NETL Life Cycle Inventory Data - Detailed Spreadsheet Documentation

DS Sheet Information
Process Name: LNG Liquefaction, Operation

Natural gas liquefaction, storage, and ship loading. Process data is derived from a specific facility in Australia and adapted t
Process Description:
LNG near Trinidad and Tobago.

This unit process is composed of this document and the file, DF_Stage1_O_LNG_Liquefaction_2010.01.doc, which prov
Files:
details regarding calculations, data quality, and references as relevant.

As shown below, this document contains 3 summary worksheets (Data Summary, Reference Source Info, and DQI) that hav
Summary and Calculations consistent with NETL standards. The remaining 'calculations' worksheets are workspaces used by NETL engineers during th
Worksheets: unit process. The 'calculations' worksheets are presented for the convenience of the reader, and have not been subjected to
formatting.
This data sheet is organized as follows:
Worksheet Description
Data Summary Summary of Calculations, Input and Output Flows, Reference Flow, and other information
y
ar

Reference Source Info Referenced citations; citations are referenced by number, listed at the top of the Reference Source Info sheet
m
um

DQI Data Quality Index

Calculations S

Calculations Calculation of inputs to and outputs from the NG regasification facility

Conversions Unit Conversions

Assumptions Assumptions

How to Cite This Document:

This document should be cited as: NETL (2010). NETL Life Cycle Inventory Data Unit Process: LNG Liquefaction, Operation. U.S. Department of Energy, N
Technology Laboratory. Last Updated: May 2010 (version 01). www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses (http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses)

Page 1 356850697.xls
Additional Notes:
For the calculations sheets, values highlighted in yellow are also pulled forward into the 'Data Summary' sheet
Bibliographic references & assumptions referenced by number; see 'Reference Source Info' & 'Assumptions' sheets for cross-reference.
Data Summary sheet color coding: white indicates data input by model engineer; blue indicates automatically calculated values

Disclaimer:
Neither the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) nor any person acting on behalf o
organizations:

A. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usef
information contained in this document, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed
may not infringe on privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liability with this report as to its use, or damages resulting from the use of any information, app
process disclosed in this document.

Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwi
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by NETL. The views and opinions of the authors
do not necessarily state or reflect those of NETL.

Page 2 356850697.xls
n

a and adapted to represent Atlantic

oc, which provides additional

nd DQI) that have been formatted

gineers during the production of this
een subjected to standardized

et

ent of Energy, National Energy

Page 3 356850697.xls
g on behalf of these

usefulness of the
ss disclosed in this document

apparatus, method, or

r, or otherwise, does not

of the authors expressed herein

Page 4 356850697.xls
 NETL Life Cycle Inventory Data - Detailed Spreadsheet Documentation
Data Module Summary
Process Name: LNG Liquefaction, Operation
Reference Flow: 1 kg of LNG DQI 1,1,2,3,1 (see DQI sheet for explanation)
Brief Description: Natural gas liquefaction, storage, and ship loading. Process data is derived from a specific facility in Australia and adapted to represent Atlantic LNG near Trinidad and Tobago.

SECTION I: META DATA

Geographical Coverage: Australia Goal and Scope:

Region Reference Flow: 1 kg of LNG
Year Data Best Represents: 2005
Process Type: Basic Process (BP) This unit process provides a summary of relevant input and output flows associated with operation of an LNG liquefaction facility, wherein natural
Process Scope: Gate-to-Gate Process (GG) gas is changes to the liquid state (LNG). The boundaries of the process include energy use and emissions from boilers and flare purging, flares and
venting, and refrigeration and power generation gas turbines.
Allocation Applied: No
Completeness: Individual Relevant Flows Captured Note: All inputs and outputs are normalized per the reference flow (e.g., per kg of LNG)
Energy Energy Material
Flows Aggregated in Data Set: Process
Use P&D P&D
SECTION II: PARAMETERS
This section includes adjustable parameters, calculations needed to support adjustable parameters, and flow calculations based upon adjustable parameters.
Parameter Name Formula Value Units Std. Dev. References Comments

