SALUS Project Presentation

Kilifi August 27th 2009

SALUS Project
Evaluation of Sustainability of Agricultural
Land Use Systems in Eco-zone IV with
Reference to the Malindi District, Kenya
SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009
Overview over SALUS project:
Create an indicator based method to evaluate
Agricultural Land Use Systems
Improve situation for subsistence farmers
local communities and increase livelihood
Find the needs from local people
Likely sustainability scenarios (agroforestry)
Mitigate food shortage and climate calamities
Transparency, dissemination
 SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009
Summary:
Project history, scientific background
Project approach and methodology
Activities
Goal & objectives
Outputs Expected results
Conceptual frame
Experience from the PSC Chair/Subgroup
SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009

Introduction of staff members presenting:

- Ken Ochieng, Project Coordinator

- Jannet Tzuma, PSC Chairman
- Geoffrey Chege, Fundraising & information
committee member
- James Ndiso, Ronald Tzuma, PUC
Project Lead Partners representatives
- Josef Winkler, TUM student
- Andreas Einwag, Project Manager
 SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009

Sponsors: Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM)

Schweisfurth Stiftung Muenchen

Organisation:Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM)

Pwani University College (PUC)
Ujamaa Center Kenya

Contacts: (1) Andreas Einwag, Tel. 0717-474217

(2) Ken Ochieng, Tel. 0713-939735
Email mwanaridho@yahoo.com

salus@wzw.tum.de
Principles for SALUS activities
Basic philosophy:
Finding clearly defined indicators on SALUS
Application of a clear method (scientific)
Evaluation (is not without values which is
impossible to accomplish but in concern of the
interests of our stakeholders (decisions!) but
neutral in the sense of a scientific approach
Transparency: no commercial interest behind
SALUS Project, publicity of its activities
UNIQUENESS OF SALUS
Academic freedom: nobody is pushing us in a
certain direction, we are not driven by
political, social or economic forces
Focus of SALUS is on a general farm level
Close gap: sustainable practical know-ledge
not available to the farmers yet
Improve food security and livelihood
Model will be applicable in other areas
 BACKGROUND

Intact Ecological Systems the base of human

life are very complex:

1. Interdependencies and Interaction

2. Cause and Effect differ in Time & Space
3. Feedback Systems, Regulating Circuit
4. Agriculture, Human Activity: Intervention
DILEMMAS I
Agricultural Know How does not adequately
reach the farmers (difficult linkage between
researchers/officers and production/practice)
Food Security Programs are binding
agricultural scientific human resources
Low productivity

More droughts
DILEMMAS II

Little co-operation among farmers

Poor infrastructure

Poor market structure/ no access to the

markets
Socio cultural impediments/gender bias
DILEMMAS III

Loss of indigenous knowledge systems,

values and crops
Discrepancy of rural urban population

Rural urban migration of youth

Agriculture has a negative perception for

modern life style
SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009

PROJECT APPROACH
& METHODOLOGY
SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009
Goal:
An Indicator-based Agricultural
Sustainability Criteria for Monitoring Land
Use Systems in Eco Zone IV in Support of
Kenya Vision 2030

Aim:
To develop a methodology for analysing and
evaluating the ALUS based on an indicator
system suited to Malindi District by 2013
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (I)

Develop research strategy (SALUS)

Develop sustainability indicators

Promote principles of Organic Farming

Profile good agricultural practices

Preserve indigenious species, knowledge

Set up on-farm demonstration plots

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (II)
Link sustainability on a farm level
Soft intervention to natural resources
Increase productivity
Challenge/work with perceptions on
agriculture
Mitigate food shortage
Strengthen civil society
WHO (PARTNERS)
TUM, PUC, Ujamaa Center:
Lead Partners will provide strategic
leadership for the project.

