SOFT-JAR-2009

N0011 2009

POLYNOMIAL RAISED TO THE ARBITRARY EXPONENT,

VILLAREAL METHOD

AVALOS RODRIGUEZ JESUS
A

Abstract. The power of polynomials had been studied long time ago, but
a original method that usually does not show is the Villareals method in a
power of polynomials. This article shows briefly this peruvian method.
Key Words: Villareal method, polynomials raised to the arbitrary exponent.

1. Introduction
Federico Villareal V. (Lambayeque-Peru, 1850 - Lima, 1923) was a scientist,
engineer and peruvian politician. However, the most important here is that he was
mathematician. His method is called originally Elevaci on de Polinomios a una
potencia cualquiera (Metodo de Villareal ).
Let
am xm + am1 xm1 + ... + a3 x3 + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 ,
is a complete and ordered polynomial respect to the variable x, and it can be raised
to the n-th power, which n N. We shall want that the degree of this power will
be mn.
bmn xmn + bmn1 xmn1 + ... + b3 x3 + b2 x2 + b1 x + b0 ,
in other words
(1.1) (am xm + am1 xm1 + ... + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 )n =
bmn xmn + bmn1 xmn1 + ... + b3 x3 + b2 x2 + b1 x + b0
where am , am1 , ..., a2 , a1 , a0 R, we can find the coefficients bmn , bmn1 , ...,
b3 , b2 , b1 and b0 using the Leibnizs method (indeterminate coefficients).
Making
(1.2) G(x) = am xm + am1 xm1 + ... + a3 x3 + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0
(1.3) F (x) = bmn xmn + bmn1 xmn1 + ... + b3 x3 + b2 x2 + b1 x + b0 ,

Date: November 11th. 2009

A. E-mail address: jeshua w7@yahoo.es.
Dedicated to my God Jehovah.
Keep yourselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal
life. Jude.21.
84
 POLYNOMIAL RAISED TO THE ARBITRARY EXPONENT, VILLAREAL METHOD 85

then, from the equation 1.1, we can write

(1.4) (G(x))n = F (x)
we can find from
(1.5) n(G(x))n1 G0 (x) = F 0 (x)
and it can be multiplied by G(x)

(1.6) n(G(x))n G0 (x) = F 0 (x)G(x),

where
G0 (x) = mam xm1 + (m 1)am1 xm2 + ... + 3a3 x2 + 2a2 x + a1
F 0 (x) = mnbmn xmn1 + (mn 1)bmn1 xmn2 + ... + 3b3 x2 + 2b2 x + b1 .
Then
nF (x)G0 (x) = na1 b0 + (na1 b1 + 2na2 b0 )x + (na1 + 2na2 b1 + 3na3 b0 )x2 + ...
+(na1 bmn + 2na2 bmn1 + 3na3 bmn2 + 4na4 bmn3 + ...)xmn ,

F 0 (x)G(x) = a0 b1 + (2a0 b2 + a1 b1 )x + (3a0 b3 + 2a1 b2 + a2 b1 )x2 + ...

+(a1 (mn)bmn + a2 (mn 1)bmn1 + a3 (mn 2)bmn2 + ...)xmn .
Comparing the terms above, we get
na1 b0 = a0 b1 , then
 
(n + 1) 1 a1
b1 = b0 .
1 a0
na1 b1 + 2na2 b0 = 2a0 b2 + a1 b1 , then
   
(n + 1) 2 a1 2(n + 1) 2 a2
b2 = b1 + b0 .
2 a0 2 a0
na1 b2 + 2na2 b1 + 3na3 b0 = 3na0 b3 + 2a1 b2 + a2 b1 , then
     
(n + 1) 3 a1 2(n + 1) 3 a2 3(n + 1) 3 a3
b3 = b2 + b1 + b0 .
3 a0 3 a0 3 a0
and the last term
na1 bmn1 + 2na2 bmn2 + 3na3 bmn3 + 4na4 bmn4 + ... = a0 (mn)bmn +
a1 (mn 1)bmn1 + a2 (mn 2)bmn2 + a3 (mn 3)bmn3 ...
   
(n + 1) mn a1 2(n + 1) mn a2
bmn = bmn1 + bmn2 +
mn a0 mn a0
   
3(n + 1) mn a3 4(n + 1) mn a4
+ bmn3 + bmn4 + ...
mn a0 mn a0
By induction, we can write
k1
X  (k j)(n + 1) k   akj 
(1.7) bk = bj ,
j=0
k a0
where k = 1, 2, ..., mn; and an0 = b0 . This formula permit us to calculate with
an easy way the coefficients of the polynomial F (x), which was called Villareal
Polynomial, and (1.7) is called the Recurring Villareals Formula.
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AVALOS RODRIGUEZ JESUS

2. Examples:
We shall see some examples in which we will show how easy is use the Villareals
method
Example 2.1. Let (x + 2)2 .

