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ABSTRACT: This paper describes rock-fall models of rock slopes caused by earthquakes using discontinuous
deformation analysis (DDA). It introduces viscous damping and the velocity-energy ratio for the rock-fall
models based on DDA theory. This paper proposes a method of inputting the earthquake accelerations in
DDA and examines the vibration characteristics of the rock slopes and the rock-falls of homogenous and
two-layered models. The results show qualitative agreement, and so the methods are applicable to physical
phenomena.
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Proceedings of the ISRM International Symposium 3rd ARMS
The first term of equation (2) is the strain energy of ~ 2 2 c
K = M + M + 0 [ K e + K s] (7)
velocity field, the second term is the surface traction t
2
t
energy, and the third term is the energy of the inertia
~ 2
force and damping force, where, F ( x, y ) : shape F= M u& + (F dv) M (t ) (8)
t
function, : density before deformation, :
0 c
REFERENCES
Committee of Rock Mechanics, 1999. Site Investigation and
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Hatzor Y. H., Arzi A. A. & Tsesarsky M., 2002. Realistic
Figure 18. Velocity along horizontal coordinates of block (10) dynamic analysis of jointed rock slopes using DDA, Proc. of
ICADD-5, BALKEMA, pp. 47-56.
Hilbert , L. B. JR, et. al., 1993. A new discontinuous finite
element method for interaction of many deformable bodies
4 CONCLUSIONS in geomechanics, U. C. Berkeley.
Ishikawa T., Sekine E. & Ohnishi Y., 2002. Shaking table tests
In this study, the authors presented an earthquake of coarse granular materials with discontinuous analysis,
response analysis method and used it to analyze the Proc. of ICADD-5, BALKEMA, pp. 181-187.
slope stability of two kinds of models by DDA. An Nishiyama S., Ohnishi Y. et al. 2003. Study on stability of
retaining wall of masonry type by using discontinuous
external earthquake force was shown to trigger
deformation analysis, Proceedings of Japan Society for
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In order to get the same response between input Ohnishi Y., Yoshinaka R., Sasaki T. & Ishii D., 1995. Stability
and output acceleration of earthquake record, the analysis of rock foundation by discontinuous deformation
authors employed a large number of virtual mass for analysis, Proc. ISRM Tokyo Congress, Technical Session
(Rock foundation).
the base block to avoid the influences by the
Sasaki T., Sasaki K., & Yoshinaka R., 2002. Study of rock
additional mass of the base block. And to adjust the stone falling by discontinuous deformation analysis,
base block mass, we can be control the Proceedings of Japan Society for Computational &
characteristics of vibrations of rock slope with zero Engineering Science, Vol. 7, pp. 423-426.
gravity force. The vibration characteristics of the Shi G. H., 1989. Block system modeling by discontinuous
deformation analysis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of
falling blocks are governed by its mass and the
Civil Eng. August.
gravity forces principally and the secondary, the Shi G. H., 2002. Single and multiple block limit equilibrium of
frequency characteristics of earthquake accelerations key block method and discontinuous deformation analysis,
and the friction angle of the block surfaces are Proc. of ICADD-5, BALKEMA, pp. 3-43.
influenced for the block motions during earthquakes. Tsesarsky M. & Hatzor Y. H., 2002. Dynamic block
The authors also compared the characteristic displacement prediction validation of DDA using analytical
solutions and shaking table experiments, Proc. of ICADD-5,
behavior of falling rocks with varying friction angle BALKEMA, pp. 195-203.
in the model, and showed that the model can Zaslavsky Y., A. Shapira & Arzi, A. A., 2002. Earthquake site
qualitatively express physical phenomena reasonably response on hard rock-empirical study, Proc. of ICADD-5,
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In the case of the two strata model, the velocities
of the falling rocks and arrival distance were larger
than with the single strata model due to the vibration
Proceedings of the ISRM International Symposium 3rd ARMS 1272