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1 AUTHOR:
Sulakhudin Udin
Tanjungpura University
2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur Campuss, Flora
Street No 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia, Telephone: +620274548814
email: sulakhudin@gmail.com
Received 9 June 2010 / accepted 25 April 2011
ABSTRACT
The growth and yield of plants are mainly a function of the quantity of fertilizer and water. In coastal sandy soil,
nutrient losses and dry soils are seriously problems. The objective of the research was to study effect of zeolite and
hucalci concentrations as NPK coating materials on NPK qualities i.e. water adsorption and release of N, P and K.
The research used a coastal sandy soil as media. It was conducted in a laboratory of Soil Science Department,
Gadjah Mada University from July to August 2009. Experimental design used was a factorial in a completely
randomized design. The first factor was hucalci concentration, consisted of 10% (H1), 20% (H2), and 30% (H3). The
second factor was zeolite concentration, consisted of 25% (Z1), 50% (Z2), 75% (Z3), and 100% (Z4). NPK fertilizer
(without coating) used as a control. The results showed that hucalci and zeolite had a capability to increase water
adsorption and to retard the release of N, P, K. The coated NPK with hucalci 30% and zeolite 100% had the highest
quality in water absorption, water retention and release of nutrients.
Investigation of the Water Absorption (Wi) over a period of 30 days. The water evaporation
ratio (W%) of soil was calculated using the
Five gram of NPK Zeo-hucalci fertilizer was following equation:
submerged under running tap water for 15 minute. W% = 100 x (W1 - Wi) / 200.
The wet NPK Zeo-hucalci fertilizer was filtrated
through 80-mesh sieve to remove nonabsorbed RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
water and was weighed. The water absorbency was
calculated using the following equation: Soil properties used in the experiment are
WA = (M - M0) / M0 shown in Table 1. Soil was characterized as having
M and M0 denoted the weight of wet NPK Zeo- sand texture, and the bulk density (1.99 g cm-1) was
hucalci fertilizer and the weight (g) of the dry NPK considered high (Hazelton and Murphy 2007). The
Zeo-hucalci fertilizer, respectively, and WA was the soil reaction was considered neutral (soil pH 7.08)
water absorbency per gram of NPK Zeo-hucalci with content of nutrient was very low. The level of
fertilizer. cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic matter
Investigation of Nature of Slow Release NPK were low. Consequently, the coastal sandy soil to
Zeo-hucalci Fertilizer in Sandy Soil held water was low. According Sulakhudin et al.
(2010) the percentage of water fills pores was very
To study the slow-release behavior of NPK small (0.66%). Therefore, the available water
Zeo-hucalci fertilizer in sandy soil, the following capacity (AWC) was very low 2.10%.
experiment was carried out, 1 g of NPK Zeo-hucalci The high sand particles, porosity, and
fertilizer was mixed well with 180 g of dry sandy permeability with the low CEC of this coastal sandy
soil (below 2 mm in diameter) and kept in a 200 soil could support nutrients losses. An average
mL plastic beaker properly covered and incubated annual leaching rate of 63 kg NO3 --N ha -1 was
for different periods at room temperature.
Throughout the experiment, the soil was maintained Table 1. Selected physic-chemical properties of
at 30 wt% water-holding capacity by weighing and the experimental soil.
adding distilled water if necessary, periodically. For
the control, without fertilizer and NPK fertilizer, Soil properties Value Level
(the total contents of N, P, and K were the same as
Soil fractions (%)
that of 1 gram NPK Zeo-hucalci fertilizer),
respectively, were also carried out. The remaining clay 3.00 -
NPK compound fertilizer granular and NPK Zeo- silt 7.00 -
hucalci fertilizer in the beakers were picked out and sand -
washed well by distilled water after each incubated Texture class sand
period (day 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30), and then
pH H2 O 7.08 Neutral*
dried at 70oC to a constant weight to be estimated
for the contents of N, P and K. The contents of N pH KCl 5.27 Medium
was measured with Kjeldahl distillation method, EC (mS) 0.20
while P was determined colorimetrically after Total organic C (%) 0.07 Very low*
treating with ammonium molybdate and stannous Organic matter (%) 0.11 Very low*
chloride at a wavelength of 660 nm. K was
Total N (%) 0.01 Very low*
estimated by an element analysis instrument and
-
atomic absorption spectrophotometer with double N-NO (ppm)
3 4.23 Very low*
+
acid method (Tan 1996). N-NH4 (ppm) 0.72 Very low*
C/N ratio 7.00 low*
Measurement of the Water-Retention of NPK
Zeo-hucalci in Sandy Soil Available P (ppm) 6.66 Very low*
-1
Exchangeable K (cmol (+) kg ) 0.18 low*
A two gram sample of NPK Zeo-hucalci -1
Exchangeable Ca (cmol (+) kg ) 0.24 Very low*
fertilizer was mixed well with 200 g of dry sandy -1
soil (below 2 mm in diameter) and kept in a plastic CEC (cmol (+) kg ) 3.67 Very low*
-3
beaker and then 200 g of tap water was slowly added Bulk density (g cm ) 1.99 -
into the beaker and weighed (W1 ). A controlled Particle density (g cm- 3) 3.57 -
experiment, i.e., without NPK Zeo-hucalci fertilizer, Porosity (%) Very high*
was also carried out. The beakers were maintained
at room temperature and were weighed every 5 days Source *: Hazelton and Murphy (2007).