End of List <select this entire row, then insert new row>

SECTION III: INPUT FLOWS

This section includes all input flows considered for this unit process
Parameter Flow Name Value Units Parameter Unit Total Units per RF Tracked Origin References Comments
Literature 1,2 [Resource] This includes both NG that is combusted in this unit process and
Natural gas 1.1303243588 1.00E+00 1.13 kg X
NG that is a product of this unit process.
Water (municipal) [Water] 0.1689814815 1.00E+00 0.17 L X Literature 1,3 [Resource] Potable water from a municipal source.
1.00E+00
End of List <select this entire row, then insert new row> Factor Amount <select from list>

SECTION IV: OUTPUT FLOWS

This section includes all output flows considered for this unit process
Parameter Flow Name Value Units Parameter Unit Total Units per RF Tracked Origin References Comments
LNG [product] 1.000000000 kg 1.00E+00 1.00 X Calculated 1,2 Reference flow
Carbon dioxide [Inorganic emissions to air] 0.418381481 kg 1.00E+00 0.42 Literature 2,4 Emission to air
Methane [Organic emissions to air (group VOC)] 0.000670542 kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Literature 1 Emission to air
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) [Inorganic emissions to air] 0.000000501 kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Literature 1 Emission to air
Nitrogen oxides [Inorganic emissions to air] 0.000468180 kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Literature 1 Emission to air
Sulphur dioxide [Inorganic emissions to air] 0.000013343 kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Literature 1 Emission to air
Carbon monoxide [Inorganic emissions to air] 0.000067023 kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Literature 1 Emission to air
Dust (unspecified) [Particles to air] 0.000013530 kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Literature 1 Emission to air
Ammonia [Inorganic emissions to air] 0.000006876 kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Literature 8 Emission to air
Water (municipal) [Water] 0.0394290123 kg 1.00E+00 0.04 Calculated 1,3 Renewable resources
Waste (solid) [Waste for disposal] kg 1.00E+00 0.00 Solid waste

End of List <select this entire row, then insert new row> Factor <select from list>

Page 5 356850697.xls
Field Name
Number 1 2 3 4
SourceType Separate Publication Chapters in Anthology Chapters in Anthology Undefined

Title Operations Environmental Darwin 10 MTPA LNG Darwin LNG Plant AP-42: Natural Gas
Management Plan - Section Facility: Public Environmental Management Combustion
5 Environmental Report, Programme, Volume 1 -
Executive Summary EMP Overview and
Compliance Audit Register.

FirstAuthor ConocoPhillips URS URS Australia Pty Ltd EPA

AdditionalAuthors
Year 2005 2002 2005 1998
Date 2005 March 12, 2002 April 11, 2005
PlaceOfPublication EPA

Publisher
PageNumbers
Table or Figure Number Table 1.4-2

NameOfEditors
TitleOfAnthology
Journal
VolumeNo
IssueNo
Docket Number
Copyright
Internet Address http://www.conocophillips.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/79B19009-8E3F-44A1-81A0-7E78F7227888/0/DLNGHSEPLN001_s05_r1.pdf
http://www.conocophillips.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/E2C7A969-2F95-4801-AC08-F5B147EBD0A4/0/PER_Exec_Summ.pd
http://www.conocophillips.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/4E2EED19-E82F-4171-84F1-4ABA3522
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s04.pdf
Internet Access Date April 29, 2009 April 29, 2009 April 29, 2009 May 19, 2010
Data Type (Origin) Literature Literature Literature Literature
Year Data Represents 2005 2002 2005 1998

