E&P NOTES AUTHORS

Stacy C. Atchley
Department of Geology,

Baylor University, One Bear Place 97354, Waco,
Reserves growth in a mature Texas 76798-7354; stacy_atchley@baylor.edu
Stacy Atchley received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from
oil field: The Devonian Leduc Baylor University in 1984 and 1986 and his Ph.D.
from the University of Nebraska in 1990. After work-
Formation at Innisfail field, ing for Exxon Company, U.S.A., and Exxon Produc-
tion Research from 1986 to 1995, Stacy rejoined
Baylor, where he currently directs the Applied Pe-
south-central Alberta, Canada troleum Studies Program and is a researcher in the
Ancient Environment Reconstructions Research Group.
Stacy C. Atchley, Lawrence W. West, and Jeff R. Sluggett Lawrence W. West
Auriga Energy Inc., Suite
680, 140-4th Avenue S.W., Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, T2P 3N3
Lawrence West received his B.Sc. (hons.) degree in
ABSTRACT geology from McMaster University in 1979 and his
Oil has been continuously produced from the Devonian Leduc M.B.A. from the University of Calgary in 1989. His
career began with Esso Resources Canada, Ltd.,
Formation at Innisfail field since its discovery in 1957. To date,
and Alberta Energy Company. He is currently the
cumulative production at Innisfail is 98.9% of recoverable oil in vice president of Geoscience with Auriga Energy Inc.
place (84.3 MMBO) and indicates that the Leduc is near the end of Revitalization of mature fields is an area of interest.
its productive life. A sequence-stratigraphic interpretation produced
Jeff R. Sluggett
J. R. Sluggett Geophysical
from core, well logs, and three-dimensional (3-D) reflection seismic
Consulting Ltd., 144 Edelweiss Drive, N.W., Calgary,
data, however, suggests that production may be extended through Alberta, Canada, T3A 3R1
the development of two previously undetected scenarios of bypassed
Jeff Sluggett received his B.A.Sc. degree in geologi-
oil entrapment: (1) attic oil accumulations associated with small cal engineering from the University of British Co-
buildups atop the isolated Innisfail platform and (2) backstep-edge lumbia in 1973. Jeff worked as an explorationist
accumulations located in positions structurally low to currently pro- for Amoco Canada from 1973 to 1980 and was
ducing wells. In both cases, oil accumulations are related to a Leduc chief geophysicist and international corporate ex-
ploration advisor for Ranger Oil from 1980 to 2000.
depositional history that was characterized by rates of long-term
Jeff currently works for several companies in Calgary
carbonate sediment accumulation exceeded by the rate of sea level as a geophysical consultant specializing in three-
rise. Positive bathymetric relief created at the time of deposition and, dimensional seismic interpretation.
subsequently, present-day stratigraphic traps were produced during
the final phase of stratal retrogradation that immediately preceded
the drowning of the isolated Innisfail platform. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
High-quality 3-D seismic data are essential in the exploration Results documented in this manuscript were com-
for both attic and backstep-edge oil accumulations at Innisfail. Inte- pleted in association with the Applied Petroleum
gration of 3-D seismic data, well-log, and core data indicates that Studies Program of Baylor University. Financial sup-
port was provided by Chariot Energy, Inc., as ad-
although depositional relief on both types of features may be low,
ministered by Suzanne L. West. Special thanks are
they are nonetheless seismically resolvable. The small platform- extended to Ben Grossberndt, Rosita Klimczuk, Laurie
top buildups are up to 0.16 km2 (40 ac) in diameter and have up to Wilcox, and the other helpful staff members (partic-
10 m (33 ft) of independent closure above spill point. Backstep-edge ularly the core handlers) at the Alberta Energy and
oil accumulations occur within the structurally highest parts of the Utilities Board Core Research Center of Calgary,
Leduc high-frequency sequence G downlap limit. Depositional re- Alberta. Permission to publish maps derived from
the three-dimensional seismic survey across Innisfail
lief along the downlap limit and associated trap closure ranges from
was generously provided by WesternGeco. The re-
gional perspective on the sequence-stratigraphic
interpretation at Innisfail was improved through
discussions with Ken Potma and John Weissenberger.
Copyright #2006. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.
The manuscript benefited from reviews by Wayne
Manuscript received December 16, 2005; provisional acceptance February 9, 2006; revised manuscript
Ahr and an anonymous reviewer.
received February 27, 2006; final acceptance March 3, 2006.
DOI:10.1306/03030605193

