Nicos Poulantzas Verso. Fascism and Dictatorship The Third International and the Problem of Fascism Translated from the French by Judith White Translation ebtorsJemfer ad Timthy O'Hagan1 Femi Mapes asst in Ieedacion 1 +. Inpaina Fassia. Monopoly Cain sade InpealieChain 17 2. The Germ and Un Linke oft Cin 35 LGeroany 25 |4:-The Peso of Face andthe Tid Intersil 36 [The Contents gel view and cage of ue: the problen ofthe perio and sepia the la rule 36 Inmet ict onthe Cooter andys of hi 47m 4 Conia: the Tenn to Menpaly Capa, snd Eooomie Crisp 1. The Plt Cis: Fai od the xcept Sate 57 1. The potion nd the Comintern 57 1, Tater, Gras Troy 5p 1, The aaa framework: ula bi clas sewple and he nial sen 62 1. Genel Popoons 72 1. Conran betwen da cee tu damian icine of deme 72 The esis of geoney 72 IL Modena in egeoay 72 1. The eto eesti es, anc the poll pars 79 V. The elope 78 ‘VL The tensive by big cpa athe power ae 78 1On tacked defece 78 b.Theseps inthe pecan” 79 ‘Vi The ce pres, fi nthe oman cnr a cls Sass raion, epson 0d te rg a: he rete seosony of2.Gemaay_ 8) Te ecommiccmertitions. 1, ligand medi capital: Bacio ‘conomialyreograde? 9¢ I. The rn and he pinto prices 20 1. Toe Nat Pry, Nec and the dominates snd das fais; bgenony ad he ring ss 0 sinty Te commie couitons 114 UL Bgcapial so ndownes 8 IL "he ri andthe poor roses 229 IV. Theft purty, acon and the Jit late and dss xin; bgenny andthe rigs 19 1. Sap and harcore ce of ee? snd th working ce dfeive 139 Fern of he Melia ere ‘Bec of he elo orweions 49 1 Sal Dono ca uae sd action, ply, ad th te of oil ci? 47 TV. The Communist Paria nd the py bee of he Cainer ad th eyo liane 196 V. Tie fit ergizuins, fen ad the wring le, ‘he cos othe waking cs under fan 165 2. Gemay 268 Th roc dfe, the eens td the plone 168 UL Gunn soil demency 177 i, The Geman Commins Pay (KBD) 8 1 Natal Socio ed he woking ches 153 Tas Na epninon sd the working cen 8 1 Thecondion ofthe wring har der Nee the guano of he oct de iar 9 Ty 198 Tie proce of deft ad the eve 19 “ae plc ela i Srl nd rvolatoy waa 200 Content 1 ainsi democracy and he Maina 3 IN. Thelen Corman ary (PCI) 90 ‘Toe Bork toe ad pay ply 209 ©. Grameen te wore? cna: th Coser he radeon ‘ution sn the poe of ui pe eon 273 Pasko andthe waking cd Sisco png sre ac ‘he COL and Oe focat nde wines 90 Append The USSR andthe Comin 293 {The ChaeNarraf se aty BougaiolPny-bourls egy 237 2 Gee Prpstions 397 [. Mesopaly Cptalon and the pry boos 1. The pli eis snd te pty toupee; the feat pute andthe nee fhe ety bore 297 IL The elope isan cit sy Inpeii ely ed pery-bereisidlogy2g2 IW. The codon ofthe pty boupsse ade im 356 aly fs 1. Chiesa the Contre 271 2 Gener Propotion 278 1. The enon iain inthe comeside 27 1. The pada es 78 TI. The fai peri fc ade peat es: ‘omand euntaie 280 1. Nocopaycpialion nd he counrsile ‘he conn of the pect ardor acon 8p sGemeay ais ‘ely prThe Sate Apparat ad the Tepe! Appts 299, Ti olga appre ae State putes Jor TIL, Rosia of the regen See sparse Garacersie of tele Sate spputes 322 2. The sepia Sute and he Fact Ste ‘Type Ste Form of Sat aad Form of Regine 370 | Genent Prpoiont nthe cepa See 33 Forgot St freon 33 1, Modena in th relans btwen the repeive spire sd be ei apparaes 374 The dpcemen ofthe domioae beachc appa 918 1. Molitoa inthe juries eit y20 ¥. Spence of moiflesion in he decal pile; a tesnglepary ste jg Vi Theenea of brementnaion 527 “Vl ena and neal onan: pele seve nd nein bale 4 Geer Propaiions on the Fan Ss 64 Ferm of Exception! Regine 32° TL Theewabishel men 37 1 Th rise offic win he steppe 353 s-Gcrouny 336 LTherbeaf fiom 96 The esablbed ten 39 6 tay 350 LTherae of fiom 50 TL Theeaabibed een age Conca 52 Tae gr Fascism and DictatorshipIntroduction ‘What purpose can cere be in study of faim at thie moment in hele ta the urgency of the problem males sich yp neces. Univer seen he question of facia andthe ther Ges f dcatathip seemed tobe telgued to Nati oven, the ence ‘ot eadee histeirraphy alone. ow becoming ncesinghy leat that pei pug through « major workd-mde rc whichis ny jst begining bu which edy reaches ot the imperii ate Tunds themselves. [athe ph of the sharpest ofc suse inthe petid weave now entered (and which see frat the ote) the ‘qustion ofthe exseptonal State (Est @ etn) and ooo ats ee gue fervent back onthe aged, Like every study in hnovzal materia, this ook bie « complex subject Tis forued on thre man sta 1: Eusim a parca pala phenomenon, Ive tried to aprre the essential elements of facia by araling the couses and oes ‘eyend the scandar futures lanscietsgiwbse cok rot To [iiss tin veer hows capseemest orl eeu end tal ene xe lof racing a: ocr ot ‘top etn oh fot ene met ‘dostigg Tn hoc eyo feng noe SEE ined delay ee ope end conden ‘ams ofthe shemeren Encl cite frm ef czie enone oben of he xe sen SpE G" Goats Ferg) Those aes, ‘cy Eeaprinn in ico fina chery erp Tae ‘rae petal phoma fon a ther oly Iysed by pong a the mame tinea theory ofthe pola ri andthe eptionl Ste which abo Es other yee of exceptional captalt repines2, Tidy, the book Fs onthe Thin nett poy 0 was focon Ise iporlete danas fon wa Caeng the working cs an gual iment o daca the wen ls {he imerme period widow ga inte gas of We Coane Turheae, 0 aia tal thdeaadeg of Cantos ay towards nen, we tant flr to stops et acbog ieee geo tte pen ning st pa Tih the Comimer war cnfoned ih fone Eee, Th together with is characte Eurien, mean that ply toads imi oad ndaion ofthe wie they tod pret ‘Mone sma aque cng te oaks. The Fistral consctres cf tcon theres proves parted wae sBleand concteoppouniyfranivignon of he Comte, This beck uneraes och an vege coring on he precip ‘hind the Cminc's ply in tang Ks acta ec, te iting ras prion te Camere “Theredevre of pucks nd say he pted ot the boat ‘spent sl bx mich fi sap of te Ti Intern “The cela ofthe Book, which pore frm ll ose. {oop ine prose and tel sas eee ‘igus. The sae slice he Ted Inna f tek the sabe ofthe bok this wold Ie equied the ans of ay aspects oi py ~ch a the oil ueion~ ch po omer Set Tn this dcosion of fnam I have bd nontices 10 toch on deeopment ish go beyond the anya Gamer Thence {he Se saan and Seep Sel The fst Sate spss frm af exon Sano ay tbe eared wth eet {ems ofthe apa Ste Ie ia wil fre of Sal a fee ‘hich corespndh to polka cca. Bu the propery of ey ish olay be fre not exe oul nthe rds ea) often ors pete psonenm fens mast pes duce eran apes he er arf the apt Ste Te se oe fora whl sce of ter pls parte that ef te pty mur tes, shor fenton nthio the fanewek ffs reveng oly this also ue for a Serie of concepts of sci and pita Inoreduction 13 analysis whic I ave ben et formulate to make more pecs, and to “The reader shold be freed the, hath is nota Riser soy of German sed Tain com, st sud in poll ther — ‘whch of coune cont beanie ot -sibasthroeh Ber] ich, Du the went ofthe mate nd part te rer of ‘enutes on ccdntng the eset faces of cm a+ spect ols pheomenon. Histor! event an concedes ae aed ere cal to the estat hat they ae elvan stations of he sj. nde investpsn Such ae the principles wich govern he ener plan and frm ofthe teak; he done wl come cae wok porns "Lhe choses the fllonng general pn. ach chapter bia widh ‘series of gen ropotins hse by concrete sas ofthe ‘uc of Germany and Tal, nich re intended to dae these BF reid the iveignion of nce nes wo toe whee ‘scam aul mange take power ~ cane hi nota er tray of dita fain sore. Te tly of con in pow in ‘Sater ber nderunng sod seer loon othr poh tod esta esas offi movers, “Tv fer ied the acme tthe Geman and aan atc Malin of examples iso m0 service tthe sim T have ‘Elis and nite prin wie state bet nyo tn lng cj of rch "Tce wes onthe ecber Md, wo bis reo fr chong thee parila eagi (0) German abd Taian fam, emcpg a they iin Eps, the fos of te Coninsrn's. policy sree faizn, Inve toe det Polite here and now than, Jae fin (0) These tv cae desrsae be cil etre ffi mere clei and coer than say other in Exp, tha hey So in ifeot aye T have not therfore undoraten ody of Spaish flodom wich ns compet oom ich dow ao longi he opny am, bt which deimbl rey seca Seto. {4 be not foowel ny sit chrondopeal re. Tn prc, he4” concrete sn of the German cae fllows om from the nes propo ‘ons, always cong before aly. This is because he character of fiscam are chacer and mae orp in Nasi tan in ian fase ‘The orders chren not beorase Naznm some kind oft! by which tomar allan: trate to fala the clay which the sbjct tnd the very stereo thie demand Part One ‘The Period of Fascism‘The fir problem to face in dying fascias pict in lation to regimes sch a mitary dieatorip 40d Bonsparim, and to other farms ofthe eyiast State, Tn other words i i possible wo define & farm of exrpial ota Stte, which i ic rom ober forms of ‘alt Sie, ad wich fel Rs varie specie Forme of exeptinal ‘Bfine such aac, sultry ditt, and Bonaparion? "The quesion cn only be posed securely by studying both the pola ers 10 which the exception) State is response, end the PortclarKnd of pliers to which te pei oemecorexpoad. But thi ein fit of alan tas ofthe quem ofthe itr ‘sid of capitis fxmstions win which these poltcal tes ‘ecpiona ees oe, To avd foundering nabs eypoly, We fave tobe cath the Kinds of poll riser which produce ny given focm of excepimal regime, il ave fears which vary according ‘he period in wich they are Niaeteath-eaary ies rom twentieth= ‘etary Baap, and the mame i tae of mltary dictatorship and ‘ec ‘Although the analysis of the gene ioc periods to which xcep- sional ‘egies belong doer notin iuelf explain thelr emergence, it emai fact dt the prod ales the concurs of th la rate litical exe) whch alone prov Imperialism and Fascism. Monopoly Cepitalism and the Imperialist Chain 1 sal begin by Joking the period of cs, and se the opening provided by «quotation rom Max Heine, wich frm the nie fon ina eent German work, Fascias und Kepiaimar. rhein, reacting ety apn the wise concepca of toultaranisn’, wrt! “Anyone whe doe aot wish to dss eptali shool als ay sent onthe sabe offsci” Suc peaking hiss incorrect: iis he who ‘dows noc wih to dius imran who sald ea len on the subject of fc ‘asco in eft belongs to the inpeiie nage of capa, The pot steer oy to lene cersn general characteris ofthe age and their mpact on fascism. The pica uses of fam ae aot ‘he fcr fen geen ats bic ue ar ich othe parte ‘sonomic cies Germany and lily ste caught in when faci ‘Sublshing fool the atonal geulartie of te two coun, the ‘omsequences ofthe Fine World Was, ee. Thee factors re important nly in ration t the sage of imperiaicn, a elements of ow fe, sacl cence of ieee Tr besoner nxemay, te, wo dvel onthe qveion of imperiain — ‘hough Tam well aware hatte present disuson canot be exhaustive [Nonetheleg there ar postions which reqre cometon, and fim a 1 css ofthe imperial sage provides ats for dong this ‘The erux of the mater appears to be the fllowing: imperiiam, comidered as x sage in capitalist developncat 2 whale, i ao simply8 or ely an ecssae phenomenon: in other words itis nat determined ‘y-evets inthe economi domain lon, nr can ibe lostd witht. ‘The Ted fiteraioal, however, bald quite rongly tan eso ‘anepton of ixperalim. "Tas Beare rey ceria prewar interpretation of Lena's theory of imperiin, and expeclly of Import, the Highest Stage of (Cepia ~ az interpretation govern by the hic Interational’s sconominm. Te summariar the their I elaborste blow” ennai Sans to be the point of convergence forthe cunts ofthe Sond Tnterational, adi, moreover the foal pit of Lenin's tack on As arasthe Third Internationale concerned wilt ade x ear break ‘under Lenin fom the conceptions f the Secodd Internatio, hele nly fora sho space of tine then economism sets to have been ‘atl depbyuy inc ner ides end sot mpgs "SRSA oy is won ah et fame a, Take intarn tore rors abandonment of proltrian eration, haracetcs oot only ofthe Comintern gener ine, bu lo ofthe lin ofthe Boltevik Pay and its eadeship widin the USSR. Before ging any Farber, «parila clsiation ie require, This Hine id not come owt ofthe bs. Ie wold be completly iainic to think {hat the Comin lin, sd the line followed by the USSR, were 20 more than ‘ero ‘vit i theary and plies inthe hiking of the leaders. would be giving « par sbjcvist meaning to what saeicauel fen ofthe Ble Pay nd th ether erste Comintern Tear in fit rte inh cat acu ten bps ad pro erie bse thn ashe US al a theca sa sal uy to ope ne Ape he ssid te Cate ‘Alhoph the Concer poi ne, andthe sm in sere deerme bythe sapien actos wd wenden aha {he Bost By, by the Pers ply within the USSR, Soe Ferg poy, sd here by the sage beverages tnd Dpocacewiin the USSM, we eed 9 mas cy Ide a nse Hse don wold hve Es The Prd of Fon 19 nism, the lack of 2 mss lin, andthe greving laadonment of ne. ‘ational (ce. the efecs of the strug etmeen the bourgeoisie and the proletariat inthe USSR), forme the nes lak by means of which the USSR, or what was happening isthe USSR’ determined the tli ofthe Comintern and the oa Comitni Faris, For he general Eine had its own deve elfcts onthe cee of the coneree srogle ‘erwec the bourse and the prolctrtinthe USSR ie ‘There mere i ado, prtialar ‘ero’ in the in, wish, by accumulation, had ther own lec bath on the sree between boat fois and pleat inthe USSR, and ot Comintern poly, he pint ‘immediate een ts, Inthe tempt to demonstnte this, my coun wil na sense reverse the onder of release, ‘Togo tac o Lean, itis