Lecture 9 Outline:

AM and FM Modulation
Announcements:
Revised slides on upsampling posted
My OHs today: 11:30-12:30, 2-3 (next week extend WF to 11:30-1)
HW 3 posted
Reading today: 3: Communication Systems pp. 1-3.5 (Analog Comm),
pp. 6-14, 16.5-22 (15-16.5 - Hilbert Transform - optional, OWN Chp. 8.1-8.3)

Review of Last Lecture

Amplitude Modulation
Quadrature Modulation
Frequency Modulation
 Review of Last Lecture
Digital Downsampling
Removes samples of x(nTs) for nMTs
Repeats Xd(ejW ) every 2p/M and scales W axis by M
Can prefilter Xd(ejW ) by LPF with bandwith p/M prior to
downsampling to avoid downsample aliasing
xd[n]=x(nTs) Downsample xc[n]
0 123
By M (M) 0 1 2 3 4
jW)
Xdd(ejW Xc(ejW )


-p/M p/M W -2p -p p 2p W=MW
0 0
Communication System Block Diagram
bits : b1b2 ...
Modulator
s(t ) s(t )
Demodulator
b1b2 ...
Analog
analog signal : m(t ) (Transmitter) Channel (Receiver) m ( t )
 Amplitude Modulation
DSBSC, SSB, Broadcast AM
(DSBSC) Modulated signal is s(t)=m(t)cos(wct)
Signal bandwidth (bandwidth occupied in positive frequencies) is 2W
s(t ) = m(t ) cos(wct ) .5[ M ( j (w wc )) M ( j (w wc ))]
1W
S ( jw )
2W
ka M ( jw ) USB USB
LSB
w w
-W W w c wc
Redundant information: can either transmit upper sidebands
(USB) only or lower sidebands (LSB) only and recover m(t)
Single sideband modulation (SSB); uses 50% less bandwidth (less $$$)

Demodulator for DSBSC/SSB: multiply by cos(wct) and LPF

Broadcast AM has s(t)=[1+kam(t)]cos(wct) with [1+kam(t)]>0
Can recover m(t) with envelope detector (see lecture 12 of 102a notes)
 Quadrature Modulation
Sends two info. signals on the cosine and sine carriers
DSBSC m1(t)
Demod LPF
m1(t)cos(w ct)+
m2(t)sin(w ct)
cos(w ct)

-90o

sin(w ct)

DSBSC m2(t)
LPF
Demod
 FM Modulation
Message signal m(t) encoded in carrier frequency
FM modulated signal:
s(t)=Acos(q(t))=Acos(wct+kfm(t)dt)
Instantaneous frequency: wi=wc+kfm(t)
Signal robust to amplitude variations and reflections
Frequency analysis nonlinear (hard, will skip)

Frequency Deviation: Df=kf max|m(t)|

Maximum deviation of wi from wc: wi=wc+kfm(t)
Carsons Rule for bandwidth of s(t):
Depends on max deviation from
Bs2Df+2Bm w c and how fast w i changes
FM Demod: Differentiator + Envelope Detector
 Main Points
Modulation is the process of encoding an analog message
signal (or bits) into a carrier signal
DSBSC multiplies the message signal and the carrier together.
Synchronous demodulation multiplies by the carrier and then uses a
LPF. Requires learning carrier phase at receiver (hard!)

SSB is a spectrally efficient AM technique with half the BW

requirements of standard AM and DSBSC.

Quadrature modulation sends two different signals in the same

bandwidth using sin and cosine carriers (which are orthogonal)

FM modulation encodes information in signal frequency. More

robust to amplitude errors and signal reflections than AM
Bandwidth depends on info. signal bandwidth and freq. deviation