AAPG Bulletin, v. 90, no. 8 (August 2006), pp. 1153 1169 1153
Figure 1. Line graph of
time versus cumulative oil
production as a percentage
of recoverable reserves
for eight of the largest
Leduc fields in the West-
ern Canada sedimentary
basin (chart modified
from Koenig, 2005; reserve
and production estimates
from Switzer et al., 1994;
Alberta Energy and Utilities
Board, 2005). Note that
all fields have produced
between 95 and 99% of
estimated recoverable
reserves, and that Innisfail
has produced 98.9%.
approximately 5 to 15 m (16 to 49 ft). During 2003 and
2004, two platform-top buildups were directionally
drilled, and one existing well located near a backstep-
edge position and suspended since 1988 was reacti-
vated. All three wells are successful and, to date, have
cumulative production of 71 thousand bbl of oil. A total
of 17 platform-top buildups and backstep-edge devel-
opment drilling prospects exist across Innisfail and have
expected-case recoverable reserves of approximately
960 thousand bbl of oil. These reserve additions suggest
the potential for 1.14% field growth at Innisfail and are
representative of the potential value that may yet exist
within all mature Leduc fields in western Canada.
INTRODUCTION
Reserves and Objectives
The Western Canada sedimentary basin (WCSB) is
estimated to contain 44 billion bbl and 232 tcf of in-
place conventional oil and gas resources (Allan and
Creaney, 1991; Reinson et al., 1993). Devonian strata
account for approximately 54% of the recoverable con-
ventional oil and 27% of the recoverable conventional
gas (Podruski et al., 1988; Reinson et al., 1992, as cited
by Wendte, 1992a). Hydrocarbon accumulations in the
Devonian Leduc Formation occur within 25 mature
plays (Reinson et al., 1993) that are anticipated to ulti-
mately produce 3.1 billion bbl of oil and 9.4 tcf of gas
(Switzer et al., 1994). The Leduc Formation at Innisfail
field is part of the mature Nevis play and, as of this writ-
ing, has produced 83.4 million bbl of the 84.3 million bbl
1154 E&P Notes
estimated recoverable, i.e., 98.9% of recoverable oil
reserves have been produced to date. Although most
Leduc pools are near the end of their productive lives
(Figure 1) (Thomas, 1996), significant undiscovered
natural gas reserves may yet exist within the deep basin
of the WCSB (Reinson et al., 1993).
The projected increase in future global energy de-
mand will likely be satisfied more by field growth (sensu
U.S. Geological Survey, 2000) via improved recovery
and reserve additions in fields that exist within mature
hydrocarbon provinces such as the WCSB than by re-
serve additions through frontier exploration (Edwards,
1997; Campbell and Laherrere, 1998; Attanasi et al.,
1999; Deffeyes, 2005). This study considers the poten-
tial for field growth in the Devonian (middle Frasnian)
Leduc Formation at Innisfail field by presenting results
from a production optimization study that are based
on geophysical, geological, and engineering data.
Geologic Setting
The WCSB trends northwestward across Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba,
Canada, and contains a middle Proterozoic to Paleocene
sedimentary succession in excess of 6 km (3.7 mi) in
thickness (Figure 2). The evolution of the WCSB re-
flects a complex history that initiated with Precambrian
and Cambrian rifting and concluded with two phases
of foreland subsidence during the Middle Jurassic to
Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous to Paleocene.
The episodes of foreland subsidence resulted in west-
ward tilting of the WCSB and deep burial and subse-
quent thermal maturation of Devonian source rocks.
 Figure 2. Paleogeography of
western Canada during the De-
vonian (Frasnian) (modified
from Weissenberger et al., 1992;
Potma et al., 2001), including
a reference map for Canada
highlighting the location of the
Western Canada sedimentary
basin and lines of Late Devonian
paleolatitude (modified from
Podruski et al., 1988; Witzke and
Heckel, 1988). On the paleo-
geographic map, carbonate
shelf complexes are highlighted
with a brick pattern, and basin
areas are shaded light gray.
The Devonian Leduc Formation
at Innisfail accumulated on a
northward-trending peninsular
extension along the western
flank of the Wimborne-Bashaw
shelf complex.

Hydrocarbons generated from these source rocks mi-
grated updip to the east and northeast and charged De-
vonian and younger reservoir intervals (Wendte, 1992a).
During the Late Devonian, the WCSB is thought to
have been located just south of the paleoequator in a
zone of high aridity and predominantly east-northeasterly
winds (Figure 2) (Witzke and Heckel, 1988; Wendte,
1992a; Potma et al., 2001). The middle Frasnian paleo-
geography of the Alberta part of the WCSB consists
of both large- and small-scale rimmed shelf complexes
(e.g., Wimborne-Bashaw, Fairholme, and Grosmont)
and isolated shelves (e.g., Golden Spike and Leduc) and
adjacent deeper water basinal areas enriched in shale
(Figure 2) (Potma et al., 2001; Weissenberger and Potma,
2001). Innisfail field is located in south-central Alberta
and is developed on a northerly trending Leduc Forma-
tion promontory that extends from the western side of
the Wimborne-Bashaw shelf complex (Figure 2).

