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Version 23
January 2015
Structure
calculation
C E R E M A - D T e c I T M
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PAGES
PART I -
PROJECT COMMANDS GLOSSARY .................................................................4
PRESENTATION OF ST1 ............................................................................ 22
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 24
NEW FEATURES .................................................................................................. 25
LIMITS OF THE PROGRAM ..................................................................................... 26
LEXICAL DEFINITION OF THE TYPES ....................................................................... 27
WRITING CONVENTIONS ....................................................................................... 29
USE ................................................................................................................... 30
ERROR DETECTION .............................................................................................. 31
PROJECT COMMANDS
GLOSSARY
ST1 - Project commands reminder 5
ST1 - Project commands reminder 6
GENERAL COMMANDS
READ <'Nom du file',CONSOLE> p34-35
OUTPUT <'Nom du file',CONSOLE,FILE> (SUITE) (NOT PAGINE) p36
RECORD (PROJET) ('Nom du projet') p37
PROJET ('Nom du projet') p37
LIST PROJET p37
PAGINATION p38
(ASC_PAGE i)
(MAX_LIGNE n)
END
RETURN p34-35
QUIT p37
MESSAGE NONE, ALL, (REDUCE) p38
ST1 - Project commands reminder 7
GEOMETRY
OPTION <PLANE,GRILL,SPATIAL> p41-42-42
TITLE 'Title structure' p43
NODE liste coor1 coor2 coor3 p44
ou NODE liste (X coor1) (Y coor2) (Z zcoor3)
GENER n NODE (ID) j(pas0) X coor1 (pas1) Y coor2 (pas2) p44
Z coor3 (pas3)
RESTRAINT liste1 (NODE liste2) (DECOL < NOT, <X,Y,Z> <POS,NEG> >) p45
(DX) (DY) (DZ) (RX) (RY) (RZ)
RESTRAINT liste1 (NODE liste2) (DECOL < NOT, <X,Y,Z> <POS,NEG> >) p47
(ROT alpha) EL m1 mj1
RESTRAINT liste1 (NODE liste2) (DECOL < NOT , <X,Y,Z> <POS,NEG> >) p47
(ROT alpha) EL DI d1 dj2
BAR liste DE j1 TO j2 p50
or BAR liste j1 j2
GENER n BAR (ID) j (pas0) DE j1 (pas1) TO j2 (pas2) p50
EXC liste (OR (X) x (Z) z) (EX (X) x (Z) z) p51
ART liste (OR (RY) (RZ)) (EX (RY) (RZ)) p53
BETA liste beta p55
CARA liste SX sx (SY sy) (IZ iz) (VY vy) (WZ wz) (EXTY exty)(EXTZ extz) P57
MATERIALS
CONS liste <(E e) (NU nu) (RO ro) (TEMP temp) (DAMPING dam) ,MAT i> p71-72
MAT i ('Title material') p74
E <BPEL,BHP1,BHP2,BPEL_BL> (<MPA,TM2,KNM2>) FC28 fc28
(NU nu)
(RO ro) (G_DYN g)
(TEMP temp)
(SHRINKAGE <BPEL,BHP1,BHP2,BPEL_BL> (ER er))
(CREEP<BPEL,BHP1,BHP2,BPEL_BL>(TRACTION<YES,NOT>))
(ROH roh ROS ros RM rom)
(ROBS robs EA Ea)
(T_THERM FCP fcp LAMBDA lambda DT tpa THETA tetamax)
END
MAT i ('Title material') p77
E CEB (<MPA,TM2,KNM2>) FCK fck
(NU nu)
(RO ro) (G_DYN g)
(TEMP temp)
(SHRINKAGE CEB (ER ecs0))
(CREEP CEB (TRACTION <YES, NOT>))
(RH rh H h) (CIMENT <SL,N,R,RS>)
END
PRESTRESSED
PREC i ('Title prestress') p86
SECTION ap
TENSION sigma
E ep
(<RG fprg, FPK fpk> R1000 ro1000)
(RECUL g)
<(LOSS F f PHI phi),(LOSS MU f KPHI kphi)> (LOSS INST pinst)
(PRETENSION <PARABOL LG_SCEL lg1, LINEAIRE LG_SCEL lg1,
BILINEAIRE LG_SCEL lg1 lg2 COEF alpha>)
END
CABLE i ('Nom du cble') p88
PREC j ((NOT) SIMUL n)
TENSION <OR,EX,OR EX,EX OR>
(BAR liste)
(STEP_CABLE step)
(LG_GAINE OR lg1 EX lg2)
TRACE (INTERIEUR,EXTERIEUR)
(X)x (Y)y ((Z)z) (ALIGNE, SLOPE pt, GIS gis, RAYON ray)
END
STUDY AREA
STUDY (SUP,SEUL) (EFFORT) (DEPLA)
liste1 SE liste2 (STEP lpas) (ABS,REL) p94
STRESSG i ('Title genralised stress')
(CTE) p96
liste (N cfn) (TY cfty) (MZ cfmz) (CST cst)
VAR LIN
liste OR (N cfn) (TY ctfy) (MZ cfmz) (CST cst)
EX (N cfn) (TY ctfy) (MZ cfmz) (CST cst)
VAR PARA
liste OR (N cfn) (TY ctfy) (MZ cfmz) (CST cst)
MI (N cfn) (TY ctfy) (MZ cfmz) (CST cst)
EX (N cfn) (TY ctfy) (MZ cfmz) (CST cst)
END
ST1 - Project commands reminder 10
FIXED LOADS
LOAD i ('Title load') p100
WEIGHT SELF liste p102
WEIGHT SELF <X,Y,Z> (POS,NEG) liste
NODE liste (FX fx) (FY fy) (MZ mz) p103
BAR
liste CON XL xl (REL,ABS) (FX fx) (FY fy) (MZ mz) p104
(GLO,LOC)
liste UNI (FX fx) (FY fy) (MZ mz) (GLO,LOC) p106
liste LIN XL xl1 xl2 (REL,ABS) p107
(FX fx1 fx2) (FY fy1 fy2) (MZ mz1 mz2) (GLO,LOC)
RESTRAINT liste (DX dx) (DY dy) (RZ rz) p108
TEMP
liste UNI dt p109
liste (GY dty) (GZ dtz) p110
DEFOR
liste CON XL xl (REL,ABS) (DX dx) (DY dy) (RZ rz) p111
(GLO,LOC)
liste UNI (DX dx) (DY dy) (RZ rz) (GLO,LOC) p112
liste LIN XL xl1 xl2 (REL,ABS) p113
(DX dx1 dx2) (DY dy1 dy2) (RZ rz1 rz2) (GLO,LOC)
CABLE p114
liste (TENSION)
(LOSS (INST) (SHRINKAGE er) (UNI dsig) (RELAX (cf)))
END
LIVE LOADS
DECK
(CLASSE (TRAFIC) iclass) p122
(ZONE_TRANS i WIDTH xlarg (LANE nvoie))
(PAS_LIGNE pasl)
(LDIF ldif)
BAR listeb
(REP_TRANS
KBARRE listekb KTRANS listek
)
END
LIVE_LOAD i ('Title live load ')
( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>, p129
DEPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
STRESS <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYVZ,WYWZ>,
STRESSG j
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> > )
(REAC <FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ>)
EUROCODE p151
(PSI FREQ (TS psits) (UDL psiudl))
(WEIGHT (TS list_poidsts) (UDL listpoidsudl))
(CLASSE iclass AJUSTEMENT (TS lstcoeff)(UDL lstcoeff)(LM2 coef))
END
DYNAMIC
p183
SPECTRUM
DAMPING i p186
< AUTO MASS alpha STIFFNESS beta ,
MODE j KSI ksij
...,
ENERGY KSI ksij
>
(POND pond)
END
SPECTRUM j p188
(POND pond)
(BETA beta)
<ACCELERATION
PERIOD tj AX axj AY ayj (AZ azj)
...,
EUROCODE
<HORIZONTAL(<X,Y>),VERTICAL>AX ax (S s)(ST st)(ALPHA alpha)
(ETA eta) PERIOD tb tc td te
EUROCODE REDUCE
<HORIZONTAL(<X,Y>),VERTICAL>AX ax (S s)(ST st)(ALPHA alpha)
(GAMMA gamma) (Q q) (BETA beta0) PERIOD tb tc td te
>
END
FULFILLING OF SPECTRUM
EXEC SPECTRUM RESPONSE(listj) p191
ST1 - Project commands reminder 15
END
EXECUTION OF A TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS FOR ROLLING LOADS (ONLY ST1 V2)
EXEC HISTORY CONV(lstj) p197
ST1 - Project commands reminder 16
DATA RECAP
LIST GEOM p208
LIST NODE (liste) p208
LIST BAR (liste) p208
LIST CARA (liste) p208
LIST MAT (liste) p208
LIST RESTRAINT (liste) p208
LIST STRESSG (liste) p208
LIST ACTIVATION (RESTRAINT) (BAR) p208
LIST PREC (liste) p209
LIST CABLE (liste) p209
RESULTS EDITING
RESU p212
(LOAD (list)) (COMB (liste)) (ENV (list)) (LIVE_LOAD (list))
(STATE (list))(PHASAGE (list))
(NODE (list)) (RESTRAINT (LOC)(list))
(CABLE (list) (XS <REL,ABS> list))
(BAR (list)(EFFORT) (DISPLA) (STRESS) (STRESSG (list)) (PRESS))
(MODE (listm) (FREQUENCY) (DISPLA) )
(SPECTRUM (list) (MODE(listm)) (RESTRAINT)
(BAR (listb)(EFFORT)(DISPLA) (SPEED)(ACCELERATION)
(STRESS)(PRESS)(STRESSG(lst)))
(HISTORY(listh)(NODE(listen)
(<DISPLA , SPEED, ACCELERATION >))(RESTRAINT (LOC))
(BAR(listb) (EFFORT)(STRESS)(PRESS)(STRESSG(lst)))
(BUCKLING (listm) (MODE) (DISPLA) )
END
GRAPHICS COMMANDS
DESS p214
ECRAN (nom) p215
TRA nom (COULEUR,MONOCHRONE) p215
SAUV p216
CLS p217
VUE (X ux) (Y uy) (Z uz) p217
ZOOM cf (xc yc) p217
SELEC <BAR liste,NODE liste,ALL> p218
CENTR (GEOM) p219
CENTR < EFFORT <N,TY MZ>, p219
DEPLA (DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ),
STRESS <VY WZ>
STRESSG
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,RX> >
GEOM p220
NUM (NODE) (BAR) p220
COUL <EFFORT,DEPLA,STRESSG,PRESS> (couleur) p220
DEPLA (DX,DY RZ) <LOAD,COMB,ENV,LIVE_LOAD> liste(couleur) p221
EFFORT <N,TY MZ> <LOAD,COMB,ENV,LIVE_LOAD> liste(couleur) p222
STRESS <VY WZ> <LOAD,COMB,ENV,LIVE_LOAD> liste(couleur) p223
STRESSG i <LOAD,COMB,ENV,LIVE_LOAD> liste(couleur) p224
RETURN p214
ST1 - Presentation of ST1 21
Part ST1 - Presentation of ST1 22
II
PRESENTATION OF ST1
ST1 - Presentation of ST1 23
Chapter ST1 - Presentation of ST1 24
1. INTRODUCTION
The ST1 version 1 Software calculates three-dimensional or flat structures, based essentially on a
linear elastic analysis on the fisrt order with many features specific to the field of engineering
structures.
Its characteristics are the following ones:
Description of structures (2D or 3D) with fixed or variable feature bars, as well as modelling
foundations using ground beams on elastic ground
automatic calculation of road live loads
evaluation of stress combinations and envelopes required to implement the regulations
pertaining to concrete or metal
editing and display of all results
All ST1 features are managed using a data programming language enabling the setting of any
structural parameters.
ST1 also has a graphical interface with pull-down menus and toolbars. This interface is used to
visualise the structure and results.
ST1 version 2 is an extension of ST1 version 1 enabling the following points to be
processed:
consideration of concrete creep and shrinkage in relation to the laws of BPEL, the CEB,
EN1992 to-1-1 and EN1992-2
the introduction of construction modelling phases on the various parts of construction
the time history (linear elastic nalysis)
Chapter ST1 - Presentation of ST1 25
2. NEW FEATURES
The new features offered by version 20 of ST1 are many. These include such major innovations:
Live loads: Eurocode EN1991-2: LM1, LM2, LM3, pavement, LM4 (see p151)
Concrete: Eurocode ZN1992-1-1 and EN1922-2 in addition to the French Regulation rules
(see p79)
ability to define a transverse distribution in 2D modelling: Courbon, f (y), ... (see p122)
Generalized stress complemented by a constant term for the calculation of fixed loads (see
p96)
These are the data table limits, however the rigidity matrix may be too large to be stored in
RAM, even within these limits. In this case ST1 displays Not Enough Memory
when you make
changes.
Some limits are changeable using commands in the parameters file (see p. 288) and:
para_structure nd nb na gives respectively the values nd, nb and na to the
limit numbers of nodes, bars and supports
mx_etude nse gives the value nse to the limit number of study sections
All commands can be used in a data file, or be typed directly using the console interactively.
However, the amount of data needed to describe common problems, often requires the creation of data
files.
4
4.1 - SEPARATORS
LEXICAL DEFINITION OF THE
TYPES
4.2 - COMMENTS
The # character can insert comments into data files. Comments can be placed at the end of line after
the commands.
4.3 - KEYWORDS
These are reserved words used to describe the problem to be addressed. A list of these keywords can
be found in the description of ST1 commands.
The keywords are defined in uppercase or lowercase.
EXAMPLE
NODE or nodeare equivalent key words, but Node or NODe are unknown and will not be considered as
keywords.
5. WRITING CONVENTIONS
5.4 - COMMENTS
Throughout the manual:
6. USE
Using an editor the user creates the data file(s) containing the data for the calculation. These files may
contain any counting results and editing commands.
These data files are run:
Either by calling up the ST1 program (st1.exe) followed by the command READ (see READ
command p34) and the file name from the console side
or by double clicking the file (if the .ST1 file extension association was preserved during
installation)
or by dragging and dropping the st1 data file onto a shortcut that points to the st1 executable to
be placed on the desktop
or launch from a text editor that enables you to launch executables (such as PSPAD or
equivalent). It should be noted that a syntax colouring file for this software is available, which
enables you to view the syntax of the code in a more ergonomic manner (please call the dealer
for more information)
All commands in the data file are then interpreted and ST1 displays the prompt > on the console and
waits for the following commands.
You leave ST1 using the QUIT command (see QUIT command p38) which requests a project name
(between quotes).
If the user enters a project name, ST1 backs up the state of the structure and the results already
obtained in a database. This data can be reused for subsequent calculations (see PROJECT command
p37).
If the user types a carriage return in place of the project name, no backup is performed.
Chapter ST1 - Presentation of ST1 31
7.
7.1 - ERROR MESSAGES
ERROR DETECTION
Errors detected during the running of ST1 trigger display of a message on the screen.
EXAMPLE
--- fichier : >f1
--- ligne : 101 ---
erreur : parentheses non apairees
n
The action number displayed on-screen or in
carried out in the phasing calculation.
erreur.txt corresponds to the nth action
III
COMMAND LIST
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Commandes gnrales) 33
Chapter ST1 - Liste des commandes (Commandes gnrales) 34
1.
1.1 - READING A FILE
GENERAL COMMANDS
Reading a data file from the console or other data file is achieved by the command:
READ 'Nom du file'
EXAMPLE
READ 'pont.st1'
Commands in the pont.st1 file are interpreted until ST1 displays the > prompt on the console.
1.5.3 - EDITING OF THE LAST OUTPUT FILE USED (AFTER EDITING TO THE CONSOLE)
OUTPUT FILE
EXAMPLE
OUTPUT 'toto' # cration du file toto
LIST GEOM # criture dans le file toto des caractristiques
# gomtriques et mcanique de la structure
The structure of ST1 has changed (from single real to double in the calculations in
particular), it is impossible to re-read the .STD and .STI files from a previous version.
The project must be regenerated by replaying the data file (see. Command RELECTURE DUN
PROJETT p37).
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Commandes gnrales) 37
If a syntax error occurs during re-reading of a project, check whether the length of the file
name with the directory exceeds the limit (256 characters). If this is the case, re-create the
project in a directory with a shorter name (if necessary rename each file).
This change results in a modification in the database structure, the project file generated will
always be associated with the modified "st1.par" file. Indeed, the project can be read only in
the presence of the modified file. For this reason, we recommend that the user does not modify
the usual ST1.par file in the directory of the executable, but makes a copy of this file in the
project directory. ST1 first checks that this file is present in the directory, and if absent, uses
the one in the ST1 executables directory.
Note: Over sizing the index base size parameter (related to the size of the project) has the
disadvantage of slowing the initial run of ST1 as it starts by reserving the space for the index
base on the disk, which unnecessarily penalizes routine calculations, which generally require
very little space on the disk.
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Commandes gnrales) 38
The number of characters per line depends on the selected calculation option:
options PLANE and GRILL 80 characters per line
options SPATIAL 128 characters per line
The page numbering parameters are initialized in the parameters file (see.P288) which enables
a default initialization. They can, however, be redefined in the data file.
The command takes effect from where it is inserted into the data file.
2. DESCRIPTION OF GEOMETRY
In the case of selective enabling, changing the coordinates of a node must be followed by the
enabling of all the bars that were linked to it, to be really taken into account in during loading
calculations.
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 41
This command is inserted into the parameter file (see.P288) which defines a default option
when using the ST1.
Use this command before any command at the beginning of data enables you to change the
default option.
Geometry
Z
Displacement
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 42
Geometry Displacement
Geometry Displacement
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 43
The instruction:
GENER 5 NODE ID 100 10 X 5. 2. Y 4
is equivalent to:
NODE ou NODE
100 X 5. Y 4. 100 5. 4.
110 X 7. Y 4. 110 7. 4.
120 X 9. Y 4. 120 9. 4.
130 X 11. Y 4. 130 11. 4.
140 X 13. Y 4. 140 13. 4.
The order of the node definitions contained in the file directly influences the size of the matrix
bar (diagonal bar of non-zero terms) of the stiffness matrix and therefore the size of the memory
occupied by the corresponding calculation.
Thus for models consisting of a large number of nodes, users can significantly reduce the
amount of memory allocated to the matrix by simply generating the nodes of the model in order
of iX increasing and then Y increasing (the numbering can be done in any order).
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 45
POS NEG
determines the sign of the degree of freedom affected by the separation condition
(default POS, meaning that the support is bonded if the reaction is positive and the support not
bonded if the reaction is negative).
For use with loads but not for use with mobile loads . (NB: Prestressing is calculated with
simultaneous cables (SIMUL) in the case of DECOL)
BLOCK INSTRUCTION
RESTRAINT
list 1 (NODE liste2) (DECOL < NOT, <X,Y,Z><POS,NEG> >) (DX) (DY) (DZ) (RX)
(RY) (RZ)
with:
list1 list of support numbers
list2 list of node numbers on which the support will be placed
(by default liste1=liste2)
DECOL keyword for the detachment of a support in one direction
The key words used are:
Option PLANE dx, dy, rz
Option GRILL rx, dz, ry
Option SPATIAL dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 46
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
RESTRAINT 1 to 5 DX RZ
Means that the nodes 1,2,3,4,5 are locked rigid supports following the X axis and rotation Z of the
general reference.
The instruction:
RESTRAINT 1 to 5 NODE 11 to 15 DY
Means that the nodes 11,12,13,14,15 are locked rigid supports following the Y axis of the general
reference.
At least one of the supports must be locked to to make the structure stable.
X
If there is a pre-stress, just one support should be locked to or the pre-stress will have no
X
effect.
The definition of different numbers for supports and nodes enables easier description of the
phasing of certain structures (thrust bridges). It also enables the definition of two types of
support on a single node.
The lengths of the lists of numbers of support and nodes must be identical.
The block instruction RESTRAINT can contain rigid and elastic supports.
with:
list1 list of support numbers
list2 list of node numbers on which the support will be placed
(by default liste1=liste2)
m1 mj1 lower half-stiffness matrix, being:
6 terms for flat structures
21 terms for spatial structures
d1 dj2 diagonal terms of the stiffness matrix, being:
3 terms for flat structures
6 terms for spatial structures
alpha angle of rotation around the Z axis (case of curved bridges)
(default
POS NEG determines the sign of the degree of freedom affected by the separation condition
POS, meaning that the support is bonded if the reaction is positive and the support not
bonded if the reaction is negative).
The DECOL option is to use with statics loads only , (NB: prestressing is
calculated as simulatneoaus (SIMUL option)), do not use this option with mobiles loads
(LIVE_LOAD).
The alpha angle is in radians, defined in the general reference, counted counter-clockwise.
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 48
EXAMPLE
The definition of different numbers for supports and nodes enables easier description of the
phasing of certain structures (thrust bridges). It also enables the definition of two types of
support on the same node.
The lengths of the lists of numbers of support and nodes must be identical.
BLOCK INSTRUCTION
EXC
liste (OR X ox1 Y ox2 Z ox3) (EX X ex1 Y ex2 Z ex3)
liste (OR ox1 ox2 ox3) (EX ex1 ex2 ex3)
liste
(OR X ox1 Y ox2 Z ox3)
(EX X ex1 Y ex2 Z ex3)
The instruction:
EXC 2,3,4 TO 6 OR Y 2.5
Means that the bars 2,3,4,5,6 are originally connected to the nodes of the structure by an infinitely
rigid bar. This connection originates from the structural node and the end is the point deduced from
the node coordinates by a translation vector (0,2.5) in the local description of the structure.
The eccentricities remain outside the bar and cannot receive any load or study section.
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 52
EXAMPLE
BAR 1 1 2
EXC 1 OR X 1.9 Y 3.1 EX X 1.1 Y 2.6
Barre
2.6
3.1 Excentrement
l'extrmit
Excentrement
l'origine
1.1
Noeud 2
X
1.9
Noeud 1
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 53
The instruction:
ART 1 TO 3 EX RY RZ
ART 3 EX RY
means that the bars 1,2,3 are articulated according to the rotation Y and Y of the bar description,
then only the joint in Z of bar 3 is locked .
EXAMPLE
BAR 1 1 2
EXC 1 OR X 1.9 Y 3.1
ART 1 OR RZ EX RZ
Barre
2.6
3.1 Excentrement
l'extrmit
Excentrement
l'origine
1.1
Noeud 2
X
1.9
Noeud 1
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 55
2.9 - BETA ANGLE ROTATION AROUND THE OX AXIS IN THE CASE OF A SPATIAL
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
BETA 1 TO 3 1.3
means that the bars 1,2,3 are rotated by 1.3 radians in relation to their original position.
ORIENTATION OF THE BARS WITH BETA UNDEFINED (NO ROTATION OF THE BAR AROUND ITS LOCAL
AXIS)
Case: The ox axis of the beam is not parallel to the OZ axis of the general reference.
(for = 0., the oy axis of the bar belongs to the oXY plane)
Case 2: The ox axis of the beam is parallel to the OZ axis of the general reference.