First of all, we have to know if this polynomial is completed and ordered. Then,
we identify the its coefficients, a0 = 2, a1 = 1. Seeking for the coefficients of the
development b0 = 4.
For k = 1
0   
X (1 j)(2 + 1) 1 a1j
b1 = bj ,
j=0
1 a0

b1 = 4.
For k = 2
1   
X (2 j)(2 + 1) 2 a2j
b2 = bj ,
j=0
2 a0

b2 = 1.
Therefore,
(x + 2)2 = 1 + 4x + x2
Example 2.2. Let (3x2 + 2x + 1)3 .
The coefficients are a0 = 1, a1 = 2 and a2 = 3, b0 = 1, and k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
For k = 1
0   
X (1 j)(3 + 1) 1 a1j
b1 = bj ,
j=0
1 a0

b1 = 6.
For k = 2
1   
X (2 j)(3 + 1) 2 a2j
b2 = bj ,
j=0
2 a0

b2 = 21.
For k = 3
2   
X (3 j)(3 + 1) 3 a3j
b3 = bj ,
j=0
3 a0

b3 = 44.
For k = 4
3   
X (4 j)(3 + 1) 4 a4j
b4 = bj ,
j=0
4 a0

b4 = 63.
 POLYNOMIAL RAISED TO THE ARBITRARY EXPONENT, VILLAREAL METHOD 87

For k = 5
4   
X (5 j)(3 + 1) 5 a5j
b5 = bj ,
j=0
5 a0

b5 = 54.
For k = 6
5   
X (6 j)(3 + 1) 6 a6j
b6 = bj ,
j=0
6 a0

b6 = 27.
Therefore,
(3x2 + 2x + 1)3 = 1 + 6x + 21x2 + 44x3 + 63x4 + 54x5 + 27x6
Example 2.3. Let (5x4 4x3 y 2 + 3x2 y 2 5xy 3 + y 4 )5 .
This is an ordered and complete polynomial respect to the variable x, then the
coefficients are a0 = y 4 , a1 = 5y 3 , a2 = 3y 2 , a3 = 4y 2 , and a4 = 5; b0 = y 20 ,
and k = 1, 2, ..., 19, 20.
For k = 1
0   
X (1 j)(5 + 1) 1 a1j
b1 = bj ,
j=0
1 a0

b1 = 25y 19 .
For k = 2
1   
X (2 j)(5 + 1) 2 a2j
b2 = bj ,
j=0
2 a0

b2 = 265y 18 .
For k = 3
2   
X (3 j)(5 + 1) 3 a3j
b3 = bj ,
j=0
3 a0

b3 = 1570y 17.
For k = 4
3   
X (4 j)(5 + 1) 4 a4j
b4 = bj ,
j=0
4 a0

b4 = 5890y 16.
For k = 5
4   
X (5 j)(5 + 1) 5 a5j
b5 = bj ,
j=0
5 a0

b5 = 15715y 15.
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AVALOS RODRIGUEZ JESUS

For k = 6
5   
X (5 j)(5 + 1) 6 a6j
b6 = bj ,
j=0
6 a0

b6 = 34205y 14.
For k = 7
6   
X (5 j)(5 + 1) 7 a7j
b7 = bj ,
j=0
7 a0

b7 = 65330y 13.
In the same way the rest of the coefficients
b8 = 107120y 12, b9 = 154575y 11, b10 = 203613y 10, b11 238110y 9,
b12 = 249475y 8, b13 = 240610y 7, b14 = 204940y 6, b15 = 154724y 5,
b16 = 106775y 4, b17 = 61625y 3, b18 = 29375y 2, b19 12500y, b20 = 3125.
Therefore, the power of the polynomial is
(5x4 4x3 y 2 + 3x2 y 2 5xy 3 + y 4 )5 = y 20 25xy 19 + 265x2 y 18 1570x3 y 17 + 5890x4y 16
15715x5y 15 + 34205x6y 14 65330x7 y 13 + 107120x8y 12
154575x9y 11 + 203613x10y 10 238110x11y 9 + 249475x12y 8
240610x13y 7 + 204940x14y 6 154724x15y 4 61625x17y 3
+29375x18y 2 12500x19y + 3125x20 .

References
[1] http://www.monografias.com/trabajos16/elevacion-polinomios/elevacion-polinomios.shtml.