Atchley et al. 1155

Figure 3. Basemap for Innis-
fail field showing the area of
3-D seismic coverage and the
distribution of Leduc well pen-
etrations (small circles) that
are included in the study (gray-
filled circles highlight cored
wells). For current oil produc-
ers, cumulative produced oil
drainage area is highlighted
with the large stipple-filled
circles that are centered be-
neath their respective wells.
Drainage areas are not given
a shape or orientation bias
and are calculated on the basis
of the average reservoir pa-
rameters listed in Table 1 and
net pay thickness above the
original oil-water contact
(  1674 m;  5492 ft).

Data and Methods a three-dimensional (3-D) reflection seismic survey

The study is based on all available core from the Leduc
Formation at Innisfail (approximately 340 m [1115 ft]
of core and associated whole core porosity and per-
meability analyses from 26 wells), wire-line logs, his-
torical fluid production, and completion data from all
wells that partially or completely penetrate the Leduc
Formation (109 wells in a grid of 13 cross sections), and
that extends across Innisfail field (Figure 3). Cores were
described to document the vertical distribution of li-
thology, primary rock texture, major and minor skeletal
and nonskeletal grains, mechanical and biological sedi-
mentary structures, major pore types and their rela-
tive abundance, cement type and relative abundance,
and fracture density and orientation. From these ob-
servations, facies were identified, and their associated

1156 E&P Notes

environments of deposition were interpreted. Core-
observed facies distributions were digitized and merged
with core analysis porosity and permeability data for
statistical characterization and transferred onto wire-
line logs for sequence-stratigraphic correlation. Because
of the scarcity of well penetrations into the top of the
Beaverhill Lake Group that occurs beneath the Leduc
Formation (commonly used as a stratigraphic datum in
the area, e.g., Switzer et al., 1994), both the Calmar and
Graminia silts, which overlie the Leduc, were used as
stratigraphic datums (e.g., Figure 4). Three-dimension-
al seismic data were calibrated to the measured depth-
stratigraphic tops observed on well logs via synthetic
seismograms generated from the 37 wells at Innisfail
that penetrate the Leduc Formation and have sonic
logs. After depth calibration, the 3-D seismic data
were used to refine both structure and isopach maps
of the Leduc Formation. Reservoir volumetric calcu-
lations, including the estimation of drainage area for
historical Leduc producing wells, are based on res-
ervoir and production attributes presented in Table 1
and the original oil-water contact of approximately
 1674 m ( 5492 ft) documented by White and Charles
(1958).
Facies Model
Leduc depositional facies have been the subject of
extensive previous study, particularly within the un-
dolomitized and, therefore, well-preserved isolated
buildups of Golden Spike and Redwater (Layer, 1948;
Andrichuk, 1958; Klovan, 1964; Dooge, 1966; Wendte,
1974; 1992a, b; 1994; McGillivray and Mountjoy, 1975;
Burrowes, 1977; Jardine et al., 1977; Reitzel and Callow,
1977; Walls, 1978; Walls et al., 1979; Geldsetzer, 1982;
Jardine and Wishart, 1982; Walls and Burrowes, 1985;
Burrowes and Krause, 1987; Carpenter and Lohmann,
1989; Chouinard, 1993, as compiled by Mountjoy and
Marquez, 1997, p. 268, and Potma et al., 2001, p. 39).
Leduc carbonates typically accumulated as part of a
rimmed shelf complex that includes sharply delimited
basinal, slope, margin, reef-flat, and interior lagoon
and shoreline deposits and may have as much as 220 m
(721 ft) of depositional relief above the adjacent basin
floor ( Weissenberger, 1994). The Leduc at Innisfail
includes a total of nine depositional facies that accu-
mulated within the previously described environmen-
tal association across a relatively small, peninsular
extension from the western flank of the Wimborne-
Bashaw rimmed shelf complex (Figures 2, 3). Table 2
summarizes the diagnostic criteria by which each facies
is recognized and environmentally interpreted, and
Figure 5 provides representative core photographs.
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
The Devonian system in the WCSB is composed of a
cyclic stratal hierarchy (sensu Goldhammer, 2003) that
the relatively recent literature describes using various
schemes of terminology (e.g., Dix, 1990; Stoakes, 1992;
Wendte, 1992b; Reinson et al., 1993; Savoy and Mount-
joy, 1995; Potma et al., 2001). Through comparative
review of this literature, a fairly consistent history of
composite accommodation change, i.e., the temporal
summation of accommodation cycles of varying fre-
quency and amplitude, emerges to explain the origin of
the cyclic stratal hierarchy. The entire Devonian system
records a single, long-period cycle of accommodation
change that is superimposed on the even longer dura-
tion transgressive event that produced the Kaskaskia
cratonic sequence (sensu Sloss, 1963). In response to
this long-period episode of transgression, the Lower and
Middle Devonian strata in the WCSB are dominated by
a transgressive, i.e., retrogradational, stratal succession
that progressively onlaps and thins in a cratonward
direction (Figure 4A). The Upper Devonian Woodbend
Group was deposited during the ensuing episode of
long-period maximum flooding that culminated in the
drowning of isolated Leduc platforms that had nucle-
ated on antecedent paleobathymetric highs (Stoakes,
1992; Switzer et al., 1994; Wendte, 1994; Huebscher,
1996) and deposition of up to 100 m (330 ft) of the
organic-rich basinal source strata of the Duvernay For-
mation (Figure 4A, B)(Creaney et al., 1994; Potma et al.,
2001). Higher frequency eustatic sea level oscillations
are thought to account for three regionally correlative
depositional sequences that occur within the Woodbend
Group and Leduc Formation, i.e., Woodbend sequences
1, 2, and 3 of Potma et al. (2001, 2002a) (Figure 4B). For
an alternative view of Woodbend Group sequence stra-
tigraphy, see Wendte and Embry (2002).
The historically oil-saturated Leduc Formation at
Innisfail field may be equivalent with the uppermost
Woodbend-3 sequence of Potma et al. (2001). The base
of the Woodbend-3 may coincide with a thin (<3-m
[<9.8-ft]-thick) zone of high gamma-ray activity that oc-
curs at a measured depth of 2662 m (8733 ft) ( 1722 m
[ 5649 ft] subsea) in the Imperial Innisfail 15-8L-35-1
well (unique well identifier [UWI] 15-08-35-01w5). Nei-
ther the local nor regional significance of this correlation
Atchley et al. 1157
Figure 4. Stratigraphic summary for the Devonian system in western Canada. (A) Continental-scale schematic stratigraphic cross
section extending from northwest (basinward) to central (cratonward) Canada (modified from Bassett and Stout, 1967; Atchley and
McMurray, 2000). The Devonian stratigraphic record is dominated by a transgressive stratal succession that progressively onlaps in a
cratonward direction and culminates with long-period maximum flooding during Woodbend Group deposition. The part of the cross
section highlighted with the box inset is shown in more detail as (B). (B) Regional sequence-stratigraphic cross section across central
Alberta (modified from Potma et al., 2001). The Leduc Formation is subdivided into Woodbend sequences 13 (sensu Potma et al.,
2001). The Leduc reservoir interval at Innisfail is thought to be equivalent with Woodbend sequence 3.

