Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Energy and Buildings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild

Monitoring and prediction of indoor air quality (IAQ) in subway or metro systems
using season dependent models
MinJeong Kim a , B. SankaraRao a , OnYu Kang a , JeongTai Kim b , ChangKyoo Yoo a,
a
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Architectural Engineering, Center for Sustainable Healthy Buildings, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: Usually, various types of hazardous pollutants remain accumulated in underground subway stations of
Indoor air quality (IAQ) metro system. To control indoor air quality (IAQ) in subway stations, the control strategies based on the
Multivariate analysis of variance predictive model which does not have the effect of temperature due to seasonal variations, have been
(MANOVA)
currently used. In this paper, season dependent models for monitoring and prediction of IAQ, which take
PCA
care of seasonal changes, are proposed. The real time data of various pollutants (namely, concentration
PLS regression
Season dependent models of PM10 and PM2.5 on platform, temperature, humidity and the concentration of nitrogen) during March
Subway station 2008 to February 2009 are obtained from Seoul subway station. MANOVA test has been carried out to
Metro system know the quantitative measure of the differences among different data sets of three seasons (spring and
fall, summer, and winter). PCA and PLS regression methods are applied on data sets of one year (to develop
global model) and four seasons (to develop seasonal models) to monitor and predict the IAQ. The results
of this study show that the seasonal models can predict the future data of PM10 and PM2.5 precisely than
the global model.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction as well as health [11,12]. Studies [13,14] on effects of different

Millions of people in metropolitan areas are depending on sub-
way or metro systems for transportation due to their simplicity
and convenience. Subway systems have been considered as the
most convenient mode of public transportation [1,2] in metropoli-
tan areas. In Korea, currently, 9 lines of metro system (of which a
large portion are constructed underground) have been completed
[3,4] and four-millions of people are using the metro systems [5]
every day. Seoul subway system [5] is one of them and it is the
source of our present study.
Since people spend a considerable amount of time in the metro
stations daily, there has been a growing concern over the regulation
of indoor air quality (IAQ) in subway stations [6,7]. Various types
of hazardous pollutants, such as particulate matters (PMs), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), and formaldehydes remain accumu-
lated in the subway (especially located in underground) space due
to heavy use, overcrowding, and inadequate ventilation system [8].
In addition, the outdoor air (or the air entering from ventilation
system) also affects [9,10] the concentrations of PMs inside indoor
space due to the presence of PMs in the outdoor air. These haz-
ardous indoor air pollutants directly affect the passengers comfort
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ckyoo@khu.ac.kr (C. Yoo).
indoor air pollutants on human health have been widely carried
out.
Therefore, to ensure passengers good health, accurate monitor-
ing and prediction techniques are necessary for regulation of IAQ in
the metro systems. Recently, several studies [1520] on monitoring
and diagnosis of IAQ of deferent metro systems have been reported.
Branis [16] has measured the concentrations of PMs of the ambient
air and the air inside underground trains. He has developed a corre-
lation between them. Lau et al. [17] have monitored daily variations
of IAQ in Hong Kong metro station using statistical methods, such
as clustering analysis (CA). Kim et al. [18,19] have used multivariate
monitoring methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA)
and partial least square (PLS) for monitoring IAQ. Kam et al. [20]
have monitored concentrations of PMs inside Los Angeles station
and developed a correlation for variation of concentration of PMs
with number of passengers utilized the facility. These researchers
have mainly focused on the monitoring, but not on the prediction
of IAQ inside metro station. Therefore, prediction models need to
be developed for proper regulation/control of IAQ inside metro sta-
tion. Hence, the development of prediction models for PMs (PM10
and PM2.5 ) is the central theme of the present study.
It is also well-known that the IAQ of metro systems heavily
dependent on local conditions, such as weather changes and sea-
sonal variations [15,20]. Kim et al. [18,19] have concluded that
the seasonal variations affect IAQ based on the different models

