sciences
6. DBQ stands for Document Based Question. T/F
7. The work cited page goes at the beginning of your essay. T/F
8. There are 5 types of timed essays. T/F
 9. MLA and APA formats are the same thing. T/F
10. THere are 9 steps to cite in MLA Format. T/F

Answer Key
1. A 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. T 7. F 8.F 9. F 10. T
7. Capitalization
The first word of a sentence
Ex: She really enjoys shopping in very expensive places, especially in
Hollywood.
The pronoun I
Ex: I Kourtney Kardashian love my family very much.
Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and
sometimes things)
Ex: Khloe Kardashian, Kim Kardashian, Zac Efron, Vanessa Hudgens,
Hollywood, The Grove, E! News,
Family relationships (when used as proper names)
Ex: Drake celebrates his 30th birthday with his Mother.
The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books
Ex: God, Virgin Mary, Jesus, Bible
Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names
Ex: Kim Kardashian worked as the assistant to Actor Paris Hilton.
Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections
of the country, but not as compass directions)
Ex: Robert Kardashian lives three houses East of his mother.
The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons
used generally)
Blac Chyna is expected to give birth to a girl in November.
The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages
Kim Kardashian was attacked during her stay in Paris, France.
The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote
Ex: "So I've come to the conclusion that I just want to explore
surrogacy," the mother of two tells mother Kris Jenner.
 The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short
prepositions or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the
title)
Ex: Kim Kardashians book called Selfie and Khloe Kardashians Strong
Looks Better Naked are best sellers.
Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups
Ex: Lamar Odom was in the team called Miami Heat.
Periods and events (but not century numbers)
Ex: Celebrities think that Trump will lead us back to the Great
Depression.
Trademarks
Ex: Kylie Jenner is representing the brand Puma.
Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came
from specific things but are now general types)
Ex: The Hillary and Trump campaign was all over the news, most
watched it on CNN.
Capitalize Institution Names
Ex: Kourtney Kardashian studied at the University of Texas.
Capitalize Language Names
Ex: Shakira knows how to speak six languages they are Spanish,
English, Italian, Portuguese, French and Arabic.
Capitalize Specific names of Structures
Kanye West and other artist perform in The Forum.
Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline.
Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline.
Ex: I. Celebrities
A. Their Fame
a. Money
Capitalize races and ethnic groups.
Ex: Mila Kunis was born in the Ukraine where she learned to speak
Russian.
Capitalize political parties and their members.
 Katy Perry and many other celebrities were on the Democrat side
supporting Hillary Clinton.
Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter.
Ex: Love, Kris Jenner XOXO, Kylie Jenner
Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that are in the sentence.
Kendall Jenner got really drunk when she celebrated her Twenty-first
birthday.
Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents.
The Ice Age is one of North Wests favorite movies.
8. Punctuation
[ ] - Brackets
Used to enclose words or figures to separate them from the context.
A source revealed to E! News. "Demi Lovato just got out of a
serious relationship [with Wilmer Valderrama] so she is not looking
for something that serious but if something evolves naturally over
time she is willing to go with it and explore it."
( ) - Parentheses
A word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation or afterthought into
a passage that is complete without it.
Earlier this evening, E! News confirmed that Brad was officially
cleared of child abuse allegations by (Los Angeles County
Department of Children and Family Services).
. - Period
A punctuation mark used to end a sentence or an abbreviation.
Robert Kardashian is expecting first baby with Blac Chyna.
, - Comma
A punctuation mark used to indicate a pause between sentences and to
separate items from a list.
Miley Cyrus, an actor, singer, and songwriter, cant stop crying after
Hillary Clinton loses to Donald Trump.
- - End Dash
Used to aggregate two words together.
 Kim Kardashian turned thirty - six years old in October.
_ - m dash
Used to bring readers attention and the authors use it for something
dramatic.
After Melania Trump stayed silent on the matter for almost 20 years
her initial lawsuit was filed in 1997 she felt driven to defend her
story and herself.
: - Colon
A punctuation mark that the writer is introducing a quotation or a list of
items or the writer is separating two clauses.
Kim Kardashian Considers the Benefits of Surrogacy: ''You Could
Have a Baby for a Year and Nobody Would Even Know"
; - Semicolon
Indicating a pause, typically between two main clauses, that is more pronounced
than that indicated by a comma.
Some of Kim Kardashians places to visit are Paris, France; Rome, Italy;
and many more.
? - Question Mark
Used to indicate a question.
Why was Brad Pitt charged with child abuse?
! - Exclamation Point
Blac Chynas baby girl is due any day now!
- Apostrophe
Used to indicate possession or the omission of letters and numbers.
"Negative comments about myself or the cast I don't care, you have
no life and are looking for attention BUT...bullying, body shaming
will not be tolerated I will block you and blast your comments and
have your account shut down, my friends work at Instagram and
are huge fans of our show, so please.... TRY ME!!! You have been
warned," Jax Taylor posted on his Instagram account.
- Quotation Marks
 Used either to mark the beginning and end of a title or quoted passage or
to indicate that a word or phrase is regarded as slang.
"Negative comments about myself or the cast I don't care, you
have no life and are looking for attention BUT...bullying, body
shaming will not be tolerated I will block you and blast your
comments and have your account shut down, my friends work at
Instagram and are huge fans of our show, so please.... TRY ME!!!
You have been warned," Jax Taylor posted on his Instagram
account.
- Ellipses
Literary device that is used in narratives to omit some parts of a sentence
or event, which gives the reader a chance to fill the gaps while acting or
reading it out
Donald Trump says Tom Brady Voted for him...but Gisele
Bndchen says otherwise.