DDO, DAO,DEO, KARI; KEFRI, CDA,

KOAN, MoLS, MRF, etc. Strategic
Partners are peer groups with focal
institution in the PSC, working with
lead partners to achieve project goal
 WHO (TARGET GROUPS;
BENEFITS)

Small & large scale farmers (primary target

group, intended beneficiaries)
Civil society organizations, cooperatives, media,
business sector, universities/research
institutions (Secondary stakeholders,
intermediaries in the process of delivering aid to
primary stakeholders)
External stakeholders (those not directly
involved but interested in the outcome eg
PSDA., GTZ etc.)
WHO (TARGET GROUPS;
FUNCTIONS)
Communities, individuals and groups in
Malindi district.

Decision makers, managers, frontline

workers in agriculture and related fields
locally (Malindi district and its
environment) and nationally where
possible.
HOW (TECHNIQUES)
Community Action Research:

Standardized interviews

Focus group discussions

Networking through peer groups

On-farm trials and demonstrations

 HOW (KEY ACTIVITIES I)
Community needs assessment (PEST)

Survey of good practices

Building up the PSC (working group)

Get peer group work going

Conduct interviews
HOW (KEY ACTIVITIES II)

Exchange knowledge and experience

Literature research

On farm research trials

Create demonstration and pilot fields

UNIQUENESS

Agricultural Land Use Systems are

examined on a farm-based level,
the enterprise farm is the primary
focus of the research
 Possible indicators depicting sustainability of
Agricultural Land Use Systems in Eco Zone IV
(Source: Andreas Einwag, TUM)
Possible indicators for an evaluation of agricultural land use systems
Ecological indicators Economic indicators Social indicators
- soil degradation (soil - self-preservation - child labor
erosion, salinization) - existing microfinance structure - illiteracy rate
- deforestation - existing infrastructure and its - health condition (access
- biodiversity state (energy, transport to
- soil fertility (N-, P-, C- system) fresh water and medical
balance - general access to (local) supply)
- crop residues markets - respect of human rights
- indigenous cultivation, - good Governance - poverty
crops and husbandry (democracy, - disparity (gender and
- water management legal security, freedom of ethnic
(source, irrigation) association) groups))
- greenhouse gas - state of residence - nutrition status
emissions (cattle - existing common land - implementation of
density, - unemployment traditional
rice paddies) knowledge
- informal structures
WORK STRUCTURE (INCEPTION
PHASE)

Input
Management: modelling,
structuring and storage of data
Analysis and Evaluation
Presentation
WORK PLAN PHASE I

Milestone 1: logistical etc. assumptions

to run the project are done by July 09

Milestone 2: the indicator set is

defined; first interviews on farms and
data collection is accomplished by
October 09
SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009

OUTPUTS
EXPECTED RESULTS (I)

- Alternative low cost agricultural

and sustainable land-use manual

- Greater stakeholder involvement

- A well developed local institutional

capacity
EXPECTED RESULTS (II)

- Dissemination of research outputs

- Increased up scaling of the benefits

- Contribution towards stronger

regional food self supply &
mitigation of food insecurity
SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009

PROJECT HYPOTHESIS
&
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 HYPOTHESIS (PRACTICES)

H1 Farms & associated ALUS in Malindi

District are not sustainable.

H2 Sustainability of farms & associated

ALUS in Malindi District can be monitored
and reported on by a set of indicators.

H3 Organic farms based on biodiversity

produce more food than chemical
monocultures.
 HYPOTHESIS (POLICY & LEGISLATION)

H4 Food sovereignty empowers peasant and family farmer-

driven agriculture, artisanal fishing, pastoralist-led
grazing,
hunting and gathering; at the same time enhancing food
production, distribution and consumption based on
ecological, social and economic sustainability.

H5 Enabling legislation that empowers and legitimizes local

community and government control to establish and
monitor
ALUS is very important. The absence of such legislation
slows down the speed at which replication can occur.
HYPOTHESIS (POLICY &
LEGISLATION)

H6 Indifference of leaders, harmful

government policies and external
conditionalities of donors and
international financial institutions
linked to resource allocation, support
infrastructure, land tenure and
governance is responsible for food
insufficiency in developing countries.
HYPOTHESIS (PLANNING AND
ADMINISTRATION)

H7 Sustainability of agricultural land use

systems largely depends on the extent to
which farmers participate in the formulation
of laws, policies, strategies, decisions and
control of these instruments, as well as their
connection to decision makers and
researchers.