true hat his tex deal only with he eenamic specs of inperilnn = Bur withthe ey ation that Lenin inst ‘Gave steton to the Get ip Bir lat jeter, cleuly-aflrming te Ssedequacer. “The penplet war writen with'an ee to the tt ‘easrstp. ene, Iwas nox aly forced to crane aysll sic toan = ‘laely hereta, pei econor tala oft, but frm late the few necmary obserations on police with ertreme aston, By ‘is, nan allegorical anguage in that accursed Acsopanlnguage Tea plo these days of Hey, to read the passage ofthe pam “However, i ws ot sient thatthe hd Toternatonal wed hi vrotk in» particle way: asa fancon of ts prtealar economia, jst atthe Secnd International oa tx oly wit Maras Pele! to the Cotrition oth rita of ela Bemomy and Engel Satin, Urapen ond Scie. These works do have re scons” eerones snd t wuld bes well to examine the eons For this sme y. Sil, Lenin's pamphley, and his work ar x whol gute clery contain a hea finger usunthing which cnaot freed toa er coon ‘Besomenon: Only with reference tis hoy rt pornble to andt= Sand cam Trperalion, considered at = sage in the ensemble ofthe capita proces, sno in Ft just question of mdifetons inthe ecoponie domain, sich ax monopoly concentration, che fsion of basking and Stat Wik we 6indi ait nto Sane capital th export of capil and the search For olois fr purely ‘eonom? reasons, Tate ‘economis fatons_ scully determne a new ation ofthe ensemble ofthe spials ‘Sate thereby producing profound changes in poland elegy "These moins at wa nly each national socal formation, but a sci slats on a0 ineratioal ale, Mereve, the peicalat ‘ellons bermem thee two setory, which prcielychurcerize Ine For the Bx, theta fete ofthe proces monopoly eee dim. Here a plewmonen of dehive tmprtance enter the ecmemie ‘wolistion oth sage niga a ew sl to he copia Stte ing apd an extended field of rervention, nd aba new evel ab eltvenes. There are roquent steps nowadays to atibae hit ‘el ofthe Stato present-day cndton, inorder o defines new sage ‘FSate monopoly captain’ bur dhe rle in fe blogs preclely to {he impel age at 2 hele To make this een ere: the evident Ireak inthe Sores tle and eflectvenss dacs not musk two decve staet~ das ipa and ‘Sate mocpaly aii’ ~ bat arts ‘ther the pre-nperials fromthe imperil (monopoly apa) sage Undoaiely, inporant modicsions occ atthe sie tine, bu only 1 pevodzton within the imprali sage eel ‘There mas never a tage of capitalism in which the State dd mot play an imperant exnomie role: the “ibeal Ste’ confined t0 poling emnpetivecapias, has ays been myth Nonetheless, «now Ste tole charcerns the one snge, I 8 known a he ierentoit ‘State Beene lhe profound repercoign ofthe arson the poles! feens ofthe aptalt Sat, relation wo previous forms Lexi nated ‘ir many Ses the passage aboot the rer State i the above- mentioned ample, and in his analyses of Site opti, which went fe beyond the sinple Gamewock of the Mitonmal conjures of Germany durin the Fit World Wer, snd the USSR afer the 1957 evolton, "The phesemenon of fascism can only rely be understood in 0 fr iz is laced wihin a sage carcteied by this modiexion inthe State's role. Mase Mart authors who bate duel Ga bave ‘aoc pine this heya aac combine the oe ofthe Stat inthe iperiis atage wth he specie role of he Sate in ration! phere betwen mages. Tet is The Penk of Fasc 21 tleady nacount caowher ofthe sparc of the Staten aston teween two mes of production in sing vocal fermatin* shoud be added bee tht he Stat abo pays a sce rei the tansion between two stages ina single made of prodcton. Inthe parila fnstnce of Geron ad Tln face, the dechivenes of he Sues sole sexprewed moony init new rola the imperali sae, but lo in its crac role n the parla tansion to the eubohent of ‘Sunupty capa nthe wo coun Tenin wrote in Dnprisin: "For Earge, we can esubish quite securely the mument en the new (ooops) cpt deisely ced th Te Bt ‘at should be underoad by ths i it of what we nw kro i Ut foe the majr European cous the Begining ofthe twenih century mareda fed with th preceding ge andthe the die othe phase of aston ands the dominance monapaldeoloial contain teeween the manes inthe Nort, ciely the working clas, and inthe South, chicby the poor peauney.* As lan wnicain? had been ‘aris out athe o cers the Fetes Garba the patcipation of Cathlies dhe police ofthe Sain, ap T-28ftchding the Fant World War The ret Southern Lindownersthemseies Lee Spanish tationaiy foe «Tong time (en 1) i sian paroniy iccs rcolpun. Tes Htefoe tae tate Tein Sate was ly cea ad “bitesucrate nee thi waste only wy tomlin a ale tol By, The reasons forthe earls of the Pench Sate ere ue else of Cog ecole of ed mae ihe Neh wh ep oe nan trey hee a a he exe Soy ad a ‘unin een wa as pearon = invest fe Sere aa de Sc ns Po a once ” Aiea cis vs nc aed 0 2 5s rnc seo li ad cr nom ars as oe ae Ses ate Race ae Seton! See oe Neh nb mano he seta ey he nore vay en re Tass oad ope ons i Toe etic chneo Gaman Sper tne ee eae eae SORTS Rateney’ grin i cance whch eed ct theca Te donor er age She ns eS : See Se pr a ae Ma Wr thle pened ob ih coma nee nah pr ay a sage ti Ths een cna, ss ee a ae ray Set nD eons she ons RS SE tine hn sop fl Spo Svan tn ae a pal le es {2d rete se fin loon itn ene Se te waka ft Tn ig he pis of ute pay pan a te ets thn he eran norma vow ht ecu ision, which lars dhe contoured “These onideraons become sil caer if we compare the German and Ital links with te othe inigetiie cpunres ofthis prod: France, Brinn abd the United States. They to ae acted by the tas rmonapalycapiass nd by econ rier, But vey do nt have the {cumulation of tonradicions wich typly Germany end Tl. Pe ‘aly athe level of Sse power, State apparatus and forms of Ste, ‘joa unity novhre shows eases conparbleto those of Germany ‘nd Taly. When national sical comes ino power, the centre of The Pred of Fim 35 weakness docs indeed sem to move to Spi, btn this case the con Te developeat saute dierent tom th ofthe eee to counties Spun in tan ose the nodal point of peri eonraictons a Ebrope: the esablshuent of fsem and at ni well ‘now co have besa an exual ator ia ie sens obs Sua i3 The Pericd of Fascism and the Third International Wem his ain, dll on the Dis nternainas sale It is Bigg a det fcr not coreg The vaio Tals Ths was specaly arte the dictions ade between aly and Germany which ed toundretinae the danger of fciam in Germany: the eration, Yas able to dey he ela wi ay sickins wens oe an, Dam ia ft recognised th nh rept tothe Sevesth Congres jn 935:"Inthis connection, wecanno avoid referring alo toa numberof ‘aiken by the Conmanis Pai, mistakes that hamper ar sue spas ss. Tn our fnksthoe was on impermaible der he fi ng, enemy cst tray sot everyubere es overs Acs in pint te opain formerly 0 erat with inex Patent the eet hi ioe Ty, Taeanig tha ses may have succerded in Hay, but htt succes (Germany wa outef the queen, becasue the later ian nda ond ‘arly deelaped coun, with fry years of uation ofthe on sorenent, wfc Hock. wa ‘OF the Kad { opon whichis tobe met with nomads, to the eet that in coun tie of “casa?” bourgeois decry the si for fist doesnot 8. Soch epi have served and ma serve to eae wiglnce tomar fhe fist anger. sr ener the obation ofthe poke in the ‘trie again fia more diicut"= 1. Dimi, Sd Wor, So at Parton apply eed in Tay Secse Taya rom th printfa hackand { Fink The Paid of Pasion 37 “The important pont to understand i¢ wir the Inertial was ot expecting fem in Germany This sree othe explantion i gave fr Tae cs eds iy cs in indiana comes Naren Sor Fes rlbeureforny nico cpr Const (ign) win Zor, spine opponon fom erin snd Rah, explained Gncom ar eepresetng apiculate Set apd SES ie ceo cmcptan of Be coe of peta ‘Gane in this view wth an evluonie edo neapable of ing he complex poole of ynven dclopmest, which an enly “This conception of inperiiom may be aid to Se the proces 22 si lon te weds a ig demi is “tac th ine of exonei deve “Dat the wethoese ofthe Tala ink did note rom ach “backward ev’ The wa nf noted by the famous Comintern economist Fagen Varga, who posed the problema ims quit scertely, ia his own tems “The devlopnent of Ulan epi has shown tome ery inerxing “aly ithe : ie i cota ea enamel mat character. The cond PTS te the developmen of cain Tay fo inte fat that [Becta te mene ase snl he alt fama isa i The gablen which emerge how far ih eal te There 0 point in quiting the amass the Internation) and 2: Reprise Nath Men fhe amtrs199- 5. Zone prin Pon sar Re ar F195) 89 {in Tatar tan ote Conte, rari Pre bvapnes ean eo, Sait# especialy the Geman Communit Party (KD), made ofthe inpos- bili tht ital sacs woud come to power, There will bea onpetaiy fo rau to this The most king thing in topes ithe tering Undess shown by the Commusst leaders they weve not sizecting fiom in highl ndasaized” and econo advaseed rea “SRPMS Bains vatingcomequnc, wich a per iu reveing values economist can well ad to an exactly opposite (nd eally fle) dexphering ofthe concrete sition Jump 2 few years inate and see what wats about atonal nie is areal was yerhape most ceaty pt by Wile Pick tional ‘elon had cone aboot “athe mort advanced indus county in Eunone poss frase of its econenie incase * What before ned the eso for fis of there, wat now brovght forth a the ‘azn fri sue! - ‘What argumer ny behind this slefce? The economic progres of Germany, ao ian, made ya st indus country, the souniy here agialism as nist wtteipe’ The evolutionary Adsance of «foraton slang the ine of economic developnnt cont tured its wanes; beaut of the mechanic decompo of capt, ‘he mincolos ereradicin berween te productive fre an etions of profuction sunchow fermented within tat if in + coed bale Fascam was the response to this ‘waka?’ of Germany’ ‘economic "zen. Bu th was precely the eonaminic, evolution apronch of the Second Lsurnatol, which expected revlon in Gamaay beaut ofits comic mati and eten-ipenes, which wat aaa Lenin with hs cance thewerket ake For the momen sould Be Bnei ed tht the relive weakness ‘othe Geom ink inthe npr chain was not ole «question of ts conomi sito, not een offs “economie rogren’atconoced y ‘he Toteration Final, before enacting on an exization ofthe conjuncture of css “Spiga wih eto cee oe eal pu sop can Soe ae ee rtd, pred rns he Theis Cnes Pye P we The Pad of Faso 39 Fespiain. Wt wil ar Ferme char how the Third Tremors ‘Soromism Te t pe only to asthe pelt ain and the order of ‘he ing but onsany 0 undeesinate, there sd polly the tales ihe ls ural the pce snd Dees of the developers of Tr go tothe root the problem’ m-decrbng mperalem asthe ihe age of capitalism, Lenin charctered ita svt, parse Spano agin: "From all that fr ern sd in thi book onthe ‘ionomie ewenceoffnperlizn, it flows that we must define 85 Tap raoon, og more precy se moriband capi Shafatempt to pve the cect interpretation of Leis anaes, which fave had an nealealabe fer, and to race he International’ elution inrelaton tote Fit the points made by Lenin belong recto hisinense pole gun ceain conceptions of Kaushy an the Second Interraconal ‘Bout imperaiam,Accrding Yo Keusy, eae of iperiim would sik, oan er of peace both nthe ‘ntl chow overeat cooomicconadictinr of competi captain, fd fond ital equim, Lenin ihn tone up the polemic agai his conception, polatng oot ‘sha inperlisn, fr fom removing the cosradctions a SHE, could onl erat tem. As be ay i the comeaicdons of {Splalispested ina ind neni Sw nthe igri ste, (Cle ara fh nd at era Togo aead some year lets lok at Tterantnas anal the question, epi from the tine ofthe Fifth Congres (1934). Ie no exaggeration omy that they are dep economic, This econoism fe re toa general acteristic ofthe arlses, which maybe termed “eon catssropism’ and was especialy evden ia fs aalscs of fini in Europe "nomi bere conse, Set ofan giving pity tothe" productivee fret tthe expense of he ees of adn, This i soompi, Tate eond ples, by an conan echnloisicconceptin of he sad th prodectve forces aa being somehow ine he laos of production. Ths rakes i imgomible to tema ery Wich the production proce i eae ete aa i WHT coco pec determinant role athe st insane (fundamental entation) ithe la | Sai yin cod pcs he poli las rg) wih a 12th undernaon of cle ofthe chs staple which resus wa cori canat be ruse tn mash: makes Xp to i Fee a te thee ats matinee Wat mater hee tat i alo mats # poole to undersnd the Contes eons extsrophinn "ewan ut bce the The Interetol lot igh of he ole ofthe cla rope tat ves emble, fer one ig, carey to de {ermine the tnd axe of cea np of te dovlopat of {Spins snd imperlisn. The very chute of an histor fnew Tos Mar es, decddn thet rls bye ct hth coo iz poss is owzdternined by the clas rule, which has rina, Totates simp camp wich payed at importa pa inthe Thr International’ amiss of the fais prin: the tendency towards filing rete of we, ic cording fo Less) governs BE ins "The Ted Tntestoal's comonst. ‘Stnrophin,predican te mien ibtegation of eptalc a the imperil cous, was bal io large prt on conception of hit tendency tone ling ate of pret a5 “nel aw? f the Tit ar Beet corey ne hs is histori eden and not stew ofisey: dor na donate “the us” toward Wh the ‘Spine mode ofpraocion evil moving, Tacs ia wh te SEearpatwllcaee dons vandal ie at hoof de (Fate eco ceed ne ns a dese 2. Prt owe of Be sd Srey, Capalnemmpie, Pe hme The Prod of Paving isthe development ofthe contaticton pnt the capitalist mode of| productos, coneaicion which is eroded atthe same ne asthe ‘radios of anulat production fl Sat Mare panel ont, by tt Se eral pat stat he reproduction of his cotedicsion with ite coreicny Hct sd ‘ith te pace cathe Hse eeny, aks a i Bi ofthe bur frce, and soe he cate of eplatin. The Dea ee re ‘inate conjuncture and by what mens can the donne as expat $e donned asc = ic in wt nay al how wil the later inthe ‘Bib aloe tees wo fe explo on th the tated and ne el? This the wey to ducer eB, he length of ne the tendency reared in shot, i Bisocal hythm. Only by By- fusing the cls srugle do ween! wp in conor xp, mi Inept what Lenin meat by the death anc, he eterno of epitaisn 2 Onthe tbe of soni ctsropinn there ae wil enmpet ake tha hat of the fling rite of prt Terie eguly obvious or Nar, ofcourse, ds question bd tcatcy oo meaing if ene sidered in nlite The problem of the deepen of he podicve {ores at ean onlin ts rl tthe i retin of rod, gd terete hough the contain betes thas (he ars i Sino pee fee ad laine son) ee ee TT et ie 2 io Sf scat kpnen tres Theroremepeniacs tne Sora yeas is eleay else ee tune asi em we apn sts ote ooke Als the posit of ts eventual eadjstment within the sme made of ‘rodaton, depends on thie srople® "Phe ThedInteratiocl bad ov alternating postin on his question, both of thea spall eas “@) The hist postion posts th al hal ofthe devloment of the ‘foe of route’ ser perio cide any contest sp Sfroctue sod cls stropee A xy asthe Fourth Congres, under the {ate ‘Te peri of the genera of ata he Itraonae ‘esaton on Tacs ead: "Afr an appl of the word economic ‘Suton, te Third Congres oui decare wah comple ei TR Ca datig ad reched& sage of wresnclable cnc wth the neds Fe onlpo hstorial deveopmene but alo ofthe most lementary case ton of human exizence ‘The gene picture of the decay of Capital ecmory not miiged by tne onavoidableNucatons of the busines ele which ae chracteratcof the caitalistsstem bth in its ancendany and in ts deine, .