5/1/2017 ACPowerTransmissionOpenElectrical

ACPowerTransmission
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1 Introduction
2 PowerAngleRelationship
3 SteadyStateVoltageStabilityLimits
4 RelatedTopics

Introduction
ConsiderthefollowingmodeldepictingthetransferofACpowerbetweentwobusesacrossaline:

Figure1.SimpleACpowertransmissionmodel

j
WhereVs = Vs e 1
isthevoltageandphaseangleatthesendingend
j
Vr = Vr e isthevoltageandphaseangleatthereceivingend
2

Z isthecompleximpedanceoftheline.
Vs Vr
I = isthecurrentphasor
Z

ThecomplexACpowertransmittedtothereceivingendbuscanbecalculatedasfollows:

S = Vr I

Atthisstage,theimpedanceispurposelyundefinedandinthefollowingsections,twodifferentlineimpedance
modelswillbeintroducedtoillustratethefollowingfundamentalfeaturesofACpowertransmission:

Thepoweranglerelationship
PVcurvesandsteadystatevoltagestability

PowerAngleRelationship
Initssimplestform,weneglectthelineresistanceandcapacitanceandrepresentthelineaspurelyinductive,i.e.
Z = jL = jX .Thepowertransferacrossthelineistherefore:

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Vs Vr
S = Vr [ ]
jX

j j j
Vr e 2
(Vs e 1
Vr e 2
)
=
jX

2
Vs Vr j( )
Vr
= j e 2 1
j
X X

Vs Vr Vr
= sin + j (Vs cos Vr )
X X

Where = 2 1 iscalledthepowerangle,whichisthephasedifferencebetweenthevoltagesonbus1and
bus2.

Wecanseethatactiveandreactivepowertransfercanbecharacterisedasfollows:

Vs Vr
P = sin
X

Vr
Q = (Vs cos Vr )
X

Plottingtheactivepowertransferforvariousvaluesof ,weget:

Figure2.Activepowertransfercharacteristicforalosslessline

ThefigureaboveisoftenusedtoarticulatethePowerAngleRelationship.Wecanseethatinthissimplemodel,
powerwillonlyflowwhenthereisaphasedifferencebetweenthevoltagesatthesendingandreceivingends.
Moreover,thereisatheoreticallimittohowmuchpowercanbetransmittedthroughaline(shownherewhenthe
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phasedifferenceis90o).Thislimitwillbearecurringthemeintheselinemodels,i.e.lineshavenaturalcapacity
limitsonhowmuchpowertheycantransmit.

SteadyStateVoltageStabilityLimits
Thelossless(L)linemodelcanbemademorerealisticbyaddingaresistivecomponent,i.e.
j
Z = R + jX = Z e .Thepowertransferacrossthelineistherefore:

Vs Vr
S = Vr [ ]
R + jX

j j j
Vr e 2 (Vs e 1 Vr e 2 )
=
j
Ze

2
Vs Vr j( )
Vr j
= e 2 1
e
Z Z

Fromtheaboveequation,theactiveandreactivepowertransfercanbeshowntobe:
2
Vs Vr Vr
P = cos( ) cos
Z Z

2
Vs Vr Vr
Q = sin( ) sin
Z Z

Fromtheactivepowerequation,wecansolveforthevoltageatbus2usingthequadraticequation,i.e.:

b b2 4ac
Vr = ,
2a

cos
Wherea =
Z

Vs
b = cos( )
Z
c = P

Bykeepingthevoltageatbus1,powerangleandlineimpedanceconstant,wecanplottheeffectofincreasingthe
activepoweronthevoltageatbus2onaPVcurve:

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Figure3.PVCurveatBus2foraRLline

ThePVcurveshowsthatthevoltageatbus2fallsastheactivepowerloadingincreases.Thevoltagefallsuntilit
hitsacriticalpoint(around2.7puloading)wherethequadraticequationisnolongersolvable.Thisisreferredtoas
the"nosepoint"or"pointofvoltagecollapse",andisthetheoreticalsteadystatestabilitylimitoftheline.

RelatedTopics
PowerFlow
SimplePowerFlowExample
OverheadLineModels

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