3) Compare the public-policy environment and challenges in U.

S and
Malaysia?

Policy making cannot adequately be studied apart from the environment or

context in which it occurs. This is because at the same time, the environment itself,
both directly limiting what the policy makers can effectively do and it also it
formulate based on the uniqueness of basic value, believe, structural of social,
economic, and politics (James, 2011) . For example, the environment, broadly
viewed, includes geographic characteristics such as climate, natural resources and
topography and demographic variables, such as population size, age distribution,
racial composition and spatial composition, political culture, social culture or the
class systems and the economic. It is important understand how policy are made
because it is important in shaping the public policy. However, every nation and
society has their different of public policy environment the from those other nations
and countries, so do Malaysia and U.S that will explained further in this report.

Firstly, is social structure. Malaysia has different multi ethnic, cultural and
lingual. Policy makers should thinking of multi-ethnic diversity in Malaysia so that it
will be relevant to the people and cultures in Malaysia and there is no bias exists
among the people because every citizen has equal rights. In addition to the varied
culture also led to differences of opinion and way of thinking in every ethnic.
Somehow in U.S there is a social class in the hierarchy which is the capitalist group,
upper middle and lower middle class. The capitalist group considered "a group of
people who organize to influence public policy" and this group also has dominated
the American people because these group of people who are important to make U.S
become more progressive country. Furthermore, interest groups also are
associations of individuals or organisations that on the basis of one or more shared
concerns, attempts to influence public policy in its favour usually by lobbying
members of the government.

Secondly, the differentiation of economic system. According to the Malaysian

Economic System, Malaysia has practices mixed economy system where it is an
economic system resulting from the mix between the capitalist system and the
socialist system. Through this system, the government and the private sector work
together to create a fairer market and government policies are enacted
comprehensive with all the stakeholders including private sector or private.
Government as an administrator, however, can intervene in the market as well as
economic and financial affairs when the need arises.

Lastly the differentiation in terms of political system between Malaysia and

U.S. . In the United States freedom of its people can be seen when the formation or
constitutional amendment called the "Bill of Rights" that describes the freedom of
US citizens and they are also free to voice out their opinions and their views either
in the media or newspapers as the media are given the freedom to write whatever
as long as it does not threaten national security. On the other hand the Malaysia
media held by the government and media shall not broadcast any news that may be
considered to undermine the government or will causing of chaos occurs between
people such as the racial riots of May 13, 1969 that happened due to the spread of
media that caused most of the countries hit by this problem when media are not
controlled and freely express their views. On the other hand, Malaysia has a multi-
ethnic society and the various writing systems and when the media are not
controlled they can spread the propaganda according to their own taste thus,
Malaysia took the initiative to control freedom of speech especially through media.
Thus according to U.S Department of State, said that the United States has a better
democracy because freedom is practiced in that country. However, it does not
mean that other countries are not democratic, but all this is done to ensure that the
administration and security of the country. The main challenges are to U.S citizens
when given the freedom could threaten national security.

In conclusion, based on the explanation above, it can be seen that the United
States and Malaysia have some differences and some similarities in terms of
governance. Differences and similarities are just as a process for administering and
governing the country more effectively and enable a safe and secure country in
accordance with government-run system. Furthermore, this is also because of the
differentiation of the social structure and economic structure that different from
each other As a result the challenges for both country he wide variety of
influencing factors that tend to pull and push policy in different directions, public
policy change often happens slow and , slowing the development and
implementation of new policy and tending to lead to incremental rather than radical
changes in public policy and each other has its own unique differences and
challenges in formulating policy because nee to take concern about the condition of
their country.