-- What captalon is pusing trough day ie thing bur death agai The eolpse of epi. insiabe ™ Tis thes ofa bal in the developmen fhe productive forces, ex cncrivel spd formulated here, was o be onstetly epeated Inter; it boame an eel part of canons eats should be piste at tha in th view the fret of production were nsiderd oe show slat rio son, One of the feces acte- ‘ep io diguse and ulate the counteracting tendencies wich ie Tani th le of the cas sgl To es ot going to fart thatthe Third Inerationl interpreted what fr pt of the iterowar ‘sid sa tal comic rendeny, s+ a ndiaon ta an invible tn coming ino reverb opeasne-Nesebeles, Lenin ick about this in is Teper: the tendency to Seaton snd Jeay, which ir characte of monpaly,coniaues 0 1 Hee wi ing oo sold ot le ore of pre ped silat wfc fae psa oar of ptr So 90 ‘Slee Conan’ pan ein et pon ll a rl. Scene prone te Chas ena epi Mere of oe, Trays jo. {a yon Dep The ames Intra 9945 Dames vo, anton a3 ik The Prnd of Favion 49 operate, and in mome branches of industry, a some cours, fr cerain ing, une the uper Band Ea asec corte ery which led nin gps, ree thi ime othe conrad intl beeen bse nd sperstrctce, a cotralicion is in reiealy conamit terms ‘Thisthess runt a follows teh nthe delopent ofthe poducve fore i led by sesing Gt othe cowry. impetiscomins to eal se Gee sbaidany cag he condone’ fr nd aie the iinet al of socal For he ie development ‘ofthe feces of production nrg brings chem up agra the Surrounding supersracture the eepening «the eontadicion naturally Tein, scoding to etanist exastroptian othe desuction of he sem "Ts thy nas deveoed athe Sach Congres (92) npr, and appeared to ove the fos fhe prolen a he cso produtian {Ste cantsicion beeen bse and supe orbs ‘oral bad enn screed he a ht he cap eon ba "Galas the prod pir tothe Canrer"Theepck operon inthe epoch of ding pial... The geen criss of ean be dint ste edu oto oe prove at ‘Se canals sel has Peome an tteale fsa oo the father ‘evelopment of mann, and ta hier hp onthe rer fhe ay {he reoinayeverthrow of the ep Je» Impealis bis [scopes ceca cleats pce lasicae fetes [oer Tope of he proce fs end the ro rounding supercar) a ey, boweve, hs win comes UP aia sch great and insurmountable bas hat capil nt wih i ak dows er the weight i mn contctionn* “Pert te robem may hve coned dot tthe roma The cal sopenectre is sen ony as anpighenomenal wrapping forthe {dclopment of the productive faces, and he chs supple goes Ur [Based The coteicion between bre andsupertrctare sens forte the svtomate and slegenented comequnce of the uly 1 Degas op cs mal pp 472 an“ smesaphyial primey given to the ‘productive fre, nd one (0 wonder what theca sree can have todo with al hi, ‘The Third Intemaiana's econamio. was therefore expressed, ints sate forthe cla sroal a economietarphi, Te ain coe sequence isalready der enough rm the otet Lenni conception of ‘pein ak the deth agony ofratensipe apt (a ue rang lass AEE, i was gem= ‘aly aocaded er that revelation neon ean nthe European ‘imperious: And ths conclusion o be fa, was caret end in Se wah iy oe fa dering ta! time, Bowere, this conclasion quickly aoqied scnomi onnoeons. twat a geen of conchsion drawa frm {he aburac "coer anal, ad applied (speclly by the German (Cemmnist Paty {KPD] in 1920 and 1931 and bythe Talian Com ‘moni Party [PCI in 1gat) what any consideration ofthe coerete Conjuncureef the cha sgl To say tht proletarian evolton war on (Ge aenda theforaready convened the dca o «reli ready Ireckeat ao mater shear then, the ache. (is oth war ll he rel of hese coooomic caisson. "The conception cf revolution as being cn the ainda war expicily developed by Bukhiin in the Rowan delegation othe hid Cngrse ofthe [termina capita waaleny ill Sted, be argued, sn uncesng rluionary ofezave wa gired to peipite the Pare snhase ine was Haaly adopted by the Congres (espported inna |by Trot, the pores o the nteratonal situation). Lei, fr Bi [excel palate Pe Taal ae in spe and * peo 2 ~ Sea, cording eth cman of he cla rag aero bling tors mechanistic conept of te reoltion at se! on an evlationist ‘economic ers Gi. 8 nen-histors conception), Lenin in 1924 took sceowst ofthe tn inthe car etropgle, He tied the slag the "Oni Ty's The hi ratio Lens, Len, ‘sah 8 5 a, By of Se Ray Te aon Rao, 1 Lardy. cor the oe seo en ei, “roy sd Ramen te er tw Zoe, Dubai Rade Blak (te oh, ap he Rain eon ot at iene he Core The Pari of Foon 45 ise’ and a0 fel a the min politcal objeive ofthis step (of ‘sbiaon the roe onguest of te ses hn impr quien of trig sai be pointed oot here Lenin sppeted tobe orca of he econoiniccnmosin the ter tied forthe Canister, inghing ‘conic. * Ane, when ese Re case Tyo ids tat the Cominer, in quoting Levin, bead the we ‘sulin’ "Tha di 0 aso acidert, Infact his conception of Lena's wat not uadertod o applied either ‘by Commas Pare (partly the German and Tala Pars) cr ‘bythe Comintern rom ts Fourth Congress on. The cajuncur ofthe che wrogel, which mil be disused in dea Iter, wae erensigly ‘modeled on and slur the eomamie sper, wheter ‘sabliatin’ ‘taieaton er EEE prey cconmiie meaning (conomie wtilinton it elpey implies mee ean ie isegetion “The Fourth Congress (1922-3) spoke of suiliton nan eononini sexu for the ft ing, and drew fom it wrong Cultrght) com ‘dss sat the ep of " "The ith Congres (ig) wa len on ebilation ae a character sep. of the clase ropes, appaenty po bnger accepting ‘economic ‘bation’ Ths cngres ok te Comintern “ukrsTa tra, ‘aking an exallyinorect deinition ofthe sep, altough in the “Spat dieton fom the Fourth Congress ‘On the eer hand the Ff Peau of te Comintern (Match 1935) Aid cet ‘eoaomicsabiltion, nove dered, very iiiay that Lenin's pat fra of the teltive ance of present fro bad 1. Vars te mon eno xe et nia eine silt Conon tr fh Fourth Coors nbd i Feo ogres ‘tpl case ube in nd Polo Cpt) daro te ih ‘Slop elmore ro he eer soa a ef pi pat SMES eral oe ef ad cpm ema bw tee ‘isp turn 0 Preble ges Eps6 led when things teame clear, to the silinton formal’. And Zisoies was not very fr wreg, forthe oie consecration of the ‘sabiizaon’ female meant the penetration of ecnomiam ito the sinter As forthe Sith Congress (128), it ad the remarable foresight to coneloe, jos before he rg er hath ad ofthe pid of al. Faso mis at and. Buc hi end was eavieged nan economic rs, ‘isha nil petri nd fal The end of ainaion wat therefore no retedin he asthe characteris ofthe las rope, hich expat tly mistaken rcaning thin‘ lef? cones ve Agvet ne of eaamisn andthe lck of mas ine) ths became lominane i the Canintern by a grades! and contaicory proces It vwasatlne which gorered bk ight! and el? rang, tothe extent atom ga the Sesiins of right and lef cease to have any lat 25 Cet by FH. Ca, iy of Si aS in Ore Cntr agetpan et Land hcp Zino tht al errant ern nage ap po ‘Sher tre 0h sovatnry muon gree cy ohh aed ep, 0) Sei ty i, ho he 1 Thi wath TR Pe hy a Sich Congo Bat ty Me (oii dase rome 135, Mesh 88) he ‘red the he Conner dnt ene 9 prey al ce ow are ad ae nT cha, ‘Sh eal mann tS Cater fn a eo 6 “rc elon, Ve pre etme eer and a= pent sige Sh Cnn it na, aml to rr $5 Gamat 0) ar wed re Tyr ich pe ye ‘teenie ren to ein niyo ero he SSS S ee a ae Fra yp 2p Hane nn Warsi oh et {ifort mar ha pre ony aren nh nee oe i ‘peed nthe cm gers dh spe on te set he occa cw at cy ene ew rach pve aon sc Fee Nendo Sen a ays V La ma, oe a, ne The Paid of Fascon 97 mening hey can only have an approxima use, and should not hide the dep divisors located elsewhere.” Inany cas this‘conominicnehanisic view, aye combined —what= cer itor and meandering with eon catsrphin’ bd impor {tnt conuyucnce foe the Comintern’ postions on far ABKOUp ‘hex postions eoleed scan othe turnsand the oe development ff the Coin, ee wre SS a bite a ee nner pe Her wah te mlyes made by the PCL leer. The anlss of ea car sad occa oe a cae er saan ieee aa here SE ere a incite Cae ie ort Sa es kee pi le coson pe os Try ate at sec sls entl ae Cot’ met Cee ee ee cana ene SEELIS Sacpece * besraaae i ha nots io Sain ts : ES at SR cris otto ly pars foo pn cas arg oneecaieesa el Pel daliontes obemereeen red ee ap auntie suewdie ‘ee gs a ne Prreray eth the PCL nd KED laden ine siege cogil oes BR? nS py he yah cn eb >i uninasn mates ent le ee oe eres itr {sok evan pyos’ to al in iin Comins wore eer Ine sn nomen be ne er rennet Cne in the evolonary proces, Umberto Terai wrote in Igebory, just the the March on Ham, that cam war at mon» psig “anise GST Amadeo Dniga, nzocing the elton om fase ot the Fit Congres, declred that all hat hed Bappened i aly was a change Bite ghemmeed tae of ie bemmeiee The pean of Tilers scseon to Ae petal mansion terms file ‘neem’, “nevi, “inescapainy ich conta eur nthe Conn ‘ene in pas. 1 Foc, a4 see psig episode inthe ring eomomiccsievoluion-exastopherecluan, was somehow satya fs vera Tage wor do-ad e ER ria cmantichs of taco wos Jed wots inminen, stoma fl Interaal contains, uneqivo- ‘Gy i tis ase, mane "economic contradictions, governed by the ‘gusophic coon ri “Sth easy of eter conadiog? seat appeared ely in Ge Remtton on Fiona the Fils Congres (aga) 4 enero ‘hich a on bc onthe henry of sain nh ech fhe ‘Spit crus. andthe popreive detract ofthe capita sate racism ead ari vicory in pola baakpty, i ere anion ding eisai Sram wih" Vrs tough be ‘push oly emanate ord predic the ga cr ae the imrmererer di tnaeNCY Se no ae ae eee acts tecwcen the inters and doses of te atypia mae 0 the chief scam as ged of cpa wich bas calga”™ ‘dle, Gren 2 1 a, Noe 9 Tila seo ge Fath Cage: Oa Bast ae ot eyo ein yy Heer et He [7 Gund fom ncn of Scone Kanon wd asia sek Pe, P28 | { ! i The Pri of Fon 49 “This despite Cara Zetkin'sdemunition ofthe flute to wndersand Ital fica ad the prediction chat ts ‘atrmalconradcions wold lead co it ined fl3® Not wil Dinter spoke atin the peo- foundly ambiguous conten of te Seventh Congres was this ero fan denounced (a) Fasc wat no mee than a pang episode inthe economic trance of iminen,aeceary reve. This wa nl the bepnnng tthe palin the Comintern cheer vd poli vadertaning of fim, Fasc was considered » postive mnent inthe bad side of ‘try as on thse ofthe mages nthe esoltonary proces: By en Le SP a re oa ‘Sean pial oi Tod eg Germany este Seen rma ue bp nerany Ari: Fascam was codered 3 postive phewimeacn binging revolution clover because ie acederated the “cmomic decay of eaptlicn: any ppesinion ofan secrding tothe cvjancture ofthe class ope ‘eromes impossible inthis context. o scp hr ecm tnd hi stn ing bonus pe Seino Te we the preven conection ote Fe Sih Cage cam ave pre ae eyo palin, 22, Can akin hi aaa he co as cain facie tbe ‘ris Mesum a ae Coat rl Ken de ees ar lr BT 3, 948) I ae Ose ond ‘pein cas se, cae ce, Tes any ender ‘Seta tnn kre a tn hl yer oe te Forth ‘ings (gue Te hon ae of he enrol enna et ‘uceetn i nce ostereedony cpt eee Sat nes ace seer ya oe Sn fa Pk vi eb "3. Rawlet be pose reo eb 9 Pe 9.75: “Tit w mu connote on man er Sem ae ee Rein fe Comat esi Apel i, Ste Tee etn eta Never Dome 3s 4 phenomenon euibl parc the mates ofthe brug an Init sign oft minene ota Bor arin Saashp lic the eae goverment the ages a adn Gray? "Ts te only roempinsa the PCI lnlei' amip of ia pal (ht fats nl epresel the wear een tise tates ads Gate timer eo 9 te Fal Congres, acing to ih cn expres te Gimeno te pais cay fascia ere cly a measure of the ‘weakne of the urge, a thacit bare wits only tothe