0378-7788/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.10.047
 M. Kim et al. / Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855 49

obtained for one year and one season. But, they did not propose F-test rejects null hypothesis H0 :  1 =  2 = =  g = 0 (where  1
a quantitative method to know whether IAQ depends on seasonal is mean-vector of lth population, calculated using the expression
variations, from the given one year data set. l = (xl,1 + xl,2 + xl,3 + + xl,n )/n) at level , if
In the rst part of the present study, multivariate analysis of  g  
n p2 1 
variance (MANOVA) approach is used to know whether seasonal F= i=1 l
>F g  () (3)
variations affect the IAQ. To know the inuence of seasonal vari- p  2p,2 n p3
i1 i
ations on the IAQ, the data with the following two scenarios are g  () is the upper (100)th percentile of the
where F
compared: (1) the real data which has effect of temperature and 2p2 n p2
(2) the data obtained after taking out the effect of temperature. To
i=1 l g 
F-distribution with 2p and 2 n
i=1 l
p 2 degrees of freedom.
eliminate the inuence of seasonal temperature from the real data,
a method of external analysis is used. 2.2. External analysis
Later, PCA and PLS regression methods are applied on data sets
of one year and four seasons to monitor and predict the IAQ, respec- Usually, process variables can be classied into three groups,
tively. These methods are applied on real time data obtained from external variables, main variables and other variables. The concen-
tele-monitoring system (TMS) in S-station, Korea. The variable sets trations of main variables depend on external and other variables.
of IAQ which have mutual dependency are obtained while mon- Hence, the expressions for the main variables (such as PM10 and
itoring IAQ using PCA method. These variable sets help to know PM2.5 ) can be subdivided in to two parts: (a) the part affected by
the dependency between different IAQ variables. PLS regression external variables [such as temperature, humidity and number of
method is used for predicting IAQ of a particular day using the data passengers] and (b) the part affected by the other variables (other
of a previous day. This procedure is followed to predict IAQ for one than external variables) [such as ventilation system, air ltration
year (namely, global prediction curve) and four seasons (namely, and air curtains] [22,23]. Now, external analysis is carried out on
seasonal prediction curves). The global prediction model is gener- main variables to remove the effect of external variables. The con-
ally used terminology, which means the single model valid over the cepts of external analysis are given below:
entire phase space (or entire period) of the dataset. RMSE values of In external analysis, data matrix X (of main and external vari-
concentration prediction curves (of PM10 and PM2.5 ) obtained using ables) can be written as combination of external and main variables
PLS global and seasonal regression models are compared to know
the superiority of the seasonal regression model over global. 
Outlines of this paper are as follows. The rst section introduces X= G H
the theories of MANOVA, external analysis and multivariable sta-
where G is the matrix of external variables data and H is the matrix
tistical methods. In Section 3, motivation of the present study is
of main variables data. The main matrix H can be split into two
introduced and the proposed methods for monitoring and predic-
parts, GC and E, where GC is a part affected by external variables
tion of IAQ for four different seasons and full year are explained.
and E is the part affected by other variables. Thus, the main matrix
Section 4 presents the results for the data obtained from Seoul
H can be written as
metro station. Finally the conclusions of this article are addressed.
E = H GC
2. Theory
where C is the coefcient matrix calculated using C = (GT G)1 GT H
2.1. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) [22]. Advantages of carrying out external analysis are: detecting
abnormal variations in main variables, locating the group of vari-
MANOVA is used to investigate whether the population mean- ables in which cause the abnormal variation in main variables, to
vectors are the same and, if not, which mean components differ lter abnormal variations in the main variables [24].
signicantly. If a data set has g number of populations; a popula- In this study, we focused on E matrix, which is obtained by
tion has n number of vectors; and a vector has p elements in it, removing the effect of changes in external variables (i.e., temper-
then a vector j of a population l can be decomposed as per the ature in this study) on changes in main variables (i.e., PM10 and
following model: PM2.5 in this study).

xlj = x + (xl x ) + (xlj x l ) 2.3. Multivariate statistical analysis

where l = 1,2, . . . , g and j = 1,2, . . . , n. x is an overall vector mean,
(xl x ) is an estimated treatment effect (where x l is a vector mean Since the concentrations of indoor air pollutants are highly
of the lth population), and (xlj x l ) is residual. correlated with each other, multivariate statistical methods are
If the number of elements in a vector are greater than or equal used to nd the dependency among different variables of IAQ.
to one (i.e., p 1) and the number of populations are three (i.e., The commonly used multivariate statistical methods are prin-
g = 3), then value of F-test statistic is calculated by the following cipal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS).
expression [21]: These projection methods generally used to explain the relation-
 g   ship among different variables using complex data sets. However,
n p2
l=1 l 1  only one method, namely, PCA is used for monitoring in the present
F= (1)
p  study. PCA and PLS are used to obtain the variancecovariance
matrix with small number of principal components (PCs). Thus,
where nl is the number of vectors in the lth population and *
these methods help to reduce the dimensionality of the original
(Wilks lambda) is calculated by the following expression:
  data while retaining important information to display the data
 W information in a format that can be easily interpreted [21].