Geographical Australia Australia Australia USA

Representation

Page 6 356850697.xls
Representativeness Represents a single facility
with the same technology
and size of the facility
represented in this DS
BibliographicText ConocoPhillips, 2005.
Operations Environmental
Management Plan - Section
5. ConocoPhillips.
http://www.conocophillips.c
om.au/NR/rdonlyres/79B19
009-8E3F-44A1-81A0-
7E78F7227888/0/DLNGHS
EPLN001_s05_r1.pdf
Text/Description (Accessed Aprilwhich
See Table 5.3, 29, 2009).
is on
page 5-10 (or page 10 of
50 of the PDF). Equipment
list on pdf page 4; Refer to
Tables 1A, 1B and following
tables.
URS, 2002. Darwin 10 MTPA
LNG Facility: Public
Environmental Report,
Executive Summary. URS.
Figure ES-3 is on page 7 of
18 pages of the Executive
Summary.
Page 7
Represents a single facility Represents a single facility
with the same technology with a technology that is
and size of the facility similar but a capacity 3x the
represented in this DS process of this DS
URS, 2005. Darwin LNG EPA, 1998. AP-42: Natural
Plant Environmental Gas Combustion. EPA
Management Programme,
Volume 1 - EMP Overview
and Compliance Audit
Register. URS Australia
Pty Ltd. 2005
Statement on different Table 1.4-2 is on page 1.4-
energy efficiencies between 6, which is page 6 of 10
10MTPA and 3 MTPA LNG pages.
facilities is on page 7 (or
page 13 of 62 of the PDF).
356850697.xls
Field Name
Number 5 6 7 8
SourceType Separate Publication Separate Publication Undefined Undefined

Title Annual Energy Review Compendium of Passing the Baton Cleanly 2005 National Emissions
2007, Appendix A: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data &
Thermal Conversion Emissions Methodologies Documentation
Factors in the Oil and Gas
Industry

FirstAuthor EIA American Petroleum Richardson, F.W. EPA

Institute
AdditionalAuthors
Year 2007 2004 1999 2005
Date
PlaceOfPublication API_2004_COMPENDIU Not stated USA
M
Publisher
PageNumbers
Table or Figure Number Table A4: Approximate
Heat Content of Natural
Gas

NameOfEditors
TitleOfAnthology
Journal
VolumeNo
IssueNo
Docket Number
Copyright
Internet Address http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/pdf/pages/sec13_4.pdf
http://www.api.org/ehs/climate/new/upload/2004_COMPENDIUM.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html
Internet Access Date May 19, 2010 May 19, 2010 May 19, 2010
Data Type (Origin) Literature Estimated Literature Measured
Year Data Represents 2007 1998 1999 2005

Geographical USA USA Trinidad USA

Representation

Page 8 356850697.xls
Representativeness average average Specific LNG plant Air emissions

BibliographicText EIA, 2007. Annual API, 2004. Compendium Richardson, 1999. Passing EPA, 2005. 2005 National
Energy Review 2007, of Greenhouse Gas the Baton Cleanly. GasTech Emissions Inventory Data &
Appendix A: Thermal Emissions Methodologies 2000. Documentation. EIA.
Conversion Factors. EIA. in the Oil and Gas http://lnglicensing.conocophi http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/
http://www.eia.doe.gov/a Industry. American llips.com/NR/rdonlyres/51C1 net/2005inventory.html
er/pdf/pages/sec13_4.pd Petroleum Institute. F725-27A2-40E2-8A4A- (Accessed May 19, 2010)
f (Accessed May 19, 8D2CB49FBDE0/0/passingt
2010). hebaton.pdf (Accessed May
19, 2010).
Text/Description Thermal conversion Table 3-5, page 3-16 Table 1 on page 9 used for 2005 NEI data for the
factors for fossil and (PDF page 59). This plant capacity and energy ConocoPhillips Kenai
other fuels. See page 4. reference is used for the consumption. Table 3-5, Alaska LNG Facility.
Page 4 shows estimated density of natural gas. page 3-16 (PDF page 59). Thermal conversion factors
air emissions in tons per This reference is used for for petroleum products.
year. the density of natural gas.