eastophic econ ris of capitan, sophie ues) epee from this cis. The rise of fascism must of necessity correspond to a ‘fence sep y ths labour movement sda defen sep bythe bout sei a concisonsrved at by reducig the cs sropletoeomnomice {i ite mest eto = (0 Facan, te, tr ca a a sense, tit 2 dict and immedi esponse tthe "evoin?. The PCI leaders had aleady moved tomar this viow in ge: Fasc is born of he reveatnary satin..." Zine, in i pech to the Fourth Ganges, nd developed it: "Facsm x counter tevoation= ay coup at The Fifth Congress pur gute er: Pasa sone ‘Libs cass farms of counerrevluien inthe peed of apie dese and pole evultion, “There canbe no Jot abut the shr-ciet economism rests er. sss the dene of capi a = st . tion of eatasvopie economic ee Thi crs determines Be pee ‘manent andornjpeset potential evolution, fa el big ealy oune-revlutin nthe eal ese ofthe terse ect respunse tot revoionry imation. Di Rte Fab -the KPD diy -moteon ts Je 1gge: “The advance of fica by no means indicts & eet Oy the _learian muvemen, buon the contrary, ithe counterpart of he Terlutony spe Picante eater Tee Tn fact thre was no question of revoetonry suai? herein the sense oft onze saan of el roel, btn abc economic 24: Recon ofePCLiepaloin Fam ia Prep Comair Desebe The Prod of Fein 51 caneptonsperimpoed on reality. Here gin Clara Zthn sod apart, ‘paring the Internationa agit mrp akin Gia countre ‘volton, ata phenomenon dei wide R _ ny sion a Hay (@) Batt go further sl faci, in hi terpreation, st be the “tar pole! emf che dceoship of hebourgise, co ‘sod fumed followed by ge ceveionary eaatlatment of the “Tas Knd ofan vat very common wii he Coir afer atonal soi xe fo poet Teva ied othe analy ofthe PCL Tedeshpand ofthe Jane 13 Plenum, hat cin wae the burg Selig Delbarin oppoed such pasos a he Pith Congres {sag Wesemmenis ures hve onctins een the stun 00 Simply an tnd ae Se thse na denocacy, ater tat comes Tieden pd wis mor come af arian he Geetha ay happen ae guy ve ay or Te Til; Mnslinsregine may not neces be foloned ih the ican ofthe prea bt by sew farm "emery"? "Thimportant thingtoseis tate Coser’ scomominic eatin conor ed quite natu to he frm chlo concepton of ‘hese ofthe tial ms ‘One further move rensined: woud the vison of revaluation auto- milly bough about ough eee arse oa ‘Sowoffasan? In other words, would fac, asthe lr step befor tbe sutochip of the pleat, be soon av meemary, and there neta, tpn the ove oma revatio nthe inert cores? "A fst sight the Comite does not sem to have made this mae. Sil we conan come acon forme aang the ‘positive’ ides of fain a ceting the inal eaniions forthe sot relation, ving strange appearance of nee ofc athe recs of ale tion, In thie viow of historia detelopment ea 5 he ep bre errr ne ona ERT "tafe peseding the reves 24 inher rep eh Ti Pena Jan 9 Zain Fao en erty nr ney oc ly ak ny src etna ep hg ferdisnyas(rblp= Many commie moreover, drew he gil concasion, ad followed the Comintern ine tough, apparent Bling ths view quite open. ‘Theres indat evidence fo isin Thilann's ‘fica wataing in Die Intersil the Gera dion of the erin of the Comintern, December agpt:*We have ot always trapled herd enough aunt the aoe these of the abl of fies cttosip under seneoey SRS Fete ears Telos EF oes detect unevenly, Peo oi ei a i of he developnet of te ies Se ee formally have made the move in question, qo ab sy that blued 35 ict ‘eg the age of cx uke 2, Toten Ta a Oda Na, ny in tig ate tm pee ne fit Sh owe ec eect aE lili sal min pr Hoe de a eaiebace 4 Conclusion: The Transition to Monopoly Capitalism, and ‘Economic Crisis’ Ie is now cay to ste the blunders ade by the Comite abot the ‘pera? of facia, How ca the mature of he pei be sro in» fb words? In genera as to Be tae lee that was a pact ofthe impart sage; in parla, it repeated che tanto inh ‘paral cantieg, omar he dominane of monopoly cas. RE ete arma eels t ie Bete pa tected bythe contdictons of mga and monopole ai ‘wii comics perl oa pase Casson. This provides the endiions fren aa shaepeang of the ss sraple which determines the omar ofthe tention. In ether words he wanton pase Joes not ett nh si: he ot plement (GEBEnE. Tee peed pment oa are ee be cs scale end cnbaes tothe erence of “hg sll zo wtih ae comespende, plc cas which re rae et bene dreads re Stare of ie pio, abd whic nay el) Pecranereraarr We have thea ccamseribed the problem of the intense ‘ecnemic csi and ito fn the appearance of iss. In 192 thre was orld conan cs nthe ve sense of the tem, whih was only reed seve de the inporalse coanres (acai che USA) wih che Sea oe ‘Tal Bersih crn was ror tha of the economic catastrophe of tn impesalig leady king unde the night of sown matory. It tris indeodsceaoned by tendencies peolar to capitan ia he” iperiin stage, Hu oly ia the forms in which these tendencies were ‘expressed hisorly nthe transition pace ‘What is mor, cam clearly be ste fon the very character of the period thar i was tor, the Contr thought, aspect, ting coani proces Le waa wong todo the International id “andes Vers act, td male ital cacao ofthe iervat end a perl ofcmdont ecm with high ad ow pina? "wie Comintern sew was arndy apparent atthe Fourth Congres (ig22-3), burt was aken up snd remedy the Fit and Sith The ene pear of te dey of eapti ecomomy i not mitigated by thas ‘mabe Huctatons of the basnes are The decline of tbe Soe Ree ee the Seeond Cangesshad pred opment inthe aor” Slant fue sa surely ar roperical_ ‘even te betnoond of edt dessin afte apa “Tact he mi ofthe inter prod aw an wreely developed sccumalaoa ofa couriton (economic, pita and eno), roducng, ruth rl economies. The pcre we then get of {he process sas Flows: Oe postematecnamic cs lasted sagas then came econonic remvery, and growing if luting depart sel 99 ga an sm i ga 0 lve by ogenar recom of he cond ie ene any cay, tome bk whe bem fhe co rug se cis eee dey et he Se fon) teres sang, td he de efron the aw eg weet the ay beng tent wel neon (hee of atl on when and Solna oa to pne.Te conc often sease sich el vo them nr mt doc dered hy tp toe cna isis. The cojuntare thus crmactbed depended fn the enon ¢ esoatin teed on ur en ara eda ar niu, mc aif un ae Mp Capa ap. Merce ‘ib sf cen i ct Ey ed Cp, Tha eal es ten Yar pot hemi LMconapin of tet ph’ of apaan se pa al nn el aro Fal Coo, op Part Two Fascism and the Class StruggleThe Political Crisis: Fascism and the Exceptional State T have givens general famewoek for the peciod encompassing the cone jmeture ofthe cs strogle which ed ofa, T now think acer bar, bere ember onan aaa ofthe conjuncture to pe ceria ‘rblems on which ths anal wl feu. “Although faces ma be stated inthe framework of feat devlopment, is obvious ta hs sage is etenoete te ‘plain fascism: the erent” State does no nce tle the farm of faci, Fas therefore corespess to speci conjunear of heclass supe But we Bve to go farther fiom door nt constiate {Sele fan ofc Sues cola sage oft decoy ‘pent. Fasc ia frm of State sod of ine alent patbaneatry denecracy) Bt a form due to» gute parilat ‘conjuncture of the clr tug. This parila i ot el exhaust ively determined bythe pert fl hn ‘high thi cs egg ow Tbe sane as pong te problem ofthe lal rs, for the appearance of fascism eorespnds prey 10 ¢ polital tie ‘The shove peopesion ean therlre be arid by making it evident that 1, Th ‘Yn eh in le wd modo ae nt ceo “apd cama acini tet tc coped Se Tet Panes Soe Supa! ip of te Psi Men, 98 the pola crisis composed ofa numberof parila eharatriic of the las struggle: the peblem mised hee being sili othe problem psd by the revatio sation, ‘Sowe canbe more speci. Althogh itis that fascism sot alien to prmentary derocae abd although ital ee hat the bout ‘st Sate and he capiali piem) cary within them bth the oes? fein nd el f rluonads tt fo h i Fascen andthe Clas Sigal 59 “Tie cone made it imposible eves to por the problem ofthe poll crisis asthe pen at which contradiction ver conde at whch there teas rea fom the gadual pace of desler Teing v sci “The Comintern educa every acho to evn) Stn, seen asa continuous, progressive’ proces pening. “Toco tthe problem of the poli iy, the crucial question x ecemary gerinion of thse cede ny more than revolution sad be cabal erat pe never, te Thor International fen thoghtof fc inthis ay, sd gether his nabiliytolacarethe diference bene asic ‘he guamenary democrat form of he hoarpsi Stat, hi ld 0 ‘tae the speci nture of facism: "Fasc gows orgy out of ouseredemacay. The proc of psig fom barges i ‘Soo lem ores te cc of ange te Feb Caany tes latts png ton democrat jan pune grees which fade withost pacer explosive oe creas ot waied gh pa et ally "The cimcepicn of gal and almost foperetibe tamer 1 fac hrf ger back othe view tat "berween com and boo sin demoray ther i nl) a irene of dere cian ot 4 ew fmf gancnet (Maral opt) Or gn by no tears the Us of communis fo go around with diring less in tho edoctnny of irene of exe sts bowen tency toss Sach had bes the pron ofthe PCI, ad hey had sendy been song exprese within the Comintern daring the FIRS Congr fn co 5. icy, Foca pen rl nary The ras Rae hey er op yt a ty pt ot ‘at aca rl at doco sa Hoc hg 195 pp 168 Tet io ‘SC Sra mm fe omen une Dut re et lezen and particu vans of es, ach leading to pei forme ofthe xin atime (Bonaparsom, mitary distort, and isda) ‘To direct our ides, there ae, in making this Lind of examination of Sagem emo distie bur elated emceptins which ar of we ou that of Aagst Tabsiner and Antonio Grama Indi we have that of ‘Troy. ‘The et tna are eee, in that they both follow fom certain analyses by Marx and Engl, developed by Lenn. Tey ae chip concerned svi «frm of Sate which far sits eon chance pst “elt aatonomy fam the door cla 58 whieh eS ates were ppl cco te cant eee Nat (ger Tri beowen the bourgesie andthe lnded nobly and to Bone wd cam of te nil ype fas opt ed se te neal ces. cnred by Kee ‘ee sary mcrypt at ae Cninter also s hi en ied fir ln: ash Fs Cage nd parc kt ‘Seah he before mr gest a eopeed oped tt Sc ecg ee be ee ae = ‘apelin gs) Ps ron in Flr Sn Feces Peo, ‘ielpaee sing ce© ‘orm ohio wen the bmi athe working ca), Sirti gcd et sap tte two ne incon obt win eterno’ Spr orice fermen bre esa of cs oalion basen “a's EEE antes naan a soeteg eieeaaee Sie Gg? Te Mn al inca Mant Peete ep set ns ie yop ech es cael fe cf fac nc vo fe ic rons Te rar Thane’ cre Be ht ew oe import woking i ih he tee a of cn owing Tu of tomer Temi ctr of the psa Sis ich thr my pry at Ses rw an cae fra the rp ead ie gaeai Sil i ao Bamps fama of Sty on of Bees ue of whch se ene ave toy of he Stn the isan ce Te ner tn tie he lol iat fe ttn ans pre el trom donna. Tier fc pata frm Seep Tor Grams as her fle. The ila tht wii the eel Fano of he plein ei peat ef ie cicero sagan Fire jos an quien betwern the two msn force present, Batt spec cquiitium arising in ch away thet to go on sogging can and. pspecveopasinghe This ‘heereton i porn, and sar to romething Mars too ad sd, thick was alo aed by Thalsime,thoagh he did noe give it apecic ‘meaning add Grama, Marxsometines stated French Bnapetism ‘othe paralreqilrium, as resuling from theft hat he boat 1 See any mis inl Pend Sil Ca Laden 3 {ESShertc erm a Parca ed Kapa Pr, 6 maps Ts als Ps sm gs pe eee ‘Gamat io er shee Dk alto eed sila Foci nd the Cla Sireggle 61 secs clas had alreedy los, andthe working class not yet gine the bity to govern the ation (Cetesrophic poi cri of thi kind wool pve ise, scoring to Gramsci to the phenomenon of Cass, Apa, one of is esata fees wold be + sei fam of he ss ‘ee damage oe ee et ee aie een betes sn ang Perak Bomperire onal Coonan aa sone oo voheee Seats oy the way else ele Thee a Ges “to sad sper {Palo an idenieaton betwen fs sd emai ‘As iiras Kno, Thame and Grate were soe a elt, clei the thes tm fiom which rats the pl ci fo the “elliot betes ea ores Is ach a tt os O88 to Anglo Tusa snd Aror Reosverg. he ame eomeeton seems fo undcscmany od and comempoystempis by Marie co taplsa issn. Teed nly mention bow entemporsry studi of scam ie reioorering the work of Thaleimer i Germany and Grama! in Ttly. Bu hse anal, though they incl importa pois, em 10 soe ob wrong on one esl ont. Neiherin Germany horn Tay dit te Bou -euibriam.In cer words, thoupho® the rise of facam, ini npct ofthe principe] couric, With Tioky things ate moce compl. Te ht wekings on Germany, ‘Trey for is pris very cael to distinguish berneen Bnapertsm, ‘which based an a eqliieiam betwen the vo forces, and fascism? ‘Nevertheless, he seems to neglect the question ofthe Sef political cise which tharicterites Sciam, He insite basally on to chaac- tert. They ae signe, for they show that deste he difrence, "Trotsky basicaly shared the Comics view 1, chy mabe by Ta, Nene ei Pei. 10 sn’. Beye an Foch nd ape op. SpE ‘Se ering omar ee fee ea pe tl ‘N taeatoy, erFucien ss Haceaboreun Bes pes The Sra Agi Fain Corman, ere, 1 9.1. Tat asm preent mop ‘il way te orgs ant the “ina nsing cs nd heres evalaimary ofr by wang ite Ins then ascetic cs ose Comite Te fa a i mui ih he ei dic ‘But Trotsky mut be given hs de, He cried some important points shout fc er one thing, lations tothe working class and the ery bourgeoisie What is mor, he was aos alone in bavng an ‘peony accante foresight of Emany Tit air offen the cae wk Trashy, Fr aaa uncov ‘eal pblens wich re leftonresolved, or given eoneos explanations. Even Insc Devtcher, well