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SinglePhaseLineModels
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Contents
1 ABCDParameters(GeneralisedLineConstants)
2 Lossless(L)Line
3 RLLine
4 Lossless(LC)Line
5 Nominal

Line
6
DistributedParameterLine
7 Equivalent

Line
8
RelatedTopics

ABCDParameters(GeneralisedLineConstants)
Considertheoverheadlinerepresentedasatwoportnetwork(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twoport_network)of
theform:

Figure1.Twoportnetworkrepresentation

Where

Vs

isthevoltageatthesendingend
Vs
Vr

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isthevoltageatthereceivingend
Vr
Is

isthecurrentatthesendingend
Is
Ir

isthecurrentatthereceivingend
Ir
Supposethesystemcanberepresentedsuchthatthesendingendquantitiescanbewrittenasalinearfunctionof
thereceivingendquantities,i.e.

V s = AV r + BI r

Vs = AVr + BI r
I s = CV r + DI r

I s = C Vr + DI r
Wherethattheparameters

,
A
B

,
B
C

and
C
D

areconstants(whichcanbeeitherrealorcomplex).TheseconstantsarecalledtheABCDparametersoftheline.
Sometimes,theyarereferredtoasGeneralisedLineConstants.
D

Inmatrixform,theABCDparametersarerepresentedasfollows:

[ ] [ ][ ]
Vs A C Vr
=
Is B D Ir

Vs A C Vr
[ ] = [ ][ ]
Lossless(L)Line
I B D
s
Ir

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Figure2.Losslesslinemodel

Initssimplestform,weneglectthelineresistanceandcapacitanceandrepresentthelineaspurelyinductive,i.e.
thelineimpedance

Z = jL = X L

.
Z = jL = XL
AnalysingthiscircuitusingKirchhoff'slaws(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws),weget:

V s = V r + X LI r

Vs = Vr + XL I r
Is = Ir

Is = Ir
ThereforetheABCDparametersofthelossless(L)lineinmatrixformare:

[ ] [ ][ ]
Vs 1 XL Vr
=
Is 0 1 Ir

Vs 1 XL Vr
[ ] = [ ][ ]
RLLine
I s
0 1 Ir

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Figure3.RLlinemodel

Thelossless(L)linemodelcanbemademorerealisticbyaddingaresistivecomponent,i.e.

Z = R + jL

.
Z = R + jL
Usingthesamelogicasthelossless(L)lineabove,thesendingendquantitiescanbecalculatedas:

V s = V r + ZI r

Vs = Vr + Z I r
Is = Ir

Is = Ir
ThereforetheABCDparametersoftheRLlineinmatrixformare:

[ ] [ ][ ]
Vs 1 Z Vr
=
Is 0 1 Ir

Vs 1 Z Vr
[ ] = [ ][ ]
Lossless(LC)Line
I 0 1s Ir

We'vesofarneglectedcapacitancesinourline,butathighervoltagesandlongerlinelengths,theeffectofshunt
capacitancesbecomesmoresignificant.SowenowconsideralosslessLClineoftheform:

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Figure4.Lossless(LC)transmissionlinemodel

Theinductanceandcapacitancecanberepresentedasareactanceandsusceptanceasfollows:

X L = jL

Y C = jC

AnalysingthiscircuitusingKirchhoff'slaws(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws),weget:

V s = V r + X LI r

I s = Y CV s + I r

(
= Y CV r + 1 + X LY C I r )
ThereforetheABCDparametersoftheLClineinmatrixformare:

[][ ][ ]
Vs 1 XL Vr
=
Is YC 1 + X LY C Ir

Nominal

Line
Thesocalled"Nominal

"modelisanextensionofthelosslessLClinewhereaseriesresistanceisaddedandtheshuntcapacitancesare
balanced(i.e.halfateachendoftheline).

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Figure5.Nominal

transmissionlinemodel

Theserieselementscanberepresentedasanimpedanceandtheshuntcapacitancesassusceptancesasfollows:

Z = R + jL

Y
2
= j
C
2 ()
Beforeweanalysethecircuit,itisworthnotingfromKirchhoff'scurrentlaw(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchho
ff%27s_circuit_laws)thatthecurrentacrosstheseriesimpedance

is:

Y
Iz = Ir + Vr
2

AnalysingthiscircuitusingKirchhoff'slaws(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws),weget:

V s = V r + ZI z

Substitutingin

Iz

(
Y
Vs = Vr + Z Ir + Vr
2 )
(
= 1+
ZY
2 ) V r + ZI r

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Y Y
Is = Vs + V + Ir
2 2 r

=
Y
2 [( 1+
ZY
2 )
V r + ZI r + ] Y
V + Ir
2 r

=Y 1+
( ZY
4 ) ( Vr + 1 +
ZY
2 )
Ir

ThereforetheABCDparametersofthenominal

lineinmatrixformare:

[ ( )
]]
ZY

[] [
1+ 2 Z
Vs Vr
=
Is Ir
( )( )
Y 1+ 4
ZY ZY
1+ 2

DistributedParameterLine
Refertothedistributedparametermodelarticleforthedetailedderivationofthemodel.

Themodelsabovehavebeen"lumped",suchthatthelinehasbeenrepresentedbylumpedR,LandCelements.
Howeverinreality,theR,LandCelementsaredistributedalongthelengthoftheline.Sonowlet'sconsidera
distributedparametermodelwherethevoltageandcurrentatanypoint

alongtheline(relativetothereceivingendbus)aregivenbythefollowingequations:

V(x) = cosh(x)V r + Z csinh(x)I r

1
I(x) = sinh(x)V r + cosh(x)I r
Zc

Where

= zy
isthepropagationconstant(

m 1

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z
Zc =
y

isthecharacteristicimpedance(

Notethattheequationsabovearederivedhere.

Byinspection,theABCDparametersoftheaboveequationscanberepresentedinmatrixform(foralineoflength

metres)asfollows:

[] [ ][ ]
Vs cosh(l) Z csinh(l) Vr
= 1
Is sinh(l) cosh(l) Ir
Zc

Equivalent

Line
The"equivalent

"linemodelisessentiallyalinemodelwiththesamecircuitstructureasthenominal

line(i.e.Figure5),buttheABCDparametersofthedistributedparameterline.InordertogetthesameABCD
parametersasthedistributedparameterline,thenominal

lineimpedance

andadmittance

YC

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needtobeadjustedsuchthat:

( )
[( ]) [
Z Y

]
1+ 2
Z
cosh(l) Z csinh(l)

[ ]
A
B
C
D
= = 1

)(
Zc
sinh(l) cosh(l)
Z Y Z Y
Y 1+ 4
1+ 2

Where

and

aretheadjustedlineimpedanceandadmittancerespectively(seeconversionfromnominal

valuesbelow)

isthelengthoftheline(m)

= zy
isthepropagationconstant(

m 1

z
Zc =
y

isthecharacteristicimpedance(

Theadjustedlineparameterscanbecalculatedfromthenominal

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lineparametersasfollows:

Z =
[ sinh(l)
l ] Z

[ ] () l
tanh
2
Y Y
= l
2 2
2

Alternatively,theadjustedlineparameterscanalsoberepresentedasfollows:

Z = Z csinh(l)

Y
2
=
1
Zc
tanh () l
2

Clickhereforthefullderivationofthecalculationoftheadjustedlineparameters,includingthealternative
representation.

RelatedTopics
OverheadLineModels
ACPowerTransmission
DistributedParameterLineModel
MulticonductorLineModels

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Categories: Modelling/Analysis OverheadLines

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