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 Data Quality Index
DQI Determination
Reference (see 'Reference
Input/Output Source Reliability Completeness Temporal Correlation Geographical Correlation Technical Correlation DQI
Source Info' worksheet)

Natural gas 1,2 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1

Water (municipal) [Water]
1,3 1 1 2 3 1 1,1,2,3,1

Carbon dioxide [Inorganic

1,2 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
emissions to air]

Methane [Organic
emissions to air (group 2,4 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
VOC)]

Nitrous oxide (laughing

gas) [Inorganic emissions 1 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
to air]

Nitrogen oxides [Inorganic

1 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
emissions to air]

Sulphur dioxide [Inorganic

1 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
emissions to air]

Carbon monoxide
1 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
[Inorganic emissions to air]

Dust (unspecified)
1 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
[Particles to air]
Ammonia [Inorganic
8 1 1 2 2 1 1,1,2,2,1
emissions to air]
Total 1,1,2,3,1

DQI Methodology
DQI Matrix (from NETL LCI&C Guideline Document, adapted from Weidema and Wenaes)
Score
Indicator 1 2 3 4 5

data verified based on some data verified with many

data verified based on assumptions and/or standard science assumptions, or non-verified but
measurements and engineering calculations from quality source qualified estimate non-qualified estimate

Source Reliability (for source quality guidelines met source quality guidelines not met
most applications, data cross checks, greater
source quality than or equal to 3 quality 2 or less data sources available for cross check, or data sources available
guidelines only factor) sources that do not meet quality standards no data available for cross check

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 representative data from a smaller number of sites and shorter
sufficient sample of sites over smaller number of site but an sufficient number of sites but a less periods or incomplete data from an representativeness unknown or
Completeness an adequate period of time adequate period of time adequate period of time adequate number of sites or periods incomplete data sets

less than three years of

difference to year of age of data unknown or more than 15
Temporal Correlation study/current year less than 6 years of difference less than 10 years difference less than 15 years difference years difference

Geographical average data from larger area or data from area with similar data from area with slightly similar data from unknown area or area with
Correlation data from area under study specific data from a close area production conditions production conditions very different production conditions

Technological data from technology, process data on related process or material data or related process or material
Correlation or materials being studied data from a different technology using the same process and/or materials using the same technology using a different technology

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Indicator Descriptions
Source Reliability -- This indicator relates to the quality of the data source and the verification of the data collection methods used within the source.

Data Verification -- Source data that have been verified within error bounds by either the source author (with a high level of transparency) or the LCI modeler. Verification can be done by
measurement, including on-site checking, recalculation, or mass or energy balance analysis. If the source data cannot be verified without making assumptions (i.e., not enough data are
available to close the mass/energy balance), then the score should be a 2 or 3, depending on the number of assumptions. If no source data are available, a qualified estimate from an expert in
the field should receive a score of 4, and an estimate from a non-expert should receive a score of 5. Mostly applicable to primary data.

Source Quality Guidelines -- The highest quality source should be

o From a peer reviewed journal or a government sponsored study. If the source is an LCA, it must meet ISO requirements.
o Publicly available either for free or at cost, or directly representative of the process of interest.
o Written/published by an unbiased party.
o An unbiased survey of experts or process locations.

When the source used for data is a reputable model that does not specifically meet the above criteria, it is the discretion of the modeler to determine the rank of the source. An example for
justification would be if the data have been used in published reports that met the data quality standards.

Data Cross-Check -- The number of sources that verify the same data point or series, within reason. As a general benchmark, a high standard is greater than or equal to three data cross
checks with quality approved sources. This typically refers to primary data, and if no other data sources are available, this can be omitted.

Completeness -- This indicator quantifies the statistical robustness of the source data. This ranking is based on how many data points were taken, how representative the sample is to the studied process, and whether
the data were taken for an acceptable time period to even out normal process fluctuations. The following examples are given to help clarify this indicator.

Temporal Correlation -- This indicator represents how well the time period in which the data were collected corresponds with the year of the study. If the study is set to evaluate the use of a technology from 2000 to
2040, data from 1970 would not be very accurate. It is important when assigning this ranking to take notice of any discrepancies between the year the source was published and the year(s) the data were collected.

Geographical Correlation -- This indicator represents the appropriateness between the region of study and the source data region. This indicator becomes important when comparing data from different countries. For
example, technological advances might reasonably be expected to develop differently in different countries, so efficiency and energy use might be very different. This is also important when looking at best management
practices for carbon mitigation.

