5/1/2017 OverheadLineModelsOpenElectrical

OverheadLineModels
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1 Introduction
2 TaxonomyofOverheadLineModels
3 SelectinganAppropriateLineModel
4 RelatedTopics

Introduction
Thisarticledescribesthemostcommonoverheadline(OHL)modelsusedinpowersystemsanalysis.Byline
models,wemeanequivalentcircuitscomposedofelementaryseriesandshuntimpedances(i.e.resistances,
inductances,capacitancesandconductances).Thecalculationoftheseimpedances(i.e.basedongeometricaland
materialconsiderations)iscoveredelsewhereinthesectiononOverheadLineConstants.

Sowhyevenbotherwithhavingarangelinemodelsisn'toneenough?Theproblemisthatthereareseveral
characteristicsoftransmissionlinesthatcomplicatesthemodellingoflines,forinstance:

Thelineimpedancesarenotlumped,butdistributedcontinuouslyoverthelengthoftheline.The
interactionofinductancesandcapacitancesisthereforedifferentwhenconsideringalineashaving
lumpedparametersversusdistributedparameters.

Thegeometryofoverheadlineconductors/subbundles(phaseandearth)arenotalwayssymmetrical
andtherefore,asinglephase,singleconductorequivalentcircuitisnotalwaysappropriate.Insuch
cases,multiconductormodelsmayberequired.

Fortransientstudies(especiallythosecoveringhigherfrequencies),thelineparameterscanhave
significantfrequencydependencies(inparticulartheseriesresistanceandinductance).Forexample,
theskineffect(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect)leadstoincreasedresistancesathigherAC
frequencies.Thisnecessitatestheuseoffrequencydependentlinemodels.

Thefactorslistedaboveimplythatthemostaccuratelinemodelwouldhavedistributedparameters,befullymulti
conductortoallowforasymmetricalgeometriesandimperfectlinetranspositions,andcapturethefrequency
dependenciesoftheline.Suchlinemodelsexist,buttheyarerelativelycomplicatedandoften,muchsimpler
alternativescanbeuseddependingontheapplication.

TaxonomyofOverheadLineModels
LineModel Applications Properties Remarks
Steady Single Lossless(L)
State Phase Line Hand Lumped Reallyonly
(Frequency Models calculations parameters usefulforfirst
Domain) Teaching Lossless pass
Models purposes approximations
http://wiki.openelectrical.org/index.php?title=Overhead_Line_Models 1/5
5/1/2017 OverheadLineModelsOpenElectrical

Veryshort andteaching
lines (e.g.power
angle
relationship)

Lumped
Lossless
Rarelyused parameters
(LC)Line
Lossless

Lumped
Lowvoltage parameters
Usefulfor
networks Includeslosses
RLLine explainingPV
Shortlines Shunt
curves
(<10km) capacitancenot
included

Balanced
systems
Medium
length A"T"circuitis
Lumped
Nominal transposed alsosometimes
parameters
Line lines usedinsteadofa
Includeslosses
(<250km) " "circuit
Preliminary
EMTstudies
onshortlines

Seealsothe
Equivalent
Line
Cannotbeused
Balanced directlyinEMT
Distributed systems Distributed studiessince
Parameter Long parameters propagation
Line transposed Includeslosses constantand
lines characteristic
impedanceare
complexand
frequency
dependent

Multi Nominal
Conductor Line Unbalanced Lumped Kronreduced
Models systems parameters modelsare
Medium Includeslosses typicallyusedto
length reduce
untransposed impedancesand

http://wiki.openelectrical.org/index.php?title=Overhead_Line_Models 2/5
5/1/2017 OverheadLineModelsOpenElectrical

lines admittancesto3
(<250km) x3matrices
EMTstudies
onshortlines

Unbalanced
ForEMT
systems
studies,cascaded
Longer
Cascaded Lumped linesare
untransposed
Nominal parameters computationally
lines
Line Includeslosses moreexpensive
EMTstudies
thantravelling
onmedium
wavemodels
lengthlines

Cannotbeused
directlyinEMT
studiessince
Unbalanced Distributed
propagation
Distributed systems parameters
constantand
Parameter Long Includeslosses
characteristic
Line untransposed Modal
impedanceare
lines transformation
complexand
frequency
dependent

Travelling
Wave Notfrequency Singlephase
(Time dependent modeldoesnot
Domain) Lossesare capturefull
Models Bergeron Preliminary capturedas threephase
LineModel EMTstudies lumped natureofthe
resistancesat line,e.g.inter
themiddleand phasecoupling
endsoftheline andunbalances
Single
Phase
Models
Singlephase
modeldoesnot
capturefull
Frequency
Frequency threephase
Dependent Rarelyused
dependent natureofthe
LineModel
line,e.g.inter
phasecoupling
andunbalances

Multi Bergeron
Conductor LineModel EMTstudies Notfrequency Modelis
Models withslow dependent initialisedwitha
medium Lossesare representative
capturedas frequency/
http://wiki.openelectrical.org/index.php?title=Overhead_Line_Models 3/5
5/1/2017 OverheadLineModelsOpenElectrical

transient lumped traveltimeofthe

frequencies resistancesat transientunder
themiddleand investigation
endsoftheline

Frequency
dependent
Canbeamodal
EMTstudies orphase
where domainmodel
Frequency frequency Modal
Dependent dependenceis formulations
LineModel significant canhave
(e.g.veryfast frequency
transients) dependent
transformation
matrices(e.g.
L.Martimodel)

SelectinganAppropriateLineModel
Keyconsiderationsforselectingasuitablelinemodel:

Application:whatkindofanalysisisbeingdone?e.g.powerflow,stability,EMT,etc.Forstatic
studiessuchaspowerflows,simplefaultstudies,etc,thensteadystate(frequencydomain)modelsare
appropriate.Steadystatemodelsarealsosuitablefordynamicsimulationsthatareonlyconcerned
withelectromechanicaltransients(e.g.transientstabilityandmotorstarting)ratherthan
electromagnetictransients(e.g.switchingandlightningstudies).
LineLength:simplermodelscanbeusedforshorterlines
LoadunbalanceandTranspositions:multiconductorlinemodelsshouldbeusedforlonger
untransposedlinesandsystemswithsignificantimbalances
Levelofdetail:isitapreliminaryoradetailedstudy?
Accuracyofinputdata:whatkindofinputdataisavailable?

RelatedTopics
ACPowerTransmission
SinglePhaseLineModels
MulticonductorLineModels
DistributedParameterLineModel
TravellingWaveLineModel
BergeronLineModel
FrequencyDependentLineModel

Retrievedfrom"http://wiki.openelectrical.org/index.php?title=Overhead_Line_Models&oldid=364"

Categories: Modelling/Analysis OverheadLines

http://wiki.openelectrical.org/index.php?title=Overhead_Line_Models 4/5
5/1/2017 OverheadLineModelsOpenElectrical

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon17February2017,at21:44.

http://wiki.openelectrical.org/index.php?title=Overhead_Line_Models 5/5