(For = 0., the oy axis of the bar is coincident with the OY axis of the general reference)
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 57
CARA PSE
liste SX sx (IZ iz) (VY vy) (WZ wz)
ZONE 1 (KFX kfx) (KFY kfy) (KFZ kfz) (KMX kmx) XL xl
ZONE n (KFX kfx) (KFY kfy) (KFZ kfz) (KMX kmx)
with:
sx cross section
sy reduced shear section OY axis
sz reduced shear section OZ axis
ix torsion inertia
iy bending Inertia OY axis
iz bending Inertia OZ axis
vy order of the upper fibre OY axis
wy absolute value of the order of the lower fibre OY axis
vz order of the upper fibre OZ axis
wz absolute value of the order of the lower fibre OZ axis
kfx Reaction of an elastic ground along the local ox axis
kfy reaction of an elastic ground along the local oy axis
kfz reaction of an elastic ground along the local oz axis
kmx reaction of an elastic ground to torsion
xl abscissa of the end of an elastic ground zone
exty Eccentricity of centre of torsion along the local oy axis
extz eccentricity of center of torsion along the local oz axis
The features used are:
Option PLANE sx, sy, iz, vy, wy, kfx, kfy
Option GRILL ix, sz, iy, vz, wz, kmx, kfz
Option SPATIAL toutes
In the case of large beams supported by elastic springs defined by the command CARA PSE
:
When strong ground stiffness values are used, if one defines the beam using a single bar,
ST1 can provide erroneous values related to the theory implemented. To eliminate this
problem, it is necessary to discretise the bar in several sections and apply the command
CARA PSE to each section.
You should avoid differences that are too large in the magnitudes of bar inertias. The
calculation of the effects of thermal gradient depends on the values and . VY WY
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 59
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF BEAMS WHERE THE FEATURES VARY, LIKE THE FEATURES OF A
RECTANGULAR SECTION BEAM WHERE THE SIZE FOLLOWING THE LOCAL OY AXIS VARIES
LINEARLY
OPTION PLANE
GRID OPTION
SPATIAL OPTION
h3
IY inertia varies linearly in b( x ) from 1.0 to 2.0 and the IZ inertia varies in degree 3 from 0.5 to
12
1.5
The end of the last zone must include the end of the bar.
VY WY
The definition of the bar end fibres ( , , etc.) is necessary to calculate normal stresses on
these fibres.
In SPATIAL
traction.
or FLAT
option, the normal force Nis positive in compression and negative in
In FLAT
traction.
or SPATIALoption, the normal stress is positive in compression and negative in
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 65
FLAT OPTION
with:
local axes
x longitudinal axis of the beam, axis normal to the direction
z principal bending axis
geometrical features
v, w defined in the local reference x, y, z
iz inertia around the axis z
wy absolute value of the order of the lower fibre OY axis
calculated R.D.M. stresses
defined in the local reference x, y, z
calculated deformations
defined in the global reference X, Y, Z
normal stresses
defined in the local reference x, y, z
N Mz
y y et y wy ; v y
Sx I z
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 66
SPATIAL OPTION
with:
Local axes
x longitudinal axis of the beam, axis normal at the section
y principal bending axis
z secondary bending axis
Geometrical features
v, w defined in the local reference x, y, z
wy absolute value of the order of the lower fibre OY axis
IY inertia around the axis y
iz inertia around the axis z
Calculated R.D.M. stresses
defined in the local reference x, y, z
Calculated deformations
defined in the global reference X, Y, Z
Normal stresses
defined in the local reference x, y, z
N My M
yz z z y et y wy ; v y et z wz ; vz
Sx Iy Iz
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 67
The eigen masses can be linked to nodes. They must have dimensions homogeneous to mass
unity and not to weight unity. They are defined in this case in the global coordinate system.
For the masses linked to nodes, the user gives the values of eigen masses to nodes of the
structure either with a diagonal matrix, or with a consistent matrix (and symetric)
To facilitate the generation of masses, the user can generate automaticaly the calculation of
eigen masses to nodes by selecting bars : these bars will be affected of eigen masses to each
extremities.
To really have a mass affected to the bar, the density of these bars must be defined before this
command by the user. To calculate the masses affected to the nodes of the bars, the
acceleration of gravity G_DYN has to be defined (see Definition of materials).
The eigen masses defined automaticaly for the bars are diagonal and for translation by default
(the formulation of this matrix is define in annexe). Bby using the command MASS DI,
the
matrix is a complete diagonal with translation and rotation masses. It is also possible to use a
formulation with a consistent matrix (the formulation is given in annexe) by using only the
single command MASS.
The eigen masses can be nullified for a bar with the command NUL. NB: it does not affect the
masses defined directly to nodes
The calculation of eigen masses and therefore of eigen modes is available only with the option
"plan" and "spatial".
The eigen masses are linked only to nodes: therefore there is no masses linked to all the
intermediate sections of studies in bars. The user must define enough nodes in its structure to
model correctly the dynamic behavior of its structure.
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Gomtrie) 68
INSTRUCTION DE BLOC
MASS EIGEN
NODE liste MASS m1 mj1
NODE liste MASS DI d1 dj1
BAR listeb < (MASS DI), MASS, MASS NUL >
END
with :
List list of numbers of nodes
Listb list of numbers of bars with automatic calculation of masses
m1 mj1 Lower half-matrix of mass :
6 terms for flat structures
21 terms for spatial structures
d1 dj2 Diagonal terms of the mass matrix :
3 terms for flat structures
6 terms for spatial structures
EXAMPLE OF DEFINITION WITH BARS ONLY
MASS EIGEN
BAR all
BAR 3 a 7 MASS NUL
END
means that all bars are affected to each node at the ends of the bar with an eigen mass calculated with a
diagonal matrix according to the geometry of the cross section of each bar and the weight density of
the bar, but not for the bars 3 to 7 which will have no eigen mass.
ST1 - List of commands (Geometry) 69
EXEMPLE
3. DEFINITION OF MATERIALS
BLOCK INSTRUCTION
CONS
liste (E e) (NU nu) (RO ro) (G_DYN g) (TEMP temp) (DAMPING dam)
with:
e Young's modulus
nu Poisson's ratio
ro density
g acceleration of gravity (only for the calculation of eigen masses: mass_vol=ro/g)
dam number of dynamic damping type (see p186)
temp coefficient of thermal expansion
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
CONS 2,11 NU .5 E 1e6
means that the bars 2 and 11 have a Poisson's ratio of 0.5and a Young's modulus of 1000000.
The physical constants of all the enabled bars should be defined, there is no constant by default.
ST1 - List of commands (Materials) 72
with:
i material number associated with the list of bars
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
CONS 2,11 MAT 1
Means that the bars 2 and 11 are made of material No.1.
The constants of all the enabled bars should be defined, there is no constant by default.
The above statement should be supplemented by the definition of the material (see.
command p73).
MAT
ST1 - List of commands (Materials) 73
When using the definition of a material according to a regulation and not by directly specifying
the value of the module, the initial modulus has an instantaneous value (age of concrete is
equal to 28 days).
The definition of the modulus of the material from the characteristic value
you specify
fc28
requires that
the unit chosen to express the module. This module can be expressed in:
Mega Pascals (MPa) keyword MPA
tons per square metre (t / m) keyword TM2
Kilo Newtons per square metre (kN / m) keyword KNM2
The acceleration g is defined automatically if the unit of the modulus of the material is defined
by the user. If the unit is in TM2, or KNM2 or MPA, the acceleration g is set to 9.81.
Heat treatment, if defined, is considered only for construction phasing as described in the
appendix (B3.3 specific case of BPEL91). For loads outside phasing, the user must directly
specify the additional losses in the fixed load commands.
The creep can be taken in account either in compression and in traction, or only in compression
by using the command TRACTION
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A B25 CONCRETE WITH NO CREEP AND SHRINKAGE DEFINED BY VALUES
MAT 1 'bton B60 sans shrinkage' ou MAT 1 'bton B60 sans shrinkage'
E BPEL KNM2 FC28 60 E BPEL KNM2 FC28 60
CREEP BPEL SHRINKAGE BPEL ER 0
RM 25 ROH 70 ROS 0.05 CREEP BPEL
END RM 25 ROH 70 ROS 0.05
END
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A B80 CONCRETE WITHOUT SILICA FUME WITH SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
ACCORDING TO THE AFREM / BHP LAW
MAT 1 'bton B80
E BHP1 MPa FC28 80
SHRINKAGE BHP1
CREEP BHP1
RM 25 ROH 70 ROS 0.05
END
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A B40 CONCRETE WITH HEAT TREATMENT (PRE-STRESS)
MAT 1 'bton B25'
E BPEL TM2 FC28 40
SHRINKAGE BPEL
CREEP BPEL
RM 25 ROH 70 ROS 0.05
T_THERM FCP 30 LAMBDA 0.1 DTP 2 THETA 65
END
ST1 - List of commands (Materials) 77
The definition of the modulus of the material from the characteristic value fck
requires that
you specify the unit chosen to express the module. This module can be expressed in:
Mega Pascals (MPa) keyword MPA
tons per square metre (t / m) keyword TM2
Kilo Newtons per square metre (kN / m) keyword KNM2
The acceleration g is defined automatically if the unit of the modulus of the material is defined
by the user. If the unit is in TM2
, or KNM2
or MPA
, the acceleration g is set to 9.81.
The creep can be taken in account either in compression and in traction, or only in compression
by using the command TRACTION
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A C30 CONCRETE - MODULE EXPRESSED IN T/M
MAT 1 'C30'
E CEB TM2 FCK 30
END
ST1 - List of commands (Materials) 78
MAT 1 'bton C35 sans shrinkage' ou MAT 1 'bton C35 sans shrinkage'
E CEB KNM2 FCK 35 E CEB KNM2 FCK 35
CREEP CEB SHRINKAGE CEB ER 0
H 250 RH 70 CREEP CEB
END H 250 RH 70 CIMENT N
END
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A C30 CONCRETE WITH SHRINKAGE AND CREEP ACCORDING TO CEB90
MAT 1 'bton C30
E CEB MPA FCK 30
SHRINKAGE CEB
CREEP CEB
H 250 RH 70 CIMENT N
END
ST1 - List of commands (Materials) 79
fcmp mean fcmp resistance at the end of heat treatment (EC2-1-1 section 10.3)
lambda coefficient of heat losses applied to the cable during curing (normally 0.5) (EC2-1-
1 section 10.5.2) (N.B.: BPEL lambda = 0.1: 1 is used to remove these losses)
listdt list of time intervals (in days) during which the teta temperature list is applied
(EC2-1-1 section 10.3)
listeta list of maximum temperatures (in degrees) for heat treatment (EC2-1-1 section
10.3)
keywords:
S resistance class CEM 32.5 N (slow setting cements)
N resistance class CEM 32.5 R, CEM 42.5 N (normal cements)
R resistance class CEM 42.5 R, CEM 52.5 N, CEM 52.5 R (high resistance fast
setting cements)
The definition of the modulus of the material from the characteristic value fck
requires that
you specify the unit chosen to express the module. This module can be expressed in:
Mega Pascals (MPa) keyword MPA
tons per square metre (t / m) keyword TM2
Kilo Newtons per square metre (kN / m) keyword KNM2
The acceleration g is defined automatically if the unit of the modulus of the material is defined
by the user. If the unit is in TM2
, or KNM2
or MPA
, the acceleration g is set to 9.81.
The creep can be taken in account either in compression and in traction, or only in compression
by using the command TRACTION
ST1 - List of commands (Materials) 80
Heat treatment, if defined, is considered only for construction phasing in accordance with the
rules described in the appendix (B3.6 specific case of EN1992-1-1). For loads outside
phasing, the user must directly specify the additional losses in the fixed load commands.
In the case of heat treatment, if defined, the user should reduce the resistance value fck (no
reduction of resistance is performed by ST1).
The non linear creep is the application of the coefficient given in 3.1.4(4)EN1992-1-1:
exp(1.5(ks-0.45)) and ks=max(0.45,sigma/fcm(t0)). By default, this coefficient is not applied. To
apply it, you must write "LIN NO".
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A C35 CONCRETE LIABLE TO CREEP ACCORDING TO EC2, BUT WITHOUT
SHRINKAGE DEFORMATION
MAT 1 'bton C35 sans shrinkage'
E EC2 KNM2 FCK 35
CREEP EC2
RM_EC 250 RH 70
END
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A C30 CONCRETE WITH SHRINKAGE AND CREEP ACCORDING TO EC2
MAT 1 'bton C30
E EC2 MPA FCK 30
SHRINKAGE EC2
CREEP EC2
RM_EC 250 RH 70 CIMENT N
END
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A C40 CONCRETE WITH HEAT TREATMENTFOR EC2 (PRE-STRESS)
MAT 1 'bton C40
E EC2 MPA FCK 40
SHRINKAGE EC2
CREEP EC2
ST1 - List of commands (Materials) 81
The definition of the modulus of the material from the characteristic value fck
requires that
you specify the unit chosen to express the module. This module can be expressed in:
Mega Pascals (MPa) keyword MPA
tons per square metre (t / m) keyword TM2
Newtons kilo per square metre (kN / m) keyword KNM2
The acceleration g is defined automatically if the unit of the modulus of the material is defined
by the user. If the unit is in TM2, or KNM2 or MPA, the acceleration g is set to 9.81.
The creep can be taken in account either in compression and in traction, or only in compression
by using the command TRACTION
Heat treatment, if defined, is considered only for construction phasing in accordance with the
rules described in the appendix (B3.6 specific case of EN1992-1-1). For loads outside
phasing, the user must directly specify the additional losses in the fixed load commands.
Heat treatment is not explicitky completly described by EN1992-2, and espiacly for the
possible adaptations for the creep. The present solution is a free adapation of EC2-1-1, its
relevance to use it has to be appreciated by the user (see annexe B3.7 specific case of BHP
EN1992-2 regulation- behaviour of BHP EN1992-2 concrete)
In the case of heat treatment, if defined, the user should reduce the resistance value fck (no
reduction of resistance is performed by ST1).
The non linear creep is the application of the coefficient given in 3.1.4(4)EN1992-1-1:
exp(1.5(ks-0.45)) and ks=max(0.45,sigma/fcm(t0)). By default, this coefficient is not applied. To
apply it, you must write "LIN NO".
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF C60 CONCRETE WITHOUT CREEP AND FOR WHICH THE FINAL SHRINKAGE
IS 2.10-4
MAT 1 'bton BHP sans fumee silice C60'
E EC2_BHP1 MPA FCK 60
SHRINKAGE EC2_BHP1 ER 2e-4
END
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A C80 CONCRETE WITHOUT SILICA FUME WITH SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
ACCORDING TO EC2
END
with:
km Coefficient applied to the Young's modulus
kre Coefficient applied to the distortion of autogenous shrinkage
krd Coefficient applied to the desiccation shrinkage deformation
kfe Coefficient applied to creep deformation
kfd Coefficient applied to desiccation creep deformation
kfc Coefficient applied to the kinetik of the creep deformation
4 DESCRIPTION OF PRE-
STRESSING
The value Ep g
refers to anchoring shrinkage ( nonzero) in instant deformation losses and
indirectly through pre-stress effects induced by distortions from different cases of stresses
applied (including shrinkage creep effect).
Coefficients fprgand ro1000 are required only if you want ST1 to calculate relaxation
losses.
ST1 - List of commands (Prestress) 87
By default, the pre-stress is calculated in post-tension. In the case of the pretension, the
keyword PRETENSION
is the only one to activate pre-stress calculation When you tighten a
cable allocated to this pre-stressing device, the final effort calculated after pre-stressing of the
element (after bench release) takes into account the instant loss through elastic deformation.
Values of some unit sections of pre-stressed units:
Nature Ap (mm2)
7mm wire 38.5
8 mm wire 50.3
T 13 93
T 13 S 100
T 15 139
T15 S 150
For structures with complex geometry (gantry, cable-stayed bridge, etc.), although the entry of
bar is optional, it is strongly recommended to specify the list of bars serving to support the
cables, to make sure that the studied cables are allocated to the right bars.
A cable defined in ST1, may represent several basic cables with the same geometry (e.g. cables
of a slab bridge modelled in 2D). These basic cables can be stretched simultaneously or not
(see. keywords SIMUL and NOT SIMUL p88).
A post-tension cable can be tensioned using one or two active anchors. The tension mode is
described by the following keywords:
tensioning a cable with a single active anchor
tensioning the start side TENSION OR
Tensioning each end EX TENSION
tensioning a cable with a two active anchors
start side release and then end side EX TENSION OR
end side release and then start side EX TENSION OR
N.B.: In the case of a cable tensioned at both ends, the order of tensioning has no influence
unless the cable is "short", i.e. if released sections are covered by moving the anchoring.
A pre-tensioning cable does not require you to specify the method of tensioning, using active
anchors.
A cable modelled in ST1 uses the nearest bar selected from the list of support bars (keyword
BAR
). The definition of the support bars should be used whenever there may be ambiguity
about the choice of the bar that will receive the effect of the cable (e.g. bridge modelled with its
pillars - the list of support bars should contain only the bars of the deck).
In general, the bar list should include only those bars that can accommodate the effect of the
cable (for example, do not include vertical bars resting on supports).
The route of a cable is described by the coordinates of its passing points, or by the definition of
control points called "poles".
ST1 - List of commands (Prestress) 90
ANOTHER EXAMPLE
5. SELECTIVE ENABLING
(OUTSIDE PHASING)
The instruction:
ACTIVATE BAR 1 to 5 RESTRAINT 2,10
means that the bars1,2,3,4,5 and supports 2.10 will be added to the activated bars and supports.
The instruction:
DEACTIVATE BAR 1 to 5 RESTRAINT 2,10
means that the bars 1,2,3,4,5 and supports 2.10 will be removed from the list of activated bars and
supports.
6.
6.1 - STUDY SECTIONS
STUDY AREA
By default, all the bars contain a stress study section at each end.
Study sections can be defined in any abscissa of a bar following the syntaxes:
ADDING STUDY SECTIONS TO THE SECTIONS DEFINED BY DEFAULT
STUDY (EFFORT) (DISPLA)
liste1 SE liste2 (STEP lpas) (ABS,REL)
DEFINITION OF STUDY SECTIONS WITHOUT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE DEFAULT SECTIONS AND
PREVIOUSLY DEFINED SECTIONS
STUDY SEUL (EFFORT) (DISPLA)
liste1 SE liste2 (STEP lpas) (ABS,REL)
with:
liste1 list of bar numbers
liste2 list of study abscissa
lpas not constant cutting along the study point bars (relative or absolute)
For phasage with creep or prestress, you have to define displacement study sections with a
sufficient small step.
ST1 - List of commands (Study Area) 95
The keyword EFFORT means that RDM stresses and possibly the loads will be studied.
The keyword DEPLA means that travel and the pressures (for beams on elastic ground) will be studied.
The keyword REL means that the abscissa is given in relation to the length of the bar.
The keyword ABS means that the abscissa is given in actual length (default abscissa is length of the
bar).
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
STUDY EFFORT DEPLA
1 to 2 SE 0. to 1. step .1
3 to 7 SE 0. to 1. STEP .1
STUDY SUP DEPLA
9 SE .5 ABS
STUDY SUP EFFORT
5 SE .25 REL
means that we study:
the stresses at the ends of all bars, bar stresses and deformations 1 to 7every 1/10 of the bar
the deformation of the bar 9 to the abscissa 0.5 absolute
stresses of the bar 5 to the abscissa 0.25 relative
In the instructions above, the list liste1 may be replaced by the word ALL. The instruction
will act on all the bars already defined.
ST1 - List of commands (Study Area) 96
The generalized stresses are integrated into the results of each study section during the
execution of loads and live_loads (see. EXEC LOAD
p117 and EXEC LIVE_LOAD
commands
p162).
The generalised stresses cannot be defined on all the bars and for all loads. In case they are
defined, they are used in combinations and envelopes (see. COMB
p202 and EBV
p167) as well
as other results of the section.
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 99
Chapter ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 100
7.
7.1 - DEFINITION OF FIXED LOADS
FIXED LOADS
The specific commands for definition of fixed loads are detailed in the rest of this chapter.
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 101
The instruction:
WEIGHT SELF 1 to 4,10
means that the dead weight of the bars 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 will be taken in accordance with the default
direction.
The instruction
keywords LOAD
and
WEIGHT SELF
. END
can only be used in the description of a load, i.e. between the
The dead weight of a bar is generated along the entire length of the bar by multiplying the
density by the section of the bar.
with:
liste list of node numbers
fx, fy, fz force along the axes OX, OY, OZ
mx, my, mz torque around the axes OX, OY, OZ
The loads used are:
Option PLANE fx, fy, mz
Option GRILL mx, fz, my
Option SPATIAL fx, fy, fz, mx, my, mz
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
NODE 1 to 3 FX 12
Means that nodes 1, 2, 3 are solicited by a force equal to 12 along the axis OX of the general
reference.
The node loading instruction can only be used in the description of a load, i.e. between the
keywords LOAD
and END
.
with:
liste list of bar numbers
xl loading abscissa on the bar
fx, fy, fz force along the axes OX, OY, OZ
mx, my, mz torque around the axes OX, OY, OZ
The keyword REL means that the abscissa is given in relation to the length of the bar and in relation to
the bar reference.
The keyword ABS means that the abscissa is given in actual length (by default the abscissa is the true
length).
The key word GLO means that the loads are given in the global coordinate system of the structure.
The keyword LOC means that the loads are given in the local reference of the bar (by default loads are
given in the global coordinate system of the structure).
The loads used are:
Option PLANE fx, fy, mz
Option GRILL mx, fz, my
Option SPATIAL fx, fy, fz, mx, my, mz
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
BAR 1 to 3 CON XL .5 REL FX 12 FY 15
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 are solicited in the middle by a force equal to 12 along the OX axis and
equal to 15 along the OY axis of the general reference.
The instruction:
BAR 1 to 3 CON XL 1.2 ABS FX 7 LOC
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 are solicited at the abscissa by a force equal to 1.2 in relation to the bar's
originating node by a force equal to 7 along the OX axis of the local reference for each bar.
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 105
The definition of a concentrated load can only be used in the description of a load, i.e. between
the keywords LOAD
and END
.
The abscissas of a bar load must always be between the beginning and end of the bar. A
relative abscissa (( REL 0 1
) must be between (loading at the beginning of the bar) (loading at
the end of the bar). An absolute abscissa ((ABS) is expressed in real coordinates, counted from
the bar's originating node. It should therefore be comprised between 0 (load at start of bar)
and the length of the bar (load at the end of the bar). By default the abscissae are absolute.
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 106
with:
liste list of bar numbers
fx, fy, fz force along the axes OX, OY, OZ
mx, my, mz torque around the axes OX, OY, OZ
The key word GLO means that the loads are given in the global coordinate system of the structure.
The keyword LOC means that the loads are given in the local reference of the bar (by default loads are
given in the global coordinate system of the structure).
The loads used are:
Option PLANE fx, fy, mz
Option GRILL mx, fz, my
Option SPATIAL fx, fy, fz, mx, my, mz
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
BAR 1 to 3 UNI FX 12
means that the bars1, 2, 3 are solicited by a distributed force of 12 along the OX axis of the global
coordinate reference of the structure..
The definition of a distributed load can only be used in the description of a load, i.e. between
the keywords LOAD
and . END
The abscissas of a bar load must always be between the beginning and end of the bar. A
relative abscissa (( REL 0
) must be between (loading at the beginning of the bar) (loading at 1
the end of the bar). An absolute abscissa ((ABS) is expressed in real coordinates, counted from
the bar's originating node. It should therefore be comprised between 0 (load at start of bar)
and the length of the bar (load at the end of the bar). By default the abscissae are absolute.