known to be sjapubeis to Trothy’s oss ha toy fhe conepin offi ta of ome oc. ‘Sona he appled father impeely He sw the iunience of sis in Fans an be insted on lbeling Disude's peeudo- Bonaparte ‘igatorhip over Poland ai asi... On the cher band, Troy ‘ESecbed aller uncut the ephemeal goverment of Sele ‘her and Won Pape, and abo Dounergue's bl goverment of 194,88 Bonsparst. (Oni in 1999 did he at ast deserbe the Pein reine as peeud-Bonapartst thr than sist)" We have seedy drawn up + famewesk fo iavesigating fascism inthe erm of theses which eqae jason: “A The generalcharactrsis ofthe pola eis can casi be dfned The clement of equim betren “egal i sings Fee pe ee Se ‘a nae Deer, The Ppt Ont. Ty 9 Lana, ari: hoe no ion of mig the npr ef Te sae of ‘cn in prea hws on Geran el ee he eer one Dovid Fe Soe de Fam Coma, New Yn ss farted OF Ere ede. scion athe Clas Strole 63 aie cis). Thee ate not the Kndsof pli i of ei lm which cis eoeponds. More, shough the conjneare ts nue pec ofa a the eer cance the iil cra, as asthe paras acters oo secife "Soar Tlic of escach which I hl low i this stay, frasing om the question of fcm. In prc, byexning every eo the poll rh of faci, I sal indewe bth the fetus of every Pil css io oneal a hove wink or ou ae pe Td Bre The ese plc css which an ad othe emegece of sy cp Se es pr crt of la ts sagt = te fel fit relation’ But the pla ess “social wih pundits a sii ape (inthe | Stee appre) js a. Mie De ie, The tevaonry pasion i arent ty (lesan pei to the State Tone) = aso ‘Bo ths insttionl ers’ although thats own eects on the cas co i i ee ni Hhsrequres pong ou, in view ofthe Sastation- SESE cep outlaws “al Sawitrons ie and which have impletions for the aman of eee ree "Gis ofthe pclamentary demeraie Sate Soin pesca ny als, sal egy explaining the etre of the as rpg wich characterize the pall es of fom, Tt ffcts on the Sate apgarats during the ise of fscism will oly be beset indie, sce 1 sll go onto dootes ape chapter tothe ‘urmatiscramintion of flere on he sapgutoes, This wil eso Bey pete tee eee Th cacy ey ne eet be ad i any tent snthne he Fecha? of heme 196: Vly crt gc “ase apo sci: cer esa lie te No“ lan for Sci if: I shal fest esrb the relation of fascism in Dower wih the varius aes and cas interes engaged in sgl, ‘evens wholehaper tothe pera xaminaton he ait Ste. of bef Bona] Stat lo discussed, ge 2 The Growth of Fascism Final, {sal follow the poy of disingsing between the tps in the root ffi: Lah mtg to 2g ‘aise fom: a ae Tes pas ble to speak of he wth of ic ‘Bs des not mean the simple geminatin oe esng in pti mena democracy, but sauce dite proces, corexpondin ‘ga poled cr wich m. Tht Tir “Weslomnest esse planet, demic 0 cee Te wasn cent hat hs beak ck ome en Dito spoke ‘he Seah Ca Stsng ta acim was no (Ge Simple and ors sutton of one boutons ovement br ihe bua lage nh form of he Si, be was at a eto pont xm haveh some comics or ro pace pial eid ot Sen ar nen ere ooo See ie ol ac wee or uns the ld bourne Acs boweer, dss ot ak sr Troan th fat, Ble the aablshnenr of seit disteship Se oe eee ‘eh a "The qustion of the Rann of he pom offs should not be Dinko Stel ty Sy 4 Wino it Tey de“ avin andthe Clas Strasse 69 ‘fis with the prob ofthe oii of cam, a question to which erly oliged to male compromise rears of kind to bier many prot has bon pve inthe hiarigraphy of fase, Fit ofl bere ons {heii fc thatthe tare ofthe process athe it offset (G) The rid offs abicaton wichita oxen in ios eps teraszton, wich onthe one hen, vegetated or og tie a Ge ‘Ath binning of his peed fascism js pio shi a {heny and Tay beer the prose rely bean, and onthe ober, offen af eat of the smb of xg; this eces evident mith wee tried chewlce with geting underway al, Secondly, and most ‘peta, Mendy pres of oem rank Ieee lors it aga and paras tis haaeeie of the sat of the process i the ftom now on direct execs sown cls ‘unctons, Although sot scoumelson rates the got corto of perl chart thus ce Totsy nid, that la Seger dng thi ‘eis. int’ ‘common ary diatrsbi’ (art alway contoues to have Final, a renark about the pace ofthe gromth of ficim. Agi, the sect characters dsingushing tht) eis orn fc proces has an uneven pace af development, eared Wythe Frm ix "Wey dl of Which the varia conection accutlatd, OF cove, the proce ca ‘icatng the pees of i sublia Url be divided ito wi prade seceding to Ue developmen ofthe dss songs andthe mallhciny nthe apparatus bt such pring fave her or pace (low o rapid aed varying durson (longo ah ‘The way thy ae grouped lf termined By the canjuneturl ors i ef the poll xs question Pom the very ature of acs, iis posit istinguishthefllowing periods nits gonth. [fist them now in ode o cay ay acoan: (@) The perl fom the art of the prc tothe ott of rear Although te fe phenomenon canbe resend aoe, here 4 | Sais sh a wh anges ic tara ebck. "The ESSSES SARS SSin fachn tly comes io powers the asc lanunr sc tsh aging nl orig ony when te Senate a te cei Fait oee Te imporace of his ba be acknowl SESRESPEESER, ccd wo whats hapenng in the polite: } ‘gad feenet allo te-eal ome Sec te \\ Sie ee 00 Ti el ftp of eel eto cs ier. | srisiean impctirs pera, no 0 mach beaut ofthe actual vitey of i | tsi ae ate and spe pole hurace. (6) Fe ft fri of ation omer. Thi period characterized by sical nanan abi ral very complex, is carat Fam, bas he cts of Tes ee esate ee poe Tarte ps | ‘rae cn aD asualyiauccedy ie origi ing elPart Three Fascism and the Dominant Classeshi section hl St examine the elatenbuewee fissom and the dominant chses or das factont within the perodition inate { Bove T sould st once rake i la that fan fs very complet H ‘Pheosmenon: as aaly be explained by elackdating relation the ‘uri case nara Nevertheless, conespnde toa very pater ‘Staton ofthe various donna class snd ce racing General Propositions “Theapparance ands of fcem corespond tothe depning en harp ing th ner sotraion ear e dona later ond cee fens, wich ea rmprtant clement he poli cis a gues, "Ths ca only be undetood on the base correct conception of the liane of castes snd car fractions in sean to pola! domination In soil formation composed of many socal dase, 4 in parle Enaapealr sal lormaton, whee the bose cles conmitvcly “Bins iene tote eat eared actor cee Satie laf pital focinton Thee es epecic allmnes of end ‘Gass and faction, whch I ave cure disable ‘power Wax” (e bac ax pore). Thus, the cantaictons Beoren the dona ‘Shes and cs facies offen take on ulcers imgurtance 0 determine ‘Be forms of State and ot cre, ‘sor these contradictions i the cnjoacse of fics, i must again Ie srs that they ae not cnfned, a en asomed,t ecoaece Alone In the growth of fscsm the intsicaton of the “eral ‘mtrdions of the power ble is charcrstialy seveed by thet The prom of fc is then, characeied bythe fice that the poli struggle of the power bloc ain the mses dominates the feonomic roel; ie. thireiea dered poiiaton of he cls rage ‘bythe pomss ir Dot what species & ees tat the eects of tis Polisi Patend tothe contradictions mithin the lo el Thi is1 remarkable fasare, forall polation of hind dors not necestly bane the sme fc; general, iin ftps’ the ower blo pint ‘commen exe. sueshon ote ar deat Sa ‘Basta, te power Mos ne every ober allan, docs aot gencrally tit of Cases an fractions of equal importance’ harng the cube ‘of power among themselies Tecan any fancon on regula Bassin 50 farars donim clas or faction of la impose os daialar ‘Sete oaeae means eceeeras "Ta iabi of ny das o cs faton to impos is hegemony i ha-chancisin the ecjuncare of asian; tht i, ulmatly, the inability of tealanee Te power to overcome fs incensed comeadicions fis cn acved, This lity 0 inpase hegemony wihin the power ‘loc sl, honevey, raed to he cons of Regemony xpenened os faration cease ‘Ths teing het wit te poe ls, am a oegonds toe comple ind gate epithe Moe Tre 1 endl ran cr i lane ra Seno tereyeine wet ofthe fsa sand) as cts {Shiai anncfanane Se marcl poet a ctor may i een ual daring is 9 wits sages and acl a ses Comybe equal pata Ths coos aup of ote aii oe [eben al fay faci poet ex Maton (Seo eich nn pion Bel Os ace TST ho lsc Lapa far om big capita’ cel \ | Fescion sd the Dominant Clases 73 velbesablshed dominance in the econonic sper) isa funtion of ‘Econ whch te Comntet GROCE WTA Toren, by malig & srpleidentation tween ceonmicdannaton ad palealhege ony: Fist dcutoshp ino diferent from bourpsie demote, hich ale aches Me ett o aioe “The conjuncture of fis and the stat f the growth of facia c= esp to arti of grey repent ae faa he poet bocce med: is sssion Tn other ward hee spit betneen the dominnt cass ces factions and their poll par, i. aol in tbe relations bth of representation (nthe State stem) and of eppization. The imparace fs clmen wa pontd out bth by May ins analy of the tow ton in France before dhe aczsion of Lass Bonaparte, and by Gras "These stuatons of enfict betwen “reprinted and representatives” Tes sigitcane fe that the tara plicl parties ofthe bour- sein stale a 20 ime adopted fei compe but rea ed times, when it ms to lato eopose is assesion to power Tn cases ‘where these pars agreed form governments wth fet articiplen, hy ids sly withthe ered obec (wh Uy sted upon) fh Serna ta ree ee The polial paces mere aot fllomed by the clases and fasion they were sppene cere. Ths by no means pli, a8 ‘ths often been argued, tna he eases the orgs cla 08 ix lies openly supported the fase acon to pomer with ena ‘troughoat the growth offi, Te was ether «quedo of profiad plea disorientation af he power boc, win which the fc pay, 1. Ma 91 ren of Gar annie of EBD. 2 Geant Pim Na Leb.i i ‘ihe open sapgr ofthe bie mneply xpi cs fice came by ‘Repeat he el ey the eng othe represen Sete cee polil ures Aas rete lect he ues i) doles sl by ad aed te einaton of hse ure by he fa py. A is desman tat othiog was happening withthe ola partie cotermed or tha hy al eel a fn) othe {cn ulamcany demote’ om of In the Negi {ite ta of ta coved os rasta of the bas Lh peered Sea Sit However the $Shunnsuck prs snght wos be deg he Se feat fem famework in wich hey woud ave ben able on tino ert poll laden they wou kamal ave ‘seeped he ain fe iny dap “Ta comeback othe qveion ofthe bclig of epson es sc war a prgrsie bel oy sesing rerio rae ||) WL Ein be ric of fc she he pte restate a Ste apr eit, he ns een the ring cach and Ga Tso on The one land, and the Sue aaron te othr. no lnger any sabe! through themed {Stef hen pti pera ances realy Tsk tw oe H 1. The ition dapcaion othe pris bya whole sts of | _gisestneninis Saree seme i i Tread power and decisions, varying ftom the emergence of pressure a the pe the ars, te inn ame test seg the tl a foral govern crac “ator, bynalogy with the auatin of Gul owe which specie ||). sermiviney stein vesapea wwe eee bua | | ss dai Ris Ua ean eat ceil oto race thi pact nigh teasformaton of lngltve-exectiveteltion, i,t simple pase y from a ‘parliamentary State’ to a strong State (Etat fort) in which the avin ed the Dominant Clases 75 executive proomints. This tasfooaton, with many variations i ‘sich sasae eather Sate beso ‘ae om of eet Sia mania sal ‘Gist ues ieee of cum ere oe oe hough GER ame ah oo te et Tae | (Soe nt pei ce etme Trip eee bet Ort eae a eee feorns brwecn ‘alan fal pone dc ety the rang of he ern {Ea The tron od beng ont ofcrue spat in every tase artim of lit manent See “Ts beak been opeates ad eprved Sly aes the xgiztn rato fo. The an of te eaemly ter agg ‘Seng te asus pla pur ofthe ees e scion in poet teem toms tbe pel piel conan Th sie se cae ‘Semele to ane eating ely othe tomo’ contains een tboogh tests Sy neon! tare oe pols cua and ey sum ole igh of i cone mens ing ‘BEE penal poll cas tere, The tage pla edo ae ins pale Sto, wel deed by Natta Lens hey abet gv pla anpanzatn to, impor haemo, te lage ods and dag sone Gy open. Ca of Ear he Ee pe a can ae essay deeen herdsman ch, eS TEES ve te ones oe preietel tem, “rn oc a ingorant pit. Thpo the ie ofacin ve viens edleaior ge ‘bit casant Pacts a pate cee he RSS ot tgcmy ils non-eci len tothe ce wad a» Gato arent oquce oe Bsn ef the ‘ezrin i uy the oe? 2 eeu er nh pi al Stececk Stn elegy, tee erin od cee Ritudecutdart capricorn oe farte ey ‘ae opm coe ne an tne gels de SSUES ecient et go nr aig Were on od hr pa ina af ima‘The conancture of asciam corresponds tos risa he domi ielgy ‘The espec of problem cannot be too strongly eniphased; basicly, farsi cannot be explained and understood witout a ore potion ‘onthe decsive me played in given stared crcumstancey, by dely, td without + oraph erainatin ofthe ielogical ert exerenond ‘bythe scl Formations in which fsa ramped, By ideologies be unread chicky eri in the dominant dele in tsa farratio,.x ris the ideolny ofthe doainant class in that foation. Tis idesogy of the damian cla (the geal “cement of sal frat) ached rt Fall among th ae he people. among th oppresed ces, whom ite {Eis iecogy cep pltcaly sje and subecdinnte Ti np a ee le fei crc, itis posible fo speak of eri goag beyond the ca ofthe dominant ‘logy, 2 gnatacd olin erie dane from the ferer alan, To fet withina social formation thee exists no enya dana eo~ logy (Lea ideogia dazouse whic the dominance of the dominant logy sternly systematic), but ale rl ell nb groap ‘ngs These sab groupings ext by virtue of the dominance within them ‘ot iesapcsbéongag fo cases other than the dominant ds — eg. ‘working css nd