 =   (2)
B + W
2.3.1. Principal component analysis (PCA)
where |W| and |B + W| are the absolute values of W and B + W. The PCA is an optimal dimensionality reduction technique which
expressions for calculating matrices W and B + W are provided in captures the variance of a dataset. The original matrix X is decom-
Table 1. posed into a process and noise subspaces: the matrix X can be
50 M. Kim et al. / Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855
Table 1
Matrices B and W required for calculation of * (see Eq. (2)).
Source of variation Matrix of sum of square and cross products (SSP)
g
Treatment B=
l=1
ng
Residual (error) W=
l=1
Total (corrected for the mean) B+W
written as the sum of the outer product of vectors ti and pi and
the residual matrix E:
n when dealing with large data sets from environmental, the global
X = TPT + E = ti pTi + E
i=l
where ti is a score vector that contains information on the relation-
ship between different samples, pi is a loading vector that contains
information on the relation between different variables and n is
the number of independent variables [25].
In practice, only a few principal components (PCs) are sufcient
to explain most of the data. Application of PCA model on the data
can facilitate ti determine the optimum number of PCs by simul-
taneously considering the reduction in the dimensionality and the
minimization of loss of data information. Several techniques exist in
PCA to estimate the number of PCs, including scree plotting, parallel
analysis, and cross-validation [21,26].
2.3.2. Partial least square (PLS) regression model
PLS multivariate regression method is used to frame a model
from the data set, which in turn helps for prediction of the data
for as particular day. This method is used to correlate process (or
input) variables (X) and a set of output (or response) variables (Y).
PLS regression reduces the dimensions of X and Y by projecting
the information into a low dimensional space that maximizes the
covariance between them [27,28].
PLS regression builds a linear model which relates the matrices
X and Y. These matrices can be decomposed into bilinear terms
using following equations:
n
X = TPT + E = ti pTi + E
i=l
Y = UQT + F = ui qTi + F
i=l
where p and q are the loading vectors that contain information on
the relationship between different process and output variables,
respectively, n is the vector of the number of latent variables (LVs),
T and U are score matrices (which has the information between
different samples) and E and F are the residuals. The PLS regression
model which relates X and Y can be expressed in as
Y = X LV + F
where B is given by B = W(PT W)1 QT , in which W = (XT Yq)T [2931].
3. Materials and methods
3.1. Motivation of this study
Constructing models from time series with nontrivial dynamics
is a difcult problem. Conventional data-based modeling methods
Degrees of freedom (d.f.)
T
nl (xl x )(xl x ) g1
T
(xlj x l )(xlj x l ) n1 g
j=1 l=1
n T
(xlj x )(xlj x ) nl 1
l=1 j=1 l=1
usually focus on global approaches, which adopt a single model
to represent the inputoutput behavior of system. However,
(4) approaches are inefcient to characterize the data belongs to a
particular period (or duration) and are difcult to optimize the
formulated problem and update the data on-line once the process
operating mode changes. On the other hand, local approaches use
multiple models, which are valid in certain localized operating
regions. To estimate and produce an accurate forecast of system
output at a given time, local models are chosen according to the
model (or criteria) dened on the input data [3234].
To nd an accurate IAQ prediction model in underground sub-
way stations, a season dependent local model (namely, seasonal
model) needs to be developed, since the IAQ of the metro sys-
tem has been inuenced by seasonal temperature variations. In this
study, variations of seasonal temperature on concentration of PM10
and PM2.5 are studied and valid seasonal models are developed.
3.2. The proposed method
A proposed framework for monitoring and prediction of IAQ is
shown in Fig. 1. Monitoring of seasonal changes in IAQ is carried
out using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Prediction
models are used to carry out prediction of IAQ. These methods are
applied to S-subway station, in Korea. The data used in this study
is collected from March, 2008 to February, 2009. The whole one-
year data is divided into three seasonal data sets, namely, one for
spring/fall, one for summer, and the other for winter. The durations
for obtaining data sets for spring and fall are from March 2008 to
May 2008 and from October 2008 to November 2008, respectively,
(5) for summer and winter are from June 2008 to September 2008 and
from December 2008 to February 2009, respectively. It is to be note
that the data sets of spring and fall are treated as one population.
(6) The data sets of summer and winter are treated as 2nd and 3rd
populations, respectively. Number of samples obtained for spring
and fall, summer and sinter are 134, 98 and 88, respectively.
Before carrying out the MANOVA test on IAQ, external analy-