1158 E&P Notes

Table 1. Field Discovery and Production Parameters for the Leduc carbonates that likely nucleated on a paleotopo-
Leduc Formation at Innisfail Field* graphic basement high that extends northward from the
Wimborne-Bashaw shelf complex (e.g., Edwards and
Discovery Information
Brown, 1999) and culminated in drowning after the de-
Year discovered 1957 position of HFS-G (Figure 2). During Leduc deposition,
Maximum oil production 15,649.9 bbl/day the high-frequency sequences retreated toward the in-
(September 1977) terior of the isolated Innisfail platform and are char-
Current oil production 601 bbl/day (June 2005) acterized by either a platform-marginal stromatoporoid
Oil API gravity 44j barrier reef (HFS-A to HFS-E) or a platform-marginal
Drive mechanism Water stromatoporoid shoal (HFS-F and HFS-G) (Figures 68).
Reservoir pressure 3579 psia A drowned unconformity (sensu Schlager, 1992) formed
Trap Stratigraphic after the deposition of HFS-G and separates the Leduc
Formation from the overlying Ireton Shale (Figures 6, 7).
Reservoir Characteristics Within the interior of the isolated Innisfail plat-
form, high-frequency sequence boundaries are in places
Average depth to reservoir 2616 m (8581 ft)
characterized by evidence of prolonged subaerial expo-
Net pay 24 m (77 ft)
sure: detrital green clay both disseminated throughout
Average porosity 0.07
the rock matrix and occurring as cavity fill, solution pipes
Average permeability (K max) 370 md
with graded geopetal sediment fill, lithoclastic polymict
Porosity cutoff (at 1 md) 2.5%
breccia, pendent cement, and oxidized and recrystallized
Average water saturation 0.13
host rock fabric (Figure 5G, H; Table 2). Along the mar-
Temperature 197.6jF
gin of the isolated Innisfail platform, high-frequency se-
quence boundaries are recognized by the abrupt transi-
Production Information
tion from shallower water facies (below the boundary) to
Field Area 30.3 km2 (7497 acres) deeper water facies (above the boundary) (Figures 6, 7).
Estimated well count
Oil producers 94
Injection wells 1 RESERVOIR QUALITY AND DISTRIBUTION
Cored wells 26
Well spacing 80 The Leduc Formation at Innisfail is replaced by coarse-
Formation volume factor 1.79 ly crystalline dolomite and is dominated by both pri-
Original oil in place 124 MMBO mary and secondary fabric- and non-fabric-selective
Recoverable oil in place 85 MMBO pore types (sensu Choquette and Pray, 1970) that are
Cumulative oil production 84 MMBO in places occluded by late-stage anhydrite, calcite, and
Recovery factor 0.68 dolomite cement. Models to explain the occurrence of
Leduc dolomite and associated mineral types in the
*Supplemented by data from the Alberta Energy Utilities Board.
WCSB are quite varied and controversial, as suggested
by the recent discussions in Potma et al. (2001, 2002b)
and Machel et al. (2002). Regardless of origin, dolomi-
can be made with certainty; however, inasmuch as most tized Leduc reservoirs better preserve porosity and per-
wells at Innisfail have a total penetration depth that typi- meability with increased burial than do their limestone
cally does not extend below the original oil-water contact counterparts (e.g., Mountjoy and Marquez, 1997).
( 1674 m;  5492 ft). The putative Woodbend-3 se- Although facies-specific trends of reservoir quality
quence at Innisfail is partitioned into at least seven high- are obscured by fabric-destructive diagenetic over-
er frequency, 520-m (1666-ft)-thick, disconformity- print at Innisfail, porosity, permeability, and fracture
bounded depositional cycles that are presented in this frequency are nonetheless influenced by primary de-
study as high-frequency sequences A (HFS-A, oldest) to positional fabric (Figure 9; Table 2). A similar cor-
G (HFS-G, youngest) (Figures 6, 7). The high-frequency relation between pore types, reservoir quality, and
sequences observed within the reservoir interval at In- depositional fabric and subsequent postdepositional
nisfail occur as the terminal transgressive part of a thick diagenetic alteration of dolomitized Leduc reservoirs
(approximately 220-m [721-ft]) stack of shallow-marine has been previously documented by McNamara and