pty-bourgeiseloy. Of course, the dociant ‘slogy (the Meloy ofthe donna as i fecirely dominant vita the ensemble of sia fomtion ly ins fa a suceeds by “rious means also permeating the ideologies belonging tothe Hen. Togialvb-grospngs, For example the delogy ofthe dominant class dominates the Keolgil sb groupings of woring case delay n20 feast ssc praating iy ede eit alony, ‘whi notes a tbe eslogy of the bourgeois cas is simply ama cain of thisideloy in the waking clas. nly he Form in ‘which tourgeci inlogy dominates the ebgrouping working cls ese by pemeaing Te therfore tasomes lear that every eri ofthe dominant ideology en i meme ts euro xt. Ema a ou, ede be nes tore pei, sap fer is ed at eee erate pep metre mae (oc) °? See aia oe an Soa Cn. 30 asco nd the Dominant Claes 77, sets the ensemble of the ideological wel of soil formation. Butt does nat alvaye citi the see way. For example, itis posible that an cates inthe ideology of he dosnt sia orc oul allow the elegy ofthe anagonisc soil force 0 adbance or peogrss i the fematon 1tce gail tececcepatag aga eS aie i ioayes losigy tere the Prom Revolt ‘Bue alo pose fr «station of generalized ies t0 sie, In ether words situation where there is Both a ers i the lominaneidstogy ad + erie in the Meslay of the cin demise ‘eal orc, ocaring fr dierent retow but raning paral o each (thee Thi was pecly the Sue Wik Ketan + ip CHES Te omiantburgecldeloy apd silts, dep crise among the uss. This was ot isin che werkig-s deny dominated by args ideology (lat it of relr eis esogy, which sould fav ten rom for the advance of Marsi-Leninit ieskny it Ys ct of Marne Lenin decoy nell. “The mpertant thing to cosier fer he roment, however, the ers ‘in the dominant ideology, and one aspect in parca of this ess the fact that inthe case of facia alerts sony the impct of ths Senlogy om the dominated clases, bres he relation of he ourgetie (nd vali as oun desu. The dab eis in at peatrats to the very hear ofthe pomerallnce ul the dominant camer and cron no lnge ace Be oie ou tie econo thee condone fester athe sme way, Tater weds the funtion ofthe donna at an end forthe dominant clases hemssees ects af hs satin (ad vt he eat ipo), wat fat the breaking ofthe representational tes between these cases and factions and thi pelical pars, and te oegaiaiona weiss of these paris Another was the characteris, spouclar frm ofthe poner blocs “atehdag Gs cise of approved eli spokesmen) ‘ovals feat Menlo, and the stemaie atack they Ivached on ‘allio Souseiseloge. This conversion of the bougciie’s "Hllogeal spoken, togticr withthe iealoialeisa within the dominant cline hemes wa an important fcr inthe Bourges ‘open and deci passage to fc "This desea, n the forme tx within the dominant lst8 ‘sf cou be i to be atte so fc wich ombud far tothe plea cos: he best be hegre of the doe prt end plan) od eect te poe ef ata ekemony the er edSp d Fie inten mrad dca an pet tas efor, ad Sheba ofthe secon pare and plica, came i ‘Sup conf ith then And a ot ede hat the bourgeois’ Shin te ell pee! pened he engee “Thee is Sly another element in the conjure of fascism, which anne he wernphasized contrary he presi sew it ie Comintern, thei offi coeds «Lc fare therein Beton The fics rset: rested on fine matey om Ow tack and defence Asa sar itll be wef to lithe notions of foie and defen ‘psa el ashe Ken of ofennve and defensive strate. Is it fist of A eget bave recuse to this dinction heonen attack and ‘lence in atsing the conrete stuaton of the reliion betwecn foren?® told be ated in he fit pace that oth Lenin and Mao base tei poltcl and wiry aalyes ote iecnebledifience eer tack Bad defi: al thst elation ae bass ont dierene Bs Mao tinphszs: "In the Chines cv war at Saal ther war, Aisentand afer in China a aba, there ae only two Base formsa shag, atk and defence” Man's concep of “practed wat in no vr nates the meng “Phe diferente involves ray the objecsve tpn ofthe struelohich epend on » hole serie of objective factor of the elation Dereon Fever In ths ene, any propo nthe fel the las stragae oes ‘hough an ofl ep and adafonie mops between these woes that ‘ube ete md Li Pp th en eon, eisit one fe tsa ern wc a tee’ Tis tn ok ‘Ske y Lani with cared en he poy of ‘Sted ary Wong of Ms Ting, Pan, 981 asc andthe Dominant Clases 79 of relive bizton ofthe fr pest, hich Lexi dies reaive eqilteium offs, Mao a 4 ep of ‘cmsolation in he ‘eation beeen fre Correct gai ofthe tps ays he eal basi cnet srry forthe woring Gases, the masses nd ther leadership. Coretta doco fil for the sy ois sade Uy des, "The second side othe question hee that strat in the eal sere, the rs of ee pe Soh ety a on ‘ules and iol tase onthe sition betneen attack tnd defence For Mao, thre ar thee dsinet moments involved: ate defen’, ‘aides sep the cen Sater sys tow the orking cas ad the mse must at ont reach al toy. ‘Coat usd Nowseeop tg edhe dpe ftps ab termes an ances inthe mp ein the lion Tercen ices: for expe + defensive ep forthe working cls rein sent defen’ i marked at ating ter hig by te Iie) of the vy by Ws see tac. “Ther there abe problem nthe ofc: the aur ofthe sep andthe diagnos the Comite ade of: the tae which wae the spe The tps inthe poe ‘We can only get co grips with this prom inthe section (Pat Foot low) on fim andthe working clas th ate ofp depends on the celitonbeenen forte But Tete be cea tht Gascimby no meant represents the only ‘nealnes’ of the brrpeise, wr the Comier believed; nor does the rie of fs penne deferive stay (Gouerrevoation) on its pr, hereby indetng x tp the working flue ofensive. On the contrary, the general ofthe el fre a ‘ering the vive offi, fa lla "Defeat ofthe ese bythe working cls and the mass afer a prolonged and mis confrntton, 2. Ate of relate stbiltion betwen the forces present, marked by “ypsge Tes not a stomtion of ean, siti il Ieted in the ner of sbepening cles struggles. But ese opeires donot oot ‘10 med the unegal Bat ed elton betwee fore. Ta shot is 1 "Oe Patel it id gp t01 prtimal But one must beware of taking step of 'txilzaton’ to tan equ bermeen equal forces presen, The bourgeoisie sil ‘Bsns ivadvnage,presingand dling adverary, and peeping {eutethe office. Iris weal snl inno ye eng sang enough to fointo the tuck iis ot abies wealened tl futher in ths prod, Daring this sane perio, the aty ofthe working ls not en fas to weaken the bourgeois, but onthe contrary ncreses its teogth Only the rd Comintern Congres (rg) seme to have deniiok this sage of reve sublzaton succesfully. The Fourth Congress (igia-s) Wid is slogans of “workes” goveruzene’ (Ge. bourgeois foveminents wih communist partition) ened this step of sige Hate defenive wep bythe nbour movement, and op fess br de SEE itrking c's deere tp began only wi the a of th Hem leone gs ram te As forthe Fifth Ganges (1900) to aeaeded the sablltion step, but in the oppnite ves that it agnoned = ep of meshing clas ens, “Treks pesto ils significant fr his question.* While eorety ‘iting the ptons of the Fifth Canteen Congres, hich skipped the sabilaaticn ep and dagnoeel a ep of polsian oes, hein br tarm repeat the evar ofthe Fourth Canes, eng the vail- fantom step at se in the working-se defensive. While in caracer- Jung the pei which allowed, whch sew the sao he sof acim, td fr which the pevius aguas road lave ben quite core, Tray made te sme mites the Comintern the end of the psig of"subiation plus woetiag iss defnsve (ce donarn” would mean 1 several ofthe station, and therefore a working-die flesve, Por “Troy, 8 forte Caminter,fscam "is «response of the Bourgeite ‘olan immedi danger thestenng the Fondation of ts cine. Fs a ste feel war eis the nsrectian ofthe plait” “This ageom! between Troy andthe Caminer ie danas Ihave 4 As fr a iim cane, he Coins dion (nd hi rack ft) inp i yin pelt Geran a ace poet ‘Stature ours Cages Toe Fer Cogent epeg ‘arr Geman, Fed Egan ie el eo se ‘ha The ut Cnp sae noel a ben ee yr Wo ‘Shalt ules moni er! Cee eps lng ul ihe Pescion andthe Dominat Clases 81 songs, to their shred ecnonsn ‘Te economisic view i evident fathe onion by both of the rilizaton sepa the pid before the tive of facsm bein. Bu hey daw dfemt conclusions: ccomomic ‘Ssintegation = prlearien ofenive forte Fifth Comintern Congres, fd ‘economic sabato = proletarian dele’ er Troy, flo ing in the tradton ofthe Fouth Congres, st which conoism had already come tothe fre, What ces to fave e-anted them inthe se ‘ror eguain economic (a) = pean ec Start of the eof fm covering he Burge’ ave to ‘offi: thi period x character by ew sept in the Cass Stra tarps da oth ofesive sty, but ving the Comin- {ern heilsion, eerily sete Sach Cngress, of repetition of the ‘ino «revludonay peso. inthe ead the vcca ffsim was ot prot of he bourses weal, bt confirmed i tegth fora eg ime "Wha asl happened inthe ie of acim, i that otic eis Of he bugis creponded to an oe sate. This ens of ‘ras, tha thing are ot going too wel forthe dominates, But to ‘Ssribe this polite ers an 4 weaknen’ ofthe Bourgeois isto say something abou shin of Force wth He woeing ls, and thet is Drecsly ere the Comintern ws wrong atrprertion (aking 1a Th a sgsacon, nt «pf the won wo np fr argh ‘i! oh a i i i on eomsLo Ger tn of coe tte tie nak Tee ome csuvophom (i ay Sted he hy fein te Svc he Fence es oo’ ingran) nen mae pene in cere egal epoca seule Forty, perms vane et mn in hh uel ps oath een ire oc re i ‘Sc, Toul canna fhe ape of edt we apo perms ‘Suse ri, ae he eer pd Toe fat ‘amr hectn pod sense bn Gey ‘Sr shah ee fim heel el ees ia ‘Sealy day le asda aren& ‘he equation wesknes of the bourgeoisie = power fofnsve ofthe pleat) was not enti che Seventh Congres of the Camiser that Diitror ard 0 gp, welled terms, ha thers offi represented + in sgp tn Hit dee inulin vou fis party ating pve ‘plo and consaioel mean hs monly mans the pa bebe cublabed wih tg cap ™ ‘uring he end ped ofthe cf fac, the NSDAP ary succeded in ruin he ae eonradons at Gide he ter {aston of he poe lfm the hndowocs sig cpl in lining thie fr abou ks sceson to power While the connie Souris who the power Be wee growing, the NSDAP ¢pprred tobe th el olde commen Jeon the powr tbe Be cai pe, The mn erent hi wrth open suet ofthe Ste apps for the Nac Pry the morethranbiguras smu of the uel rercenathe Hf mau pal tors ‘tonal sien (he ede of Brinng temporary ban onthe 5A); aay he lpi of median cpl tvs the eer of the ae obec to anal son's sei opowe pS Scoonarted ine repcenet of Birnie by Hiab Ba ding isan sep te pola es ewer he NSDAP and shepard actu So mach ona, tepals Se spr yop s plped te “ard = thoagh by now in& defensive way - of «Hindenburg miliary 28. Forte gor lil farsi it pn aK Bacher, Ata be Wome Rl Be Sind Pr Here ara, {akan Tie GrmaDiari, oe; Rr, Pron Dery Ne, eB Soa le Sota ea 9 Fs andthe Demian Claes 11 Aiuto: for example in 1932, when ice pill suppet co the indeaborg candaare psn Hsler ‘With th ang to pone of mtiona soils, the politcal hegemony bin cil massa disnion ans cota baseman cepa Gaston was Celeste ron of sence Seer iaet bse ‘Yer denon, big opal sed the fics pry, the fascist State and fascisiesagy to mcrealy poe eral paicy Which une the power bbe under im spi, overcoming pally the exnomis came fradison fe mihi ‘Ding thers se fits ule rational wim proceeded to dale stig eget tlnging othe nome er ie tex SERS iy cite poner beane ie eek poy ‘Geamagy’” The lat ofthe placa (on Papen Hagerty, on eral wee expelled rom he prcmmenseod erter rch mees tree ten sue them even tte eet of pared exertion IArthe same time there wa page ofthe Pat's let wing” wih the Forhered bythe eosin ofenaig pal Fezunce wihin Be State apart. ‘Butts procs took age parila couse. With the increas inthe politcal impoance ofthe tse apparatus, the shifing of weghe within She spose _ sdmiciraton end rennin oe ae eT AP, teint peed ria pore made Hiespecal es beancen he ety orga and the Nat Pry and age the pay bougeone Be salng Sone Tewari Se tht ial personnel were eed fr the Sut Ee: sake is ih The py Dougan thes dered dette tages fom Tun ducing the rt ped of catia eocalan icons {AL the same ine athe Navi ary was lg the whole Sate apparatus (hich grew to moostoaspeopatios) with tember of pty-ourgeois trigin and mith their own quite speci pty Source ial, the 9. Se Maa nd Many De Ed rei: 9,1Sane spac ginal tied t ber ses, nab the erm, mse sade she ay ety-borir Ste poate The Fey SS haces pron of Gitta snd the pole a che ct rao Tae othe pet of aio, hs tthe aig ofthe SBA Nea epee eet ee Sa Sue apne sad pry ep Br ‘heptane ich it cea peng cs but temaied PSpprig caro the moa eat Sate. Dept the dese Setac tos ina eflese by tional cist ply cotaed to ‘ibe dhs inchs of se Ste, Tis aration of pry Stas |g a go othe pif fe nics hat egy ou fs ns Lng he ola eas (Lethe pr hough Wich (Soret ore bt pl te preg can ut by ‘Seu ais nse Sar pps wile comin 0 Fest fre, Artbe eine tice vere sconpanyg ta SSSEs pups iin he NSDAP, which were erty not imted {Ds eden’ o0 per nt ft regs pai egies ere ‘eld belt end 954 From hi atest per eet ofthe fell nani pry lads were ered om meses who Eee cer a5 “rhs uton vs ial eo he vel ane offs whih ad Jette existent nd seating of etn power: wa sana i wich Us pil and apes ew cle by Sages novig fn sliance oppor. Tis ateton, reece inthe oli apartsasa wl was a heme ine ta Toke « cane kinda end Gans wee cern oot sxialy sprted fo the State apart. On te contary, hey ere reset inscreng