sis is carried out for removing the inuence of seasonal changes
(due to temperature variations) from the IAQ data. It is well known
that air pollutants, especially concentration of PMs, will get affected
due to temperature changes [9]. Therefore, in the external analy-
sis, temperature is referred as external variable and concentrations
(7) of PM10 and PM2.5 (which has diameters with 10 m and 2.5 m,
respectively) are referred as main variables.
MANOVA tests are carried out to know whether seasonal vari-
ations affect IAQ. For MANOVA, one year data is divided into three
populations, one for spring and fall, one for summer, and the other
for winter). It is to be noted that the data of two seasons spring and
fall is taken as one population. Signicant differences among these
3 populations according to changes in seasonal temperature are
observed. To know the inuence of seasonal variations on the IAQ,
the data with the following two scenarios are compared: (1) the
 M. Kim et al. / Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855
Fig. 1. Framework for monitoring and prediction of IAQ.
real data which has effect of temperature and (2) the data obtained
after taking out the effect of temperature in the real data by exter-
nal analysis. Evaluation of inuence of temperature on the indoor
air pollutants of the metro system is required to propose seasonal
IAQ model.
Finally, multivariate statistical methods are used to propose
monitoring and prediction models for IAQ, which takes care of
effect of variations in different seasons. Monitoring and prediction
models of IAQ are developed for three seasons, one for spring/fall,
one for summer, and the other for winter. PCA is used to develop
the monitoring models, while PLS regression is used to develop
prediction models for three seasons. In the development of predic-
tion models of IAQ, output (or response) variable (Y) taken for this
study are the current concentrations of PM10 (t) and PM2.5 (t). These
variables are considered since concentrations of PMs are taken as
criteria for monitoring IAQ [19]. Input variables (X) taken for this
study are the current concentration of nitrate, previous day data
of PMs (t 1), temperature and humidity. To verify the accuracy of
the temperature dependent models, the performance of seasonal
models (three models for 1-year period) are compared with a global
IAQ model (one model for 1-year period) which does not take care
of seasonal variations.
3.3. Seoul station in Seoul metro system
The objective system for this study is underground subway is
station on line number 4, Seoul Metro (i.e., Seoul stations). Indoor
air pollutants data is collected from a real-time TMS installed in
Seoul subway station. TMS system is located at the center of the
platform and measures the concentration levels of seven air pol-
lutants (NO, NO2 , NOX , PM10 , PM2.5 , CO, CO2 ), temperature and
humidity within the xed measurement intervals. Concentration
of NO, NO2 and NOX are measured by the chemiluminescence
of nitro-oxide materials and ozone. PM10 and PM2.5 are mea-
sured by -ray attenuation principle with the corresponding size
51
distribution lters. CO and CO2 are measured using the wave-
lengths obtained by non-dispersive infrared radiation absorption.
The specic characteristic features (such as detection limit and
measurement accuracy) of measuring equipment of TMS are pre-
sented in Table 2 [19].
The daily mean values of each TMP variables reported during
March 2008 to February 2009 are used in the present study. Aver-
age values of indoor air pollutants obtained using the above data
are shown in Table 3. The meteorological conditions collected from
(1) Seoul Metropolitan Research Institute of Public Health and Envi-
ronment and (2) internet material from the meteorological ofce
is used in this study.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. MANOVA test for evaluation of changes in seasonal
temperature
To know the inuence of seasonal variations on the IAQ, the
data of IAQ with the following two scenarios are compared: (1) the
real data which has effect of temperature and (2) the data obtained
after taking out the effect of temperature. To obtain the second
one, external analysis is carried out on original data obtained from
Seoul subway station for removal of effect of temperature on IAQ
data. Score plots of PCA analysis (which are not shown in the
present paper) are obtained by following two scenarios: (1) score
plot (namely, score 1) obtained for the data which has inuence
of temperature and (2) score plot (namely, score 2) obtained for
the data taking out the inuence of temperature variations using
external analysis. Signicant differences between the seasonal pop-
ulation data sets of summer and winter are clearly observed in
score 1. However, once the inuence of temperature is eliminated
from the original data, the boundaries between the seasonal popu-
lations are fainted. These results show that the obtained data sets
for different seasons have affect of temperature. This is aligned with
52 M. Kim et al. / Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855

