SYNCHRONOUS AND INDUCTION MACHINES

LAB REPORT

3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim:
To determine the machine parameters and analyse the performance of three phase
induction motor.
Name Plate Details:
Sl.N Parameter Value
o
1 Voltage(rated) 415 V
2 Current(rated) 7.5A
3 Speed (rated) 1430rpm
4 Power(rated) 3.73KW
5 Stator Winding Delta

Name of the Experiments conducted:

No-Load, Blocked Rotor Test on Three Phase Induction Motor.

Measurement for Stator Resistance:

SI.No. Vdc(V) Idc(A) R()
1 4 1.8 2.22
2 4.6 2.6 1.77
3 5 2.8 1.78
4 8 3.8 2.1

Ravg = 1.9675
Rac = 1.1 * Ravg = 2.16425
R1 = Rac = 2.16425

No-Load Test on Three Phase Induction Motor

Tabulation:
Observed:
Voltage VL(V) Current IL(A) Speed N(rpm) W1 (w) W2 (w)
320 3.5 1498 432 712

Computed Values:
W0 = 1144 W
Cos = 0.5897
Sin = 0.8076
Iw = 2.867 A
Im = 2.063 A
Rw = 193.317
Xm = 268.65
Constant Losses, WC = 1064 W

Formulae used for analysis:

W0 = W1 + W2
Cos= W0/(3*VL*IL)
Sin= (1- Cos2)
Iw=I0 Cos
Im=I0 Sin
Rw =VL/ (3* Iw)

Xm= VL/ (3* Im)

WC = W0 - 3*I02 * R1
Blocked Rotor Test on Three Phase Induction Motor
Tabulation:
Voltage Vsc(V) Current Isc(A) Power Wsc (w)
80 7.5 800

Computed Values:

Z01 = 10.66

R01 = 4.740

X01 = 9.5481
R2 = 2.575
X1 = X2= 4.774

Formulae used for analysis:

Z01 = Vsc / Isc

R01 = Wsc/(3*Ibr2)

X01 = (Z012-R012)
R2 = R01 - R1
X1 = X2=X01/2
Equivalent Circuit Diagram:
Performance analysis:
a) Efficiency Vs Output power (by varying the percentage loading (x))

Formulae used for analysis:

P out =XP rated

P P out +W c +W var

W var =3( XIrated )2R 01

Efficiency=( Pout
Pin )
100
Inference:
Theoretically, efficiency should increase with increase in output power till variable
losses equals constant losses, beyond that efficiency should decrease with increase in
output power. But due to the high constant losses, it equals variable losses at certain
output power that is beyond the rated value.

c. Developed Torque Vs Slip (for three values of rotor resistance)

Z1 = R1 + jX1
Z2 = (R2/s) + jX2
Rload = (R2*(1-s))/s
Zm = Rw + jXm
Stator Current, Is = Vin/ (Z1 + (Zm || Z2))
Rotor Current, Ir = (Is*Zm)/(Zm + Z2)
Pout = 3*Ir*Ir*Rload
N=Ns(1 S)

Tdev = Pout/( 2**N/60)

Inference and Conclusions:
The torque equation of the induction motor is given below.

Low Slip Region

At synchronous speed (Ns), s = 0, therefore, the torque is zero. When the speed is very
near to synchronous speed, the slip is very low and (sX20)2 is negligible in comparison
with R2. Therefore,

As the Torque in this region is inversely proportional to the rotor resistance, the Torque
developed will decrease with increase in the external resistance added to the rotor circuit.

Medium Slip Region

When the slip approaches the critical value the maximum torque developed is given as, =
K/2

Thus the amount of maximum torque is unaltered by the value of external resistance in
the rotor circuit.

High Slip Region

As the slip increases, the speed of the motor decreases. The term (sX 20)2 becomes large.
The term R22 may be neglected in comparison with the term (sX20)2 and the torque
equation becomes as shown below,
In the high slip region, the Torque is directly proportional to the rotor resistance. Thus the
torque slip characteristics lies above the characteristics obtained for slip rings short
circuited. Thus at starting conditions addition of external resistance gives higher starting
torque.

d. Stator Current Vs Slip

Z1 = R1 + jX1

Z2 = (R2/s) + jX2

Zm = Rw + jXm

Stator Current = Vin/ (Z1 + (Zm || Z2))

Inference :
Increase in the slip value causes the net resistance in the rotor circuit to decrease thereby
increasing the rotor current. Thus, the current drawn from the supply (stator current) will also
increase with increase in slip.
e. Variation of speed for varying supply voltage (for two different values of
frequency)