H8 Level of community infrastructure and social

services have a strong bearing on
sustainability of ALUS
 HYPOTHESIS (INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT & GOVERNANCE)
H9 Relevant agricultural management information
generated by professions such as science,
natural resource management, engineering
and law etc is available and exists at certain
levels. What seems to be lacking is the flow of
this information between custodians (holders of
information) and potential users such as
farmers and decision makers who need that
information.
H10 Good governance, transparency, accountability
and genuine partnership are essential for
sustainable ALUS.
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS (I)
1.Why is the level of productivity for small
scale farmers low? How can the productivity
be increased?
2.How can farms find out which land use
system bears a high potential of sustainable
development?
3.What factors are at interplay between
subsistence farming and large scale
(commercial) farming?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS (II)

4.To what extent do the existing policies, programs

or projects incorporate verifiable or measurable
indicators for sustainable agriculture and land
use practices?

5. How developed are agro-forestry and organic

farming systems? What are the strengths and
weaknesses of these systems? What are the
critical factors for establishing successful agro-
forestry and organic farming systems?
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS (III)

6.What might make it more attractive to the

younger generation to remain in rural
areas?

7.How can local infrastructure and markets,

micro finance systems and cooperation
among peer groups such as small scale
farmers become established or improved
 SALUS PROJECT INCEPTION
WORKSHOP SYNOPSIS June 5th 2009
Focus: to bring together relevant practitioners and
communities in Malindi district and its environs
interested in sustainable agriculture and land use
systems to:

1.Crystallize and distill the research agenda

(hypothesis and research questions) for participatory
investigation of Agricultural Land Use Systems in
Malindi District.

2.Provide a platform for dialogue and sharing of

experiences.
SALUS Project Presentation
Kilifi August 27th 2009

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
SPECIFIC ROLES OF LEAD PARTNERS
TUM PUC UJAMAA
Management & logistics Academic registration Provide a link between
Introduction of the Field supervision of the the universities and the
German indicator concept students exchange community
Provide the project program Sensitize, mobilize,
secretariat Provide on-station identify relevant civil
Exchange of research researcher managed society actors and
results trials funding partners
Introduce PSC, guide the Provide consultancy Support services,
peer groups services on academic logistics & inter
Implement field work with services institutional liaison
the partners Assist TUM in managing Provide support staff for
Teach and train peer field research sites data collection
groups, farmers and Manage a student Undertake a stakeholder
students interns program analysis
Write reports to the Acquire necessary Organize, moderate
donor, compose a final research permits and workshops/information
report protocols exchange forums
Lead capacity building
SALUS PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
STRUCTURE

PSC Lead Partners

(Working Group)

Strategic Partners
(Peer Groups)
Private Research Academic Media
CSOs Government Farmers
Sector Institutions Institutions
Foundations

Hunter
Line Development Pastoralists
Gatherers
Ministries Authorities Fishers
Forest Adjacent Dwellers

Small Large
Medium
Scale Scale
 SALUS PROJECT LOGIC MODEL
What the program Does What Happens as a Result
Process Outcome

Understanding of
Community entry, preparation,
community context
appraisal
1 - 6 mths

Understanding of the
Issue identification/needs assessment, project by stakeholders
Stakeholder engagement, Literature & the community
review, Refinement of study agenda

Awareness of issues Goal or Impacts

Planning Support for SALUS Agricultural
Formation of PSC & Peer Groups, Capacity for planning Land Use
6 - 12 mths

Widespread participation
Time

Data collection/analysis instruments, Systems

Peer education & Capacity building, Consensus on study
improved
Community/stakeholder consultation, enterprises
Socioeconomic
Field study, Establish M & E systems, Exchange of knowledge
Stronger linkage
benefits attained
Programming for main phase Community
between policy, research
& extension empowered
Methodology for Ecological
12 - 36 mths

Implementation & analyzing , evaluating & integrity

reporting SALUS enhanced.
Adjustment
M&E Broader
On-farm demonstrations,
agricultural &
Replication, Develop & document
Feedback methodology, Disseminate results Effective land use issues
Loops implementation addressed