Technological Correlation -- This indicator embodies all other differences that may be present between the study goals and the data source. From the above example, using data for a type of biomass that is not being
studied in the LCA should result in a lower technological representativeness ranking.
Steps for Applying DQM
1) Calculate score for each unit process (UP) input. If more than one reference source is used for one input, and the score is lower, consider both scores. If an indicator does not relate to a specific source,
assume N/A. If all emissions come from one source, only one score is needed
- when a score is determined for a particular reference source, add to 'Reference Source Info' for future use

2) From the reference scores, determine the data quality indicator (DQI) for the unit process inputs for commissioning/decommissioning operations (when applicable)*

- the scores are not additive, rather, the lowest score for an indicator of a particular data input is the lowest score for the UP

3) Significant inputs of low quality unit processes (DQI mostly 3-5) should be varied to the minimum and maximum values or 95 percent confidence interval of the uncertainty range.

- check significance first. If the input is not significant by a long shot (or with the maximum possible value), it is not necessary to include in the UP
4) If the change in the final result from a single unit process is greater than a threshold value, for example, 0.1 g CO2e/MJ, then the processes should be flagged for possible additional data quality
refinement
- for example, if emissions from the total steel inputs are found to be significant during sensitivity, the DQI will be performed on the steel profile. If this is not possible (because data are not transparent/purchased), it will
be listed as a future recommendation

- if, however, the steel inputs are significant due to a large amount of steel needed for a particular process, then the DQI on that input should be performed and the data refined if needed

5) If the UP input is significant (with or without sensitivity), but no data refinement is possible, this is listed as a data limitation and noted in the report

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* For NETL LCI&C studies, because data quality for construction is typically low, sensitivity on those inputs is already performed and the DQI does not need to be calculated. If
sensitivity is not performed on construction, or sensitivity shows that a particular input is significant, then the DQI will be performed

Page 13 356850697.xls
Recommendations Determinations

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Page 15 356850697.xls
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Page 17 356850697.xls
Calculations
Total annual emission releas
PM SO2 NOx
Heaters/Flare Purge
Standby Boiler
Standby mode 0.292 0 3.846
Acid Gas Incinerator
Fuel gas w/ condensate 0.165 0 2.167
Condensate (Rich case) (note 1) 1.923 0 19.23
Condensate (Design case) (note 1) 0.256 0 2.561
Acid Gas (Note 2) 42.593
Treater Flash Gas (Note 3) 0.145 0.044 1.917
Flare Pilots & Purge Gas 0.456 0 6
Flares/Vent
Marine Flare
a) warm ship cool-down 0 0 1.179
b) cold ship cool-down 0 0 4.911
Wet Flare
b) flash gas 0 0.166 4.993
Nitrogen vent 0 0 0
Gas Turbines
Refrigeration Compressor/Turbines 35 0 1409
Power Generation Turbines
3 Solar Taurus 60's w/ Solonox II
a) normal operation w/ ship loading 0.4 0.028 3.4
b) normal operation w/o ship loading 3 0.229 25.5
2 Solar Taurus 60's w/ Solonox II (Dual Fuel)
a) normal operation w/ ship loading 0.2 0.019 3.8
b) normal operation w/o ship loading 2 0.153 28.4

TOTAL (tonnes/yr) 4.384E+01 4.323E+01 1.517E+03

TOTAL (kg/yr) 4.384E+04 4.323E+04 1.517E+06
TOTAL (kg/kg) 1.353E-05 1.334E-05 4.682E-04
PM SO2 NOx
Annual production rate 3.24 MTPA (million tonnes per year)
3240000 TPA (tonnes per year)
3,240,000,000 kg/yr

2005 NEI data for the ConocoPhillips Kenai Alaska LNG Facility
The Kenai Alaska facility utilizes the same general technology as the Atlantic LNG facility--although th
operation). The Kenai facility reports ammonia emissions but no mercury or lead emissions. Ammoni
estimated from the Kenai facility emissions.
State Abbreviation County Name Facility Site ID NEI Site ID
 Kenai Peninsula
AK Borough 0212200006 NEIAK10141