Neglecting s X in the denominator term and assuming E2 = Vin we get

2 NT 3Vi n 2S
=
60 R2

NsN
S=
Ns

120freq
Ns=
No of Poles
Inference:

N Vin^ 2
Thus with increase in supply voltage, the speed of the motor increases and we get
parabolic curve. As speed increases, it cannot rise beyond synchronous speed, hence the
graph saturates.

f. Variation of speed by varying the rotor resistance (for two different torques)

2
2 NT 3E 2 S
=
60 R2
 NsN
S=
Ns

Inference and Conclusions:

The torque equation of the induction motor is given below

Neglecting s X2 in the denominator, for the same load torque, as resistance increases, slip
increases and hence speed decreases. Thus we get a rectangular hyperbolic curve.
 Load-Test on Three Phase Induction Motor

Aim:
To perform Load test on a 3 phase Induction motor and determine how speed,
efficiency, power factor, stator current, torque, and slip of an induction motor
vary with load.

Name Plate Details:

Sl.N Parameter Value
o
1 Voltage(rated) 415 V
2 Current(rated) 7.5A
3 Speed (rated) 1430rpm
4 Power(rated) 3.7KW
5 Stator Winding Star

Tabulation - Observed and Computed values:

Sl VL I1 W N S1 S2 Pin Cos Slip Tload Pout
No (w) (%)
(V) (A) (w (rpm) (w) (N-m)
)
41 4.4 14
1 5 5 0 1497 0 0 560 0.175 0.002 0 0 0
41 48 11. 192 0.534
2 5 5 0 1480 6 2.5 0 2 0.013 9.507 1473 76.74
41 62 248 0.627 2096.4
3 5 5.5 0 1474 16 3 0 3 0.017 13.58 6 84.5
41 76 304 0.704 0.046 2346.7
4 5 6 0 1430 18 3 0 8 6 15.67 9 77.19
41 90 360 0.770 0.026 2635.6
5 5 6.5 0 1460 20 3.5 0 5 6 17.23 2 73.2
Radius of the brake drum and thickness of the belt= 10.65 cm

Formulae used:
Tload = 9.81(S1 S2) (r + t/2) N-m
NsN
S=
Ns

2 NTload100
=
60Pin

Pin
cos =
3V I

Various curves / graphs obtained from Load-Test:

1. Power factor V/s Power output

2. Stator current V/s Power output
3.Slip V/s Power output

4. Speed V/s Power output

5. Efficiency V/s Power output

 6. Torque V/s Power output

Inference and conclusions:

Power factor vs. Output Power: With increase in load the slip value will increase which
causes the net resistance in the rotor circuit to decrease thereby increasing the rotor current.
Thus, more real power gets converted to mechanical power and the power factor of the machine
increases.
Efficiency vs. Output Power: Initially with increase in output power, efficiency increases
along with increase in variable losses. The increase in efficiency continues till variable losses
equals constant losses beyond which efficiency decreases with increase in output power.
Stator Current vs. Output Power: With increase in load the slip value will increase which
causes the net resistance in the rotor circuit to decrease thereby increasing the rotor current.
Thus, the current drawn from the supply (stator current) will also increase with increase in output
power.
Speed vs. Output Power: When the induction motor is on no-load speed is slightly below the
synchronous speed. The current due to induced emf in the rotor winding is responsible for
production of torque required at no-load. As the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly
reduced. The emf induced in the rotor causes the current increased to produce higher torque, until
the torque developed is equal to torque required by load on motor.

Slip vs. Output Power: The speed of rotor, N droops slightly as the load on the motor is
increased. So, as the output power is increased slip increases.
Developed Torque vs. Output Power: With increase in load the net torque decreases
momentarily, due to increase in load torque. To maintain the net torque constant, the developed
torque increases.
 SPEED CONTROL OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR USING ROTOR
RESISTANCE STARTER
Aim: To perform speed control of a 3 phase Induction Motor using Rotor Resistance
Starter
Name Plate Details of the machine:
Sl.N Parameter Value
o
1 Voltage(rated) 415 V
2 Speed (rated) 1500rpm
3 Power(rated) 3.73KW

Observation Table:
Sl No Voltage(V) Current(I) Speed(N)
1 400 4.2 1105
2 400 3.85 1219
3 400 3.85 1348
 4 400 3.9 1504

Inference and Conclusions:

The torque equation of the induction motor is given below

In the operating region the slip value is very less thus (sX20)2 is negligible in comparison
with R2. Therefore,

For a given load if the rotor resistance is increased then in order to maintain the torque
constant the slip value has to increase. This causes the speed of the motor to fall. The vice
versa condition also holds true.