102 Sulakhudin et al.: Zeolite and Hucalcias Coating Materials on Quality NPK Fertilizers
examined for sandy soils as compared to 16 kg NO3- was caused by the amount of water adsorbed by
-N ha-1 for heavier arable soils (Neinder and Benbi zeolite, in which the thicker the zeolite coating, the
2008). greater the ability to absorb water. According to Elly
et al. (2006) zeolite is a complex structure which is
Formulation of double-coated NPK fertilizer crystalline inorganic polymers based on an
The third kind NPK fertilizer was coated by expanded tetrahedral framework infinite from AlO4
hucalci at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30%. and SiO4 and connected to each other through joint
Hucalci coating NPK fertilizer indicated the distribution of oxygen ions. This framework
brighter colors than NPK fertilizer. But the color structure contains channels filled by cations and
between the concentratin of 10, 20 and 30% was water molecules.
almost the same. Third NPK fertilizer hucalci then The ability of humic substances to absorb
coated with a zeolite which had been activated by water because of humic substances contain many
4 levels concentration of a 25, 50, 75 and 100%, carboxylic functional group (-COOH). According
thus obtained 12 kinds of fertilizer Zeo-hucalci. This to Tan (1998) carboxylic have strong attraction to
second coating caused changes in the original color water molecules and water can be bound through a
NPK fertilizer. The color of fertilizer was brick red single bond or hydrogen multi bonds. Dissociation
to gray (Figure 1). of carboxylic groups that can generate a negative
charge electrostatically attracts water molecules
Testing the Water Absorption through the positive pole of water molecules.
Colloidal nature of humic substances that have a
Test results of water absorption of the NPK
specific surface area is very large so that the water
Zeo-hucalci fertilizers can be seen in Table 2. The binding capacity is also very large. Table 2 also
zeolite concentration of 100% has the highest ability showed that the concentration of zeolite and hucalci
to absorb water 44.77%, while hucalci did not have interaction because mechanism zeolite
concentration of 30% was 40.09%. The ability of to absorb water differed with hucalci. The zeolite
water zeolite concentration to absorb water was absorb water with the framework structure that can
significantly different with 75%, 50%, 25% and be filled by water, while hucalci through attraction
controls (Table 2). The high ability to absorb water to water molecules.
Table 2. The absorption of water, nutrient release and water evaporation ratio in 30 days of several
kinds of zeo-hucalci fertilizers.
Note: In one column and the kind of treatment, numbers followed by same letters in one column were not difference
based on a 5% DMRT test.
Table 2 also shows the higher the concentration Slow Release Behavior of NPK Zeo-hucalci in
the greater the ability of zeolite adsorbed water. Sandy Soil
Compared to the control (without coating of NPK
fertilizer) the weight of water absorbed was nearly One of the most important characteristic of the
two times the weight of NPK fertilizer. NPK Zeo-hucalci fertilizer prepared was its slow-
release property. Figures 2-4 show the slow release
100
(a)
90
80
70
60
50
Percentage of N released (%)
Percentage of N released (%)
40
30 Zeolite 0% Zeolite 25%
20 Zeolite 50% Zeolite 75%
10 Zeolite 100%
0
100
90 (b)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 Hucalci 0% Hucalci 10%
0 Hucalci 20% Hucalci 30%
0 1 3 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 2. The effect of zeolite (a) and hucalci (b) as coating material of NPK fertilizer
on total N (%) during incubation periods.