Table 2
Characteristic features of measuring equipment of TMP in S-station (Kim et al. [19]).

Device (component analyzer) Detection limits (measuring range) Measurement accuracy (measurement repeatability)

NOX analyzer (NA-623) 0.5 ppb (01 ppb) Within 1% of span gas concentration
PM10 analyzer (SPM-613D) Less than 1 g/m3 (00.5/1/2/5 mg/m3 ) Less than 0.5% of full scale (FS)
PM2.5 analyzer (SPM-613) Less than 1 g/m3 (00.5/1/2/5 mg/m3 ) Less than 2% FS
CO2 analyzer(NDIR gas analyzer) 0.1 ppm (05000 ppm) Within 1% FS

Table 3
Average values of indoor air pollutants obtained using the data taken from March 2008 to February 2009, from Seoul subway station.

Variable Mean SD Min Max

PM10 concentration on the platform (g/m3 ) 75.7 19.7 47 148

PM2.5 concentration on the platform (g/m3 ) 52.2 15.7 29 108
Temperature ( C) 15.9 7.8 1.9 29
Humidity (%) 40.2 11.4 18.7 67.1
NOX concentration on the platform (g/m3 ) 0.18 0.06 0.064 0.37

the previous researchers results that the IAQ (especially PMs) has
strong dependency on variations in meteorology and temperature.
Hence, we can conclude that the seasonal temperature variation
is an important variable which affects IAQ data obtained in metro
system.
To statistically verify the inuence of variations in season on
IAQ data, MANOVA test is carried out. MANOVA test will give the
quantitative measure of the differences among different data sets
of season. For MANOVA test, the original data obtained from Seoul
subway station is divided into three populations: (1) spring and fall,
(2) summer, and (3) winter, which has affect of temperature. Null
hypothesis for MANOVA is that: there is no signicant difference
between the seasonal population mean-vectors (H0 = spring /fall =
summer = winter = 0), if Eq. (3) does not satisfy. As the result of
MANOVA test, the value of F is 172.76, and the F-limited value is 2.11
(where F-limit is the upper 0.95th percentile of the F-distribution).
Since the F value is much higher than the F-limited value, the null
hypothesis is rejected with the 95% signicance level. It means that
there are signicant differences of IAQ data according to variations
in season.
Since a global model (for 1-year period) which does not take care
Fig. 3a, which is the loading plot for spring and fall, seven variables
of IAQ are grouped into two clusters: (1) the rst one consists the
concentration of PM2.5 (t), and PM2.5 (t 1) and (2) the second one
has the temperature, humidity and the concentration of PM10 (t)
and PM10 (t 1). In Fig. 3b, which is the loading plot for summer,
the variables are grouped into two clusters. Note that the depen-
dency variables of clusters of Fig. 3b are different from that of Fig. 3a.
However, in Fig. 3c, dening the boundary between the groups of
dependency variables is ambiguous when compared with other
seasonal monitoring results. It is because of the less dependency
of main variables on other variables in that particular season when
compared with whole year.
PLS regression method is used to propose the seasonal IAQ pre-
diction model. To know the superiority of the seasonal regression
model over global, root mean square error (RMSE) values of the con-
centration prediction curves (of PM10 and PM2.5 ) obtained using PLS
global and seasonal models are compared. RMSE is a measurement
method, frequently used to determine the measure of gap between
model and observed values. RMSE is dened as:

n  2
i=1
yi,observed 
yi,model
of the changes in season, is not valid for the underground subway RMSE =
system. Hence, the temperature dependent models for monitoring n1
and prediction of IAQ are proposed in the next step.
where yi,observed are the actual observed values, 
yi,model are the pre-
dicted values and n is the number of experiments [3537].
4.2. Proposal of seasonal monitoring and prediction model for IAQ