Atchley et al. 1159

1160

Table 2. Summary Table of Features Diagnostic to Lithofacies Observed in the Leduc Formation at Innisfail Field
Facies Designation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Environment Subaerial Tidal flat Beach Lagoon Stromatoporoid Stromatoporoid Margin-derived Slope Slope sand Outer platform
E&P Notes

exposure shoal or reef flat margin buildup debris and basinal

Whole rock Variable: Packstone Rudstone Floatstone- Rudstone, floatstone Framestone Rudstone Bindstone Floatstone Wackestone,
 (matrix) inherited (packstone) (packstone, rudstone (packstone, (packstone, (packstone, (packstone) (packstone, packstone
texture from grainstone) (packstone, grainstone) grainstone) grainstone) grainstone) (wackestone,
precursor grainstone) packstone)
facies
Diagnostic grains Breccia lithoclasts Amphipora, Amphipora Amphipora Stromatoporoid Encrusting Stromatoporoid Wafer Fine to medium Pelmatozoa,
intraclasts fragments stromatoporoids fragments, stromatoporoids, sand-size brachiopods
lithoclasts tubular skeletal
stromatoporoids fragments,
large strom.
fragments
Other grains Undiff. skeletal, Undiff. skeletal, Undiff. skeletal, Amphipora, tubular Thamnopora, Skeletal frags., Thamnopora, Undiff. skeletal
strom. frags., strom. frags., strom. frags., stroms., undiff. tubular stroms., peloid, tubular stroms., frags.,
peloid peloid peloid, skeletal, peloid undiff. skeletal pelmatozoa, undiff. skeletal encrusting
gastropods frags., peloid brachiopods frags., peloid forams
Sedimentary Collapse breccia, Fenestra, geopetal Bladed CO3 Massive Massive Growth framework, Massive, nonsorted, Growth framework Massive, matrix Dark,
features bladed CO3 structures, lamina, cement, beach breccia in places breccia in places sand is organic-rich
cement, solution root casts bubbles moderately matrix,
pipes, green clay sorted Thalassinoides
burrows,
hardground
Average core f 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04
Median core 47 30 62 35 54 442 123 15 5 31
K max (md)
Median core 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 0.5 1
K v (md)
Average fracture 40 13 14 24 21 220 122 53 21 7
density
(fractures/m)
% of designated 0 3 4 6 18 8 2 6 12 0
facies recovered
as rubble
% of total core 7 15 13 33 9 3 5 10 2 3
described
Representative Figure 5G, H Figure 5A, B Figure 5B Figure 5C Figure 5D Figure 5E Figure 5F NA* NA NA
core photos

*NA = not available.

