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International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Issue-4, 2016, pp2222-2227 http://www.bipublication.com
Research Article
Biogas Reception from Various Compositions of Some Cellulose-Containing Waste
Kakhramon Davranov
1
, Vyacheslav V. Shurigin
 1
, Otabek D. Eshonkulov
1
 and Diyorbek Kosimov
 1
 
1
 National University of Uzbekistan
*
Corresponding author: Email: slaventus87@inbox.ru, Tel: +99893 5047522
ABSTRACT:
The article is devoted to study of complex effect of various factors (crushing, application of the adapted methanogens association, use of various substrate compositions) on biogas formation, and also to selection of optimal substrate for the maximum yield of methane. As a result of researches it is shown, that substrate grinding and use of the methanogens adapted association raises qualitative and quantitative parameters of methanogenesis process. It is stated, that the mixture of ground biomass of foliage, grass and wheaten straw (40%), domestic waste (40%) and livestock manure (20%) at inoculation with the microbial adapted association is the most suitable for production of biogas with high methane content (60.7%).
Keywords
:
biogas, methanogenesis, plant residues, waste
 
[I] INTRODUCTION
 The majority of fundamental and biotechnological researches are devoted to study of biogas formation from the animals manure, sewage sedimental sludge and different types of organic waste materials that is widely reflected in the literature [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Much less information is  presented about such substrate, as cellulose. Thus cellulose and hemicellulose are frequently prevail in a solid organic domestic waste [6, 7, 8]. Recently the interest to conversion of paper raw materials into biogas is recommenced, that is releted, in particular, to active introduction of technologies of the rubbish separate collection in many countries. The stage of cellulose hydrolysis in general is speed-limiting period at anaerobic cleavage of the cellulose containing substrates, that, basically, is  bound to presence of lignine [9]. In this connection frequently applied various and not always cheap means of cellulose-containing raw materials preprocessing which can include mechanical crushing and milling, pyrolysis at temperatures above 300°C, use gamma-and superhigh-frequency (microwave) radiation [10, 11]. The rate of cellulose hydrolysis in a big degree depends on activity of microorganisms which are a part of microbial community. Thus, in comparison with pure mesophilic cultures of
Clostridium
 
cellulolyticum
or
 Ruminococcus albus
, the microbial communities consisting of several (many) species of microorganisms, appear more effective [6, 12, 13]. Till now some factors influencing biogas formation are to some extent investigated. However till now the complex influence of various factors on methanogenesis is not studied.
 
Biogas Reception from Various Compositions of Some Cellulose-Containing Waste
Kakhramon Davranov,
et al.
2223
The study of complex influence of various factors (crushing, application of the adapted association of methanogens, use of various compositions of substrate) on biogas formation, and also selection of optimal substrate for the maximum yield of methane was the purpose of our research.
[II] MATERIALS AND METHODS
As substrate for biogas reception used 3 kinds of a waste: 1) biomass of various higher plants foliage, grass and wheaten straw, 2) livestock manure, 3) domestic waste. For carrying out of methanogenesis process we did not add any microbial associations, because natural associations of microorganisms living in this or that kind of a waste should react. Also specially selected adapted association of microorganisms initially taken from silt deposits of sewage was used. For the experiments used both the ground substrate and not ground. The definition of
СН
4
,
СО
2
 and
Н
2
concentrations carried out by gas chromatography method with the Crystal 2000
М
 chromatograph (“Chromatech”, Russia), equipped with microcapillary column FFID (1500x0.05 mm). The carrier gas - argon, the gas consumption was 15 ml/mines, detector temperature was 200°
С
, and thermal gradient in a thermostat was from 70 to
160°С. The
results are analyzed by means of Chromatech Analytic 2.5 software. The experiments on biogas reception are carried out in laboratory methane-tanks in volume of 5 liters. The methane-tanks loaded by substrate, were seated in a thermostat at temperature 35°
С
.
[III] RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 Research on biogas reception from plant residues were made in model experiments in laboratory methane-tanks. As substrate we used the biomass of higher plants foliage, grass and wheaten straw, and also domestic waste. The laboratory experiments were made on not ground substrate. In work the connatural association of methanogens was used. During all period of tests we took samples on methane content and noted the maximum indexes of pressure. The comparative analysis of a biogas yield showed, that at fermentation of higher plants foliage, grass and wheaten straw biomass, the  biogas concentration increase begins after 16 days of cultivation, thus pressure indexes reach 1-1.5 atm
[Figure-1]
. It is necessary to notice, that after draining off the gas pressure quickly within 1 day raises to initial. At use of domestic waste as fermentable substrate, observed the long log-phase in formation of a  biogas, which only after 20 days passes in substantial growth of a biogas yield and the  pressure in the tank raised and reached 1 atm and more
[Figure-2]
.
Fig: 1.
The dynamics of biogas formation from not ground biomass of higher plants foliage, grass and straw with use of methanogens connatural association.
 
Biogas Reception from Various Compositions of Some Cellulose-Containing Waste
Kakhramon Davranov,
et al.
2224
Fig: 2.
The dynamics of biogas formation from not ground domestic waste with use of methanogens connatural association.
 
Gas mixture analysis shows, that the process of methanogenesis goes more intensively in a variant with biomass of foliage, grass and straw, than with domestic waste. So on 17 day in a variant with a  biomass of foliage, grass and straw the quantity of methane was 51%, in a variant with domestic waste - 38%
[Table-1]
. Thus it is necessary to notice, that such low speed of methanogenesis confirms by presence of hydrogen sulphide in a gas mixture in two variants. The analysis of the received results shows, that for a methanogenesis process intensification the application of special methods and activators is necessary.
Sample name Days CH
4
 H
2
S CO
2
 
Biomass of foliage, grass and straw + methanogens connatural association 17 51 17 3.73 Domestic waste + methanogens connatural association 17 38 19 4.11 Ground biomass of foliage, grass and straw with addition of livestock manure (20%) + methanogens adaptive association 10 57.1 13 2.28 Ground domestic waste with addition of livestock manure (20%) + methanogens adaptive association 17 38 17 3.15 Mixture of foliage, grass and wheaten straw (40%), domestic waste (40%) and livestock manure (20%) + methanogens adaptive association 10 60.7 12 2.06
Table: 1.
The results of the samples chromatographic analysis (%).
 
Apparently from the previous experiments, the  process of gasification of the foliage, grass and straw biomass, and also domestic waste goes with insufficient rate, therefore for a maximum increase of biogas yield and process speed enhancing it is necessary to consider some factors which possibly should intensify the process. Such factors are the application of the methanogens adapted association, substrate crushing, and also drawing up of substrate various compositions. For the purpose of definition of methanogenesis optimal parameters in laboratory conditions the  biomass of foliage, grass and straw was ground to a powdery state. Also the cattle manure (20% from the general vegetative mass) was added. It is known, that high ratio of substrate grinding  promotes augmentation of a surface accessible to microbial influence. For reception of the methanogens adapted association we used the method of consecutive

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