Fig. 2 shows a loading plot (in the PC1 PC2 ) obtained for global
data using PCA. Loading plot is used to interpret the relationships
between the variables. In general, the clustered variables (shown in
different circles) in loading plot represent the variables which have
strong dependency. Fig. 2 represents that the seven variables of IAQ
in the S-station are grouped into three clusters: (1) the rst cluster
contains the temperature and humidity, (2) the second cluster is
having concentration of PM2.5 (t), and PM2.5 (t 1), and (3) the last
one consists the concentration of PM10 (t) and PM10 (t 1). Where
PMs(t 1) is the concentration of previous day. The rst cluster
corresponds to the general correlation between the temperature
and humidity, that is, the humidity decreases as the temperature
increases (due to the increase of saturated vapor). In the second
and third clusters, since the concentration of PMs of previous day
accumulates inside underground subway station and affects the
current and next days PMs concentration.
Fig. 3 shows loading plots (in the PC1 PC2 plane) obtained for
data sets using the seasonal PCA. The number of groups of depen-
dency variables in the three seasonal loading plots is different. In Fig. 2. Loading plot of global data obtained using PCA.
 M. Kim et al. / Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855 53

Fig. 4. Indoor air quality (IAQ) prediction results obtained using localized tem-
Fig. 3. Loading plots obtained for seasonal data sets using PCA: (a) spring and fall, perature dependent prediction models for (a) spring and fall, (b) summer and (c)
(b) summer and (c) winter. winter.