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 107
with:
liste list of bar numbers
xl1, xl2 Start and end abscissas for bar loading
fx1, fx2 extreme force values distributed on OX axis
fy1, fy2 extreme force values distributed on OY axis
fz1, fz2 extreme force values distributed on OZ axis
mx1, mx2 extreme force values distributed on OX axis
my1, my2 extreme values of torque distributed around the OY axis
mz1, mz2 extreme values of torque distributed around the OZ axis
The keyword REL means that the abscissae are given in relation to the length of the bar.
The keyword ABS means that the abscissae are given in actual length (by default the abscissae are the
true length).
The key word GLO means that the loads are given in the global coordinate system of the structure.
The keyword LOC means that the loads are given in the local reference of the bar (by default loads are
given in the global coordinate system of the structure).
The loads used are:
Option PLANE fx1, fx2, fy1, fy2, mz1, mz2
Option GRILL mx1, mx2, fz1, fz2, my1, my2
Option SPATIAL fx1, fx2, fy1, fy2, fz1, fz2, mx1, mx2, my1, my2, mz1, mz2
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
BAR 1 to 3 LIN XL .2 .7 FX 12 15
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 are solicited between the abscissa 0.2 and 0.7 by a distributed force that
varies linearly from 12 to 15.
The definition of a linearly distributed load can only be used in the description of a load, i.e.
between the keywords LOAD
and . END
The abscissas of a bar load must always be between the beginning and end of the bar. A
relative abscissa (( REL 0 1
) must be between (loading at the beginning of the bar) (loading at
the end of the bar). An absolute abscissa ((ABS) is expressed in real coordinates, counted from
the bar's originating node. It should therefore be comprised between 0 (load at start of bar)
and the length of the bar (load at the end of the bar). By default the abscissae are absolute.
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 108
with:
liste list of node numbers rigidly supported
Support displacements used are:
Option PLANE dx, dy, rz
Option GRILL rx, dz, ry
Option SPATIAL dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
RESTRAINT 1 to 3 DX .1 RZ 2.3
means that supports 1, 2, 3 are displaced from 0.1 following the general reference axis OX and
undergo a rotation of 2.3 around the OZ axis of the general reference.
The definition of a rigid support displacement can only be used in the description of a load, i.e.
between the keywords LOAD
and . END
with:
liste list of bar numbers
dt temperature difference
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
TEMP 1 to 3 UNI 20.
Means that the bars 1, 2, 3 undergo thermal expansion caused by a temperature difference of 20
degrees.
The definition of thermal expansion can only be used in the description of a load, i.e. between
the keywords LOAD
and . END
The inclusion of a thermal effect can only take place if the expansion coefficient has been
defined (see command CONS
p71).
with:
liste list of bar numbers
dty temperature difference between upper and lower fibres of the oy axis on the local
reference of bars
dtz temperature difference between upper and lower fibres of the oz axis on the local
reference of bars
A temperature difference is positive if the temperature of the upper fibre is higher than that of
the lower fibre.
The temperature differences used are:
Option PLANE dty
Option GRILL dtz
Option SPATIAL dty, dtz
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
TEMP 1 to 3 GY 15.
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 have a temperature difference between their upper and lower fibres
(depending on the local axes of the bars) of 15 degrees.
The definition of a thermal gradient can only be used in the description of a load, i.e. between
the keywords LOAD
and . END
Taking into account a thermal gradient can take place only if the coefficient of expansion (see
command CONS
p71) and the upper and lower fibres (see command CARA
p57) have been
defined.
with:
liste list of bar numbers
xl abscissa of the deformation of the bar
dx, dy, dz deformation along the axes OX, OY, OZ
rx, ry, rz rotation around the axes OX, OY, OZ
The keyword REL means that the abscissa is given in relation to the length of the bar.
The keyword ABS means that the abscissa is given in actual length (by default the abscissa is the true
length).
The keyword GLO means that the deformations are given in the global coordinate system of the
structure.
The keyword LOC means that the deformations are given in the local reference of the bar (by default
deformations are given in the local reference of the bar).
The deformations used are:
Option PLANE dx, dy, rz
Option GRILL rx, dz, ry
Option SPATIAL dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
DEFOR 1 to 3 CON XL .5 REL DX 12 DY 15
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 are solicited in the middle by a deformation equal to 12 along the OX axis
and equal to 15 along the oy axis of the local reference for each bar.
The instruction:
DEFOR 1 to 3 CON XL 1.2 ABS DX 7 GLO
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 are solicited at the abscissa 1.2 in relation to the bar's originating node by
a deformation of 7 along the OX axis of the global coordinate reference for the structure.
The definition of a concentrated deformation can only be used in the description of a load, i.e.
between the keywords LOAD
and .END
with:
liste list of bar numbers
dx, dy, dz deformation distributed along the axes OX, OY, OZ
rx, ry, rz rotation distributed around the axes OX, OY, OZ
The keyword GLO means that the deformations are given in the global coordinate system of the
structure.
The keyword LOC means that the deformations are given in the local reference of the bar (by default
deformations are given in the local reference of the bars).
The deformations used are:
Option PLANE dx, dy, rz
Option GRILL rx, dz, ry
Option SPATIAL dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
DEFOR 1 to 3 UNI DX 12
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 are uniformly deformed by 12 along the ox axis of the local reference for
each bar.
The definition of a distributed deformation can only be used in the description of a load, i.e.
between the keywords LOAD
and END
.
with:
liste list of bar numbers
xl1, xl2 abscissa of the beginning and end of the deformation of the bar
dx1, dx2 extreme values of the deformation distributed along the OX axis
dy1, dy2 extreme values of the deformation distributed along the OY axis
dz1, dz2 extreme values of the deformation distributed along the OZ axis
rx1, rx2 extreme values of the rotation distributed along the OX axis
ry1, ry2 extreme values of the rotation distributed along the OY axis
rz1, rz2 extreme values of the rotation distributed around the OZ axis
The keyword REL means that the abscissae are given in relation to the length of the bar.
The keyword ABS means that the abscissae are given in actual length (by default the abscissae are the
true length).
The keyword GLO means that the deformations are given in the global coordinate system of the
structure.
The keyword LOC means that the deformations are given in the local reference of the bar (by default
deformations are given in the local reference of each bar).
The deformations used are:
Option PLANE dx1, dx2, dy1, dy2, rz1, rz2
Option GRILL rx1, rx2, dz1, dz2, ry1, ry2
Option SPATIAL dx1, dx2, dy1, dy2, dz1, dz2, rx1, rx2, ry1, ry2, rz1, rz2
EXAMPLE
The instruction:
DEFOR 1 to 3 LIN XL .2 .7 DX 12 15
means that the bars 1, 2, 3 are solicited between the abscissa 0.2 and 0.7 by a distributed
deformation that varies linearly from 12 to 15.
The definition of a linearly distributed deformation can only be used in the description of a
load, i.e. between the keywords LOAD
and .END
with:
liste list of cable numbers
er value of shrinkage for the calculation of losses
dsig uniform loss of tension (used to account for creep, dsig>0 for a loss of tension)
see. 2
see weighting coefficient of losses due to relaxation see. 2
The action of a cable is broken down into two effects:
the effect of the cable tension without loss (keyword TENSION)
effect instantaneous and deferred losses (keyword LOSS)
The effect of losses is broken down as follows:
instantaneous losses (friction and anchoring shrinkage) (keyword INST)
deferred losses due to shrinkage (keyword SHRINKAGE er)
deferred losses due to creep (keyword UNI dsig)
deferred losses due to relaxation (keyword RELAX (cf))
Each effect can be taken independently or combined:
EXAMPLE: EFFECT OF CABLES 1 AND 2 WITHOUT INSTANT OR DEFERRED LOSSES
CABLE 1.2 TENSION
EXAMPLE: EFFECT OF CABLES 1 AND 2 ACCEPTING INSTANT OR DEFERRED LOSSES
CABLE 1 TENSION LOSS INST
EXAMPLE: EFFECT OF INSTANT LOSSES ON CABLE 3
CABLE 3 LOSS INST
EXAMPLE: EFFECT OF CABLES 1 TO 10 WITH INSTANT AND DEFERRED LOSSES
CABLE 1 to 10 TENSION LOSS INST SHRINKAGE 2e-4 UNI 120 RELAX 5/6
EXAMPLE: EFFECT OF DEFERRED LOSSES ON CABLES 1 TO 100
CABLE 1 to 100 LOSS SHRINKAGE 2e-4 UNI 125 RELAX 5/6
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 115
EXAMPLE: TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ACTION OF A 12T 13 CLASS 1860 CABLE
### DEFINITION DU TYPE DE PRECONTRAINTE ###
PREC 1 '12T13'
SECTION 1.116e-3 # Ap=12*93e-6
TENSION 1488 # Sigma= 0.8*1860
RECUL 0.006 # recul d'ancrage 6 mm
LOSS F 0.20 PHI 0.003 # cble traversant de nombreux joints
EP 190000 # module apparent des torons
RG 1860 R1000 2.5 # classe 1860 Armature TBR
END
### DEFINITION DES CARACTERISTIQUES DU CBLE ###
CABLE 1
PREC 1 # rfrence au type de prcontrainte dfini ci-dessus
TENSION OR EX # mise en tension par 2 ancrages actifs
BAR 1 to 10 # liste des bars support du cble
TRACE
1 3 # coordonnes d'un point de passage
3 2.5
5 1 SLOPE 0
9 3
END
### DEFINITION D'UN CHARGEMENT CONTENANT L'EFFET DU CBLE ###
LOAD 1 'effet du cble 1'
CABLE 1 TENSION LOSS INST
END
### DEFINITION D'UN CHARGEMENT AVEC L'EFFET DES PERTES DIFFEREES DU CBLE ###
LOAD 2 'pertes diffres du cble 1'
CABLE 1 LOSS SHRINKAGE 2e-4 UNI 110 RELAX 5/6
END
1
The inclusion of a pre-stressing reinforcement assumes that you have already defined a type
of pre-stressing (see command
PREC
p86) and a pre-stressing cable (see command CABLE
p88) .
The definition of the action of a cable can only be used in the description of a load, i.e.
between the keywords LOAD and END.
In the instructions above, the list may be replaced by the word ALL. The instruction will act
on all defined cables during the execution of the load.
Deferred losses calculated within a load are only taken into account in a simplified manner.
To incorporate delayed effects more accurately you need to use phasing (see command
PHASAGE p163 only for users of ST1 version 2).
2
Details of the calculations are given in
Annexe B p291.
ST1 - List of commands (Fixed Loads) 116
EXAMPLE
B35 is a concrete tensioned at the age of 3 days and for which the average final stress is 8 MPa:
Dsig = 18b + 18x8 = 140 MPa
8.
8.1 - DEFINITION OF TRAFFIC
LIVE LOADS
LOADS
8.1.1 - PRESENTATION
The ST1 live loads refer either to the French regulatory loads set out in Issue 61 of Title II of the
C.P.C. (Book of the common requirements applicable to public works contracts covered by Road
Building services) and the circular on exceptional transport R / EG 3 dated 20 July 1983, being the
loads of the Eurocode EN 1991-2.
ST1 distinguishes three types of live loads:
loads distributed between zeros on the influence line (Al, ..., Pavement)
rolling loads (Bc, Bt, ..., MC120, exceptional, etc.)
Eurocode loads (LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4)
Loads predefined by French regulations (Bc, Al, ...) are expressed in tons. To get results in
kilo-Newtons (kN), the loads must be balanced by a factor of 9.81
(see. option POND
of the
command LIVE_LOAD p129, p135and p154).
Predefined loads of Eurocode (LM1, LM2, etc), are expressed in kilo-Newton (see p151).
Exceptional loads under French regulations are expressed in tons if they are expressed alone.
They are expressed in kilo-Newton when used with the Eurocode LM3.
For each study section (see command STUDY p94), and for each effect (stress, displacement, strain,
etc.), ST1 determines the corresponding line of influence, and positions the live loads so as to obtain
the extremes of the effect studied.
Live loads can be positioned longitudinally and transversely depending on the location of roads and
pavements on the structure studied.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 120
The definition of the profile across ((see. command DECK p122) allows the automatic consideration of
widths of lanes and cross-sectional weighting coefficients as well as the effect of the eccentricities of
lanes for the structures GRILL or SPATIAL (e.g.: checkerboard load of A (l) for the study of the
torsion).
The study of the live expenses required in ST1 :
the definition of an apron (see command DECK p122)
the definition of a live_load ((see command LIVE_LOAD p129, p135 and p154)
the running of the study(see command EXEC LIVE_LOAD p162)
EXAMPLE: STUDY OF EFFECT OF LOAD A (L) (TOME 61 TITLE II) OVER A WIDTH OF 1.00 m CENTRED
ON THE AXIS OF BARS 1 TO 10
DECK
BAR 1 to 10
END
LIVE_LOAD 1 'effet de A(l)'
AL
END
EXEC LIVE_LOAD 1
EXAMPLE: STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF BC AND PAVEMENT LOADS (TOME 61 TITLE II) SOLLICITING
BARS 7 TO 80 FOR A CLASS 1 BRIDGE (TOME 61 TITLE II)
DECK
CLASSE 1
7 to 80 BAR
ZONE_TRANS
1 WIDTH 1.20
2 WIDTH 7.00
3 WIDTH 2.00
END
LIVE_LOAD 1 'effet de Bc sur la chaussee'
ZONE 2
BC
END
LIVE_LOAD 2 'effet de la load de sidewalk'
ZONE 1,3
SIDEWALK
END
EXEC LIVE_LOAD 1,2
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 121
The longitudinal positioning of convoys is determined by the study of lines of influence. This means
calculating the influence of a convoy of trucks, and positioning as many trucks as necessary to obtain
the extreme of the desired effect.
TRANSVERSAL STUDY
The transversal study is achieved in two steps (in the case of Tome 61 Title II):
independent study of each loadable line and cumulates the effect of each line with a regulatory
transversal digressive weighting.
calculation of the line of influence of n lead trucks taking into account the regulatory
transversal digressive weighting and then operation of this line of influence
The second step is generally only needed for the study of torsion.
LOADS DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN ZEROS ON THE LINE OF INFLUENCE (A(L), ..., PAVEMENT)
LONGITUDINAL STUDY
The loaded areas are determined by studying the zeros of the lines of influence. Positive or negative
areas are loaded so as to obtain the extreme of the required effect.
TRANSVERSAL STUDY
The effect due to several transversal lanes is obtained by accumulating the effect of each lane
independently, weighted by the regulatory transversal digressive coefficients.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 122
The class of road bridges referred to in Article 3 of Tome. 61 Title II of the C.P.C:
class 1 7.00 m <= rolling width (or specific cases)
class 2 5.50 m < rolling width < 7.00m
class 3 rolling width <=5.50m
For loads A (l), Bc and Bt of Tome. 61 Title II, the transversal weightings are defined from the
class of the construction (keyword CLASSE
).
The class definition has no influence on the loads other than loads A (l), Bc and Bt of Tome 61
Title II
Longitudinal and transversal positioning of live loads is only possible if the location of lanes
(see keyword ZONE_TRANS p122), and the allocation of loads on these lanes are defined ((see
LIVE_LOAD command p129, p135 and p154) In the event that any of these conditions is not
fulfilled, ST1 is limited to a longitudinal positioning of loads without transversal weighting.
In accordance with the philosophy of ST1, a redefinition of the apron does not reset the entire
apron, but only takes the changes made into account.
In particular, if several zones are defined in a first apron, and if a second apron is defined with
a number of areas below the first apron, areas not redefined are retained.
If you want to delete them, just set areas lengths to zero. This may be necessary for
calculations with transversal distribution or when using OPTION SPATIAL.
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A CLASS 1 ROAD BRIDGE APRON WITHOUT DEFINITION OF THE CROSS
PROFILE
DECK
BAR 1 to 15
END
Loads A (l), a (l), etc, are applied to a width of 1.00 m without transversal weighting.
Rolling loads Bc, Bt, etc., are applied to a section without transversal weighting.
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A CLASS 1 ROAD BRIDGE APRON WITH A LOADABLE WIDTH OF 7.00M
DECK
CLASSE 1
ZONE_TRANS
1 WIDTH 7.
BAR 1 to 10
END
Live loads are applied taking into account the positioning and the transversal weighting coefficients
(e.g. for A (l) coefficients a1, a2 and Bc and Bt coefficients bt and bc of Tome. 61 Title II).
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 124
9.20/ 2 = 4.60
2 tablier
3
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 125
EXAMPLE 2
DECK
CLASSE 1
ZONE_TRANS
1 WIDTH 0.75
2 WIDTH 5.00
3 WIDTH 2.00
4 WIDTH 7.00
5 WIDTH 1.20
END
zone 1 zone 2 zone 3 zone 4
5.00 7.00
15.95/ 2 = 7.975
The list of bars used to support live loads should represent a geometrically continuous set of bars.
This means that if one goes through the bars of the apron in the order defined by the list, you must
move from one bar to another without having to skip any.
EXAMPLE
Structure studied
9 8 7 1 2 3 4
CORRECT DEFINITIONS:
DECK or DECK
CLASSE 2 CLASSE 2
BAR 9,8,7,1 to 4 BAR 4,3,2,1,7,8,9
END END
INCORRECT DEFINITIONS:
DECK or DECK
CLASSE 2 CLASSE 2
BAR 1 to 4,7,8,9 BAR 4,3,2,1,7,9,8
END END
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 126
# --- formule de Courbon pour 1 poutre pour les bords extrmes du profil en travers
dfini ---
DECK
CLASSE TRAFIC 2
ZONE_TRANS
1 width vlarg1
2 width vlarg2
3 width vlarg3
BAR 1 to 4
REP_TRANS KBARRE 1,2,3,4 KTRANS ct1,ct2
END
LIVE_LOAD 1 'LM1'
LM1 CARA
ZONE 2
END
...
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 128
DECK
classe trafic 2
zone_trans
1 width vlarg1
2 width vlarg2
3 width vlarg3
bar 1 to 3
REP_TRANS
KBARRE 1,3 KTRANS listcoeff1
KBARRE 2 KTRANS listcoeff2
END
The study of the effect of live loads of distributed load between zeros on line of influence is defined
using the following syntax:
LIVE_LOAD i ('Title live load')
( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>,
DEPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
STRESS <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYVZ,WYWZ> >
STRESSG j
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> )
(REAC <FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ>)
< AL,AL BRAKE,AL PLANCHER,AL PLANCHER BRAKE,
SIDEWALK,AL PEDESTRIAN,
ALG j >
(ZONE liste)
(POND pond)
(THRESHOLD threshold)
END
with:
i number of live_load
j number of the generalized stress
liste list of transversal areas loaded (see command DECK p122)
pond live_load weighting coefficient (by default pond=1)
threshold threshold taking into account the positive and negative areas
either a line of influence y1, , yn and ymax=MAX(ABS(y1), , ABS(yn))
an ordinate point yi belongs to:
a positive area if yi> ymax*threshold
a negative zone if yi<-ymax*threshold
(by default threshold=0.01 : general recommended value)
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 130
The commands EFFORT, DEPLA, STRESS, STRESSG j, PRESS and REAC enable the definition of a
priority component. The study of the live_load is to find the two extremes of this component and the
concomitant values of the other components.
By default there is no concomitance, i.e. the study of the live_load is to establish the extremes of all
components.
The keywords used are:
(EFFORT) DEPLA STRESS PRESS (REAC)
Option PLANE n, ty, mz dx, dy, rz vy, wy px, py fx, fy, mz
Option GRILL mx, tz, my rx, dz, ry vz, wz pz, mx fz, my
Option SPATIAL n, ty, tz, dx, dy, dz, vyvz, vywz, px, py, pz fx, fy, fz
mx, my, mz rx, ry, rz wyvz, wywz mx, my, mz
The keywords used for the definition of live loads are:
for the loads of Tome 61 Title II (description below):
AL, AL BRAKE
AL PLANCHER, AL PLANCHER BRAKE
SIDEWALK, AL PEDESTRIAN
for type A (l) general loads (see command ALG p144):
ALG j
For live loads, the envelope of displacement can only be done as per the study sections defined
on the bars (see command STUDY
p94). The node displacement envelope is never studied.
The inclusion of live loads requires the definition of an apron (see command
definition of a live_load (see command LIVE_LOAD
DECK
p122) the
p129, p135 and p154) and the running of
the live_load (see command EXEC LIVE_LOAD p162).
Longitudinal and transversal positioning of live loads is only possible if the location of lanes
(see command DECK
p122), and the allocation of loads on these lanes are defined (see keyword
ZONE p129). In the event that any of these conditions is not fulfilled, ST1 is limited to a
longitudinal positioning of loads without transversal weighting.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 131
The load A (L) generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force applied in the direction of dead
weight and where the value, dependant on the length loaded L, is provided by the formula:
AL = 0.23+36/(12+L)
This formula corresponds to tons per square metre if the lengths are in metres.
Depending on the class of the bridge (see command DECK p122), the number and width of lanes loaded
(see keyword ZONE p129), the value of AL is multiplied by the coefficients a1 and a2.
Definition of coefficient a1:
Nombre de voies charges 1 2 3 4 >=5
classe 1 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.70
classe 2 1.00 0.90 0. 0. 0.
classe 3 0.90 0.80 0. 0. 0.
Definition of coefficient a2:
a2 = v0/largeur relle de la lane
with v0 defined by:
classe 1 3.50
classe 2 3.00
classe 3 2.75
BRAKING OF A(L) TOME 61 TITLE II ART. 6 (WITHOUT A(L) FLOOR) - KEYWORD AL BRAKE
The effect of braking A(L) generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force applied along the
local ox axis of the bars and valued according to the loaded length L and loaded surface S is provided
by the formula:
AL BRAKE = (0.23+36/(12+L))/(20+0.0035*S)
This formula corresponds to tons per square metre if the lengths are in metres.
Depending on the class of the bridge (see command DECK p122), the number and width of lanes loaded
(see keyword ZONE p129), the value of AL is multiplied by the coefficients a1 and a2 as defined
above.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 132
The load A(L) floor generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force applied in the direction of
dead weight and where the value, dependant on the length loaded L, is provided by the formula:
AL PLANCHER = 0.4-0.0002*L
This formula corresponds to tons per square metre if the lengths are in metres.
Depending on the class of the bridge (see command DECK p122), and the width of lanes loaded (see
keyword ZONE p129), the value of AL is multiplied by the coefficient a2 as defined above.
FLOOR BRAKING A(L) TOME 61 TITLE II ART. 6 (KEYWORD AL PLANCHER BRAKE
The effect of braking A (L) floor generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force applied along
the local ox axis of the bars and valued according to the loaded length L and loaded surface S is
provided by the formula:
AL PLANCHER BRAKE = (0.4-0.0002*L)/(20+0.0035*S)
This formula corresponds to tons per square metre if the lengths are in metres.
Depending on the class of the bridge (see command DECK p122), and the width of lanes loaded (see
keyword ZONE p129), the value of AL is multiplied by the coefficient a2 as defined above.
