INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences

Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

Chapter Objectives
Introduce the concept of a matrix and consider special
types of matrices.
Define matrix addition and scalar multiplication
operations.
Express a system as a single matrix equation using
matrix multiplication.
Use matrix reduction to solve a linear system.
Solve the theory of homogeneous systems.
Use inverses to solve systems.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

Chapter Outline
6.1) Matrices
6.2) Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
6.3) Matrix Multiplication
6.4) Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
6.5) Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
(continued)
6.6) Inverses

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.1 Matrices
A matrix consisting of m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns is called an mn matrix or a
matrix of size mn.
a11 a12 ... a1n
a ... a2n
21 a12
. . ... .

. . ... .
. . ... .

am1 am 2 ... amn
For the entry aij, we call i the row subscript and j
the column subscript.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices

Example 1 Size of a Matrix

a. The matrix 1 2 0 has size 1 3.
1 6
b. The matrix 5 1 has size 3 2 .
9 4
c. The matrix 7 has size 1 1 .
1 3 7 2 4
d. The matrix 9 11 5 6 8 has size3 5 .

6 2 1 1 1

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices

Equality of Matrices
Matrices A = [aij ] and B = [bij] are equal iff they
have the same size and aij = bij for each i and j.

Transpose of a Matrix
A transpose of an mn matrix A, denoted AT, is
the nm matrix whose ith row is the ith column of A.

Example 3 Transpose of a Matrix

If A
1 2 3 T
, find A .
4 5 6
1 4
Solution: AT 2 5
3 6 Observe that A
T T
A.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Matrix Addition
Sum A + B is the m n matrix obtained by adding
corresponding entries of A and B.

Example 1 Matrix Addition

a. 1 2 7 2 1 7 2 2 8 0
3 4 6 4 3 6 4 4 3 8

5 6 3 0 5 3 6 0 8 6

1 2 2
b. 3 4 1 is impossible as matrices are not of the same

size.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Example 3 Demand Vectors for an Economy

Demand vectors for the consumers are
D1 3 2 5 D2 0 17 1 D3 4 6 12
Demand vectors for the industries are
DC 0 1 4 DE 20 0 8 DS 30 5 0
What is the total demand for consumers and the
industries?
Solution:
D1 D2 D3 3 2 5 0 17 1 4 6 12 7 25 18
DC DE DS 0 1 4 20 0 8 30 5 0 50 6 12

Total: 7 25 18 50 6 12 57 31 30
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Scalar Multiplication
If A is an mn matrix and k is a real number, then kA is
obtained by multiplying each entry in A by k.
Properties of Scalar Multiplication:

Subtraction of Matrices
If A is any matrix, then A is called the negative of A:
A 1A
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Example 5 Matrix Subtraction

a. 2 6 6 2 2 6 6 2 4 8
4 1 4 1 4 4 1 1 8 0

3 2 0 3 3 0 2 3 3 1

6 0 3 3
b. If A and B , then
2 1 1 2

6 2
A 2B
T

0 1

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.3 Matrix Multiplication

AB is the m p matrix C whose entry cij is given by
n
cij aik bkj ai1b1 j ai 2b2 j ... ain bnj
k 1

Example 1 Sizes of Matrices and Their Product

A = 3 5 matrix
B = 5 3 matrix
AB = 3 3 matrix but BA = 5 5 matrix.

C = 3 5 matrix
D = 7 3 matrix
CD =2011
undefined but DC = 7 5 matrix.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 3 Matrix Products

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a. 1 2 35 32
6

1 1 6
21 6 2 12
b.
3 3 18

1 3 0 1 0 2
2 2 1 5 1 3 1
c.
1 0 4 2 1 2 10

d. a11 a12 b11 b12 a11b11 a12 b21 a11b12 a12 b22
a b a b a b
21 a22 21 b22 21 11 22 21 a b
21 12 a22 22
b
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 5 Cost Vector

Given the price and the quantities, calculate the total
cost. 7 units of A
P 2 3 4 Q 5 units of B
11 units of C
Solution:
The cost vector is
7
PQ 2 3 4 5 73
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 7 Associative Property

1 0
1 2 3 0 1
If A B C 0 2
3 4 1 1 2 1 1

compute ABC in two ways.

Solution 1: Solution 2: 1 0
1 0 1 2 3 0 1

ABC
1 2 3
1
0 1
0 2

AB C 0 2

1 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1
1 1
3 4

1 2 2 1 4 9 1 0
1 2 5 4 9
3 4 3 4 6 19 0 2 6 19
5 4 11 1 1

Note that A(BC) = (AB)C.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 9 Raw Materials and Cost

Find QRC when 2500
1200
5 20 16 7 17
Q 5 7 12 R 7 18 12 9 21 C 800

6 25 8 5 13 150
1500
Solution:
2500

5 20 16 7 17 1200 75850
RC 7 18 12 9 21 800 81550

6 25 8 5 13 150 71650
1500

75850
QRC QRC 5 7 1281550
71650
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 11 Matrix Operations Involving I and O

3 2 52 51 1 0 0 0
If A B 1 3
I O
1 4 10 10 0 1 0 0

compute each of the following.