104 Sulakhudin et al.: Zeolite and Hucalcias Coating Materials on Quality NPK Fertilizers
behaviors of N, P, and K in uncoated NPK fertilizer kinds of zeolite and hucalci concentration were on
and NPK Zeo-hucalci fertilizer in sandy soil, 10 day and then increased until 30 day.Comparing
respectively. to the other concentrations, the concentrations of
The N nutrient release can be seen from the 100% zeolite (Figure 3a) and 30% hucalci released
first day. It was most likely because of N elements the smallest amount of P. The coated NPK with
is mobile, especially in the form of volatile gases, 100% zeolite concentration release 87.24% P in
either as ammonia or nitrogen oxides (Rosliza et 30 days, while the control (NPK fertilizer) released
al. 2009). N was rapidly released until the end of as much as 95.13%. So that, coated NPK with
the time (30 days). Figure 2a shows that the release 100% zeolite concentration retaind P about 8% more
of N from coated NPK with concentration 100% of than NPK fertilizer. The release of P from zeo-
zeolite shows a relatively more restrained than the hucalci fertilizer was greater than the release of N
other concentration. Until 30 days, coated NPK and K which caused by P was released in the form
with 100% zeolite concentration released N as of H2PO4-and HPO4= and it had a negative charge
much as 61.34% which were significantly lower that could not be bound by the negatively charged
than NPK fertilizer as control (> 80%). Similarly, of zeolite site as much as P material fertilizer.
coated NPK with 30% hucalci was lower than other Figure 4a and 4b shows that the pattern of
concentration. The total release was N and K in released K was relatively stable, which was began
NPK Zeo-hucalci fertilizer was less (80 wt%) by in the first day, then increased over the observation
30 days (Table 2). These results showed that the period and reached its peak at the end of the
slow-release properties of NPK Zeo-hucalci observation period (30 days). Those was expected
fertilizer matched up to the standard of slow-release because K from fertilizer was bound for the time
fertilizers of the Committee of European being by sites absorption of zeolite (Elliot and
Normalization (Trenkel 2010). According Elliot Zhang 2005), and then released slowly over the
and Zhang (2005) the slow release of N nutrient is observation period.
controlled by two mechanisms (i) physical Zeo-hucalci fertilizers of Z4H3 type released
encapsulation and (ii) ion exchange of NH4+ into K more restrained than the other types of Zeo-
zeolite. hucalci fertilizer. At the end of the observation
The pattern of P nutrient release differed from period, it showed that Zeo-hucalci fertilizer of Z4H3
the pattern of N and K nutrient release. Figure 3a type relatively released lower K nutrient, i.e.
and 3b show that the high release of P from several approximately 51.58%. This result was lower than
Wu et al. (2008) that K released from NPK fertilizer
100
90 (a)
80
70
60
Zeolite 0%
50
Percentage of P released (%)
40 Zeolite 25%
30 Zeolite 50%
20 Zeolite 75%
10 Zeolite 100%
0
100
90 (b)
80
70
60
50 Hucalci 0%
40 Hucalci 10%
30 Hucalci 20%
20 Hucalci 30%
10
0
0 1 3 5 10 15 20 25 30
Incubation periods (days)
Figure 3. Effect of zeolite (a) and hucalci (b) as coating material of NPK fertilizer on total
P (%) during incubation periods.
J Trop Soils, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2011: 99-106 105
100 (a)
90
80 Zeolite 0% Zeolite 25%
70 Zeolite 50% Zeolite 75%
60 Zeolite 100%
50
100 (b)
90
80 Hucalci 0% Hucalci 10%
70 Hucalci 20% Hucalci 30%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 3 5 10 15 20 25 30
Incubation periods (days)
Figure 4. Effect of zeolite (a) and hucalci (b) as coating material of NPK fertilizer on
total K (%) during incubation periods.
which was coated with citosan and poly (acylic) Based on laboratory water absorption test, the
acid/diatomite containing 68% urea was at 30 days. best formula of releasing nutrients and water
retention of the Zeo-hucalci fertilizer was Z4H3.
Water-retention Behavior of NPK Zeo-hucalci
Fertilizer in Sandy Soil 4.0
Beside its slow-release property, one of the 3.5
most important characters of NPK Zeo-hucalci
Water evaporation ratio (%)