PAVEMENT LOAD TOME. 61 TITLE II ART. 13.1 - KEYWORD SIDEWALK
The pavement load generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force applied in the direction of
dead weight and where the value is:
SIDEWALK = 0.150
This value corresponds to tons per square metre.
PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLIST LOAD (L) TOME 61 TITLE II ART. 13.2 - KEYWORD AL PEDESTRIAN
The pedestrian and cyclist load A(L) generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force applied in
the direction of dead weight and where the value, dependant on the length loaded L, is provided by the
formula:
AL PEDESTRIAN = 0.2+15/(50+L)
This formula corresponds to tons per square metre if the lengths are in metres.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 133
EXAMPLE: ENVELOPE WITHOUT CONCOMITANT UNDER LOAD A (L) (TOME 61 TITLE II) FOR 1.00 m
WIDE WITHOUT WEIGHTING BY COEFFICIENTS A1, A2
LIVE_LOAD 1 'effet de A(l), 1.00 m de largeur, pondration : 7.78'
AL
POND 7.78
END
EXAMPLE: ENVELOPE ON MOMENTS, WITH CONCOMITANT EFFORTS AND POSSIBLY OTHER
DISPLACEMENTS, STRAINS, PRESSURES
EXAMPLE: ENVELOPE ON THE UPPER STRESS ON THE OY AXIS, WITH CONCOMITANCE WITH OTHER
STRESSES, STRAINS AND POSSIBLY DISPLACEMENTS, PRESSURES
On the support reaction on the OY axis with concomitance with other reactions.
Study of the load A(I) (Tome 61 Title II) positioned on areas 2,3 (see keyword ZONE_TRANS pg
command DECK p122) transversally weighted by the coefficients a1,a2.
LIVE_LOAD 4 'A(l) sur la chausse - pondration : 1.2 '
STRESS VY
REAC FY
ZONE 2,3
AL
POND 1.2
END
In this example, the areas 2and 3 are considered as separated by a rigid security system.
Envelope on the moment of fitting mz the supports with concomitance of other reactions.
Study of generalized distributed load ALG 1 (see command ALG p144) positioned over the area 4 (see
keyword ZONE_TRANS in the DECK command p122 ) with transversal weighting.
LIVE_LOAD 5 'load ALG 1 sur zone transversale numro 4'
REAC MZ
ZONE 4
ALG 1
END
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 135
The study of the effect of live loads of the rolling loads type is described using the following syntax:
LIVE_LOAD i ('Title live load ')
( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>,
DEPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
STRESS <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYVZ,WYWZ> >
STRESSG j
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> )
(REAC <FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ>)
< BC,BC BRAKE,BT,
MC80,ME80,MC120,ME120,
CV_C2,CV_D2F1,CV_D3F1,CV_D3F2,CV_E2F1,CV_E3F1,CV_E3F2,
CONV j >
(ZONE liste)
(PAS_CONV pasc) (SENS psens)
(POND pond)
END
with:
i number of the live_load
j number of the generalized stress
liste list of the transversal area loaded (see command DECK p122)
pasc maximum step of displacement of moving loads on the lines of influence
(by default pasc=0.5)
psens direction of displacement of rolling loads on the apron
(psens=1 increasing, psens=2 decreasing, by default psens=3 in both
directions)
pond Weight coefficient on the live_load (by default pond=1)
The commands EFFORT, DEPLA, STRESS, STRESS j, PRESS and REAC are used to define a preferred
component. The study of the live_load is to find the two extremes of this component and the
concomitant values of the other components.
By default there is no concomitance, i.e. the study of the live_load is to establish the extremes of all
components.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 136
BC, BC BRAKE, BT
MC80, ME80, MC120, ME120
FOR ABNORMAL LOADS TO THE LETTER - CIRCULAR R/EG.3 OF THE 20 JULY 1983:
CV_C2
CV_D2F1, CV_D3F1, CV_D3F2
CV_E2F1, CV_E3F1, CV_E3F2
FOR GENERALISED FOR CONVOYS (see command CONVp148) :
CONV j
For live loads, the envelope of displacement can only be done as per the study sections defined
on the bars (see command STUDY
p94). The node displacement envelope is never studied.
The inclusion of live loads requires the definition of an apron (see command
definition of a live_load (see command LIVE_LOAD
DECK
p122) the
p129, p135 and p154) and the running of
the live_load (see command EXEC LIVE_LOAD p162).
Longitudinal and transversal positioning of live loads is only possible if the location of lanes
(see command DECK
p122, and the allocation of loads on these lanes are defined (see keyword
ZONE p129) In the event that any of these conditions is not fulfilled, ST1 is limited to a
longitudinal positioning of a line of trucks without transversal weighting.
Rolling loads travel in two directions on the apron. The results are nevertheless sensitive to
moving loads (see command PAS_CONV
p135).
The rolling loads, assigned to specific areas, are placed across the width of the areas assigned.
This applies to type B loads, which are military and exceptional. It is therefore up to the user
to define the widths of suitable areas
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 137
The effect of the BC convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to two groups of three forces distributed,
applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the positions and values are consistent with
the diagrams below:
4.50 1.50
0.25x0.25
2.50 2.50
2.00
0.50
2.25 4.50 1.50 2.25 2.25 4.50 1.50 2.25
2.00
0.25 2.00 2.00 0.25
6t 12t 12t 6t 12t 12t
10.50 10.50
0.50
The effect of BC braking BC generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed group of three forces,
directed along the local ox axis of the bars, and for which the positions and values comply with the
diagram below:
2.50
6t 12t 12t
0.25 2.00
10.5
Longitudinally Transversally
The effect of the BT convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a group of two forces distributed,
applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the positions and values are consistent with
the diagrams below:
1.35
3.00 3.00
0.25x0.6
2.00
1.35
1.00
2.00
0.50 2.00 1.00 2.00 0.50
16t 16t
The effect of the MC80 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to ten forces distributed, separated by
a minimum of 30.50m, applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the positions and
values are consistent with the diagrams below:
0.85
72t
3.65
1.95
0.85 1.95 0.85
0.85
4.90
3.65
For MC tanks, it is the same as for BC trucks taking into account the minimum distances
between tanks.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 139
The effect of the ME80 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a group of two forces distributed,
applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the positions and values are consistent with the
diagrams below:
0.12 0.12
1.50
3.50
22t 22t 1.50
The effect of the MC120 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to ten forces distributed, separated
by a minimum of 30.50m, applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the positions and
values are consistent with the diagrams below:
1.00
110t
2.30
4.30
1.00
1.00 2.30 1.00
6.10
4.30
The effect of the ME120 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a group of two forces distributed,
applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the positions and values are consistent with the
diagrams below:
0.15 0.15
1.80
4.00
33t 33t 1.80
8.4.2 - EXCEPTIONAL LOADS FROM CIRCULAR R/REG 3 DATED 20TH JULY 1983
Loads automatically generated by ST1 ignore the coefficient of 1.1 due to unbalanced loads on the
axles (Cir. R/EG.3 Art. 4.4).
CONVOY C2 CIR. R/EG.3 20TH JULY 1983 - KEYWORD CV_C1
The effect of the C1 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a group of four forces distributed,
applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the positions and values are consistent with
the diagrams below:
6t 12t 12t
64.0t 0
2
.3
16.075
Similarly, the effect of the convoy C2 generated by ST1 is equivalent to the diagram below:
7t 12.75t 12.75t
87.5t 0
2
.3
14.575
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 141
The effect of the D2F1 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force, applied along the
direction of the dead weight and where the features are consistent with the diagram below:
3.20
245t
21.70
The effect of the D3F1 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force, applied along
the direction of the dead weight and where the features are consistent with the diagram below:
5.15
250t
17.05
The effect of the D3F2 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a group of two distributed forces,
applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the features are consistent with the diagram
below:
5.15
125t 125t
33.30
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 142
The effect of the E2F1 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force, applied along the
direction of the dead weight and where the features are consistent with the diagram below:
3.20
350t
31.00
TH
CONVOY E3F1 CIR. R/EG.3 20 JULY 1983 - KEYWORD CV_E3F1
The effect of the E3F1 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a distributed force, applied along the
direction of the dead weight and where the features are consistent with the diagram below:
5.15
400t
26.35
The effect of the E3F2 convoy generated by ST1 is equivalent to a group of two distributed forces,
applied along the direction of the dead weight and where the features are consistent with the diagram
below:
5.15
188t 188t
36.40
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 143
EXAMPLE: ENVELOPE WITHOUT CONCOMITANCE UNDER LOAD BC (TOME 61 TITLE II) FOR A LINE
WITHOUT TRANSVERSAL WEIGHTING
LIVE_LOAD 1 'effet dune file Bc'
BC
END
EXAMPLE: ENVELOPE ON MOMENTS, WITH CONCOMITANCE OF OTHER STRESSES AND POSSIBLY
OTHER DISPLACEMENTS, STRAINS, PRESSURES.
Envelope on the OY axis support reaction with concomitance with other reactions.
Bc braking study (Tome 61 Title II).
LIVE_LOAD 3 'freinage de Bc'
PRESS PY
REAC FY
BC BRAKE
END
EXAMPLE: ENVELOPE ON THE UPPER STRESS ON THE OY AXIS, WITH CONCOMITANCE WITH OTHER
STRESSES, STRAINS AND POSSIBLY DISPLACEMENTS, PRESSURES
Envelope on the support reaction of the OY axis with concomitance with other reactions.
Study of the Bc load (Tome 61 Title II) positioned on areas 2, 3 (see keyword ZONE_TRANSof the
command DECK p122) weighted by the coefficient bc.
LIVE_LOAD 4 'Bc sur la chausse'
STRESS VY
REAC FY
ZONE 2,3
BC
END
EXAMPLE: ENVELOPE WITHOUT CONCOMITANCE FOR BAR STUDY SECTIONS
Envelope on the moment of fitting mz the supports with concomitance of other reactions.
Study of generalized rolling load CONV 1 (see command CONV p148) positioned over the area 4 (see
keyword ZONE_TRANS in the DECK command p122 ) with transversal weighting.
LIVE_LOAD 5 'CONV 1 sur zone transversale numro 4'
REAC MZ
ZONE 4
CONV 1
END
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 144
In addition to the regulatory loads of Tome 61 Title II (see commands AL, etc, SIDEWALK p129), you
can also use ST1 to describe live loads distributed between zeros on the lines of influence, where the
density varies in relation to the loaded length. These loads known as A(l) generalised loads are
described according the following syntax:
ALG i ('Title distributed load ')
(DIR GLO (FX fx) (FY fy) (FZ fz) (MX mx) (MY my) (MZ mz))
(DIR LOC (FX fx) (FY fy) (FZ fz) (MX mx) (MY my) (MZ mz))
DENS
long1 dens1
longi densi
(WIDTH LANE v0)
(COEF TRANS liste)
END
with:
i number of the type A (l) load
fx, fy, fz, multiplying coefficients of the load to obtain the component along the designated
mx, my, mz axis
longi loaded length
densi positive load density (per 1 m wide) corresponding to a loaded length equal to
longi (the load density depends on the loaded length)
Is described step by step using couples (longi, densi)
if the loaded length is outside the explicitly defined interval, the density of the
nearest terminal is applied)
v0 reference width (or nominal) of a lane
this parameter enables calculation of a weighting coefficient (a2) of the surface
load to obtain an identical linear load for each lane, regardless of its actual width
a2=v0 / actual width of the channel
by default v0 is not defined which is equivalent to loading the apron over a width of:
-1.00m if the transversal areas are not defined (see commands DECK
p122 and LIVE_LOAD p129, p135 and p154)
- the width of the transversal areas if defined
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 145
liste list of coefficients to take into account depending on the number of lanes loaded
the transversal coefficients are only taken into account if the transversal areas are
defined (see commands DECK p122 and LIVE_LOAD p129, p135 and p154)
if the number of lanes exceeds the number of coefficients defined, the last
coefficient is used
(by default liste=1.00)
The keywords DIR GLO mean a definition in the global coordinate system of the structure.
The keywords DIR LOC mean a definition in the local reference of the bars.
The components used are:
Option PLANE fx, fy, mz
Option GRILL mx, fz, mz
Option SPATIAL fx, fy, fz, mx, my, mz
(by default, the direction is according to the direction of dead weight)
The inclusion of live loads requires the definition of an apron (see command
definition of a live_load (see command LIVE_LOAD
DECK
p122) the
p129, p135 and p154) and the running of
the live_load (see command EXEC LIVE_LOAD p162).
Longitudinal and transversal positioning of live loads is only possible if the location of lanes
(see command DECKp122), and the allocation of loads on these lanes are defined ((see
command LIVE_LOAD p129, p135 and p154) In the event that any of these conditions is not
fulfilled, ST1 is limited to a longitudinal positioning of loads without transversal weighting.
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A UNIFORM LOAD OF 0.150 T/M2 DIVIDED BETWEEN THE ZEROS ON THE
LINES OF INFLUENCE AND DIRECTED IN THE DIRECTION OF DEAD WEIGHT
3.4
2.2
1.4
0.9
0.5
Moreover, assuming that this is an eccentric vertical load of 1.75 m from the axis of the bars of the
apron we obtain the following breakdown:
1.75 following the local mx axis
1.00 following the OZ global axis
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 147
In addition to the regulatory loads of Tome 61 Title II (see commands BC, BT, ..., MC120 p135), and
abnormal loads under circular letter R / EG 3 of 20th July 1983 (see commands CV_C2, CV_D2F1, ,
p135), it is possible to describe generalised rolling loads in ST1, using the following syntax:
CONV i ('Title convoy')
(DIR GLO (FX fx) (FY fy) (FZ fz) (MX mx) (MY my) (MZ mz))
(DIR LOC (FX fx) (FY fy) (FZ fz) (MX mx) (MY my) (MZ mz))
ESSIEU
j XL xl WEIGHT weight (YL listeyl) (IMPACT impactl impactt)
(MAX_TRUCK ncam)
(MAX_LANE nfile)
(LENGTH xlong)
(WIDTH xlarg)
(COEF TRANS liste)
END
with:
i number of the convoy
fx, fy, fz, multiplying coefficients of the load to obtain the component along the designated
mx, my, mz axis
j number of the axle
xl axle position relative to the front of the truck
weight axle weight (positive)
listeyl list of transversal positions of wheels making up the axle j in relation to the axle
axis (by default listeyl =0.00)
impactl
longitudinal and transversal dimensions of an impact
and:
(by default impactl=0.00 and impactt=0.00)
impactl
ncam maximum number of trucks per line
(by default ncam=1)
nfile maximum number of lines loaded
(by default nfile=nombre de voies charges)
xlong length taken up by a truck (by default xlong=max(xl+impact/2) )
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 149
xlarg Width taken up by a truck is only taken into account if the transversal areas are
defined (see commands DECK p122 and LIVE_LOAD p129, p135 and p154)
liste list of coefficients to take into account depending on the number of lanes loaded.
Be careful, each coefficient is applied to all the lanes laoded (according the
fasicule 61 titre 2: the 1rst coefficient is applied for 1 lane, the 2nd coefficient for
2 lanes, etc..). thus all the lanes are loaded uniformly.
the transversal coefficients are only taken into account if the transversal areas are
defined (see command DECK p122) and are used as support for convoys (see
command LIVE_LOAD p129, p135 and p154).
if the number of lanes exceeds the number of coefficients defined, the last
coefficient is used
by default (liste=1.00)
The keywords DIR GLO mean a definition in the global coordinate system of the structure.
The keywords DIR LOC mean a definition in the local reference of the bars.
The components used are:
Option PLANE fx, fy, mz
Option GRILL mx, fz, mz
Option SPATIAL fx, fy, fz, mx, my, mz
(by default the direction is according to the direction of dead weight)
The inclusion of live loads requires the definition of an apron (see command
definition of a live_load (see command LIVE_LOAD
DECK
p122) the
p129, p135 and p154) and the running of
the live_load (see command EXEC LIVE_LOAD p162).
Longitudinal and transversal positioning of live loads is only possible if the location of lanes
(see command DECKp122), and the allocation of loads on these lanes are defined ((see
command LIVE_LOAD p129, p135 and p154). In the event that any of these conditions is not
fulfilled, ST1 is limited to a longitudinal positioning of loads without transversal weighting.
6t 12t 12t
Longitudinally Transversally
CONV 1 'convoi quivalent Bc'
MAX_TRUCK 2
WIDTH 2.50
LENGTH 10.50
ESSIEU
1 XL 2.25 WEIGHT 6 IMPACT 0.20 0.20 YL 1.0,1.0
2 XL 6.75 WEIGHT 12 IMPACT 0.25 0.25 YL 1.0,1.0
3 XL 8.25 WEIGHT 12 IMPACT 0.25 0.25 YL 1.0,1.0
COEF TRANS 1.20,1.10,0.95,0.80,0.70
END
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF A CONVOY EQUIVALENT TO THE MILITARY LOAD MC120 OF TOME 61 TITLE II
The adjustment factors, according to the traffic class and number i for the lane are:
Traffic class Q1 Qi , i > 1 q1 qi , i > 1 qr QLM2
1 1 1 1 1.2 1.2 0,8
2 0,9 0,8 0,7 1 1 0,8
Finally the effects of UDL and TS loads are weighted by coefficients where the values depend on the
type of combination:
Combination UDL TS LM2
FREQUENT 0.4 0.75 0.75
STANDARD 1 1 1
The maximum number of loaded lanes and their width are defined in relation to the loadable width; in
accordance with the table below:
Loadable width (L) Number of lanes Width of a lane (metres)
L <5.40 m 1 3.00
5.40 <= L <6.00 2 L/2
6.00 <L Integer (L / 3) 3.00
When the width of the deck is divided into several loadable areas, the loadable width to be considered
for determining the number of lanes is the total loadable width, to which must be added the width of
separators if they are not permanent physical structures.
The numbering of lanes is common to the entire loadable width (for details, see EN 1991-2, 4.2.3 and
4.2.4).
The ST1 command parameters enabling modification of the default Eurocode loads are described
below:
EUROCODE
(PSI FREQ (TS psits) (UDL psiudl))
(WEIGHT (TS list_poidsts) (UDL listpoidsudl))
(CLASSE iclass AJUSTEMENT (TS listcoeff)(UDL listcoeff) (LM2 coeflm2)
)
END
with:
psits,psiudl coefficients of frequent values applied to the characteristic values of TS and
UDL (without scaling)
list_poidsts list of truck axle weights for lanes TS 1.2 and 3 calculation (limited to 3
coefficients, the last coefficient on the list is used for any other lanes) (kN)
list_poidudl list of UDL load densities for lanes TS 1.2 and 3 calculation (limited to 4
coefficients, the last coefficient on the list is used for any other lanes)
(kN/m2)
iclass Eurocode traffic class (maximum 3 classes)
list_coeff lists the alpha adjustment factors for lanes 1 and following according to the
class for TS and UDL loads (limited to two coefficients, the last coefficient
of the list is used for other lanes) (without scaling)
coefflm2 beta adjustment coefficient for LM2 load (without scaling)
EXAMPLE:
EUROCODE
PSI FREQ TS 0.75 UDL 0.4
WEIGHT TS 300,200,100 UDL 9,2.5
CLASSE 1
AJUSTEMENT TS 1,1 UDL 1.0,1.2 LM2 0.8
CLASSE 2
AJUSTEMENT TS 0.9,0.8 UDL 0.7,1 LM2 0.8
END
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 154
The ST1 command parameters specific to Eurocode loads are described below:
DECK
CLASSE TRAFIC icltra
END
with:
icltra Traffic class (default icltra = 2)
LIVE_LOAD i ('Title live load')
( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>,
DEPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
STRESS <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYVZ,WYWZ> >
STRESSG j
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> )
(REAC <FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ>)
< LM1 <(CARA),FREQ> <(CENTRE), FREE)>,
LM2 <CARA, FREQ>,
LM3 <VSJ,nj>
(ZONEVS kvs YVS yvs1 yvs2(REL,ABS))(<EXC exc,DEBORDVOIE debv>) (PONDVS pondvs)
(LM1 <CARA,(FREQ),NUL><(CENTRE),FREE>(LGEXCLU lg) (CORRELATED vj
vk)),
LM4 <CTE,VAR>,
TROT_EC, TROT_LM1,
CH_23M3, CH_34M3,
LMF3, LMF3B
>
(ZONE liste)
(POND pond)
END
with:
CARA, FREQ lLM1 or LM2 is either standard or frequent
LM1 CENTRE the tandem TS is centred on its lane
LM1 FREE the tandem TS is free on its lane
LM4 CTE Crowd loadLM4 (qfk=5 kN/m2)
LM4 VAR pedestrian load LM4 with qfk = 2+120/(L+30) kN/m2
(2.5 kN/m2 <=qfk <= 5 kN/m2)
TROT_EC Eurocode pavement load (qfk=5 kN/m2)
TROT_LM1 load of pavement alongside LM1 (qfk=3 kN/m2)
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 155
Just one
By default the
VS
truck is taken into account in the
VS
.LM3
truck less than 3m in width is placed on lane 1 of LM1, the VS truck between
3m and 6m is placed on lanes 1 and 2 of the LM1.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 156
DECK
CLASSE TRAFIC 2
bar 1 to 3
ZONE_TRANS
1 WIDTH 2
2 WIDTH 8
3 WIDTH 8
4 WIDTH 1
END
#--------------------- le VS et le LM1 se dplacent sur la zone 2 -----------------
LIVE_LOAD 1 'LM3 vs2'
ZONE 2
LM3 VS_600_150
END
#--------------------- le VS est seul, sans LM1 -----------------------------------
LIVE_LOAD 2 'LM3 VS sans LM1'
ZONE 2
LM3 VS_2400_240 LM1 NUL
END
#--------------------- le VS est un camion 2 essieux 2 roues chacun -----------
#
CONV 10 'VS'
ESSIEU
1 XL 10 WEIGHT 5 YL 1,1 IMPACT 0.25 0.25
2 XL 20 WEIGHT 5 YL 1,1 IMPACT 0.25 0.25
LENGTH 30
WIDTH 3
MAX FILE 1
MAX_CAM 1
END
#--------------------- le LM1 se dplace sur les zones 2,3 ------------------------
#--------------------- et le VS est entre 1m et 7m lintrieur de la zone 2 -----
LIVE_LOAD 3 'LM3 Convoi'
LM3 10
ZONEVS 2 YVS 1 7 ABS PONDVS 1.1
LM1 LGEXCLU 25
ZONE 2,3
POND 1.35
END
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 158
2.00
0.40
0.50
>=
0.40
2.00
1.20
X
The X axis is longitudinal.
The diagram shows two TS type vehicles, placed side by side; the longitudinal position of each one is
independent, and results from the shape of the surface of influence.
Each TS has two axles.
In ST1, each TS moves on an axis centred on its lane.
The model No.1 also includes a distributed load (UDL) of constant density. It is applied only on the
adverse parts of loadable areas, longitudinally and transversely.
For each surface element and load, weighting is applied depending on the lane number that contains
the item. It can be located on a loadable part of the apron, away from lanes (residual areas).
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 159
2.00
X
0.60
0.35
X
0.15
1.50
1.20
1.50
The LMF3B fatigue convoy consists of two LMF3 vehicles placed on the same line, except that
the 2nd vehicle has 36kN axles instead of 120 kN.
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 161
National Appendix to Eurocode 1-2 defines two devices for calculating the construction phases.