Fig. 4a shows the predicted concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 (PM10 (t 1), PM2.5 (t 1), NOX , temperature and humidity) of
using the spring and fall seasonal model. In this model, PLS X are reduced into three LVs, and represent a strong correla-
regression is constructed with three latent variables (LVs), cap- tion with Y variables [PMs(t)] linearly, explaining about 75% of
turing about 75% of the original data. It means that ve variables original data. The PLS regression model for spring and fall is
54 M. Kim et al. / Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855
Table 4
Comparison of RMSE values of different component prediction curves obtained using
global and seasonal prediction models.
Spring Summer Fall
Localized prediction model
PM10 23.93 13.10 18.02
PM2.5 9.98 11.17 16.18
Global prediction model
PM10 26.20 13.90 18.20
PM2.5 10.18 11.92 17.75
expressed as:
PM10 = 0.5569 (LV1 )PM10 + 0.5134 (LV2 )PM10 + 0.2946
(LV3 )PM10 + FPM10
PM2.5 = 0.5569 (LV1 )PM2.5 + 0.5134 (LV2 )PM2.5 + 0.2946
(LV3 )PM2.5 + FPM2.5
where PM10 is a vector of concentrations of PM10 of all data sam-
ples. (LV1 )PM10 is a vector of the values of rst latent variable which
corresponds to the component PM10 . (LV2 )PM10 is a vector of the
values of second latent variable which corresponds to the compo-
nent PM10 . (LV3 )PM10 is a vector of the values of third latent variable
which correspond to the component PM10 . FPM10 is a vector of the
residuals which corresponds to the component PM10 . PM2.5 is a
vector of concentrations of PM2.5 of all data samples (LV1 )PM2.5 is
a vector of the values of rst latent variable which corresponds to
the component PM2.5 . (LV2 )PM2.5 is a vector of the values of sec-
ond latent variable which corresponds to the component PM2.5 .
(LV3 )PM2.5 is a vector of the values of third latent variable which
corresponds to the component PM2.5 . FPM2.5 is a vector of the resid-
uals which corresponds to the component PM2.5 . Total number of
data samples for spring and fall seasons is 134.
Fig. 4b and c shows the prediction results of the concentrations
of PMs using the summer and winter regression models. The mod-
els for summer and winter are developed similar to the procedure
mentioned in spring and fall model. These models have captured
73% and 76% of the original summer and winter data.
To know the superiority of the developed seasonal regres-
sion models over global, RMSE values of concentration prediction
curves (of PM10 and PM2.5 ) obtained using PLS global and seasonal
regression models are compared. The procedure described in the
development of seasonal regression models is used to develop the
PLS global regression model. The PLS global model captures about
79% of the original data. The values of RMSE of PM10 and PM2.5
obtained using three seasonal PLS regression models are lower than
the global regression model, as shown in Table 4. This means that
seasonal models which consider the changes in seasonal tempera-
ture results in more accurate prediction of IAQ.
5. Conclusions
To evaluate the variations in indoor air quality of the metro
station which is inuenced by temperature variations in different
seasons, the seasonal models for monitoring and prediction of IAQ
are developed. To nd whether seasonal variations affect the IAQ,
MANOVA test is used and the result of MANOVA shows that there
are signicant differences observed among the different IAQ data
sets of three seasons. Considering these signicant differences in
the IAQ data among the seasons, the seasonal models (for spring and
fall, summer, and winter) are developed for monitoring and predic-
tion the IAQ using PCA and PLS methods, respectively. To nd the
superiority of the seasonal regression model over global, the RMSE
value of the concentration prediction curves (of PM10 and PM2.5 )
obtained using PLS global and seasonal models are compared. These
results show that the seasonal models can predict precise results
than the global model. The prediction results obtained using the
proposed seasonal models (which accounts for the variations in
Winter different seasons) are robust when compared with global predic-
tion model. The proposed seasonal model can effectively predict the
16.34 future concentrations of indoor particulate matters in underground
14.71 subway station.
18.77
15.40 Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation
of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No.
2011-0001031).
References
[1] A. Paivi, Y.T. Tarja, K. Anu, M. Timo, H. Anne, H. Kaarle, R.I. Mika, H. Risto, K. Tarja,
J. Matti, The concentrations and composition of and exposure to ne particles
(PM2.5 ) in the Helsinki subway system, Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005)
50595066.
[2] L.G. Murruni, V. Solanes, M. Debray, A.J. Kreiner, J. Davidson, M. Davidson, Con-
centrations and elemental composition of particulate matter in the Buenos
Aires underground system, Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 45774583.
[3] M.J. Kim, Y.S. Kim, A. Ataei, J.T. Kim, J.J. Lim, C.K. Kim, Statistical evaluation of
indoor air quality changes after installation of the PSD system in Seouls metro,
Indoor and Built Environment 20 (2011) 187197.
[4] S.B. Kwon, Y.M. Cho, D.S. Park, E.Y. Park, Study on the indoor air quality of Seoul
metropolitan subway during the rush hour, Indoor and Building Environment
17 (2008) 361369.
[5] S.N. Kang, H.J. Hwang, Y.M. Park, H.Y. Kim, C.H. Ro, Chemical compositions of
subway particles in Seoul, Korea determined by a quantitative single particle
analysis, Environmental Science & Technology 42 (2008) 90519057.
[6] K. Furuya, Y. Kudo, K. Okinaga, M. Yamukki, S. Takahashi, Y. Araki, Y. Hisamatsu,