Figure 5. Core photographs representative of facies observed within the Leduc Formation at Innisfail. (A) Facies 1 (tidal-flat) peloid-
skeletal fenestral packstone. Well 1-8-35-1w5 at 2607 m (8553 ft). (B) Facies 1 (tidal-flat) peloid-skeletal fenestral packstone in the
bottom part of the photograph, and facies 2 (beach) skeletal-intraclastic rudstone with disseminated interparticle green clay in the
upper portion. Well 7-33-34-1w5 at 2653 m (8704 ft). (C) Facies 3 (lagoon) Amphipora-gastropod floatstone. Well 3-4-35-1w5 at
2664 m (8740 ft). (D) Facies 4 (stromatoporoid shoal and reef-flat) skeletal rudstone with well-developed interparticle and moldic
porosity. Well 7-33-34-1w5 at 2664 m (8740 ft). (E) Facies 5 (stromatoporoid margin buildup) stromatoporoid framestone. Growth
framework porosity is well developed and interconnected by fractures. Well 13-15-35-1w5 at 2600 m (8530 ft). (F) Facies 6 (slope
debris) intraclastic and lithoclastic rudstone. Well 5-11-35-1w5 at 2596 m (8517 ft). (G) Facies 0 (subaerial exposure) intraclastic and
lithoclastic rudstone regolith after facies 1 (tidal flat) that includes matrix-filled solution pipes, bladed pore-lining calcite cement
replaced by dolomite, disseminated green clay, and abundant fractures. Interparticle, fracture, and channel porosity are well developed.
Well 7-4-35-1w5 at 2606 m (8549 ft). (H) Facies 0 (subaerial exposure) intraclastic and lithoclastic rudstone after facies 3 (lagoon) that
has abundant solution channels filled with green clay. Well 11-4-35-1w5 at 2600 m (8530 ft).

Wardlaw (1991) and Mountjoy and Marquez (1997) at
Westerose, Ricinus, and Strachan fields of the Rimbey-
Meadowbrook trend in south-central Alberta. At In-
nisfail, all dolomitized depositional facies have pro-
ductive reservoir quality in some intervals; however,
the highest values of porosity, permeability, and par-
ticularly, fracture frequency generally occur within
the platform-margin facies association, i.e., facies 56
(Figure 9; Table 2). The more favorable reservoir attri-
butes associated with the platform-margin facies asso-
ciation are possibly related to postdepositional solu-
tion enlargement of primary growth framework and
secondary moldic pore systems that preferentially
fractured and collapsed with burial compaction. An

Atchley et al. 1161

Figure 6. Stratigraphic cross section AA0 (see Figures 8, 11 for the map location). The Leduc reservoir interval is subdivided into
seven high-frequency sequences (HFS-A to HFS-G) that stack as an upward-retreating, i.e., backstepping, succession overlain by the
basinal Ireton Shale. High-frequency sequence boundaries are most easily recognized within platform-marginal positions where deeper
water facies (above the boundary) abruptly overlie shallower water facies (below the boundary). Platform-margin positions are
dominated by a barrier stromatoporoid buildup in HFS-A to HFS-E, whereas the platform margin is dominated by a stromatoporoid
shoal complex in HFS-F and HFS-G. Structural dip is to the south (left-hand part of the cross section) and may provide for bypassed oil
accumulations adjacent to the downlap edge of HFS-G.

analogous relationship between high fracture density
and platform-margin facies has been previously docu-
mented by Mountjoy and Marquez (1997) in the do-
lomitized Leduc Formation at Ricinus West field. Be-
cause of the retrogradational stacking of HFS-A to G
at Innisfail, platform-margin facies are commonly iso-
lated as discrete stratal compartments that have the
highest overall porosity and permeability (Figures 6, 7).
The occurrence of open fracture networks in platform
interior as well as platform-margin facies (Figure 9),
along with non-facies-specific secondary intercrystalline
pore networks induced by dolomitization, likely inter-
connected most of the platform-margin stratal compart-
ments, thereby compromising their partitioning as dis-
crete flow paths. The interconnection of pore networks
and reservoir compartments in the Leduc is suggested

Figure 7. Stratigraphic
cross section BB0 (see
Figures 8, 11 for the map
location). Attic oil accu-
mulations may yet occur
within small buildups that
are contemporaneous
with the final transgressive
backstep of HFS-G, e.g.,
10-15-35-1w5.