23m3
3
Load model for an earthmoving machine of 34m
ST1 - List of commands (Operating Loads) 162
In the instruction above, the list may be replaced by the word ALL
all defined live_loads (this is then equivalent to do not place list).
. The instruction will act on
Chapter ST1 - List of commands (commands ST1 version 2) 163
9 PHASE OF CONSTRUCTION
(ST1 V2 ONLY)
The commands detailed in this chapter apply only to users of ST1 version 2 (version with
renewable annual agreement) and will not be available with ST1 version 1 (retail
version).
9.1 - DEFINITION OF PHASING
Phasing contains a chronological description of activations and stresses on a structure. It accurately
records the phasing of construction and deferred behaviour of materials.
The definition of phasing is achieved according to the following syntax:
PHASAGE (i) ('Title phasage')
(SUITE PHASAGE liste)
ENV v ( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>,
DEPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
STRESS <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYWZ>,
STRESSG c
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> > )
(REAC <FX,FY,FZ,RX,RY,RZ>)
(ACTIVATE,DEACTIVATE) ENV liste
DATE d
ACTIVATE RESTRAINT liste
JACK RESTRAINT liste
ACTIVATE BAR liste (AGE a) (MODE <ABS,REL>)
DEACTIVATE (BAR liste,RESTRAINT liste)
LOAD
...
END
TENDRE CABLE liste (NOT) (INJECTE)
DETENDRE CABLE liste
STATE e
MODIFIER RESTRAINT liste
END PHASAGE
with:
i phasing number (by default i=1)
ST1 - List of commands (commands ST1 version 2) 164
EXAMPLE
PHASAGE 1 'Exemple phasage'
DATE 125
ACTIVATE BAR 12 AGE 3
TENDRE CABLE 8
DATE 150
MODIFIER RESTRAINT 12 DY
TENDRE CABLE 11
END PHASAGE
EXEC PHASAGE 1
KEYWORD AND:
Some actions should be described using several commands. To prevent an intermediate calculation
being made, these commands can be sequenced using by the keyword AND.
EXAMPLE: ENABLE A BAR WITH ITS OWN DEAD WEIGHT
PHASAGE 1
ACTIVATE BAR 2
LOAD WEIGHT SELF 1
AND LOAD WEIGHT SELF 2
END PHASAGE
EXAMPLE: MOVE A LIST OF SUPPORTS
PHASAGE 1 'Exemple phasage' or PHASAGE 1 'Exemple phasage'
MODIFIER RESTRAINT 1 NODE 2 MODIFIER RESTRAINT 1 to 3 NODE 2 to 4
AND MODIFIER RESTRAINT 2 NODE 3 AND JACK RESTRAINT 1 to 3
AND MODIFIER RESTRAINT 3 NODE 4
AND JACK RESTRAINT 1 to 3 END PHASAGE
END PHASAGE
ST1 - List of commands (commands ST1 version 2) 165
In the phasing of construction, where the date does not change, but new fixed loads are applied
to a structure already pre-stressed (e.g. a load, enabling or disabling of supports or bars, cable
tensioning) and the keyword AND is omitted, the cables already under tension undergo
additional losses of tension through elastic deformation.
Ep
p K b
Eij
with K = 0. the tensioning and K = 1 loading
As a result of new loads applied, there is a redistribution of the effects of pre-stress in the
structure. A calculation is made with just one iteration. For example, a pre-stressed beam
already under its own dead weight, to which we apply a new superstructure load, is deformed
under the effect of this new load. The pre-stressing cable undergoes additional deformation
related to the new load and therefore has an additional live_load that changes the concrete
stress diagram yet again.
The description of phasing does not generate results, it is limited to storage of the definition in
the database. The command EXEC PHASAGE generates the results.
Phasing should include the enabling of all elements of the structure (not enabled by default) in
a logical order of construction. For example, you must activate the supports before the bars
are inter-connected.
The enabling of a group of bars simultaneously in phasing must respect the order of
construction, i.e. starting with the supported bars before enabling the bars that are not
supported.
EXAMPLE : ACTIVATING A GROUP OF BARS
1 1 2 3 2
1
In the example above an element cannot be activated in both the phasing and in phasing as
this would lead to ambiguity about the status of the item during phasing . 3
2
The definition of a phasing sequence cannot be used other than in the description of phasing,
i.e. between the keywords PHASAGE
and END PHASAGE .
ST1 - List of commands (commands ST1 version 2) 167
A concomitance may be made requested on both the support reactions and the study sections
ENV i ('Title')
.
The definition of a phasing envelope cannot be used other than in the description of phasing,
i.e. between the keywords PHASAGE
and END PHASAGE
.
ST1 - List of commands (commands ST1 version 2) 168
Consideration of the extremes in phasing may be interrupted for a list of envelopes using the
command:
DEACTIVATE ENV liste
Disabled envelopes can be reactivated using the command:
ACTIVATE ENV liste
EXAMPLE: DEFINITION OF AN ENVELOPE CONTAINING THE EXTREMES OF ALL PHASES OF PHASING
1 WITH THE EXCEPTION OF PHASES BETWEEN THE DATES 180 AND 200 DAYS
PHASAGE 1 'Exemple phasage'
ENV 1
DATE 180
DEACTIVATE ENV 1
DATE 200
ACTIVATE ENV 1
END
The envelopes take account the essential steps in the calculation (STATE, DATE), they do not
take into account intermediate stages: for example, applying two loads in a row in the same
phase, without intermediate STATE, only the effect of the accumulated two loads is taken into
account.
EXAMPLE: PHASING WITH INTERMEDIARY ENVELOPE
During phasing the chronology should be ongoing. Any new date must be higher than the old
current date.
In the case of a project with multiple simultaneous sites, it may be useful to describe each
position in an independent phasing. These phasings are then recalled into a final phasing,
corresponding to the splicing of the sections already constructed (see command SUITE
PHASAGE p166).
The definition of a current date cannot be used other than in the description of phasing, i.e.
between the commands PHASAGEand END PHASAGE (see p163).
By default, AGE
is 0 (i.e. the initial age of the concrete) on enabling of the bar.
The starting age is therefore independent of the enabling date of the bars.
For long-term effects, or if you wish to study developments only in the light of the laws of
concrete behaviour, you should use a progressive sequence of dates and not directly give a start
and end date with too wide a gap.
Indeed, the behavioural law being non-linear between two dates, for a realistic progression of
the law, we suggest a division like this:
date 300
date 1000
date 3000
date 10000
date 30000
rather than writing:
date 300
date 30000
9.5 - ENABLING OF SUPPORTS AND JACKING
Enabling support during phasing is achieved using the syntax:
ACTIVATE RESTRAINT liste
Jacking the supports is achieved using the syntax:
JACK RESTRAINT liste
with:
liste list of supports
In general the enabling of elements of a structure should be conducted according to the logic imposed
by the actual construction of this structure. More specifically, the supports must be enabled before the
bars they are to support.
If the node supporting the support structure is already enabled, the support is positioned on the
deformed structure using the command ACTIVATE RESTRAINT liste.
To impose a zero displacement at the new support you should complement enabling by the command
JACK RESTRAINT (the movement of active degrees of freedom are reduced to 0).
EXAMPLE
1 2 3
The command ACTIVATE RESTRAINT 3 places a support on node 3 in its deformed state.
1 2 3
The command JACK RESTRAINT 3 should be added to reduce the node 3 displacement to zero.
1 2 3
In phasing, there is no default enabling. At the beginning of phasing, the structure is empty.
The enabling or disabling of an element within a phasing only has an effect during the
execution of these phases. The enabling status of the current structure that is taken into account
by the command EXEC LOAD (see p117) is not changed.
9.6 - BAR ENABLING
Enabling bars during phasing is achieved using the syntax:
ACTIVATE BAR liste (AGE age) (MODE<REL,ABS>)
with:
liste list of bars to be activated
age age of the material of the bar (this command is used only in the case of older
material)
By default, AGE
as the value 0 (initial age of concrete) at the activation of the bar.
If the user studies a phasage without time evolution, if AGE is not defined (or if age is set to 0)
the Young Modulus E of material of the bar will be the instantaned modulus.
In a phasage with time evolution, if the bar is affected with a material for wich the modulus E is
not given directly by the user, but calculated by ST1, the usermust defined an age strictly
positive in the general case. The modulus E calculated will be the modulus of the given age.
If the user wants a reduce participation of concrete for a bar, the user must define a very small
value of age for this bar, but the value must be strictly positive. Obviously this bars must not be
loaded immedialtly, otherwise there will be a risk of numerical instability because the bar will
not have no rigidity, and won't be inversible.
The only case where age 0 is usefull in case of phasage with a time evolution is when the
concerned bars are affected with pretension cables: indeed the hardening of concrete of bar
and its interraction with presstress before the release of the prestress bench are taken in
account by ST1.Thus the modulus E will vary form 0 to the value of modulus got the time
where the bench is released.
The enabling of a bar can be achieved using several methods depending on the state of deformation
nodes at the ends of the bar.
The type of enabling is determined by the keywords MODE REL (default mode) and MODE ABS :
relative mode (MODE REL) corresponds to an enabling according to the extension of the
structural part already activated. This mode is usually used for the activation of precast
segments of a brige built using corbels.
Absolute mode (MODE ABS) is an enabling that catches up on the un-deformed geometry. This
mode is generally used when activating cast in place segments of a bridge built using corbels
because it provides direct construction cambers
The command JACK RESTRAINT can be useful in complement of this command, depending of the
real evolution of the contruction.
EXAMPLE
The command ACTIVATE BAR 3 MODE REL activates the bar 3 in the following configuration:
1 2 3
The command ACTIVATE BAR 3 MODE ABS has the effect of activating the bar 3 in the following
configuration:
1 2 3
EXAMPLE
In case that the two ends of the bar are already distorted, relative and absolute modes are equivalent.
Take the structure in the following state of deformation:
1 2 3 4 5
The commands ACTIVATE BAR 3 MODE REL ou ACTIVATE BAR 3 MODE ABS have the effect of
activating the bar 3 in the following configuration:
1 2 3 4 5
In phasing, there is no default enabling. At the beginning of the phasing structure is empty.
The enabling of a bar does not automatically generate its dead weight. This must be generated
by a load command (see command LOAD
p100).
EXAMPLE: ENABLING OF BAR 2 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE DEAD WEIGHT
PHASAGE 1
ACTIVATE BAR 2
LOAD WEIGHT SELF 2
END PHASAGE
The enabling or disabling of an element within a phasing only has an effect when this phasing
is run. The current enabling status of the structure which is taken into account using the
command EXEC LOAD (cf. p117) is not changed.
9.7 - DISABLING BARS AND SUPPORTS
Supports are disabled using the syntax:
DEACTIVATE RESTRAINT liste
with:
liste list of supports to be disabled
Bar disabling is achieved using the syntax:
DEACTIVATE BAR liste
with:
liste list of bars to be disabled
Disabling an element (bar or support) is equivalent to deleting it on the real structure.
EXAMPLE
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
The command DEACTIVATE RESTRAINT 2 has the effect of removing the support 2. The current
structure becomes:
1122 334 45
The command DEACTIVATE BAR 3,4 has the effect of removing the bars 3 and 4. The current
structure becomes:
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
The enabling or disabling of an element within a phasing is effective only when these phases
are run. The current enabling status of the structure that is taken into account by the command
EXEC LOAD (cf. p117) is not changed.
9.8 - DEFINITION OF STRESSES ON THE STRUCTURE
The definition of stress within a phasing is achieved using the syntax:
LOAD
dfinition des sollicitations
END
or
LOAD (dfinition d'une sollicitation)
Instructions for defining the stress of the structure during phasing are identical to the loading
instructions. Refer to Chapter LOADING for the full list of these instructions.
EXAMPLE
PHASAGE 1
ACTIVATE BAR 2 AGE 12
LOAD WEIGHT SELF 2
LOAD
BAR 5 CON XL 0.2 REL FX 12.
NODE 3 FY 0.2
END
END PHASAGE
9.9 - TENSIONING CABLES
Tensioning a list of cables within a phasing is achieved using the syntax:
TENDRE CABLE liste ((NOT) INJECTE)
with:
Liste list of cables to be tensioned
Once a cable is stretched, the deformation of a section in a bar containing the cable induces a tension
change of the cable. This change takes place locally if the cable is injected, and over a length
depending on the coefficient of friction of the cable in its sheath if the cable is not injected.
EXAMPLE
PHASAGE 1
ACTIVATE BAR 2 AGE 12
LOAD WEIGHT SELF 2
TENDRE CABLE 1
END PHASAGE
In the case of post-tension, the act of tensioning a cable on a bar immediately gives the
situation after the cable on the bar is released ((the bar contracts under the action of the cable,
but the cable retains its tension (tensioning value controlled by the action of the jack)).
However, instant losses (anchoring withdrawal and friction) are applied immediately.
9.10 - RELAXATION OF CABLES
The relaxation a list of cables within a phasing is achieved using the command:
DETENDRE CABLE liste
with:
liste list of cables to be relaxed
To be relaxed, a cable should already be under tension (see command TENDRE CABLE p177).
LA PRECONTRAINTE
p291 and
EFFETS INSTANTANES DE
The details of consideration of pre-stress is given in the Chapters
EFFETS DIFFERES CAS D'UN PHASAGE p296.
Placing on the bench creates tension in the cable, but no stress is applied to the list of bars to
which the cable is allocated. Instant losses due to the bench anchoring device (losses due to the
comb for example) should be calculated by the user and integrated either into the bench
stresses, or into instant losses in the pre-stressing system.
9.12 - PRE-STRESSING BARS BY RELAXING THE BENCH
The tensioning of cross members by pre-stressing from a list of cables in a phasing is achieved using
the command:
RELEASE_BENCH CABLE liste
with:
liste list of cables to be released from the bench in order to pre-stress cross members
When you release the bench, the pre-stressing cables shall apply pre-tensioning on the bars
concerned. These bars deform, which induces a drop in pre-stressing tension. Ideally, users
should use the net section of the bars to get a result closer to the theoretical result for final
deformation (the gap is usually relatively small, however, with the usual calculation in gross
section).
EXAMPLE
PHASAGE 1
DATE 1
ACTIVATE BAR 2 AGE 0
TENSION_BENCH CABLE 1,2,3
DATE 10
RELEASE_BENCH CABLE 1,2,3
END PHASAGE
It is imperative to enable the bar where the pre-stressing cable applies, before tensioning the
cable on the bench
EXAMPLE
PHASAGE 2
DATE 0
ACTIVATE BAR 2 AGE -2
TENSION_BENCH CABLE 1
DATE 5
RELEASE_BENCH CABLE 1
END PHASAGE
If we impose a negative age applies to the bar where the pre-stressing cable will apply, the
cross member has near zero mechanical properties before reaching the age 0 and non-zero
near the age of 0 (which means that the cross member concrete is cast upon reaching the age of
0). The relaxation of the cables is taken into account before pouring the concrete and does not
affect the cross member in question as it has not reached the age of 0 for pouring concrete. So
finally the tension applied to the beam is the initial tension minus the effect of relaxation before
pouring concrete. In the previous example, for 2 days, the cable expands by relaxation and the
cross member is not stressed, and on date 5, the concrete reaches the age of 3 days, so the
beam undergoes withdrawal creep corresponding to 3 days while the effort put into pre-
stressing the beam to bench release will be reduced by the effect of 5 days of relaxation.
In the case of heat treatment, it is assumed that curing begins at age 0 of the concrete. The
resistance value of the end of curing fcp will be obtained at the specified curing end date in the
materials laws, tensioning should only be done after that date. Moreover, heat loss on the pre-
stressing cable are considered in bench relaxation..
9.13 - STATE OF THE STRUCTURE
The state of stresses and deformations within a phasing can be saved by:
STATE i ('Title state')
with:
i number of the state
Saving the state of stress and deformation during a phasing enables the use of the results saved for
editing, a combination or an envelope.
EXAMPLE
PHASAGE 1 'Exemple phasage'
DATE 125
ACTIVATE BAR 2 AGE 3 MODE ABS
LOAD WEIGHT SELF 2
STATE 1 'Etat 1'
DATE 130
ACTIVATE BAR 3 AGE 3 MODE ABS
LOAD WEIGHT SELF 3
STATE 2 'Etat 2'
END PHASAGE
### EXECUTION DU PHASAGE ###
EXEC PHASAGE 1
### CREATION D'UNE ENVELOPPE CONTENANT LES ETATS 1 AND 2 ###
ENV 1 'enveloppe des tats aux dates 125 et 130 jours'
STATE 1,2
END
### EDITION DES RESULTATS ###
RESU
NODE BAR RESTRAINT STATE 1,2
ENV 1
END
Take the structure where the state of deformation is shown schematically below:
1 2 3
The command MODIFIER RESTRAINT 3 NODE 2 displaces support 3 on node 2 whilst preserving
the deformation on node 2 :
1 2 3
The command JACK RESTRAINT 3 has the effect of reducing the displacement of the support to 0:
1 2 3
The command MODIFIER RESTRAINT 1 DX DY has the effect of removing embedding of support1:
1 2 3
9.15 - RUNNING PHASINGS
The previously defined phasings are run using the following command:
EXEC PHASAGE (liste)
with:
liste list of numbers of previously defined phasings
By default, all defined phasings (see. command PHASAGE p163) will be run.
The command EXEC PHASAGE triggers call-up of the runnable module containing the
procedures for solving the problem, and stores the results in a database.
In the instruction above, the list may be replaced by the word ALL
all defined phasings (this is then equivalent to do not place list).
. The instruction will act on
Chapitre ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 183
10 DYNAMIC
For instance, an isostatic deck must not be modelised in 2D by only one bar, but must be cut in a
sucession of bars (ten bars for instance) to get a repartition of mass uniform and not only 2 masses at
the both ends of the deck, because it would not be a good representation of the behavior of the flexion
of the span. The same rule has to be applied for a pier or an abutment, the element of support and its
fondations must be enough discretrized to take in account correctly the distribution of mass of this
support.
The masses must have been declared with mass unity, and thus a factor "g_dyn" is to introduce in the
definition of materials for the convertion of the weight of the bars in unit of mass for the automatic
calculation of eigen masses.
The eigen modes are normalised with the matrix of mass, therefore the generalised mass of an eigen
mode is set to 1.
ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 184
The method 1 is the method by inverse iteration. This method calculate each eigen mode
successivly. This method is automatically chosen if the user asks for a cut eigen frequence or
for a ratio of modal participation.
The method 2 is the method by iteration of sub space of the eigen vectors. This method is the
fastest method, because the all nb eigen modes are calculated together. This method is chosen
by default.
If the user asks for a cut eigen frequency or for a minimum ratio of modal participation,
combined with the 2nd method, "nm" eigen modes are calculated together each time, and only
mode with the first method .
EXAMPLE 1: CALCULATION OF THE 5 FIRST MODES
MASS EIGEN
BAR all
FIN
...
EXEC MODE 5
EXAMPLE 2: CALCULATION OF MODES IN ORDER TO REACH 70% OF THE TOTAL EIGEN MASS
EXEC MODE RATIO 70
EXAMPLE 3: CALCULATION OF MODES IN ORDER TO REACH THE FREQUENCY OF 10HZ
EXEC MODE FREQUENCY 10
The number of iteration for the method 2 is fixed in the parameter file st1.par (10 by default)
In general it is not necessary to study 100 modes, the firts 10 to 30 modes are often sufficients
to reach 70-80% of the total modal mass. The others eigen modes are very often for local eigen
modes (>20Hz).
To improve the accuracy of the results (if a possible warning appear in the file of error), the
number of iteration can be modified in the file st1.par (100 for instance); obvioulsy it will have
an impact on the time of calculation. Then the number of eigen modes to calculate can be
modified or the number of modes "nm" in the case of calculation with modal ratio.
ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 185
Some problems of numerical convergences can appear on higher modes : in gnral, it comes
from some small structural elements modelised by the user are too stiff in comparison to the
global structural. For instance, you have to use stiff elements with appropriate caracteristics
(K=E*I/L3), you must modify only one parameter (E, I or L) and not all parameters together,
otherwise you will probably get a too high stiffness not allowed for numerical calculations.
Other example, you should not define shear sections (SY, SZ) if you do not want any shear
deformation rather than define shear sections with high values.
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 84.168 % Cumul : 84.168 %
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 0.0000 % Cumul : 0.0000 %
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 10.000 % Cumul : 94.168 %
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 0.0000 % Cumul : 0.0000 %
j
j
and {R} is the unity vector
j . M . j
t
M tot R . M .R M j
t
j
The rate of modal participation is :
Mj
j
M tot
The cumulation of rate of participation is:
n
Tn j
j 1
ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 186
DAMPING i
<
AUTO MASS alpha STIFFNESS beta,
The DAMPING
p73).
is linked to the bars with the commands CONS and MAT (voir p71,p72 et
The command
HISTORY
.
DAMPING
must be located before the command EXEC SPECTRE or EXEC
For the calculatation of a damping with energy of deformation, the coefficient of an average
modal damping for the mode j is written as :
.E k
k
dj
eff , j k
, k is for the substructures where the elements have a damping k
E k
k
dj
Ed k,j the energie of deformation get in the mode j for the substructure "k"
Ed j the energie of deformation get in the mode j for the all structure
For the spectral analysis and for the time history analysis, if the damping calculated with
energetic method is not chosen, only one damping must be defined for all bars of model.
ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 187
SPECTRUM i
(POND pond)
(BETA beta)
<ACCELERATION
PERIOD tj AX axj AY ayj (AZ azj)
...
,
EUROCODE
<HORIZONTAL(<X,Y>), VERTICAL> AX ax (S s) (ST st) (ALPHA alpha)
(ETA eta) PERIOD tb tc td te
...
,
EUROCODE REDUCE
<HORIZONTAL(<X,Y>), VERTICAL> AX ax (S s) (ST st) (ALPHA alpha)
(GAMMA gamma) (Q q) (BETA beta0) PERIOD tb tc td te
...
>
END
with :
i Number of the spectrum
beta Angle (rad) in the horizontal plan of the local axe Ox with the direction Ox
of the global axes (only in spatial option) By default beta = 0
tj Time period in sec
axj, ayj, azj Accelerations associated with the time period tj in the directions of the local
axes (By default ax=ay=az = 0)
ax Acceleration Ag in the given direction (by default, ax=0)
s Parameter of soil S, (by default, s = 1 )
st Coefficient of topological amplification (by default, st=1)
alpha Coefficient (by default alpha =2.5 in horizontal and 3 in vertical for the
Eurocode spectrum Se; alpha =2.5 for the reduce Eurocode spectrum SD )
EN1998-1
eta Coefficient of correction for damping (by default eta=1.00)
tb,tc,td, te Periods from eurocode spectrum EN1998-2 (sec) (0<tb<tc<td<te)
pond Ponderation to apply to accelerations ax, ay et az
beta0 Coefficient of the low limit for the reduce Eurocode spectrum SD. By
default beta0 = 0,2
gamma Coefficient. By default gamma = 2/3
q Coefficient of behaviour. By default q = 1,0
The spectrum interpolates the values of acceleration between the time period defined by the
user and is set to the limit value for all other time periodes.
ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 189
EXAMPLE :
SPECTRUM 1
BETA 0.1
POND 9.81
ACCELERATION
PERIOD 0 AX 0.1 AY 0.1 AZ 0.01
PERIOD 0.5 AX 0.5 AY 0.5 AZ 0.2
PERIOD 1 AX 0.1 AY 0.1 AZ 0.01
PERIOD 2 AX 0.0 AY 0.0 AZ 0.00
END
EXAMPLE : EUROCODE SPECTRUM SE
SPECTRUM 1
BETA 0.0
POND 9.81
EUROCODE
HORIZONTAL X AX 0.5 S 1 ST 1.2 PERIOD 0.03 0.2 2.5 4
HORIZONTAL Y AX 0.5 S 1 ST 1.2 PERIOD 0.03 0.2 2.5 4
VERTICAL AX 0.25 ST 1.1 PERIOD 0.03 0.2 2.5 4
END
For the Eurocode spectrum (EN 1998-13.2.2.2 et EN 1998-13.2.2.3), the accelerations "Se" on the
ground are function of the period T, and they are given by the following equations :
Horizontal Spectrum:
T
0 T TB : Se T ax .S .St . 1 . 1
TB
TB T Tc : Se T ax .S .St . .
Tc
Tc T TD : Se T ax .S .St . ..
T
Tc .TD
TD T TE : Se T ax .S .St . ..
T2
Vertical spectrum:
T
0 T TB : Se T ax .St . 1 . 1
TB
TB T Tc : Se T ax .St . .
Tc
Tc T TD : Se T ax .St . ..
T
Tc .TD
TD T TE : Se T ax .St . ..
T2
The spectrum Se is modified in fonction of the damping for each mode:
max 0.55; 10 / 5
Therefore the spectrum Se is assumed to be defined with 5% of damping.
NB: the ponderation (pond) is also applied on Se
ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 190
For the reduce Eurocode spectrum Sd (EN 1998-13.2.2.5), the accelerations "Sd" on the ground in
fonction of the period T are given by the following equations:
horizontal spectrum :
T
0 T TB : Sd T ax .S .ST .
TB q
TB T Tc : Sd T ax .S .ST .
q
T
Tc T TD : Sd T max ax .S .ST . . c ; .ax
q T
T .T
TD T TE : Sd T max ax .S .ST . . c 2D ; .ax
q T
vertical spectrum :
T
0 T TB : Sd T ax .ST .
TB q
TB T Tc : Sd T ax .ST .
q
T
Tc T TD : Sd T max ax .ST . . c ; .ax
q T
T .T
TD T TE : Sd T max ax .ST . . c 2D ; .ax
q T
NB: The ponderation (pond) is also applied on Sd..
If the value Sd between Tb and Tc need to be extended for the period 0, you must set Tb=0
ST1 - Lists of commands (Dynamic) 191
SPECTRUM ic RESPONSE
SPECTRUM isp
<LIN, SRSS, CQC>
(POND X pondx Y pondy (Z pondz))
END
with :
Ic Number of combined spectrum
Isp Number of non combined spectrum
pondx, pondy, Ponderations on the local componants x and y of spectrum in plane option
pondz andt x, y and z in spatial option (By default , ponderations are set to 0)
The command CQC need to have define a damping for each bar.
ENV 1 COMB
SPECTRE 10 +1 1
SPECTRE 20 +1 1
SPECTRE 30 +1 1
END
In this example, the 3 directions are combined linearly, but each direction has a quadratic combination
with modes:
E Ex E y Ez
The effects E and Ei are defined as loads, and not as envelopes.(see example p272)
ST1 - List of commands 192
The command
command
EXEC RESPONSE SPECTRUM allow to stock the results in database. The
EXEC MODE must have been used before and the definition of a spectrum response
must be already done and eventually a damping.
EXAMPLE 1: CALCULATION OF THE SPECTRUM RESPONSES 10 AND 20
EXEC SPECTRUM RESPONSE 10,20
The spectral response is a dynamic load, not an envelope. To get an envelope of the spectral
response, you must create an envelope with ponderations +/-1.
ST1 - List of commands 193
The ground motions (the acceleration time history) are defined by the following comand:
ACCELEROGRAM j
( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>,
DISPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
STRESS <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYVZ,WYWZ>,
STRESSG ic
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> > )
(TIME_STEP time_step)
(POND pond)
(BETA beta)
(METHOD < (1), 2, 3 (ALPHA alpha )>)
(ACCELERATION
AX axj AY ayj (AZ azj)
...
)
END
avec :
j Number of the ground motion
Time_step Time step of the acclrogram in secund
pond Ponderation to apply to the accelerations ax, ay, az (By default, pond=1).
beta Angle (rad) in the horizontal plan of the local axe Ox with the direction Ox
of the global axes (only in spatial option) By default beta = 0
alpha Coefficient only for the method 3 so called HHT-alpha. Its value is included
between 0 and -0.3.(By default alpha= 0).
axj, ayj, azj Accelerations in the directions of the axes Ox, Oy, Oz
EXAMPLE : ACCELEROGRAM
ACCELEROGRAM
TIME_STEP 0.01
POND 9.81
ACCELERATION
AX 0.1 AY 0.1 AZ 0.01
AX 0.5 AY 0.5 AZ 0.2
AX 0.1 AY 0.1 AZ 0.01
END
Three methods of time history analysis are available by time integration of the equations of
motion:
The method 1 is the method of integration by Newmark with average acceleration (this method
is used by default, and generaly recommanded)
The method 2 is the method of integration by Newmark with linear acceleration
The method 3 is the method of integration so called HHT Alpha described by P Paultre to take
in account a numerical damping. A coefficient alpha is needed with a value given beetween 0
and -0.3. For the value 0, this method is the method of Newmark with average acceleration.
The time step must have a value short enough for the time history analysis in order to get
acceptable results (In general, a time step must have a duration lower to the third of the
shortest eigen period to take in account for the studied model).
ST1 - List of commands 194
A concomitance can be defined for a time histrory. It will be used in the enveloppe calculation
EXEC HISTORY 10
ST1 - List of commands 195
The ground motions (the acceleration time history) are defined by the following comand:
DYNAMIC CONV j
( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>,
DISPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
STRESS <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYVZ,WYWZ>,
STRESSG ic
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> > )
(METHOD < (1), 2, 3 (ALPHA alpha )>)
CONV numc
TIME_STEP time_step
TIME time
SPEED speed
(POND pond)
END
avec :
j Number of the rolling load analysis
numc Number of the rolling load
alpha Coefficient only for the method 3 so called HHT-alpha . its value is inluded
between 0 and -0.3.(By default alpha= 0).
Time_step Time step for the dynamic analysis in secund
Time Time of studty for the dynamic analysis n secund
speed Vitesse of displacement of the rolling load in the unit of length in the
project / secund
pond Ponderation to apply to the accelerations ax, ay, az (By default, pond=1).
EXAMPLE :
DYNAMIC CONV 10
CONV 5
TIME_STEP 0.05
SPEED 1
TIME 30
END
Three methods of time history analysis are available by time integration of the equations of
motion:
The method 1 is the method of integration by Newmark with average acceleration (this method
is used by default, and generaly recommanded)
The method 2 is the method of integration by Newmark with linear acceleration
The method 3 is the method of integration so called HHT Alpha described by P Paultre to take
in account a numerical damping. A coefficient alpha is needed with a value given beetween 0
and -0.3. For the value 0, this method is the method of Newmark with average acceleration.
The rolling load must have been defined previously, but with the following restrictions: only the
following parameters are taken in account: 1 only truck aligned on the bars of the deck (the
transversal zones of the deck and transversal positions of the wheels are not taken in account.
The length of the longitudinal impacts and the coefficients of direction in the rolling load
"conv" are taken in account).
ST1 - List of commands 196
ST1 - List of commands 197
The parameters of time history under imposed load are defined by the following command :
DYNAMIC LOAD j
( < EFFORT <N,TY,TZ,MX,MY,MZ>,
DISPLA <DX,DY,DZ,RX,RY,RZ>,
CONTR <VY,VZ,WY,WZ,VYVZ,VYWZ,WYVZ,WYWZ>,
CONTRG ic
PRESS <PX,PY,PZ,MX> > )
(REAC <FX,FY,FZ,MX,MY,MZ>)
(METHOD < (1), 2, 3 (ALPHA alpha)>)
TIME_STEP time_step
TIME time
MODE nm
(FREQUENCY f0)
BAR lstb (FX fx)(FY fy)(FZ fz)(MX mx)(MY my)(MZ mz) (GLO,LOC)
END
avec :
j Number of imposed load
alpha Coefficient for the method 3 called HHT-alpha. The value is included
between 0 and 0.3.(by default the value is set to 0).
Time_step Time step of dynamic analysis in seconds
time Time of analysis in seconds
f0 Frequency of imposed pulsation (Hz), optional
nm Number of the imposed eigen mode
lstb List of bars where are applied the actions
fx, fy, fz, Linear density of weight (force or couple) by direction applied on a list of
mx, my, mz bar lstb in the global coordinate by default
The density of weight is defined in weight units = mass * g /ml. The weight is applied on nodes
of the bars in the dynamic calculation.
Three methods of time history analysis are available by time integration of the equations of
motion:
The method 1 is the method of integration by Newmark with average acceleration (this method
is used by default, and generaly recommanded)
The method 2 is the method of integration by Newmark with linear acceleration
The method 3 is the method of integration so called HHT Alpha described by P Paultre to take
in account a numerical damping. A coefficient alpha is needed with a value given beetween 0
and -0.3. For the value 0, this method is the method of Newmark with average acceleration.
ST1 - List of commands 199
FY = -10 Mode 1
6 a 10
1a5
FY = +10
On the previous example, the load is multiplied by the sign of the shape of the eigen mode 1.
The comand EXEC HISTORIQUE CHARGE allow to stock the results in database.
11
11.1 CRITICAL LOADS FOR
CRITICAL MODE FOR LINEAR
ELASTIC BUCKLING
The results (value and shape mode) of critical loads for linear elastic buckling (Euler buckling) come
from the geometrical stiffness of the structure : the resolution of this bucking loads is based on the
same method as the resolution used to get the eigen modes by substituting the matrix of masses by the
geometrical stiffness matrix, thus the solutions of this problem is given in addition to the calculation of
eigen masses in dynamic (see dynamic bibliography in annex: Paultre).
The critical modes come from the iterative resolution of critical eigen modes :
[K - KG(Nfix)] = c *[KG(Nvar)]
No more specific data is needed , only the data already used to described the classical stiffness matrix.
The comand STUDY(cf. Study Area) has no effect on the calculation of crical loads. As for the
dynamic part, the discretisation of the structure has a big influence on the accuracy of the results.
The comand EXEC BUCKLINGallow to calculate and stock the results in database.
The method 1 is the method by inverse iteration. The method 2 is the method by iteration of sub
space of the critical vectors. This method is chosen by default.
The load, combination, state or phase "i" choosen by the user defines the sollicitations of the
structures and to take in account its normal effort participation in the bars (so called the static
component) (For instance the dead loads).
The load, combination, state or phase "j" choosen by the user defines the sollicitations of the
structures and to take in account its normal effort participation in the bars (so called the
variable component) (For instance a moving load modelised bay a static load).
ST1 - Lists of commands (Critical Loads) 201
The static or variable loads must have been calculated beffore the calculation of the bukling
modes.
Instead of studying [K] x = Nc* [KG(N=1)]x, ST1 study [K - KG(Ni)]x = c *[KG(Nj)]x
If the user doesn't want to preload the structure, it can be applied a load number 0 for the static
component. If a load 0 is used for the variable component, ST1 takes the decision to have a
uniform normal effort in the bars.
It is possible to take in account the effect of traction stiffening under the applied loads(Ni,Nj)
(be carefull because it can give an execessive stiffness to the structure in the tension members
and thus can induce numerical difficulties to get the critical loads). You need to modifie the
corresponding value in the parameter file st1.par. By default the traction effect is not used.
In this example, the variable component to amplify to get the critical load is based on the load 1.
Chapter ST1 - List of commands (Envelopes and combinations) 202
You cannot directly combine envelopes or live_loads. You must use the ENV COMB
command.
ST1 - List of commands (Envelopes and combinations) 203
The envelope of an history is the envelope of the effects got for all the time steps of an
acceleorogram.
A concomitance may be made requested on both the support reactions and the study sections.
ST1 - List of commands (Envelopes and combinations) 204
Let us suppose the envelope 10 studies DY displacements. The following commands are then
equivalent:
ENV 11 or ENV 11
DEPLA DY
LOAD 12 2. LOAD 12 2.
ENV 10 1.2 ENV 10 1.2
END END
Envelope 11 works on the DY displacements, as it contains envelope 10 which was already on DY
displacements.
Envelopes or live_loads contained in the same envelope must all have the same kind of
concomitance.
The type of envelope calculated is indicated by a message when writing the results:
EXAMPLE
The envelope on Mz bending moments is indicated by the message:
==> Rsultats concomitants des extrmes de l'effort Mz
A test is performed on the consistency of the calculations required:
EXAMPLE
An envelope containing:
an envelope on mz moments
an envelope on vy stresses
is indicated by a message when you run the calculation and when writing the results:
==> ATTENTION : Rsultats comportant des incohrences sur les
concomitances
ST1 - List of commands (Envelopes and combinations) 206
The notion of concomitance is the same as before (see. command ENV p167).
The type of envelope calculated is indicated by a message when writing of the results:
EXAMPLE
The envelope on MZ bending moments is indicated by the message:
Concomitant results of extreme MZ strains
A test is performed on the consistency of calculations required:
EXAMPLE
An envelope containing:
an envelope on mz moments
an envelope on vy strains
is indicated by a message when you run the calculation and when writing the results:
==> ATTENTION : Rsultats comportant des incohrences sur les
concomitances
Chapter ST1 - List of commands (Data recap) 208
13.
13.1 - GEOMETRY RECAP
DATA RECAP
Already read geometric features can be listed using the following commands:
EDITING ENTIRE GEOMETRY
LIST GEOM
The editing of the geometry is defined below:
numbers and coordinates of nodes
numbers and features of supports
numbers of bars, connecting nodes, lengths, eccentricities, joints
numbers and R.D.M. features of the bars
list of enabled supports
list of enabled bars
EDITING OF NODE COORDINATES
LIST NODE (liste)
EDITING OF THE GEOMETRICAL FEATURES OF THE BARS
LIST BAR (liste)
EDITING OF THE BARS' R.D.M. FEATURES
LIST CARA (liste)
EDITING MATERIAL PROPERTIES
LIST MAT (liste)
EDITING OF SUPPORT FEATURES
LIST RESTRAINT (liste)
EDITING OF GENERALIZED CONSTRAINTS
LIST STRESSG (liste)
EDITING ALL THE SUPPORT AND ALL THE BARS ACTIVATED
LIST ACTIVATION
EDITING ENABLED SUPPORTS
LIST ACTIVATION RESTRAINT
EDITING ENABLED BARS
LIST ACTIVATION BAR
with the above commands:
liste list of node or bar numbers
(by default the editing will be on all elements defined)
ST1 - List of commands (Data recap) 209
EXAMPLE
LIST NODE 1 a 10 BAR 2
The phasings previously defined can be listed using the following command:
LIST PHASAGE (liste)
with:
liste list of phasing numbers previously defined
By default all defined phasings (see command PHASAGE p163) will be printed out
The phasing recap does not include of all the details of each instruction. It merely gives a summary of
each action.
In the instructions above, the masses are given under matrix formulation either to nodes, or to
the extremities of bars where they are defined.
The data required for the definition of damping properties can be listed using the following
commands:
EDITING DAMPING:
LIST DAMPING
The data required for the definition of spectrum of accelerations can be listed using the following
commands:
EDITING SPECTRUM:
LIST SPECTRUM
The data required for the definition of accelerograms can be listed using the following commands:
EDITING ACCELEROGRAMS:
LIST HISTORY
Chapter ST1 - List of commands (Editing of results) 212
The description of results editing is achieved between the key words RESUand END
.
The NODE
command is used only with
It then provides displacements
LOAD and not with LIVE_LOAD .
The command RESTRAINT provides the strains to the supports. The command
get the results in the local direction of the support
LOC provides to
The command
LIVE_LOAD.
BARprovides the displacements of all the study sections for both LOAD
and
The command
PHASAGE and
CABLE
LOAD
provides the tensile stresses and loss in the study sections for ETATS,
to the default calculation sections and the curvilinear abscissa specified
by the user in absolute or relative depending on the length of the cable.
The command MODE FREQUENCE provides eigen frequencies for the already calculated modes,
the factor of modal participation and the eigen mass.
The command SPECTRUM provides the complete squarre combinations of bars and for all eigen
modes already calculated. This command needs to have complete the command SPECTRUM
10.4 - acceleration spectrum. If the damping is equal to zero (command damping not defined
for instance), the combination CQC becomes the SRSS combination (squarre root of the
squarre sum). If necessary, the modes to be used must be specified by the command MODE.
The command BUCKLING MODE provides the critical amplification factors of the normal
sollicitation for the calculated buckling modes.
The command READ (see p34) can run a file containing ready prepared drawing instructions.
Entering one or more commands can be achieved in the text line at the bottom of the graphics window.
At the end of input, you can run by hitting the <ENTREE> key on the keyboard.
To enter several commands on this line, they should be separated by a semicolon.
To the right of the input line is a button that displays a list of previously written commands. Selecting
one of these copies the command on the line. It can be run again by pressing <ENTREE> on the
keyboard.
The selection of one of the buttons in the top left of the graphic display (Print, Save, Cls, etc.) gives
the same result as typing the appropriate command, followed by the <ENTREE>key.
Hitting the <ENTREE> key without entering a name causes exit from ST1 without backup.
ST1 - List of commands (Graphics commands) 215
The type of graphic display is initialised in the parameters file (see. p288) which enables a
default initialization. It can, however, be redefined in the data file.
The paper drawing is obtained from the backup of a drawing on screen (see command
p216).
SAUV
The type of plotter is initialised in the parameters file (see 288P) which enables default
initialisation. It can, however, be redefined in the data file.
ST1 - List of commands (Graphics commands) 216
During a single session, using multiple graphics drivers results in the generation of a buffer file
per plotter type.
EXAMPLES:
Using a postscript A4 driver and a postscript A3 driver will only generate one file
pos.st1
Using a postscript driver and a dxf driver generates two files, pos.st1 and
dxf.st1
SEQUENCE OF COMMANDS TO BE PERFORMED TO SAVE A DRAWING FILE ON SCREEN INTO A FILE
Choose a file format (menu Fichier, command Langage pour sauvegarde dessin
sur file)
Choose the type of drawing to be created on screen (Geom, Effort, ...)
Enter the name of the backup file, as ST1 does not add a default extension, it is imperative to
fill in the extension for the file format defined previously ( .DXF or .PS) in the filename
(menu Fichier, command Nom du file de sauvegarde des ecrans :...:..., the
command TRA 'nomfichier.ext' is generated in the graphics input zone at the bottom of
the screen)
type SAUV in the text box and confirm
Type RET in the entry box to exit graphics mode
or
VUE 0 0 1 VUE Z 1
ux uy
The coefficients , , and
will automatically take
uz
must represent a non-zero vector. Given
ux=uy=uz=1
.
ux=uy=uz=0, ST1
15.10 - ZOOM
Enlargement of a drawing is achieved using the following syntax:
ZOOM cf (xc yc)
with:
see directing coefficients along the axes X, Y, Z of the view direction
(by default ux= uy = uz = 1)
xc, yc directing coefficients along the axes X, Y, Z of the view direction
(by default ux= uy = uz = 1)
EXAMPLE: ENLARGEMENT
ZOOM 2
Means that the drawing on the screen is enlarged deux times in relation to the screen.
EXAMPLE: REDUCTION
ZOOM .5 .2 .3
Means the drawing is reduced by a factor 0.5 in relation to the coordinate point 0.2, 0.3 on the
screen.
ST1 - List of commands (Graphics commands) 218
15.12.2 - CENTRING THE STRUCTURE SELECTED BY THE LAST USE OF THE SELEC
command
CENTR GEOM
This centring allows you to draw the selected structure so that it fills the entire screen.
On the first use, the value is set in the parameters file (see p288).
Each screen colour defined above corresponds with a thickness and type of line for drawing in
black and white on a laser printer. The colour / line thickness correspondence is defined in the
parameters file (see. p288).
ST1 - List of commands (Graphics commands) 221
The drawing of the distorted structure can be requested only if the results to be drawn are
already in the database (see commands EXEC LOAD
p117, p202, COMB ENV
p167 and EXEC
LIVE_LOAD p162).
Drawing of the deformed structure consists of displaying the displacement of nodes and study
sections defined on the bars (see command STUDY
p94). Thus, the deformation of a bar can
only be displayed if you have identified a sufficient number of sections on this bar.
The drawing of the R.D.M. strains on the structure can be requested only if the results to be
drawn are already in the database (see commands EXEC LOAD
p117, COMB
p202, p167 ENV
and EXEC LIVE_LOAD p162).
Drawing strains consists of displaying the results obtained in study sections defined on the bars
(see command STUDY
p94). Thus, the R.D.M. strain curve of a bar can only be displayed if you
have identified a sufficient number of sections on this bar.
The drawing of an envelope contains two curves: one curve for maximum effects and one for
minimum effects.
Each screen colour defined above corresponds with a thickness and type of line for drawing in
black and white on a laser printer. The colour / line thickness correspondence is defined in the
parameters file (see. p288).
ST1 - List of commands (Graphics commands) 223
Drawing of the stress at the upper fibre for the combination number 3:
STRESS VY COMB 3
EXAMPLE: SPATIAL STRUCTURES
The drawing of the stresses on the structure can be requested only if the results to be drawn are
already in the database (see commands EXEC LOAD
p117, COMB
p202, ENV
p167 and EXEC
LIVE_LOAD p162).
Drawing stresses consists of displaying the results obtained in study sections defined on the
bars (see command STUDY
p94). Thus, the stress curve of a bar can only be displayed if you
have identified a sufficient number of sections on this bar.
The drawing of an envelope contains two curves: one curve for maximum effects and one for
minimum effects.
Each screen colour defined above corresponds with a thickness and type of line for drawing in
black and white on a laser printer. The colour / line thickness correspondence is defined in the
parameters file (see. p288).
ST1 - List of commands (Graphics commands) 224
The drawing of the stresses on the structure can be requested only if the results to be drawn are
already in the database (see commands EXEC LOAD
p117, COMB
p202, ENV
p167 and EXEC
LIVE_LOAD p162).
Drawing stresses consists of displaying the results obtained in study sections defined on the
bars (see command STUDY
p94). Thus, the stress curve of a bar can only be displayed if you
have identified a sufficient number of sections on this bar.
The drawing of an envelope contains two curves: one curve for maximum effects and one for
minimum effects.
Each screen colour defined above corresponds with a thickness and type of line for drawing in
black and white on a laser printer. The colour / line thickness correspondence is defined in the
parameters file (see. p288).
ST1 - List of commands (Graphics commands) 225
The drawing of the stresses on cross members on elastic ground can be requested only if the
results to be drawn are already in the database (see commands EXEC LOAD
p117, p202,COMB
ENV p167 and EXEC LIVE_LOAD p162).
Drawing pressures consists of displaying the results obtained in displacement study sections
defined on the bars (see command STUDY
p94). Thus, the stress curve of a bar can only be
displayed if you have identified a sufficient number of sections on this bar.