especally thro corpraive agains twugh Sees eee nf he Nei Pury pd shin trough a crue rege ioscan hip (Ginng, cath Bg cal © sue Sate bare. This is one of the agurenis ‘puns Thalbimers thes explaining fascism in terms ofthe Bonaparist trode: the ‘late autonomy’ of facia, acon to bin, wat based 0. Sev ei tae probes eo, 249 sat 30 BoC Behe o 98. asco andthe Domine Claes 213 cs ci dation even te coon dain of gap Sit pata gory the separ seco domiaon ‘eau to ddapte es beget tema? (Laue Bape Tite, Te main ta for Faeinerccr es be ne of he abe in sorzaplancusaioe atom ots coest The a ar pea [pnt ing eta epee tte fae inthe comand poston of te See pata rnc to tht theese of he NSAP wat athe sue tine cine eve stonomy ee Ste fom api “The wl of ts pry, und prt te stan sed he banal enn sug ine hep Wegeing, ch a Ste SS eased esate ary wich dined. itis omen og ino dete oh onto comdione betacn tp cpl she Ne puystte Thay mee pf te ‘fame whch molten ws pg, upg cpl wih the (Eker ches and acne the power oa te por withthe tmuwes Ths conan bene ca Eon he ae the ou et ‘hs le ade bron igen ici a saan rie of oa sae and Gare of Sas Dio nies eae Miicaitemmeaed aD iver nsec city quesin of temps by the mtonl sca Sate woe the derdopnnt fig pal onion ove the oe deme he prob $e SnD, Lan PN 996. St py spl Gy he gl peiTaaly Before sartng toeamine fasinates in Kay shuld pict out tha, despite its realy diferent origi, ts ceain points in common tik the Germuncare. I sal poses thee pont ince ts my a ‘hin the Framevork of hie wrk, to ike conic ane a examples Shull ater sues the Ziferenes beeen the German and Flin as, 1 Tal, for easons explained above me alsa Aad ris and contr Actions within hs poper Soe. On the one band, there eonradicon are Adeper than in ie German exe; on the other, flowing fue thi, fae ara mere of achieving the hegemony of bg capital meets wih stranger ester fm the other members ofthe poe lc So although ‘he eof facie mask than in Germany, bginingbeteen le gz adel 1g, renin the pint of no rer ding 921 and ting power in 2, he proceso sabliing fascism n power was ch lowe. Iwas olin 985 thie ears aes intllition np, hat Ttallanfncim os abled withthe lane wt ste sseand phase in pest, Tuy tbe coaraition betwen ig capital and the lrgelendownrs vas much deepe than in Germany; it ivoled the problem of the Mesnogion, whch ply conte in the conraicon beeen the [Nosema bourse andthe Sothera landowner. Te bicwardness of erature in tlaion to industry wat rch more sean hat the cristence of a vemifendal form of agricul eodution made the concentration of pital pecccious snd areal, Abo, daring te Secunda ofthe sintenth century, the macent Bourgeois ad Wg landowner had fend pound for arent in potetont polices, the ‘onradictions supe up anew wih the screlrton of epi fom Fscon ond the Dominant Clases 125 ceevetion alongside persiting Fenda srctrs in prise, Wich the ‘Sins bch llomed he Frnt Wold War, te beach becween giclare nd indusry was dives ctauopbily deeper Among other things, the ‘once of eptal accumulation in arate lef he landowners com letdy outside the proces of indusilinion; thie respnge was [pecan io and. Dring the pri the seo, pcind trae ts deve acceleration nthe pac of xpi concrateton ae Ff in rm praia snd po, ie coidicion glen Sipe Tre even ie compan! oo ig nto creed Jago, bythe igindoatalts (Genel Cefderton nds) ad {hc lndowners (Genel Cnederaon of ee). Te te wat gpa tote cl ply of the St, wich of pet importance iain ote ofa xpi deme, ec ‘ured inde esse, a the expen ofa icesngbulgetry ‘efi. Ian he reno nou the pula Party =the pase” pry = wa oe spect tic! Tre Tan cv ole the Geran, ht liane between Norte borg and Saher ndownc war sco oped tyke pesos fail cncentation nd bythe cestn of epi ‘Alsogh tbl tgethr poly the expla sds eared the Conon lel mere beoage ino the ight fy “Tis waa mares growing caine emerged Between Lig oon cep, conto nor nthe prs of ep cet, Hy toy shy portal ced wih the cmon ‘vee races fader indy nthe one hd coset spodsindosy on the ees, By 191 he Nios Unio of Mecanel enitngy ws heed in Mian, prope gether medium-sized ems {homed Oy snenton* Farhrmore, an allance wes made etre tedium cipal andthe lndowners gute eonome demnction of cia, Ths was sade pole by the eommie wales of big {Shin in aly and duo tosae the see unevenne of epast ‘Seehpmeat peel t canons cavergence of the eemomic tren ofthe tro cases. ‘Tir enbyoiallace bee mie and tore spel a athe polity ofthe Paplar Pay ad hat he 1 A re Oi iim Oa Re AR A nar efary pin pts ER Res oe Sak aa tes 916 representative of moti capital wh held power in Kady ding the ise lesan (Git, Nit, Banos, Fact) Th addon thae ecnomic contradictions wihin the power ie, there wets, in tis ease too, contucons wid big capi ie, be ‘ween banking and nds api. The proces of eaptal cance ‘wo leas advanced in Tay than in Germany, and ome precious the courdictont Between tks and fadsty were abe pariclaiy harp A eal firive bythe bigdog conrl of he Bane twas made posse by the eooemous pra they had made inthe wat, thle Ilan baking capital (onli Germany), kee ite epecalive Tore and heratd to lnnch ito iadusiaizson, Basking cepa tempted to dfn itself sit thi salty big indy in 38 the for main Rabin banks formed cee. "Though tar sumething of ule diac noe theese tse ‘ointense cnmsions* In the conta of the post-war rss, Ande, the industrial dinosur which bad gained come! ofthe Baoca Talis dt Sean, cubed in 19; Il, which controlled Liyée Mediterranean, faloned. ‘The goernmeat was tora beeween the two angen ‘Boao refed State aid toy indy, an thie led to his all Unlike Germans, twas ony wth the advent offi har inde smenaply capil essed i doninnce ever bankog capital, within tip capil era role All fe cootadions were exacerbated during the send period of the ie of fscon, he he poner ‘nomi vin Hegam free il owas the rad of 2921. "The share of indy in the national produ, which tad fallen rom 30 per ant in 291 035 per oem in igs, roe to 29 pret in 1933; pectin indices rose in al beaches find, the oudget fic fll cosieably, pices went down, an ‘snemploymentwasreatrorbed, at the contradictions duc tothe procs fail concen grew worse svaly broke eutin gas Yetween the two tuning groups behind Nit sod Gio hedncoant bank and the comercial bank thee was «sharpening of the cotadicion Between ‘ig and medium cpt, wbich ook the form ofthe promingoppenon ofthe former tothe latte’ poly, represeced by Gilt, af api Inbou ssoiatiow’ and of Leping up wages The same thing accrred ‘erncen big capil and the landowners, with big capital oppsing the 1 Ont cmc et RR. 18:5. 3. Cot pe 4 Pine ta Gace de, Pi nif Fasc athe Dominant Claes 117 palcy of fag agricul prices by mens of «fiscal sytem which torte oinately nthe nee ofthe lnlowner, I was the ire of ‘he poll pice of red” which ed to hel ofthe Nii goverment nga "A for fiscam in power, the two fllving characterise diene sited it fem German ational sols {@) Through a whole varie of specie sane mearures, Fain fusion tract ton re tren tha mina oa tft te ‘eon doatin of ig capa verlag le property. Ea Genny, the capitation of agnulare had begun kefore the advent of rational roca, and was then ely coined and intend; in Tayi war fascism which intodued ths proces. As A, Rosenberg i: ‘Mussaliat fupporced the Southern landowners in ther be apn the agin revatio, but he was never icined to gine Beck othe seme feadal Tees the decisive inoeace they had on te Sute during the “ibe” tried. The fact pry remaioed the party ofthe modern Nerth Passio broke the dominant infoeace ofthe backward feaal aes of fhe cee and south of aly. For the lndovner and lol potentatr of the South twas «question of the leer ei they evidently feared the fed revolutions the rater ev, and hat enh they sported Gis, Butathe me time they knew tha withthe vent of fase they mold lace their former sopremacy.® This mas ancoubedly ae ofthe fessons forthe Popular Paty’ log pciod of oppaiton to favo, Bt it wes much moce the ‘apa lndowners a ig farmers ofthe North and rate who supported fascism, rather than the sen fda?” Southern [Endownere ral isn was Concentrate: in the Po Valle, in Ein snd in Tesany.* (Q) Fast enamel sls itervend massively in efectng cept cancntation and the economic donation of big oer mum apa, ‘but his wat a ger proces. Taking into acount the economic wees, of Tan big pial faim bad fora log time to give mich mere 5 A Ree, ‘Dern Mane Pai end Kia ‘irate hakore ae arg tt tc in he Quon ti (Pome fea Tee dren wee ei ie in ale {Re a roa i peti ve espa ce nyne consideration dan dd Nason tothe econanie interests of mediom ‘oil (he experi of fist ‘enone Hera’, nd een, tothe inter the cosamer gods indy. “The problem of the relationship betwen big capil and lindowneship in Tallan fascisn also pone problem of pie theoretical and pl Importance: thereatione Seewen two modes of prada ‘caching’, int combined anne, in ths fomton, fe. the ‘elton beeen He aia ode production (CAMP) which has already entered the rane ston phase tours the dominence of opal caitlin, nd th ral roe of rac deminant i th comrade Th pees cstey ‘Being cussed ite widely in the hid wos, partially in Latin Antica Tn fice theretion of moneply capitalism to age landed propery i sey diferent frm that of pee-monopoite (compete) epi, I the later ease, 8 pol neern crcurasancs to speak of com bined ‘coerce’ ofthe C31 (Jominan ined), snd the Fada mode of produton (ill dominant inthe eotryside)” But the term ‘eoeistenc’ cannot adequately deste thet reltianship where mono ‘oly capa «dominant in oc ormation Thi dominane impli the conslietion of th conditions of expanded seproducon ofthe CMP isd. The exabshment ofthe doainanc of ‘monopoly expan thar imple nor simply the dominance of the EMP over the fens! mode of production in the countryside, bet he ial dca ofthe fevdal mode, This mode now exon ia the form of lemers siumed under the CMP in soc formation in hich alla “oe siz speaking, ae form of the CMAP (Cont pete, monopaic, et) rin tev ef tn diet (ea) oi ae ly eb hy a ly ‘Serdar to mt pan ele seman a a open Fav al the Dominant Clases 119 Italy ofesa characteris example of this With the presocos foma~ sion of big Since apt here was afc atrantion to the dominanes fof monopoly captain before facie came to pws ad ile the Feudal mode of prodoction, unite in Geman, ll erie lations of predocton inthe coutysid, The role of faciom = nith the gain ttl, “omprchenive development, mecunistion, transformation of fhe tenancy lev, tasfrmaton of sal firmer int agile ‘Senin agriculture, by eliminating he esl mee of rodcton asic ® Besse ofthe contains in thie proce, ein fis elation to large landownership fered fom that of Nason in tbo puts of ‘Germany whch stil bad eudal characteris Fascism ipooed te sen to capitals, In this conjuncture, it depened the comtaicion beereen landowners and big capital much more than in Germany, thc the lndowners ad tured to aptaliation wll befce Nasi, (nthe on and the mas introduction fcapitalisming sia clearly produced some seca revae i a: noah the yd of feral production, which was chronically ‘nadeoate, roe fom 10 Guia per ecareia 191510152 in x9; te ttl ret on fm 48s lion ons in 19097510759 n 93-9, wich was aden for ational cnsumprion; noble props malo made with tend vegeable. ‘avd end iti Poi Pred Sci Ca 9p 12 meen {tsanca The Sen eel me ope tn Cpe of SRS ees eos atc e ie Te aaa fed mee of pst, How ng feo ran tn Tar bsnl fn fe ets of pri Tl ede poe, ‘nln ath ger Fu se te Comey, pee be ye, ‘ho te en roan st open eel rae ‘one Ae Len mc in of ceiwo e ‘hin jel mew fede apr, en ‘yale con he rss pla(n the other hand, however, the economic domination of big capital ve lure indomerhp was Cty ied. The opr. off ony inthe una produc oe fom 35° per cet gat to 318 percent nrgagand pr cent ing, while hat of agri lin the same prod om 45 per ent 0984 pet ent nd 354 cent. The ase of chen ferize, which roghiy doable fom 192 19 si ere mae toi ata pnt Mtn): fives igh oe of cern ats back ote Pe fate of deelpet of capital between 130 hd 1939 wat 50 ap tata (95 forthe pei 8pq-9r3), but twas 35 in indy (5 forthe pod 899-913) which indetes the propaonate Bll of rent inthe disrbuon of tol supak value. "The acne beween indulge pies opened de. "this cnreticion Between te lege lndowners and bg cpt, whic was pray cite nil cam ml cloner ig capa Than Neat, wich dnt come up ant the condition ie ame fiom This phenomena was not comely diagnosed ether by the Cminter on by the PCI. The Cominters, under the guiance ofits president, ine (hi report the Fourth Congres), had tit so ean faim ot main the expesion not of bi apa Dut of ig eu” or ‘Semi-feada’lrdowoerhip "The facts ae sbove alls weapon ia the bunds ofthe lauboner. The experience ofthis rscton fille the com “ail and inal boargenie wih error aad hey ae as Back Traber" Sch was the eign fl the eroner interpretations of ‘aca a» pola phenomenon peal to x society where the agf- Cal sector predomi: a concen, lik thers, reslng fer ‘he definition offiaczm at a "raring a reograde’ ‘A polialy-mare iterating ierpreaton was gen bythe PCI, fiom ite Lyone Congress (1928) uaa lest 1928 In shor, the PCT 1 Ree opps and 196 Sf. Wea he Nate of Psi wei op aun imma a iy 1 Bate ty ne 15. Taney ie que rly (ot D-Des,riale many fy 1) De it oe a oe pn og pel Fascon ad the DominatClaer 121 sidered that faim represented the ineress of big cept and the ig landowners equally, ithe aloaye beng able 9 sry ihr the Iegennerce uhis lance Sigel he gia its een ‘de frm ctok “The Lyons Thess (126) made this clear. They maa a step foreard fom Ziovi’spasto, but sil Jedard tt facie to scleve the ogeic unity ofthe dominant lanes, witout any speciation xt te ibe hogan fuse snr whish this ily weld beseioed, So fascism was not seen arresting an imporane medication inthe ‘elaon Beween big api and the adovnes i ubatance, cis ‘aly fers fom the programe of conseritem and reston which as slvays dominated alin plies, in conctving the unica ofthe ‘ations Frcsin anther way.” ALtbe tine Toghati shard th view "Fascia Bere the deciie centre ofthe poll way fall he soveraing ase: Gane yp big indus, and the ndowners.