1162 E&P Notes

Figure 8. Facies and superimposed structure maps for HFS-B to HFS-G. Wells that include core control for each HFS have red-filled well
symbols. Structure maps are based on the upper boundary of each high-frequency sequence. The surface trace of cross sections AA0
(Figure 6) and BB0 (Figure 7) are labeled. In response to the long-period transgression associated with much of the Devonian succession
in the WCSB, high-frequency sequences at Innisfail progressively retreated toward the platform interior (compare with Figures 6, 7).

by the overlapping drainage areas that are calculated to FIELD DEVELOPMENT

account for the cumulative oil produced from historic
Leduc producing wells at Innisfail (Figure 3). The overlap
in drainage areas of producing wells indicates that the
reservoir interval was recharged with oil through time as
the original oil-water contact migrated upstructure and
across both stratal and facies contacts.
Past History
A complete history of Leduc exploration and development
at Innisfail field, including thorough documentation of
the earliest phases of seismic data acquisition and analysis,

Atchley et al. 1163

Figure 9. Box and whisker plots
of facies versus porosity, K max
permeability, and fracture densi-
ty based on all available core
analysis data from Innisfail field
(compare with Table 2). The
platform-margin facies associa-
tion has the highest overall
values in each category.

and exploratory and development drilling and comple- Exploration across Innisfail was initiated in 1953
tion is provided by White and Charles (1958). The fol- when a continuous profile seismic survey was conducted
lowing are highlights paraphrased from this earliest work. between Innisfail and Garrington, Alberta, and a minor

1164 E&P Notes


anomaly subsequently identified within the southeast
part of Township 35, Range 1, W5M (UWI 11-11-35-
01w5). The anomaly was drilled in 1956 (White Rose
C & E Hudsons Bay Innisfail 11-11), with the Leduc as
the principal target, and after an unsatisfactory test, the
Leduc was abandoned for the evaluation of shallower
Cretaceous potential. The Leduc discovery well, the
White Rose-C & E Innisfail 1-16 (UWI 1-16-35-10w5),
was initially drilled as a Cretaceous test that was aban-
doned and deepened to evaluate the Leduc. The 1-16
was completed in the Leduc in 1957 and produced with
an initial potential of 509 BOPD. After completion
of the discovery well, 80-ac (32-ha) patterned devel-
opment drilling was essentially completed across the
entire Innisfail platform by 1960 (93 total wells). Since
1960, only six additional Leduc wells have been drilled.
Current and Future Opportunities
As with most Leduc pools located within the WCSB, In-
nisfail has produced nearly all of its expected recoverable
reserves (Figure 1). Following a peak in daily oil produc-
tion during the late 1970s to mid-1980s (15,650 BOPD
in 1977), production at Innisfail precipitously declined to
its historically low level of 484 BOPD in 2003 (Figure 10).
The interpretation of modern 3-D seismic data in light of
the transgressive, i.e., retrogradational, history of Leduc
deposition may extend the productive life of Innisfail by
identifying potential attic oil accumulations in HFS-G
that are associated with (1) relatively small buildups
Figure 10. Line chart of aver-
age daily oil, gas, and water
production versus time at Innis-
fail field. MCF/D = thousand
cubic feet per day.
atop the isolated Innisfail platform and (2) backstep-
edge accumulations related to both stratal downlap and
southward structural dip.
An interval isopach map derived from 3-D seismic
and well-log data for the top Wabamun shelf to top Leduc
interval suggests that the final transgressive backstep
associated with HFS-G produced small buildups that
occur between existing 80-ac (32-ha) well locations. The
buildups, which are best developed within the south-
eastern part of section 15 (T35 R1w5), extend across
approximately 0.16 km2 (40 ac) or less and have up to
10 m (33 ft) of closure above spill point (Figures 7, 11).
The small size and relatively low aspect ratio suggest
that the buildups likely accumulated as wave-resistant,
stromatoporoid framework reefs that are similar to
platform-margin facies 5 and 6. The flank of one such
buildup is observed within the Cree Hughes Innisfail
10-15 (UWI 10-15-35-1w5) (Figure 7). Two buildups
located at Great Northern Gnel Innisfail 2-15 (UWI 2-
15-35-1w5) and Great Northern Gnel Innisfail 8-15
(UWI 8-15-35-1w5) were directionally drilled during
late 2003 and early 2004 (Figure 11) and, as of this writ-
ing, have combined cumulative production of 57 thou-
sand bbl of oil.
Within the southern part of the Innisfail platform,
HFS-G is characterized by marginal stromatoporoid
shoal (facies 4) and platform interior (primarily facies 1
and 3) deposits that are distributed platformward of
a low-relief (approximately 515-m [1649-ft]), yet
seismically resolved backstep, i.e., downlap, edge that
Atchley et al. 1165
1166 E&P Notes
occurs across the southward-dipping Innisfail structure
(Figure 11). The structural and stratigraphic closure as-
sociated with the HFS-G backstep edge may trap by-
passed oil accumulations that are structurally lower
than current producing wells (Figures 6, 11). Backstep-
edge potential has, thus far, not been tested through
development drilling, but the recent successful reacti-
vation of the Royalite Innisfail 1-4 (UWI 1-4-35-1w5)
well helps validate the concept. The 1-4 well is located
on the axis of structural closure just south and west of
the downlap edge of HFS-G (Figure 11) and was sus-
pended from oil production in January 1988. Since 1988,
oil production from wells across Innisfail caused the oil-
water contact to migrate upstructure, such that most oil
is currently produced in wells located near the crest of
the Innisfail structure within sections 10 and 15 of T35
R1w5. Although located approximately 20 m (66 ft)
downdip from the structural crest of Innisfail, the 1-4 well
produced 43 BOPD after reactivation in October 2003
and, since reactivation, has had a cumulative produc-
tion of 14 thousand bbl of oil.
Implications
Review of 3-D seismic, well-log, and core data sug-
gest that as many as 17 new platform-top buildup and
backstep-edge development drilling prospects may ex-
ist across Innisfail and, based on volumetric calcula-
tions for each prospect that consider field-average reser-
voir parameters (Table 1) and trap size above spill point,
have total expected-case recoverable reserves of ap-
proximately 960 thousand bbl of oil. This suggests that
the historic recoverable reserves of 84.3 MMBO at
Innisfail field may potentially be increased by approx-
imately 1.14% to 85.3 MMBO. If a similar geophysical
and geological reevaluation of reserves were applied
to all Leduc pools in the WCSB and produced compa-
rable results, then the cumulative field growth would
approach 47 million bbl, a value that would rank as
equivalent to number 9 on the top 10 list of WCSB
Leduc fields in terms of historic estimates of recover-
able reserves (sensu Switzer et al., 1994).
CONCLUSIONS
1. The Leduc Formation at Innisfail field consists of a
mosaic of nine depositional facies that accumulated
as part of either a platform-interior (lagoon or shore-
line) or margin (reef-flat and stromatoporoid shoal,
reef crest, or slope) association. All facies have been
replaced by a coarsely crystalline phase of dolo-
mite and are dominated by both primary and second-
ary fabric- and non-fabric-selective pore types. The
platform-margin association of facies has the high-
est values of porosity, permeability, and fracture
density.
2. The study interval is possibly equivalent with the
upper part of the Woodbend-3 sequence of Potma
et al. (2001), which, at Innisfail, is further subdi-
vided into seven high-frequency sequences (HFS-A
to HFS-G). The platformward-retreating, i.e., retro-
gradational, stacking of high-frequency sequences is
likely caused by their accumulation during a longer
period episode of transgression. Although facies
are partitioned within recurring high-frequency se-
quences, particularly along the margin of the Innis-
fail platform, high-frequency sequence boundaries
do not serve as barriers to fluid flow. Overlap-
ping drainage areas associated with historic pro-
ducing wells along the crest of the Innisfail struc-
ture suggest that oil flowed across high-frequency
sequence boundaries via fractures and other fabric-
and non-fabric-selective pore types as the oil-water
contact migrated upward through the reservoir in-
terval over time.
3. Although nearly all recoverable oil reserves in the
Leduc Formation at Innisfail have been produced
(98.9%), a 1.14% growth in recoverable reserves