The drawing of an envelope contains two curves: one curve for maximum effects and one for
minimum effects.
Each screen colour defined above corresponds with a thickness and type of line for drawing in
black and white on a laser printer. The colour / line thickness correspondence is defined in the
parameters file (see. p288).
Chapter ST1 - List of commands (graphic displays) 226
16 GRAPHIC SCREENS
The parameter file (see p288) includes screen resolution for graphics mode (line ECRAN
w1024_768 by default). This resolution can be customised by choosing from the four
available configurations (w640_480, w800_600,w1024_768 , w1280_1024).
16.1 - USABLE SCREEN AREA WITH THE MOUSE OUTSIDE THE DRAWING AREA
Areas used by the left mouse button:
1 System button to exit the software. If calculations were made, ST1 will offer a backup before
leaving the graphics module.
2 Choose a colour before you draw a curve.
3 To draw a strain curve, click on the Effort button and on the type of strain (N, TY,MZ , ...),
choose a load and loading number.
4 Area allowing side-scrolling with the screen size as displacement step.
1 A curve can be activated by clicking with the mouse; the study sections appear represented by
points that can be selected with the mouse to display the corresponding value.
2 Key outline line can be activated with the mouse to change its size.
1 In normal mouse input, we can define an area by dragging and dropping, an intelligent menu
appears on dropping offering actions on the items in the area.
1 The right mouse button displays a menu associated with the designated object.
ST1 - List of commands (graphic displays) 229
1 When the M_sel button is pressed, the deselected bars are shown in red
When the M_sel button is released, red bars disappear. The curves are shown only on
the visible bars.
17. PSEUDO-PROGRAMMING
17.1 - PRESENTATION
The basic structural calculator instructions can be supplemented by PSEUDO-PROGRAMMATION
instructions in order to generate certain groups of actions in an automatic manner, or to retrieve a
parameterised file that might be reused.
The numerical values of the data file can then be replaced by variables or arithmetic expressions, the
result of which will be used as a numeric value.
EXAMPLE:
17.2.1 - VARIABLES
The numerical values can be stored in memory in the form of variables. Assigning a numerical value
to a variable is done using the sign =.
EXAMPLE:
x1=12. ; i=11 ;
The variable x1 is set to 12., and variable i is set to 11.
Once initialized, the variables can be used in place of numerical values.
EXAMPLE:
The initialisation of a variable sets its type. This cannot be changed later (in particular, the
variable x1
of the above example can no longer be used for a list name).
The name of a variable should not match a keyword or a list previously defined.
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 232
The initialisation of a named list sets its type. This cannot be changed later (in particular, the
list 1s1 of the above example can no longer be used for a variable).
EXAMPLE:
The name of a variable should not match a keyword or a variable previously defined.
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 233
EXAMPLE:
The instruction:
DIM tx1(100)
creates an indexed table of variables txt1 containing 100 variables.
The initialisation and use of indexed variables is carried out in the same way as for non-indexed
variables (see above).
EXAMPLE:
DIM tx1(10)
NODE 1 12 3 is equivalent to tx1(1)=12 ; NODE 1 tx1(1) 3
The name of a variable table should not correspond to the name of a mathematical function.
EXAMPLE:
17.3.3 - SYNTAX
The mathematical expressions are written according to the usual syntax of programming languages.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
The expression:
1+2 +3
represents two numerical values.
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 236
The maximum number of nestings is given in the parameters file (see p288).
EXAMPLE:
k=0
FOR i=1 to 1O
<<
FOR j=1 to 5
<<
k=k+1 ; NODE k i j
>>
>>
Output the loop, the loop index is equal to the last value in the loop control list.
If the value of a loop index is changed inside the loop, it will be reset at the next iteration, and
the running of the loop will not be affected.
The maximum number of nestings is given in the parameters file (see p288).
EXEMPLE
IF(i<=12)
<<
IF(j==2) NODE 12 5 6
IFNOT
<<
k=k+1
NODE k i j
>>
>>
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 238
EXAMPLE:
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Simple instructions are those instructions that do not have an end of line (or separator ).
:
EXAMPLE
;
The instruction
:
EXAMPLE
FOR is seen as a simple instruction if it is written on one line.
Recovery of pressures: GET PRESS BAR (case of a displacement study section and a bar
on elastic ground)
Option PLANE $px, $py
Option GRILL $mx, $pz
Option SPATIAL $px, $py, $pz, $mx
Recovery of a generalized stress: GET STRESSG k BAR (case of a stresses study section
and a bar for which the generalised stress k has been defined)
Option PLANE $stressg
Option GRILL $stressg
Option SPATIAL $stressg
All types of results requests for a study section on a bar update 2 additional buffer variables:
$XL abscissa of the study section of the bar
$NSEC number of study sections on the bar
EXAMPLE: RECOVERY OF THE NORMAL STRESS IN A SECTION1 OF BAR 2 FOR LOAD 3
GET EFFORT BAR 2 SEC 1 LOAD 3
EXAMPLE: RECOVERY IN THE VARIABLE V1, THE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT OF BAR 4 FOR
ENVELOPE 11 AND IN THE LOCAL V2 ABSCISSA OF THIS MAXIMUM
GET EFFORT MAX BAR 4 SEC 1 ENV 11
v1 = $mz ; v2 = $xl
for i=2 to $nsec
<<
GET EFFORT MAX BAR 4 SEC i ENV 11
IF(v1<$mz) << v1=$mz ; v2=$xl >>
>>
The above commands affect the results of the study section n of the bar i in the following variables:
Recovery of accelerations: GET ACCELERATION BAR
Option PLANE $dx, $dy, $rz
Option GRILL $rx, $dz, $rz
Option SPATIAL $dx, $dy, $dz, $rx, $ry, $rz
Recovery of speed: GET SPEED BAR
Option PLANE $dx, $dy, $rz
Option GRILL $rx, $dz, $rz
Option SPATIAL $dx, $dy, $dz, $rx, $ry, $rz
All types of results requests for a study section on a bar update 2 additional buffer variables:
$XL abscissa of the study section of the bar
$NSEC number of study sections on the bar
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 247
with:
i cable number
n cable section number
j state, the phasing or loading number
All types of results requests for a study section on a cable update 2 additional buffer variables:
$nsec number of cable sections
$xl curved line abscissa in the section of cable studied
$sigp total stress at the section of cable studied
$dsigp total loss at the section of cable studied
$x X abscissa of the cable section studied in the global directory
$y Y ordinate of the cable section studied in the global directory
$z side Z of the cable section studied in the global directory
EXAMPLE: RECOVERY OF CABLE TENSION IN SECTION 2 OF THE CABLE 101 FOR PHASING 31
GET TENSION CABLE 101 SEC 2 PHASAGE 31
write 'nb section' $nsec
write 'abs curviligne' $xl
write 'Contrainte' $sigp
write 'Perte' $dsigp
write 'X :' $x
write 'Y :' $y
write 'Z :' $z
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 248
In the example, when load1 has been run, the prompt appears.
Load 2 will only be run after confirmation using the <ENTER>
key by the user.
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 249
The drawing of the envelope of shear stresses over all phases during pushing is achieved using the
following commands:
cls
geom
effort ty env 1
All the examples provided with ST1 are not detailed in the documentation.
The ST1 Examples directory contains
18.1 -
FLAT STRUCTURE - CALCULATION OF A CLOSED FRAME ON ELASTIC
GROUND
In this example we are studying the structure under permanent loads. The study of the same structure
under live loads is presented in the following example.
The superimposition of the ELU envelope on the drawing above is achieved using the following
commands:
geom
effort mz env 2
centr
In this example we are studying a closed frame solicited by Road A (l), Bc and Bt live loads
The structure is modelled over a width of 1.00 m. Operating expenses are weighted by
coefficients to enable the passage of the real structure to the calculation mock-up (the
calculation of these coefficients is not done by ST1 - see M. Guyon's theory).
The study of live loads involves the calculation of a line of influence for each section, and every
stress studied. This can lead to a relatively long calculation time.
The study of the live loads involves the calculation of a line of influence for each section, and
every stress studied, which can lead to relatively long calculation time.
The ELS rare envelope of strains to the upper fibre of the apron is achieved using the following
commands:
vue 0 -1 0
selec bar 20 to 39
stress vyvz env 2
The Eurocode load calculation time is much longer than other load cases.
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
etude effort depla
1 se 0.0 to 1 step 0.1 rel
2 se 0.0 to 1 step 0.1 rel
3 se 0.0 to 1 step 0.1 rel
end
#---------------------- bton -------------------------------------------------
# rsistance du beton la compression 28jours
fckk=35 # MPa
fcm=fckk+8
# module bton instantan
Ei28=22*(fcm/10)**0.3*1000 # MPa
#---------------------- bton prcontraint-------------------------------------
hygrom=70 # %
modulinst=Ei28*1000/9.81*gnewton # t/m2*gnewton
mat 1 'EC2 inst'
si (gnewton=1) << E EC2 TM2 FCK fckk >> sinon << E EC2 KNM2 FCK fckk >>
# E modulinst
nu 0.2 # bton non fissur
ro 2.5*gnewton # t/m3*gnewton
temp 1e-5
shrinkage EC2
creep EC2
# H=2*Aire section trans. dalle/primetre dalle
# en contact l'air (sans extrados) en mm
rh hygrom h 2*sectiondalle/perimetredalle*1000
ciment N
end
cons all mat 1 # caractristique instantane
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# nombre de traves necessitant des coefficients de Guyon diffrents
ntrav_etud=1
# coefficient de rpartition trave 1 1m du bord
listcoefrep1=1.9,-0.5
# coefficient de rpartition trave 2 1m du bord
listcoefrep2=2,-0.6
deck
classe 1
classe trafic 2
zone_trans
1 width 0.5
2 width 11
3 width 0.8
bar 1 to 3
ldif 1*(0.08+0.45) # diffusion des impacts
# ep chausse min + 1/2 ep hourdis
# ldif ne s'applique quaux impacts des camions
# et step aux loads reparties (AL,UDL,...)
rep_trans
kbarre 1,3 ktrans listcoefrep1
kbarre 2 ktrans listcoefrep2
end
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 265
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
live_load 1 'LM1 cara'
zone 2
lm1 cara
pond gnewton/9.81 # pond t/kN
end
live_load 2 'LM1 freq'
zone 2
lm1 freq
pond gnewton/9.81 # pond t/kN
end
live_load 10 'Mc120'
mc120
zone 2
pond 1.12*gnewton # coef. dyn.
end
live_load 11 'AL'
al
zone 2
pond gnewton*1.2
end
live_load 12 'Bc'
bc
zone 2
pond 1.1*gnewton*1.2 # coeff dyn *pond t/t
end
live_load 13 'Bt'
bt
zone 2
pond 1.1*gnewton*1.2 # coeffdyn*pond t/t
end
exec live_load 1,2,10 to 13
live_load 3 'LM3'
zone 2
lm3 vs_1800_200
zonevs 2 yvs 1 7 abs pondvs 1.1
lm1 lgexclu 25
pond gnewton/9.81 # pond t/kN
end
exec live_load 3
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
env 31 'LM1 cara'
live_load 1 1.0
end
env 32 'LM1 freq'
live_load 2 1.0
end
env 35 'A B Mc120'
live_load 10,11,12,13
end
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
output 'exemple4.txt'
resu
list live_load 1 to 3
end
.
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 267
TITLE 'traitement_thermique_ec2'
#-----------------------------------------------
NODE
1 X 0.000 Y 0.000 Z 0
2 X 10 Y 0.000 Z 0
3 X 20 Y 0.000 Z 0
#-----------------------------------------------
BAR
GENER 2 BAR ID 11 1 DE 1 1 TO 2 1
END
#-----------------------------------------------
RESTRAINT
11 NODE 1 DY DZ
12 NODE 2 RX
13 NODE 3 DY DZ
22 NODE 2 DX RX
END
#-----------------------------------------------
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 268
MATERIAU 1 'Beton'
END
#-----------------------------------------------
CARA 11,12 SX 10 IX 0.1 IY 10 IZ 10 VY 1 WY 1 VZ 1 WZ 1
CABLE 101
PREC 11
BAR 11,12
TRACE INTERIEUR
X 0 Y 0 Z 0
X 10 Y 0 Z 0
X 20 Y 0 Z 0
END
CABLE 102
PREC 12
LG_GAINE OR 2 EX 2
BAR 11,12
TRACE INTERIEUR
X 0 Y 0 Z 0
X 10 Y 0 Z 0
X 20 Y 0 Z 0
END
CABLE 103
PREC 13
STEP_CABLE 0.5
LG_GAINE OR 2
BAR 11,12
TRACE INTERIEUR
X 0 Y 0 Z 0
X 10 Y 0 Z 0
X 20 Y 0 Z 0
END
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 269
#-----------------------------------------------
PHASAGE 101 'Mise tension pretension cab 101 lin'
END PHASAGE
EXEC PHASAGE
#-----------------------------------------------
load 101 'cable 101'
cable 101 tension
end
resu
state bar 11,12
state cable
phasage cable
load 110 bar 11,12
load 110 cable
end
ST1 - List of commands (Examples) 270
. Dispositif de precontrainte : 11
. Type de mise en tension : Or Ex
. Pas de decoupage : 0.25000
. Longueur : 20.000
. Deviation angulaire totale : 0.0000
. Coefficient de transmission : 1.0000
. Allongement a la mise en tension : 0.10000
. Liste des bars support : 11 12
-- trace interieur --
X Y Z
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10.000 0.0000 0.0000
20.000 0.0000 0.0000
. Dispositif de precontrainte : 12
. Type de mise en tension : Or Ex
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 271
. Dispositif de precontrainte : 13
. Type de mise en tension : Or Ex
. Pas de decoupage : 0.50000
. Longueur de gainage pretension : OR: 2.0000 EX: 0.0000
. Longueur : 20.000
. Deviation angulaire totale : 0.0000
. Coefficient de transmission : 1.0000
. Allongement a la mise en tension : 0.10000
. Liste des bars support : 11 12
-- trace interieur --
X Y Z
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10.000 0.0000 0.0000
20.000 0.0000 0.0000
etc
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 272
lg = 1/(2**0.5)
node
21 0.0 0.0
22 1.0*lg 1.0*lg
23 2.0*lg 2.0*lg
24 3.0*lg 3.0*lg
# generation barre
bar 20 21 22
bar 21 22 23
bar 22 23 24
#cons tout e 1
cara 20 sx 264000 iz 264000*3
cara 21 sx 176000 iz 176000*3
cara 22 sx 88000 iz 88000*3
damping 10
pond 0.01
energy ksi 5
end
damping 11
pond 0.01
energy ksi 2
end
mass eigen
bar 20,21,22
end
restraint 1 node 21 dx dy rz
restraint 2 node 22
restraint 3 node 23
restraint 4 node 24
exec mode
#--------------
spectrum 1
pond 9.81
EUROCODE
HORIZONTAL AX 0.1 S 1 ST 1.2 PERIOD 0.01 0.2 2.5 4
VERTICAL AX 0.1*0.9 S 1.1 PERIOD 0.01 0.2 2.0 3
end
spectrum 10 response
spectrum 1
CQC
POND X 1
end
spectrum 20 response
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 273
spectrum 1
CQC
POND Y 1
end
env 10 comb
spectre 10 1.0 -1.0
spectrum 20 1.0 -1.0
end
#--------------
spectrum 100 reponse
spectrum 1
CQC
POND X 1 Y 1
end
spectrum 101 reponse
spectrum 1
CQC
POND X 1 Y -1
end
spectrum 102 reponse
spectrum 1
CQC
POND X -1 Y 1
end
spectrum 103 reponse
spectrum 1
CQC
POND X -1 Y -1
end
env 1000
env 100
env 101
env 102
env 103
end
#
###################################################
output 'example7.txt' non pagine
list damping
#list spectrum
RESU
MODE FREQUENCE
SPECTRUM 10,20 bar effort
ENV 10,1000 bar effort
END
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 274
* Numero Amortissement : 10
.ponderation : 0.10000E-01
.fraction d amortissement (calcul energie) : 5.0000 %
Nombre de modes amortis directement : 0
* Numero Amortissement : 11
.ponderation : 0.10000E-01
.fraction d amortissement (calcul energie) : 2.0000 %
Nombre de modes amortis directement : 0
* Amortissement modal moyen calcul a partir de l energie de deformation des structures
amorties
.numero du mode : 1
.periode du mode : 1.0003 sec
.fraction d amortissement du mode : 3.9883 %
.numero du mode : 2
.periode du mode : 0.75391 sec
.fraction d amortissement du mode : 3.2128 %
.numero du mode : 3
.periode du mode : 0.45755 sec
.fraction d amortissement du mode : 4.1589 %
.numero du mode : 4
.periode du mode : 0.31395 sec
.fraction d amortissement du mode : 4.5430 %
.numero du mode : 5
.periode du mode : 0.16318 sec
.fraction d amortissement du mode : 5.9638 %
.numero du mode : 6
.periode du mode : 0.63057E-01 sec
.fraction d amortissement du mode : 5.3821 %
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 275
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 42.084 % Cumul : 42.084 %
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 42.084 % Cumul : 42.084 %
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 33.718 % Cumul : 75.801 %
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 33.718 % Cumul : 75.801 %
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 5.0000 % Cumul : 80.801 %
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 5.0000 % Cumul : 80.801 %
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 2.9163 % Cumul : 83.718 %
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 2.9163 % Cumul : 83.718 %
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 11.144 % Cumul : 94.861 %
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 11.144 % Cumul : 94.861 %
---> Direction 1
Taux Participation Modale 5.1385 % Cumul : 100.00 %
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 276
---> Direction 2
Taux Participation Modale 5.1385 % Cumul : 100.00 %
Barre Abscisse N Ty Mz
20 0.000 1371. 1371. 2747.
20 1.000 1371. 1371. 1505.
node
21 0.0 0.0 0
22 1.0 0.0 0
23 2.0 0.0 0
# generation bar
bar 20 21 22
bar 21 22 23
cara 20 sx 18 ix 1000 iy 18 iz 18 vy 1 wy 1 vz 1 wz 1
cara 21 sx 18 ix 1000 iy 18 iz 18 vy 1 wy 1 vz 1 wz 1
restraint 1 node 21 dx dy dz rx ry rz
restraint 2 node 22 rx rz
restraint 3 node 23 rx rz
damping 10
auto mass 1.3 stiffness 0.001
pond 1
end
masse eigen
bar all
bar 20,21 sup uni 10000
end
contrg 10
20,21 N 1 MY 1
end
end
###################################################
output 'example8.txt' non pagine
RESU
env 10 bar effort contrg
end
resu
HISTORY BAR contrg effort
END
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 279
Contrainte 10
Sollicitation : K*DU+C*VU+M*AU
Barre : 20
Temps Abscisse N Ty Tz Mx My Mz
Temps Abscisse N Ty Tz Mx My Mz
Barre : 21
Temps Abscisse N Ty Tz Mx My Mz
Temps Abscisse N Ty Tz Mx My Mz
lg=10
kl=2
ndiv=10
NODE
FOR i=1 A ndiv+1
<<
i X 0 Y lg*(i-1)/ndiv
>>
END
RESTRAINT
1 DX DY RZ
END
BAR
FOR i=1 A ndiv
<<
i DE i A i+1
>>
END
CONS ALL E 1
CARA ALL SX 1 IZ 1
LOAD 1
NODE ndiv+1 FY -(pi**2)/((kl*lg)**2)
END
EXEC LOAD 1
RESU
buckling mode displa
end
ST1 - Liste des commandes (Examples) 284
Noeud DX DY RZ
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 -0.22315 0.0000 0.44538
3 -0.88710 0.0000 0.87979
4 -1.9755 0.0000 1.2925
5 -3.4615 0.0000 1.6735
6 -5.3087 0.0000 2.0132
7 -7.4714 0.0000 2.3033
8 -9.8964 0.0000 2.5367
9 -12.524 0.0000 2.7077
10 -15.290 0.0000 2.8120
11 -18.125 0.0000 2.8471
Noeud DX DY RZ
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.65863 0.0000 -1.2928
3 2.4908 0.0000 -2.3035
4 5.0970 0.0000 -2.8121
5 7.9092 0.0000 -2.7078
6 10.314 0.0000 -2.0134
7 11.788 0.0000 -0.87992
8 12.010 0.0000 0.44545
9 10.930 0.0000 1.6736
10 8.7851 0.0000 2.5369
11 6.0421 0.0000 2.8472
ST1 - Appendices 285
Part ST1 - Appendices 286
IV
APPENDICES
ST1 - Appendices 287
Appendix ST1 - Appendices 288
A DESCRIPTION OF THE
PARAMETERS FILE
The ST1.par file is the file that contains all the parameterisable data for ST1:
The scaling of ST1 internal tables ST1
The dictionary of keywords (keywords used can be changed by the user, however, a
modification of these keywords results in a mismatch between the modified ST1 program and
the manual)
definition of certain usual constants
the default structure calculator parameters
colours and types of drawing lines
The limits to change in the parameters file are defined in the Chapter
programme
p25.
Limites du
ST1 - Appendices 289
B
B1 - INSTANT EFFECTS OF PRE-STRESSING
CALCULATION PRINCIPLES
The line drawing of a pre-stressing cable tensioning is shown by cubic sections parameterised by the
curved abscissa of the cable. This line is discretised following a variable pitch depending on the curve
of the cable. This discretisation leads to a broken line which is used to build a structural load
equivalent to the effect of pre-stressing reinforcement. This method is known as the external method.
from the above equation we deduce the loss of pre-stress for any section between the anchor and
section s1:
f ( s1 s ) s1 s
( s) p 0 ( s) p ( s1 ) e
with:
g anchor input (value depending on the pre-stress device)
Ep modulus of elasticity of pre-stressing steel
ST1 - Appendices 292
For a short cable with two active anchors, it may happen that the areas of propagation of the
anchoring withdrawal effect overlap. In this case, the order in which the anchors are released
intervenes in the value of the loss of pre-stress (see command CABLE p114).
tension sans perte instantane tension sans perte instantane
Left anchoring released 1st Right anchoring Left anchoring Right anchoring released 2nd
Case of a short cable stretched at both ends
ST1 - Appendices 293
The deformation of a bar containing pre-stressing reinforcements causes a variation in the tensions of
the reinforcements attached to it.