Solution:
1 0 3 2 2 2
a. I A
0 1 1 4 1 3
3 2 1 0 3 2 2 0 3 6
b. 3A 2I 3 2
3

3 6
1 4 0 1 1 4 0 2
3 2 0 0
c. AO O
1 4 0 0
3 2 52 51 1 0
d. AB 1 3
I
1 4 10 10 0 1
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 13 Matrix Form of a System Using Matrix Multiplication

2x 5 x2 4
Write the system 1
8 x1 3 x 2 7
in matrix form by using matrix multiplication.

Solution:
2 5 x1 4
If A X B
8 3 x2 7

then the single matrix equation is

AX B
2 5 x1 4
8 3 x 7
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

Elementary Row Operations
1. Interchanging two rows of a matrix
2. Multiplying a row of a matrix by a nonzero number
3. Adding a multiple of one row of a matrix to a
different row of that matrix

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

Properties of a Reduced Matrix

All zero-rows at the bottom.
For each nonzero-row, leading entry is 1 and all
other entries in the column of the leading entry
are zero.
Leading entry in each row is to the right of the
leading entry in any row above it.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

Example 1 Reduced Matrices

For each of the following matrices, determine whether
it is reduced or not reduced.
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
a. b. c.
0 3 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 3
0 0 0
d. e.0 0 0 f.0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Solution:
a. Not reduced b. Reduced
c. Not reduced d.
e. f.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

Example 3 Solving a System by Reduction

By using matrix reduction, solve the system
2 x 3 y 1

2x y 5
x y 1

Solution:
Reducing the augmented coefficient matrix of the
system,
2 3 1 1 0 4

2 1 5 0 1 3
1 1 1 0 0 0

x4
We have
y 3
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

Example 5 Parametric Form of a Solution

Using matrix reduction, solve
2 x1 3x2 2 x3 6 x4 10

x2 2 x3 x4 2
3x1 3x3 6 x4 9
Solution:
Reducing the matrix of the system,
2 3 2 6 10 1 0 0 52 4

0 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0
3 0 3 6 9 0 0 1 21 1

x1 4 52 x 4
We have and x4 takes on any real value.
x2 0
x 1 1 x
3 2 4

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.5 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

(continued)
Example 1 Two-Parameter Family of Solutions
Using matrix reduction, solve
x1 2x2 5 x3 5 x 4 3

x1 x2 3 x3 4 x 4 1
x x x 2x 3
1 2 3 4

Solution:
1 0 1 3 1
The matrix is reduced to 0
1 2 1 2
0 0 0 0 0

The solution is x1 1 r 3s
x 2 2r s
2

x3 r
x 4 s
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.5 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices (Continue)

The system a11x1 a12 x 2 ... a1n x n c1

.


.

.
.


am1x1 am 2 x 2 ... amn x n c m
is called a homogeneous system if c1 = c2 =
= cm = 0.
The system is non-homogeneous if at least one
of the cs is not equal to 0.
Concept for number of solutions (homogeneous):
1. k < n infinite solutions k: nonzero-rows
n: unknowns
2. k = n unique solution
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.5 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices (Continue)

Example 3 Number of Solutions of a Homogeneous System

Determine whether the system has a unique solution

or infinitely many solutions.
x y 2z 0

2 x 2y 4z 0
Solution:
2 equations (k), homogeneous system, 3 unknowns
(n).
The system has infinitely many solutions.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.6 Inverses
If A is a square matrix and there exists a matrix C
such that CA = I, then C is an inverse of A and A
is invertible.

Example 1 Inverse of a Matrix

1 2 7 2
Let A and C 3 1 . Determine whether C is
3 7
an inverse of A.

Solution: 7 2 1 2 1 0
CA I
3 1 3 7 0 1
Thus, matrix C is an inverse of A.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.6 Inverses

Method to Find the Inverse of a Matrix

When matrix is reduced, A I R B ,
- If R = I, A is invertible and A1 = B.
- If R I, A is not invertible (A1 does not exist).
Example 3 Determining the Invertibility of a Matrix
1 0
Determine if A is invertible.
2 2
Solution: We have
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
A I 2 2 0 1
1 1
I B
0 1 2

1 1 0
Matrix A is invertible where A 1
1 2

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.6 Inverses

Example 5 Using the Inverse to Solve a System

Solve the system by finding the inverse of the
coefficient matrix. x1 2 x3 1

4 x1 2 x2 x3 2
x 2 x 10 x 1
1 2 3
Solution:
1 0 2
We have A 4 2 1
1 2 10
9 2 2
For inverse, A1 412 4 92
5 1 1
x1 9 2 2 1
x 41 4 9 2
The solution is given by X = A1B: 2 2 2
x3 5 1 1 1

So, x1 = , x2 = and x3 =
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 FINAL EXAM 2013/2014 SEM 2
A veterinarian can purchase animal food of 4 different types, A, B, C,
and D. Each food comes in the same size bag, and the number of
grams of each of three nutrients in each bag are summarized in the
following table. Use this information to answer the questions that
follow.

Food
A B C D
N1 5 5 10 5
Nutrient: N2 10 5 30 10
N3 5 15 10 25

For one animal, she determines that she needs to combine these
bags to get 6,000g of N1, 12,000g of N2, and 11,000g of N3. Use the
method of matrix algebra to calculate how many bags of each type of
food should she order?

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Tutorial 12

Problems 6.1: Q24

Problems 6.2: Q40, Q42
(Q42: what is the change in sales between
2007 and 2010)

Problems 6.3: Q66

Problems 6.4: Q28, Q30
Problems 6.5: Q24
Problems 6.6: Q42

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