Figure 11. (A) Combined facies map for HFS-G and top Leduc (and, therefore, also top HFS-G) structure map. The facies map is based
on core and well-log data, and the superimposed structure map is based on well-log and 3-D seismic data. (B) Three-dimensional
seismic isopach map of the top Wabamun to top Leduc interval. Isopach thin values (warmer colors) coincide with thicker parts of the
Leduc buildup, whereas thick values (cooler colors) coincide with thinner parts of the Leduc buildup. The isopach map is derived from
3-D seismic data calibrated to well-log stratigraphic tops for the Leduc Formation. Wells that include core control for HFS-G have red-
filled well symbols. The surface traces of cross sections AA0 (Figure 6) and BB0 (Figure 7) are labeled on both (A) and (B). Comparison
of both the facies and structure and isopach maps suggests that the low-relief downlap edge of HFS-G is resolved by 3-D seismic data
and straddles the axis of the Leduc structure in a downdip, structural flank position in the southern half of Innisfail. In addition, small
buildups in HFS-G are also resolved by seismic data and occur between existing wellbores, e.g., the 2-15-35-1w5 and 8-15-35-1w5 wells.
Both the downlap edge and platform-top buildups may contain previously undeveloped hydrocarbon accumulations.

Atchley et al. 1167

 may be realized through the development of by-
passed oil accumulations associated with HFS-G.
Attic oil accumulations likely occur within small
buildups atop the isolated Innisfail platform, and
backstep edge accumulations are thought to occur
within the central part of Innisfail in association with
a southward structural dip. As many as 17 develop-
ment drilling prospects may exist across Innisfail and
are anticipated to have recoverable reserves of ap-
proximately 960 thousand bbl of oil.
4. The geologic scenario for reserves growth presented
in this study of Innisfail may serve as an analog for
expected-case reserve additions that may also exist
within other mature Leduc fields in the WCSB. By
comparison, a comprehensive reassessment of po-
tential bypassed reserves in all Leduc fields in the
WCSB could potentially yield up to 47 million bbl.
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