For each cable section ST1 calculates:
the deformation P of the element at the cable's centre of gravity
the variation of tension in the cable by the formula:
p E p p
External loading due to variation in tension in the cable
ST1 - Appendices 294
The loss of pre-stress due to shrinkage is evaluated (see Chap BPEL91. 3.3,21) using the formula:
r E p . r
with:
Ep modulus of elasticity of pre-stressing steel
r shrinkage deformation
The loss of pre-stress due to creep is evaluated (see Chap BPEL91. 3.3,21) using the formula:
E
fl 2.5 b
p
Eij
with:
b final stress in concrete at reinforcement
Ep modulus of elasticity of pre-stressing steel
Eij modulus of concrete elasticity during tensioning
The loss of pre-stress due to relaxation of steel is evaluated (see Chap BPEL91. 3.3,23) using the
formula:
6 pi s
s 1000 0 pi s
100 f prg
with:
pi(s) stress in steel after instantaneous losses
1000 guaranteed value of the relaxation loss at 1000 hours
0 coefficient equal to:
0.43 if 1000 2.5 (TBR reinforcement)
0.35 if 2.5 < 1000 < 8
0.30 if 8 1000 (RN) reinforcement
The total deferred loss due to shrinkage, creep and relaxation should be assessed (see Chap
BPEL91. 3.3,24) using the formula:
5
d r fl
6
The deferred loss j due to shrinkage, creep and relaxation should be assessed (see Chap
BPEL91. 3.3,24) using the formula:
dj r j d
with:
j
r j
j 9 rm
rm mean radius of the part expressed in cm
LOSS OF PRE-STRESS DUE TO BHP99 CREEP
The loss of pre-stress due to creep is evaluated (see Chap BPEL91 Appendix 14 Chap. 3.3,22) using
the formula:
Ep Ep
b M
3 15
concrete without silica fume: fl ifM <1.5 b fl b
4 Eij 8 Eij
Ep Ep
b M
2
concrete with silica fume: fl if M < 1.5 b fl b
5 Eij Eij
with:
b final stress in concrete at reinforcement
M maximum stress in concrete at the centre of gravity of pre-stressing
reinforcements as a result of all loads, including pre-stressing
Ep modulus of elasticity of pre-stressing steel
Eij modulus of concrete elasticity during tensioning
ST1 - Appendices 296
Depending on the material and the tensioning device defined ST1 is likely to vary the following
parameters depending on the time:
Young's modulus
deformation due to shrinkage
deformation due to creep
tension in the active steel
The first three parameters are related to the definition of the material of the bars (see command MAT
p73), the fourth depends on the type of pre-stress device used (see command PREC p86).
For any date t greater than t0, the creep of material subjected to the initial solicitation is identical to the
creep of the material submitted to shadow loading.
It can be noted that the method of the equivalent time is identical to the incremental method for any
area where the state of the material in terms of creep can be obtained by a constant shadow load.
IMPLEMENTATION OF CREEP CALCULATION IN ST1
The incremental method to determine creep deformation in a time interval (t0, t) based on knowledge
of the data below:
the characteristics of the material, independent of time, they are the result of various
parameters (instant module at 28 days, percentage of bonded reinforcements, average radius,
etc.)
the features of the ambient environment, assumed constant in the range (t0, t), the ambient
environment is defined by its hygrometry
the stress in the material assumed constant in the range (t0, t)
the cumulative creep deformation over time t0 , value representing the state of concrete at time
t0 in terms of creep
ST1 - Appendices 298
Young's Modulus is defined starting from the characteristic resistance at 28 days expressed in MPa.
ST1 uses the formulas (see BPEL91 Chap. 2.1) :
Eij km kunit 11000 3 fcj
j
with: f cj f c 28 si f c28 40 MPa
4.76 0.83 j
j
f cj f c 28 si f c28 > 40 MPa
1.40 0.95 j
with:
Eij instantaneous concrete module
km advanced coefficient (by default 1)
kunit coefficient calculated by ST1 (depends on selected unit)
kunit = 1. BPEL MPA (module expressed in MPa)
kunit = 1000./9.81 BPEL TM2 (module expressed in t/m)
kunit = 1000. BPEL KNM2 (module expressed in
kN/m)
f c28 normal resistance at 28 days in MPa
j age of concrete in days
YOUNG'S MODULUS FOR BPEL99 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Young's Modulus is defined starting from the normal resistance at 28 days expressed in MPa.
ST1 uses the formulas (see BPEL 99 Appendix 5) :
The normal resistance at day j starting from the normal resistance at 28 days expressed in MPa (see
BPEL99 Appendix 6) :
f c 28 f cp
f cj f cp log10 ( j t p 1) if tp< j < 28 days
log10 28 t p 1
f cj f c 28 if j > 28 days
fcp normal resistance at the end of treatment (tensioning)
tp Age of concrete at the end of processing (tensioning)
ST1 - Appendices 300
Deformation due to shrinkage which develops within a time frame (t0, t) is given in the formula (see
BPEL Appendix 1-3) :
(t0 , t ) r r (t ) r (t0 )
t
With standard concrete : r (t )
t 9 rm
t
lightweight concrete : r (t )
50
t 9 rm E a h k
25
rm 4
with: k si rm > 4cm
rm
k0 si rm 4cm
with:
r final shrinkage deformation
t duration expressed in days
rm mean radius in cm (Ac/u)
Ea quantity of water absorbed by the aggregates
h average ambient hygrometry in %
The final shrinkage deformation r can be given directly by its numerical value or directly calculated
by ST1. In this case, ST1 calculates the final shrinkage value using the following formula:
1
r kre ks . 0 with: ks
1 20 s
80
and standard concrete : 0 (100 h ) 6 10 6
10 3 rm
120
lightweight concrete : 0 (100 h ) 9 10 6
10 3 rm
with:
h average ambiant hygrometry in %
s relationship of incorporated reinforcing to the concrete section (As/B)
rm mean radius of the part expressed in cm (Ac/u)
kre advanced coefficient (by default 1)
BPEL91 DEFORMATION DUE TO SHRINKAGE IN THE EVENT OF THERMAL PROCESSING
Deformation due to shrinking which develops within a time frame (t0, t) is given in the formula (see
BPEL Appendix 6) :
(t0 , t ) r r (t teb ) r (t0 teb )
with :
teb t pa 1,08max 0
tf
1
max 0 0
t pa ( (t ) 0 ) dt
0 20
The other formulas remain the same.
BPEL91 CREEP
ST1 - Appendices 301
Calculation of the various deformations due to creep are carried out according to the incremental
method (see. p296).
REMINDER OF SOME DEFINITIONS USED FOR CREEP CALCULATION
0 20
The other formulas remain the same.
ST1 - Appendices 303
Loss by pure relaxation is given in the formula (see BPEL Appendix 2 Section3) :
10 7.5
3 f prg
1
24 t prg
4 f
(t , ) k1 1000 e k2
1000
with :
t time expressed in days
reinforcement stress for t = 0
prg guaranteed rupture limits of pre-stressed steel
1000 guaranteed value of loss by relaxation at 1000 h
k1 = 6.10-3 if 1000 2.5
= 8.10 -3 if 1000 > 2.5
k2 = 1.10 if 1000 <2.5(reinforcing TBR)
= 1.25 if 2.5 1000 < 8.0
= 1.50 if 8.0 1000 (reinforcing RN)
For t to be part of a time period (ti,ti+1) during which the pre-stressed reinforcing is not subject to
deformation, we know at the beginning of the time period the cumulated loss by relaxation p(ti)
and the stress i in the reinforcing.
We look for an equivalent time period t* (see BPEL Appendix 2 Section 4) which enables passing by
stress relaxation i + p(ti) to stress factor i :
t ,
*
i
(ti ) (ti )
Stress due to relaxation is given in the formula (see BPEL Appendix 6 Section4.1) :
3 10 7.5
1
24 t teb
f prg
4 f prg
(t teb , ) k1 1000 e k2
1000
with :
teb t pa 1,14max 0
tf
1
max 0 0
t pa ( (t ) 0 ) dt
0 20
The other formulas remain the same.
BPEL HEAT LOSS IN THE EVENT OF HEAT TREATMENT
Stress loss in the cable due to the effects of heat treatment is given in the formula (see Appendix 6
Section4.2) :
max Ep.b . max 0 1
with:
0 20
p Pre-stressed cable module
b Dilation coefficient of concrete subjected to heat treatment
Coefficient set at 0.1 in the BPEL
ST1 - Appendices 305
Young's Modulus is defined starting from the normal resistance at 28 days expressed in MPa.
ST1 uses the formulas (see BPEL Chap. 2.1) :
j
Eij km kunit 11000 3 f cj with : f cj f c 28
1.40 0.95 j
with :
Eij instantaneous concrete module
km advanced coefficient (by default 1)
kunit coefficient calculated by ST1 (depends on the unit selected)
kunit = 1. MPA (module expressed in MPa)
kunit = 1000./9.81 TM2 (module expressed in t/m)
kunit = 1000. KNM2 (module expressed in kN/m)
f c28 normal resistance at 28 days in MPa
j age of concrete in days
NORMAL RESISTANCE IN THE EVENT OF HEAT TREATMENT
The normal resistance at 28 days expressed in MPa (see BPEL99 Appendix 6 modified) :
max 40C
f c 28m f c 28 1 0, 0035 max if
20
The normal resistance at day j starting from the normal resistance at 28 days expressed in MPa (see
BPEL99 Appendix 6) :
f c 28m f cp
f cj f cp log10 ( j t p 1) if tp< j < 28 days
log10 28 t p 1
fcj fc 28m if j > 28 days
fcp Normal resistance at the end of treatment (tensioning)
tp Age of concrete at end of treatment (tensioning)
ST1 - Appendices 306
Deformation due to shrinking which develops within a time frame (t0, t) is given in the formula (see
BPEL Appendix 6 modified) :
(t0 , t ) r r (t ) r (t0 )
The normal resistance at 28 days is reduced (fc28 is remplaced by fc28m) (see BPEL99 Appendix 6
modified) :
ST1 - Appendices 307
CREEP BHP99
Calculation of the various deformations due to creep are carried out according to the incremental
method (cf. p296).
j j0
concrete without silica fume : K fl 1.4 f ( j j0 ) 3.1 f c j0 f c 28
j j0 kfc 0.40e
3.6 j j0
concrete with silica fume : K fl f ( j j0 ) 2.8 f c j0 f c 28
f c j0 jb 0.37
j j0 kfc 0.37e
with:
Kfl(j0-jb) creep coefficient at loading age t1
f (j-j0) creep development law
j-j0 loading application duration expressed in days
rm Mean radius of the part in cm (Ac/u)
fc(j0) concrete resistance on date j0
kfc advanced coefficient for the kinetik of creep (by default =1)
Normal deformation deferred by creep desiccation
concrete without silica fume: fd 3, 2. 103. rd j rd j0 . ic ( j0 )
concrete with silica fume: fd 103. rd j rd j 0 ic ( j 0)
rd(j) deformation due to desiccation shrinkage
BPEL99 DEFORMATION DUE TO CREEP IN THE EVENT OF THERMAL PROCESSING
Deformation due to creep take in account the reduction of the normal resistance fc28m (see BPEL99
Appendix 6 modified)
ST1 - Appendices 308
Reference: Information Bulletin No.213/214 - CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 (May 1993)
Young's Modulus used by ST1 is calculated from the elasticity module at 28 days and the age of the
material using the formula:
Eci (t ) km kunit Eci E (t ) (see CEB 2.1-57)
with:
km advanced coefficient (by default 1)
kunit coefficient calculated by ST1 (dependent on the selected unit)
=1 MPA (module expressed in MPa)
= 1000./9.81 TM2 (module expressed in t/m)
= 1000. KNM2 (module expressed in kN/m)
Eci elasticity module at 28 days (see above)
28
s 1
t
E (t ) e (see CEB 2.1-54 et 2.1-58)
with :
t age of concrete in days
s coefficient depending on the cement type
= 0.38 for slow setting cement SL
= 0.25 for normal or quick setting cement N and R
= 0.20 for high resistance quick setting cement RS
ST1 - Appendices 310
Deformation relating to shrinkage which develops in concrete at age t is shown in the formula:
cs kre cs 0 s (t ts ) (see CEB 2.1-74)
with :
kre advanced coefficient (by default 1)
cs0 infinite shrinkage deformation (see above)
s(t-t0) shrinkage development law (see above)
Infinite shrinkage deformation
f
cs 0 160 10 sc . 9 cm RH 106 (see CEB 2.1-76)
10
wit :
sc = 4 for slow setting cement SL
= 5 for normal or quick setting cement N and R
= 8 for high resistance quick setting cement RS
RH RH
3
= 1.55 1 if 40% RH < 99% (see CEB 2.1-77)
100
= 0.25 if RH 99%
Shrinkage development law
t ts
s (t ts ) 2
(see CEB 2.1-79)
h
350 t ts
100
with:
t age of concrete in days
ts age of concrete in days at the start of shrinkage
ST1 - Appendices 311
Young's Modulus is defined from the normal 28 day resistance fck expressed in MPa.
ST1 uses the formulas (see EN1992-1-1 Table 3.1).
fcm fck 8 with: fcm en MPa
fcm
0.3
The average resistance at day j is defined from the average 28 day resistance expressed in MPa.
ST1 uses the formulas (see EC2-1-110.3.1.1) :
f cm f cmp
f cm j f cmp log10 ( j t p 1) if tp< j < 28 days
log10 28 t p 1
fcm ( j ) f c 28 if j > 28 days
with:
fcmp average resistance at the end of treatment (tensioned)
tp age of concrete at the end of treatment (tensioned)
Deformation relative to the shrinkage which develops in the time period (j0,j) is given by the formula
(see EN1992-1-1 (eq. 3.8 3.13) & Appendix B2) :
Total shrinkage cs
cs krd cd kre ca (see eq. 3.8)
kre advanced coefficient (by default =1)
krd advanced coefficient (by default =1)
Desiccation shrinkage cd
cd ( j ) ds j .kh h . cd 0 (see eq. 3.9)
j
ds j (see eq. 3.10)
j 0.04 h3
with:
j age of concrete at time period t calculated in days
h Median radius of the transversal section in mm (2Ac/u)
kh(h) coefficient dependant on the median radius (table 3.3)
kh(100)=1 ; kh(200)=0.85 ; kh(300)=0.75 ; kh(h>500)=0.70
f cm 6
cd 0 0.85 220 110 ds1 .exp ds 2 .10 . RH (see Appendix B2 eq. B11)
f cm 0
RH
3
RH 1.551
(see Appendix B2 eq. B12)
RH 0
with :
fcm average compressive resistance in MPa
fcm0 10 MPa
RH humidity relative to the ambient environement in %
RH0 100 %
ds1 coefficient depending on the type of cement
ds1=3 (classe S) ou 4 (classe N) ou 6 (classe R)
ds2 coefficient depending on the type of cement
ds1=0.13 (classe S) or 0.12 (classe N) or 0.11 (classe R)
Autogenous shrinkage ca
ST1 - Appendices 314
EN1992-1-1 CREEP
Calculating deferred deformations due to creep is carried out by a method of increments (see. p296).
Instantaneous normal deformation on the date j0
c j0 jb
ic j0
Ec
with :
c Constant compressive stress applied on the concrete loading date j0
(described in the section on phasing)
Ec Instantaneous concrete tangent module Ec 1.05Ecm
Section 3.1.4 (2)
Deferred normal deformation
c j0
cc j0 kfe k , j0 . (see eq. 3.6)
Ec
kfe advanced coefficient (by default=1)
k (j,j0) concrete creep coefficient at date j for loading at age j0
Creep coefficient, Sectionc3.1.4 (2)(3)(4)
k , j0 , j0
Appendix B Section B.1 provides the definition of creep coefficient:
j, j0 0 .c j, j0 (see eq. B1)
1 RH / 100
RH 1 1 2 for fcm > 35MPa (see eq. B3b)
0.1 3 h
with :
RH humidity relative to the ambient environment in %
h median radius of the part expressed in mm
h = 2Ac / u (see eq. B6)
Ac right section air
u perimeter of item in contact with atmosphere
f cm
16.8
(see eq. B4)
f cm
1
j0 (see eq. B5)
0.1 j000.2
9
j00 j0T . 1.2
0,5 et j0T j0 (see eq. B9)
2 j0T
j j0
c j, j0
0.3
(see eq. B7)
H j j0
H 1.5 1 0.012 RH h 250 1500 for fcm 35MPa
18
(see eq. B8a)
ST1 - Appendices 316
Loss by pure relaxation is given by the formula (see EN 1992-1-1 3.3.2 eq. 3.28-3.29-3.30 Appendix
C) :
3
1
24 t 4
r (t , ) k1 1000 e k3 . pi
1000
with:
t times expressed in days
pi initial stress in the reinforcement for t = 0
=pi/ f pk guaranteed rupture limits of pre-stressed steel
1000 guaranteed value of loss by relaxation at 1000 h
k1 0.66.10-5 if 1000 2.5 (reinforcing TBR)
1.98.10 -5 if 2.5 1000 < 8
5.39.10-5 if 8.0 1000 (reinforcing RN)
k3 9.1 if 1000 2.5 (reinforcing TBR)
8 if 2.5 1000 < 8
6.7 if 8.0 1000 (reinforcing RN)
EN 19921-1 RELAXATION LOSS DUE TO VARIABLE DEFORMATION
for t to be part of a time period (ti,ti+1) during which the pre-stressed reinforcing is not subject to
deformation, we know that at the beginning of the time period the cumulated loss by relaxation
p(ti) and the stress i in the reinforcing.
We look for an equivalent time period t* which enables passing by stress relaxation i + p(ti) to
stress factor i :
t * , i (ti ) (ti )
for t > ti we calculate the cumulated relaxation loss by replacing:
t by t* + t - ti
by i + p(ti)
(t ) t * t ti , i (ti )
ST1 - Appendices 318
Stress due to relaxation is given in the formula (see EC2-1-1 Section 10.3.2) :
3
1
24 t t eb 4
r (t t eb , ) k1 1000 e k3 . pi
1000
with:
1
teb t pa 1,14max 0 et t pa ( (ti ) 0 ).ti (eq 10.2)
max 0 i
0 20
T(Ti) treatment temperature in degrees of heat between 0 and 80 degrees
Ti time during which temperature T is applied
The other formulas remain the same.
The stress loss in the cable due to the effects of the treatment is given in the formula (see EC2-1-1
Section10.5.2) :
max Ep.b . max 0 1
with:
0 20
p Pre-stressed cable module
b Dilation coefficient of concrete subjected to treatment
Coefficient set at 0.5 in the EC2
ST1 - Appendices 319
Young's Modulus is defined from the normal 28 day resistance fck expressed in MPa.
ST1 uses the formulas (see EN1992-1-1 Table 3.1).
fcm fck 8 with: fcm en MPa
fcm
0.3
The average resistance at day j is defined from the average 28 day resistance expressed in MPa.
ST1 uses the formulas (see EC2-1-110.3.1.1) :
f cm f cmp
f cm j f cmp log10 ( j t p 1) if tp< j < 28 days
log10 28 t p 1
fcm ( j ) f c 28 if j > 28 days
with:
fcmp average resistance at the end of treatment (tensioned)
tp age of concrete at the end of treatment (tensioned)
ST1 - Appendices 321
Deformation relative to shrinkage which develops over a time period (j0,j) is given in the following
formula (see. EN 1992-1-1 and Appendix B2 and EN 1992-2 Appendix B103).
Total shrinkage deformation (EN 1992-1-1)
krd cd kre ca
ret (eq. 3.8)
1 n s
And taking steel into account
krd advanced coefficient (by default =1)
kre advanced coefficient (by default =1)
s relationship of bonded reinforcing to the concrete section (As/B)
n equivalent coefficient Steel/Concrete (Es/Ec)
Deformation due to autogenous shrinkage (EN 1992-2 Appendix B103)
for j-jb < 28 days
if f cm j jb f ck 0.1 alors ca j jb , f ck 0
fcm j jb
if f cm j jb f ck 0.1 alors ca j jb , fck fck 20 . 2.2 0.2 .10
6
fck
for j-jb > 28 days
ca j jb , fck fck 20 . 2.8 1.1e
j jb / 96
.10 6
Calculating deferred deformations due to creep is carried out by a method of increments (cf. p296).
Total deferred creep
kfe ccb kfd ccd
flu
1 n s
kfe, kfd advanced coefficients (by default =1)
s relationship of bonded reinforcing to the concrete section (As/B)
n equivalent coefficient Steel/Concrete (Es/Ec)
Instantaneous deformation at date j0
c j0 jb
ic ( j0 )
Ec
ic instantaneous normal concrete deformation
Ec instantaneous concrete tangent module (Ec = 1.05 Ecm) 3.1.4(2)
c constant compressive stress applied on the concrete loading date j0
Normal deformation deferred by own creep
c ( j0 jb )
ccb j0 b j j0 .
Ec
b j j0 b 0 j j0 . f ( j j0 )
b0 coefficient of concrete creep at date j for concreting on date jb for loading
at age j0
f creep development law
j j0
f ( j j0 )
j j0 bc
concrete without silica fume: b 0 1.4 bc kfc 0.40e3.1 f cm ( j0 )/ f ck
3.6
concrete with silica fume : b 0 bc kfc 0.37e2.8 f cm ( j0 )/ f ck
f cm j0 jb
0.37
B4 DYNAMIQUE
Bibliography:
Elements de Gnie parasimique et de cacul dynamique des structures, Ecole Poytechnique de
Montral, A Filiatrault 1996
Une prsentation de la methode des lments finis- Gour Dhatt-Gilbert Touzot Les presses de
l'universit Laval, Qc, 1981
Dynamics of structures, 2nd edition, Ray Clough, J Penzien, 1993
CIV 6508 - Anayse Dynamique des structures- Ecole Polytechnique de Montral-P Lger, 1994
Dynamique des structures, application aux ouvrages de gnie civil, P. Paultre, Lavoisier, 2005
K M 2
K Stiffness Matrix (n,n)
K M
1
L D L et 1.001
2 T
i
The number of diagonal terms of D ngatif gives the number of eigne mode under the pulsation of the
eigen mode i.
Error on eigen modes:
K i i 2 M i . K i
ST1 - Appendices 325
The shape's functions associated to the dformation for the 6 degrees of freedom for the both ends of a
bar are defined as :
3 9 12
2 8 6 5 11
1 7 4
10
x x
1 x 1 7 x
l l
2 3 2
x x x x
2 x 1 3 2 8 x 3 2
l l l l
2 3 2
x x x x
3 x 1 3 2 9 x 3 2
l l l l
x x
4 x 1 10 x
l
l
2 2
x x x x
5 x 1 11 x 1
l l l l
2 2
x x x x
6 x 1 12 x 1
l l l l
The linear density of a bar can be expressed as :
m x S x
x
S0 S1 S2
2
x x
S x 2 S0 S2 2S1 4S1 S2 3S0 S0
L L
For torsion, the expression is :
m x I x
2
x x
I x 2 I 0 I 2 2 I1 4 I1 I 2 3I 0 I 0
L L
ST1 - Appendices 326
X CQC X
j k
j j ,k X k
8 j k j r k r 3/2
j ,k
1 r 2 2
4 j k r 1 r 2 4 j 2 k 2 r 2
k
r
j
Damping matrix with eigen mode
Nc : number of eigen modes calculated.
c : cut frequency (i.e. the frequency of the highest mode calculated)
The damping matrix is :
n
n n c
c
ST1 - Appendices 327
Edj
1
2
F 2 j .X 2 j F 1 j .X 1 j
1
2 i i 0,...,in
f 2i , j .d 2i , j f 1i , j .d 1i , j
Edij Energy of deformation in the eigen mode j for the under structure "k"
Edjk
1
2 k
1
F 2 j . X 2 j F 1 j . X 1 j f 2i , j .d 2i , j f 1i , j .d 1i , j
2 i k
The equivalent modal damping for the eigen mode j can be written as:
.E k
k
dj
eff , j k
Edj
Annexe
C CONCEPTION
The software ST1 has been design at the CTOA in SETRA, then in DTecITM in CEREMA :
The design has obey to the following developpement history :
- P.Peyrac (Original Design)
- J. Herv (Moving Loads for Eurocode)
- A.L. Millan (Computation core)
- G. Bondonet (Eurocode et Dynamique)