Seasonal variation and their characterization of suspended particulate matter
in the air of subway stations, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques 19
(2001) 469485.
[7] M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, J.E. Gomez-Perales, R.N. Colvile, Levels of particulate air
pollution, its elemental compositions, determinants and health effects in metro
systems, Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 79958006.
[8] S.B Kwon, D.S. Park, Y.M. Cho, E.Y. Park, Measurement of natural ventilation
rate in Seoul metropolitan subway cabin, Indoor and Energy Environment 19
(2010) 366374.
[9] H.B. Song, D.K. Kim, H.S. Do, G.H. Han, J.K. Leem, S.H. Hong, M.H. Kim, S.O. Baek,
Evaluation of indoor air quality and the perception of subway in Taegu area,
Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 23 (2001) 337348.
[10] T. Paul, D. Sree, H. Aglan, Effect of mechanically induced ventilation on the
indoor air quality of building envelopes, Energy and Buildings 42 (2010)
326332.
[11] A.C.K. Lai, K.W. Mui, L.T. Wong, L.Y. Law, An evaluation model for indoor
environmental quality (IEQ) acceptance in residential buildings, Energy and
Buildings 41 (2009) 930936.
[12] R. Kosonen, F. Tan, The effect of perceived indoor air quality on productivity
loss, Energy and Buildings 36 (2004) 981986.
[13] A. Scoggins, T. Kjellstrom, G. Fisher, J. Connor, N. Gimson, Spatial analysis of
annual air pollution exposure and mortality, Science of the Total Environment
321 (2004) 7185.
[14] A. Namdeo, M.C. Bell, Characteristics and health implications of ne and coarse
particulates at roadside, urban background and rural sites in UK, Environment
International 31 (2005) 565573.
[15] S. Roberts, Interaction between particulate air pollution and temperature in
air pollution mortality time series studies, Environmental Research 96 (2004)
328337.
[16] M. Branis, The contribution of ambient sources to particulate pollutions in
spaces and trains of the Prague underground transport system, Atmospheric
Environment 40 (2006) 348356.
[17] J. Lau, W.T. Hung, C.S. Cheung, Interpretation of air quality in relation to moni-
toring stations surroundings, Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 769777.
[18] Y.S. Kim, M.J. Kim, J.J. Lim, J.T. Kim, C.K. Yoo, Predictive monitoring and diagnosis
of periodic air pollution in a subway station, Journal of Hazardous Materials 183
(2010) 448459.
[19] Y.S. Kim, J.T. Kim, I.W. Kim, C.K. Yoo, Multivariate monitoring and local interpre-
tation of indoor air quality in Seouls metro system, Environmental Engineering
Science 27 (2010) 721731.
[20] W. Kam, K. Cheung, N. Daher, C. Sioutas, Particulate matter (PM) concentra-
tions in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles metro,
Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011) 15061516.
[21] R.A. Johnson, D.W. Wichern, Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, sixth ed.,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2007, pp. 300305.
[22] M. Kano, S. Hasebe, I. Hashimoto, H. Ohno, Evolution of multivariate statistical
process control: application of independent component analysis and external
analysis, Computers & Chemical Engineering 28 (2004) 11571166.
 M. Kim et al. / Energy and Buildings 46 (2012) 4855
[23] Z. Ge, C. Yang, Z. Song, H. Wang, Robust online monitoring for multimode pro-
cesses based on nonlinear external analysis, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research 47 (2008) 47754783.
[24] H.J. Remaker, E.N.M. Sprang, S.P. Gurden, J.A. Westerhuis, A.K. Smilde, Improved
monitoring of batch processes by incorporating external information, Journal
of Process Control 12 (2002) 569576.
[25] C. Rosen, A chemometric approach to process monitoring and control, Ph.D.
Thesis, Lund Univ., Sweden, 1998.
[26] J.E. Jackson, A User Guide to Principal Component Analysis, Wiley, New York,
1991.
[27] B.S. Dayal, J.F. Macgregor, Recursive exponentially weighted PLS and its appli-
cations to adaptive control and prediction, Journal of Process Control 3 (1997)
169179.
[28] T. Yamamoto, Application of statistical process monitoring with external anal-
ysis to an industrial monomer plant, in: IFAC Symposium on Advanced Control
of Chemical Process, 2004, pp. 405410.
[29] S.J. Qin, Recursive PLS algorithms for adaptive data modeling, Computers &
Chemical Engineering 22 (1998) 503514.
[30] J.M. Park, H.W. Lee, The monitoring of biological wastewater treatment plant
using multivariate statistical analysis, DICER Techinfo Part 1, vol. 3, 2004, pp.
193202.
55
[31] M. Barry, PLS Toolbox 3.5-Users Guide, Eigenvector Research, U.S.A.,
2004.
[32] V. Babovic, S.A. Sannasiraj, E.S. Chan, Error correction of a predictive ocean wave
model using local model approximation, Journal of Marine Systems 53 (2005)
117.
[33] Z. Ge, Z. Song, Online monitoring of nonlinear multiple model processes based
on adaptive local model approach, Control Engineering Practice 16 (2008)
14271437.
[34] L.G.M. Souza, G.A. Barreto, On building local models for inverse system iden-
tication with vector quantization algorithms, Neurocomputing 73 (2010)
19932005.
[35] M.H. Kim, A.S. Rao, C.K. Yoo, Dual optimization strategy for N and P removal in
a biological wastewater treatment plant, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research 48 (2009) 63636371.
[36] H.B. Liu, M.J. Kim, O.Y. Kang, B.S. Rao, J.T. Kim, J.C. Kim, C.K. Yoo, Sensor vali-
dation for monitoring indoor air quality in a subway station, Indoor and Built
Environment (2011), doi:10.1177/1420326X11419342.
[37] T.G. zbalta, A. Sezer, Y. Yldz, Models for prediction of daily mean indoor
temperature and relative humidity: education building in Izmir, Turkey, Indoor
and Built Environment (2011), doi:10.1177/1420326X11422163.