™ The cenepton underlying this deknton wa tht fem represented an allance tetween monopoly capital ad large landed property of = ertient fall character int ar at der Vain uci, monopoly ‘Spal war developing ‘in coctence ith ew] swears i a 1. Ton, A Pops dl ac 38, eral Sui, 195, 0 4 (heen Tea te ote ene pin Fs Bina hacen we pened repens deat sel den (Sree neo dene Bao? olan so pe ents epetog ‘Beran of henna he pry bce) Fx ae ee {S achg Blin he sow tft ronnie Tee isthe Cncan hate Ikan pear 50 enenbr fon Eng ‘Soup me Fores Coop rot Boe reco ei it acon he Pith Coon Poston ty pp. 156) Term SSEPCI: te Lym Then pnd Op ngewe ‘Shoe Foci ou ge wos pret gree of endo, er ey wer nn en pt ot en ee acs of he bur [ito or meet rao he nt tte lh mal mate, ‘Teourie riya he here of romeo tombe ee “ne oe wee el fi omc (Te alesse [Ekin Teo ue sd FCs op) Spin, Sa Poi meni ain, 106 1 an et 9 me te hx hat (Stes ea ne Lyn Thos anyon calf Docentre, As, Sean expres it til een: “The socal revltion vl have te eaafrm thee expialis-hased structures whch have “Sloped in ow cousty where new fom of moneply captulase ben ed ent hed full ta, and sch have not bee Huiated ea “Ds nero infact separation by ep’ fthedematie reoalatin (et to be asomplithed) fom the soa revolution its eve ner te transition toils, wih the emmon ojetive ‘rligeidating te feudal ode of production which sll exited inthe ‘cxntyide.Inanoter content, this well-known theory ofthe ‘cexie= fence’ ofthe dais menapely capitalism withthe fedal mode of redaction undies the anor of Eatin American Commaniat Panes ody, These adettea sete nurse dicate by mess ofalianess ‘sihnedumapnle-hrstenedtositthe circumstance aati brorpce’) oligos Yeain? = naiona-democrate eolton? to precede the meal revatio, Tn the cae of ala fei, the programme of aliancs was pat nto practic bythe PCI with itunes fron. The thesis of persisting isn vas wed href cera the ine on allies adoested by Dimi. Grassi’ suthorty as alo elimed fri, support being Arawn om hs ston onthe Riergiesto sa revelation which le? tecsuse,ulte he French Revolution allowed biglanded property, nd therefore fedaiom, to survive: Grane caesied the itrduction of ‘pian ino gical onthe French model Leas edison of {he big Fenda gonna It was somchow coelaed fo this thatthe ‘uvivaofgeandedpropenysstonatially meant the srvival fede ‘um, aod shat it wa lls powsary taf ary through the elo tion od the ‘onl unity which be Risorgiment had fale tschieve ‘But an enortous sate was made about Gramsci hee and ele svhere. Is ur that Grames ssn to have noted the effects af ono Doi capitan on agra and it xsl rue hac Gams hitelf upped. the these of Taian Gin as repressing the sagibite Sender Dee “Ta a ag he fete we damien aa pee sep omoep alent) ee te at tiled dtbeey toro be casein inte cue Fasc andthe Dominant Cle 233 landowning ‘ee, wthou ely dininguing the hegemonic force in this Moc. Bu ial fires, Gramici never departed fom the line of ‘making an allance ofthe Nethen praeuiat ith the por peasantry the Sth, aunt the lndowners al the bl fh gi aa inclded the whole ofthe bourgasic nthe cin question” Sofas teal dimension ofthe acm nisi consae, thre wee sae pits cometh hei of ai in Gaman torthere wee abo diffrence: Desi iseoomic weakness and ute Genny thts revi nm shove lian Burgeo we ele {oe planer othe burp demerit = the ieee, Doc only do ot te jr pie an ceanomic cession othe ig lndowac, I gener, hough the Bionarein Ste eved ih the aqueny peng, te Gen Lindorners tad fa pli power ante Tian loons, wh Genetted fom the penned fate of mal unity and oe {alle and sdnintae ne of Noha South Sal bcs 1B pos of pl ledehipand the ance betwen toupee eee ni wf i enw er parma tara sees ap fetes Stans dete sence See ete eimai SS ae Seoohet ae neem ese eccrs ‘moony i, ich be ad not ne pea, Tg end the ier See orteemnenens Siete aeons Sole a danas peat ae Boose eeteee neta SrSommrnentcmeataamaemonnns Sine nareeeate sengeera taal esand lindownery, medium pital manage, tough ite poll organina- tons (the Libel Party especialy) to arquite tong pion witha the ‘State, mich mie imporan than thowe held by mediam capital in Gere many. rom 1920 Ilya experianced an fesve by big cpt fo poiti- caloemony within the power Bee. Thin flensive suceeded inserously ‘alin the hegmony of mediom capital which had bees r-ealed ‘er the wero ths opnod the pid fava of heron. Bat “tough this ofensive wa ntgtd bythe ‘atic represenaies. of Big expel Gin arcalar by the Orando-Sonino-Slandea group it was nly cad ut, berate of he song policalpsions held by ‘meliom capt by the Iter's politcal representatives. The whole problem was tht there representatives were split no two sor groups the flowers of Nii who was dain closer and coer to ig eapial, and the fallow of Gini. As for the le, allouph his policy of| ‘Cass colaboraton” with the working cae wat inspired by dhe terete of medi capa, eto wasinceasingy being won overt big capi ‘Ths: by big capital war aguas reative ular, because of the resistance of edit capa and the landowners. The later kept their politi poron ender the eign of medium capa, through the ext- ce af vere Sate within the Se in the South, They were word ty the repprcinent beeen the nationale and big epita and ls0 ty big capa inteton of the ‘liberal camp. One ofthe was tht rerimance wa saprssed was through the pit role ofthe Poplar Party Cato pry basally representing the interes of large ded propery ~ though i ws of varied compoaton anda incded poor pesane, This party estetlly embodied the resitance of the aad- fers to bg pial infiration of the representaver of mediam capil the hegemony of meine capital bad lft thle policl poner intact the Soh Ic was besos ofthis ambivalece that Don Strz't Popular Party wa somes able to appar ‘rors 18. Sata . Mi, Sr a nl pias faci 1-5 Sey Sr msm pine ait 39 1 ad 2: U Tashi Tela so in eror, Geran , 206,.Novene unig he fc he Popa Pry wat fen in te pret ge sie mpi oto eal wh nao of rap ‘te enema mein il pi ea Ba he Foci ad the Dominant Claes 195 ‘These contraicons were eacrbte fom 192, a year which, with the pin of eur, opened the prod of apa of hegemony under the last Gili minity Gil dot shandon hi lor poe, ‘which bumed the Southern landowners an sided big capital He drew ‘ver loser to hig expial,whe tthe sume ine trying co manta is representative ties with medam capil; for example, e brought in teases to estblh repntration of act, which crcl harmed the Invert ofthe Vatican the Bea of Rene; he ups comminon of ‘ingly ito war pros, Ths station was prolonged under Boao snd Fre. "The resance to this bg-apitaie ofensve for hegemony mas stronger ia Taly than in Germany. This determined the parc Fenates of the rie offi in ely (0) The platen thiscate parame whre the representatives of edi capital reigned gre them a Seeappuratusisbioned to tht requirements and continue to be more inporant than in Germany ‘ntl the end ofthe rte of facie andere der i isan in pore. “The dsinsion between State apparatuses pressing diferent pli ences ws ese evident then in Germany, with the exception of the Southern State within the Sure which posta dire problem. Hee too, of curse, there as a diection bermeen real goer and frmal (one but the parxmentary pola sene hp st own ety. The ‘Sg-sapiais ofesive and the reiance tot exotic to have a big 15 Yo Wi the ss pin te pre edge Si Fac poe ‘ene Ja spn rect an toni QL Rey in Por “Seco so egy Sein rig fv a, ‘espn. 40) Sv cy sho at Fp Pry cet op? Nan cee Gx ty sano te igen mom ft Cle ‘eas wm aca eprops ena aah ‘a toe, “Te pry at wed Som by ai omer to Ba rele pti nen tb te er ep oe a ‘Tew wee wet Wheres nd ie pee do (4). Te Ine dered pri ey pia fn ity idm we mor be ma tae ops Peay pein’ fm wr ly doe teem bre wae cr 2G Or Nao 9 23 Se A Rownbe ry of he Coma ee 916 0impact oth ng and ana was tftlow uch more os pocy of npr ee hen was Nii The rupee of he repeat de bene motu epi ant iu eesti cane abst toe soy, chey Deas of the Song pte of dum cpl nthe Stee wat comple ely Serf cae o pve and wont othe es fre ang et std of fiz in power, an for ts ply of ation toward these "Dering he i pid of he of faci, he wa apn ie soc beten lp! sd foal power ad oper of Pay Feprsenton! Gos aes for big expla the lndowners** From tor, the ecm exports tor (Cnedeatoa of Indy, Cockers of Aglare a orenng prt ping he feof the pla! prs; pray egaisnon nr formed eld of casein eg carmel op ete ’Aanuns. i ae were sn fone ose the oc even i eas Seeded soe Ephedrine the Dake of Acta the pel tool he any we roving under Genes Die 208 Balin Wea he ptf noe ws seat his development mites fed, scentrig the ope of ig xpath downey, bth ffom ther om poli repeeettver and from the of edu Spal, whom ey moves coined ono: Tn Tl, 4 felon ot aan sles os dl ruins as feed nope cei with he repseutves of mem eal « Stim lo jot commitee os fred to eee the mane Fase o, pana grep weve fad tought the cote fb dced epson othe Pop Pry the Liberal Pay was ian ince sre of decoponton, wih Sind’ ght wing ow omit and eps’ no fe own pray eatin ~ he ie art "Whe rapping meaning the poi repeats of smi cpt Inf, wien Gemary thse erates ued {apa miltary tobi, stony misasngthe NSD AP nu decig ue ely et ta, the epost SE MC a, ede Maine 8. SEE Sit io 3 asion andthe Dominant Clases 127 sodium capita the eft ber’ drew us nearer tothe fascs pry§* “Headed by inks, but with Nitto, they presented themselves forthe tat elections om 3 ‘natonal sit, which usted mat of the Tin arcs fom the ber tthe ccs, Tho sites ed othe eeton of ‘irene sit deputies, Gis plan wa fora Consent Assembly to inate the ardenig ofthe State by rénereing the role of pre Inert within which be woald have the spport of pulmentred? The oppaiton of medium capital othe coming of facia was hee fore neti in this case mainly by its cn poll representatives, a thir representational cle, althoogh weakened, war maintained TBeouphow he ce of faci Kalan asin was ale todo they "Brough ame’ of poll compromises with tes epesnaives Ta Tay, othe eri of party sepresetatia went hein hand with 2 deep crs in the dominant idecogy.** But crain faut disinguish ‘hi rom the cris in Germany "The proces of transition to cpitlsm bd been accomplished oder the poliealadetsip ofthe Northern house, and with an el [ear tothe bors, which wus preponderant in the elo ‘atom dominant nay: This wae the nana and liberal delay it work in Maris movement. Ir tue tt the Mberal aspect ofthis “dealgy was undermined by the strong, conti inevestin ofthe tte uring the development of capitalist in Tay lar example othe Cpt phenomenon). Nonthle, bere national ideology, characteristic of bourgeisemacaie retoludons, was enarably pessoa BE thes Losi ewe aon ci poli of an corn ings at th pote Sars ose (Groa Th Sere Ce Seng ee at ae eno ‘See fe pr Ane Le Ov fart p04) 1 an, One 6 cio Paci 9 aE MO hie sa en 8nt This liberal nationals ideology experienced deep cris afer the Fis World War. In the fs place, no longer corespnded tthe interes of Tai big eit, wich was moving ento the Helo effenive Dye shite sn Germany this ofemive wae cased ost By the ‘ombiontionofimperi esigy and easforned Fadl delay, Teal, bese othe contraction berween big capitan the landowners, tnd because of the dominance ofthis speci bourgeois idan, i as emg str by om atop so id of cana? enmatinof (i heal aia ie rita delay Tn oter worl, aliough big capital undermined the ibe spect of thi ideology, roo t0 have taken itr mand squarely in the liberal alone tadiin, I developed ad tnsfrmed the natin aspect of heideloy in partir exploiting the eling thatthe big powers ad trped thefts of ean intervention inthe war, With policy of ‘prsin and unexaions, the watie pole of ‘ihn fterveor toni’, the D’Annenzo movement (te occepsion of Fume), et, ‘nsionals-mperisieolny appeared o be te coinstion ofthe Garin naional uty movement of the Riscrgiments® This wes the cise with de nny mnalistidolopel movements which sein Italy asin Germany, pacaely the alan Natowast Assocation (ANID, which as ply avery important ole after she war. Mediom capil cect strongly to ths ideal ofemive by big capil, with te Helo element of opposition to the war (000° interventonisn) and the Ibral Gioia Ideology of ‘aptal-abour stsoation, wile rtoalt imprii was mere and more opposed ‘hati called Gis’ Sciaist mowarchy” Bu his deli eensive ‘ta overt ve ia that twas mashed bythe det monopelzaton of Cerin aspects of iberal-naoonlin oly, the ideology of Teal ‘peli capital Tein faci grafted el int thir oleic ofrive: i ms far Son having the ieclogcal evga of German national soa. As $2: Gre On Nae 1 In Gorm hee can beeen

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