Value Units Value

Ammonia Emissions 0.49 tons

65124000000 ft3 LNG 64646972.41

In 2005, Kenai LNG exports:

Density of natural gas 0.6728 kg/m3

Density of LNG 456 kg/m3
Ammonia emissions = 6.876123E-006 kg NH3/kg LNG

Energy Consumption
The determination of liquefaction energy requirements and additional required raw natural gas input i
It should be noted that these tests were for Train 1 and that subsequent trains and continued process

Capacity Test Results Net LNG Production Fuel Gas Consumed

(MMBtu/day) (MMBtu/day)
Original Simulation 418,000 56,425
New Simulation 416,700 56,300
Performance Test 425,239 55,419

The raw natural gas includes natural gas plus natural gas liquids (NGL). NGL include ethane, propane
differentiate the products and they are treated equally on a mass basis.

Natural Gas Input 1.1303243588 kg raw natural gas/kg LNG output

Water Requirements Value Units

annual NG output of data source plant 3240000 tonnes/year
Water in 1500 tonnes potable water per day
0.1689814815 tonnes water/tonne NG production
0.1689814815 kg water/kg LNG

Water out 350 tonnes reject water per day from blowdown
0.0394290123 tonnes water/tonne NG production
0.0394290123 kg water/ kg NG production

Water Quality
 LNG Liquefaction
References
nual emission release (tonnes)
CO CO2 TOC/CH4 N2O Reference [1]

3.231 4545 0.423 0.009 Reference [1]

1.82 2560 0.238 0.005 Reference [1]

4.808 17423 0.535 0.106 Reference [1]
0.64 2320 0.071 0.014 Reference [1]
574350 Reference [1]
1.61 3210 0.211 0.005 Reference [1]
5.04 7090 0.66 0.014 Reference [1]

6.413 1990 2.427 0.004 Reference [1]

26.723 8294 10.111 0.017 Reference [1]

27.168 12054 10.28 0.017 Reference [1]

0 0 2058 0 Reference [1]

90.8 615106 61.6 1.235 Reference [1]

3.4 7045 2 0.013 Reference [1]

25.9 56923 14.8 0.106 Reference [1]

2.3 4697 1.3 0.009 Reference [1]

17.3 37949 9.9 0.07 Reference [1]

2.172E+02 1.356E+06 2.173E+03 ### Calculated

2.172E+05 1.356E+09 2.173E+06 ### Calculated
6.702E-05 4.184E-01 6.705E-04 5.012E-07 Calculated
CO CO2 TOC/CH4 N2O
ion tonnes per year) Reference [1] Table 5.3 states the annual produ
nes per year)

NG facility--although the facility is much older (1969 start-up

ad emissions. Ammonia emissions for Atlantic LNG are

Facility Name
 ConocoPhillips
Alask

Units

Reference [8]

kg LNG
Reference [9]

Reference [10]
Reference [10]
Calculated

raw natural gas input is derived from performance tests for Atlantic LNG in 1999.
and continued process improvements have likely lowered specific fuel requirements.

Gas Consumed

Reference [7]
Reference [7]
Reference [7]

nclude ethane, propane, etc. There is no attempt to

g LNG output Reference [7]

Assumption [1] Reference [3]

G production Reference [3]

Calculated

er day from blowdown Reference [3]

G production Calculated

Assumption [2]
eference [1]

3 states the annual production rate of 3.24 MTPA

eference [3]
 Conversion Factors
1.00 kg 2.204622 lb
1 year 365 days
1 metric tonne 1000 kg
1 ton 907.1847400036 kg
1.000 MMcf 1000000 ft3
35.315 ft3 1 m3
 Conversions
References
 Assumptions
Assumption # Description
Assume that the energy for the reverse osmosis of water is in
1
requirments.
A high volume of water is used for heat exchange operations,
2
quality (Reference [3]).
 Assumptions

rse osmosis of water is included in the overall facility energy

eat exchange operations, but it incurs negligible burdens on water