CHAPTER 3

BASIC EQUATIONS IN
FLUID MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION

Flow often referred as an ideal

fluid. We presume that such a
fluid has no viscosity. However,
this is an idealized situation that
does not exist. 2
INTRODUCTION

Real fluid, the effects of viscosity

are introduced into the problem
3
 INTRODUCTION

Classification of types of flow

Incompressible fluid flow assumes the fluid has
constant density ( = constant), though liquids are
slightly compressible we usually assume them to be
incompressible
Steady flow means steady with respect t time. Thus
all properties of the flow at every point remain
constant with respect to time.
Uniform flow happened when the cross section
(shape and area) through which the flow occurs
remains constant. 4
 INTRODUCTION

Path line is the trace made by a single particle

over a period of time. The path line shows the
direction of the velocity.

5
 INTRODUCTION

Stream line shows the mean direction of a

number of particles at the same instant time.
Flowrate is known as quantity of fluid
flowing per unit time across any section. The
flowrate can be expressed in terms of
i) Volume flow rate ( discharges)
B.G cfs (cubic per second), gpm ( gallon
per minute, mgd ( million gallon per day)
S.I. m3/d

6
 INTRODUCTION

ii) mass flow rate

BG slugs per second
SI kg/s

iii) weight flow rate

BG pounds per second
SI kN/s

Incompressible fluid volume flow rate

Compressible fluid weight & mass flowrate

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INTRODUCTION

Mean velocity at Point P = u,

volume flow rate passing through
the element of area dA is
8
 INTRODUCTION

dQ = u. dA
= ( u cos ) dA
= u ( cos dA )
= u. dA

dA = projection of dA on the plane normal to

the direction of U.

This indicates that the

9
 INTRODUCTION

Volume flow rate = Q = magnitude of the

mean velocity multiplied by the flow area at
right angle to the direction of the mean
velocity.

Q udA AV (4.3)
A

How to calculate mass flow rate( m) and

weight flow rate (G) ???

10
 INTRODUCTION

Q m G
V (4.6)
A A A
Write the mean velocity, V for circular pipe.

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 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

Figure shows the short

length pf stream tube
where no fluid can leave
or enter the stream tube
except at the ends.

The fixed volume

between two section
and is a control
volume

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EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

Steady flow

min m out (control volume)

1 A1V1 2 A2V2
Gin Gout (control volume)

g m1 g m2
1 A1V1 2 A2V
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 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

Incompressible flow ( = constant)

for both steady and unsteady flow

A1V1 = A2V2 = Q (4.17)

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 BERNOULLI EQUATION

Consider frictionless steady flow of an ideal

fluid along the streamline as shown below.
We shall consider the forces acting in the
direction of the streamline on a small
element of the fluid in the stream tube and
we shall apply Newtons second law, that is

F = ma

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 BERNOULLI EQUATION

The cross-sectional
area of the element
at right angles to
the streamline may
have any shape and
varies from A to A +
dA

Element moving along streamline( ideal fluid)

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 BERNOULLI EQUATION

In steady flow the velocity is constant at a point

(local acceleration = 0). However it may vary
with position (convective acceleration 0).

One-dimensional Euler Equation:

2
dp
dz d V 0 (5.6)
2g
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 BERNOULLI EQUATION
Incompressible Fluids
For the case of an incompressible fluid ( =
constant), Eq. (5.6) can be integrated to give

If we multiply each term first by g and then by ,

we obtain the following alternate forms:

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 BERNOULLI EQUATION

Moreover, an incompressible fluid (= constant),

it also can be integrated directly.

Integrating from some point 1 to another point 2

on the same streamline, where the distance
between them is L, we get for an incompressible
real fluid.
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BERNOULLI EQUATION

Element moving along streamline (real fluid)

20
BERNOULLI EQUATION

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