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Abstract
In this paper, we give Darboux approximation for dual Smarandache curves of timelike curve on unit dual
Lorentzian sphere S12 . Firstly, we define the four types of dual Smarandache curves of a timelike curve
(s) lying on dual Lorentzian sphere S12 . Then, we obtain the relationships between the dual curvatures
of timelike curve (s) and its dual Smarandache curves. Finally, we give an example for Smarandache
curves of a timelike curve on unit dual Lorentzian sphere S12 .
Keywords: E. Study Mapping, Smarandache curves, Darboux approach, Unit dual Lorentzian sphere.
AMS Subject Classification (2010): 53A25, 53C40, 53C50
*Corresponding author
1. Introduction
In the dual Lorentzian space D13 , a differentiable timelike curve lying fully on unit dual Lorentzian sphere S12
represents a spacelike ruled surface which is a surface generated by moving of a spacelike line L along a curve
(s) in E13 and has the parametrization ~ (s) + u ~l(s), where
~ (s, u) = ~ (s) is called generating curve and ~l(s), the
direction of the spacelike line L, is called ruling.
In the study of the fundamental theory and the characterizations of space curves, the special curves are an
important problem. The most mathematicians studied the special curves such as Mannheim curves and Bertrand
curves. Recently, a new special curve which is called Smarandache curve is defined by Turgut and Ylmaz in
Minkowski space-time [9]. Ali have studied Smarandache curves in the Euclidean 3-space E 3 [1]. Then, Kahraman
and Ugurlu
have studied dual Smarandache curves of lying curves on unit dual sphere S2 in dual space D3 [5].
In this paper, we give Darboux approximation for dual Smarandache curves of timelike curve on unit dual
Lorentzian sphere S12 . Firstly, we define the four types of dual Smarandache curves of a dual timelike curve
(s) on S12 . Then, we obtain the relationships between the dual curvatures of dual timelike curve
(s) and its
dual Smarandache curves. Finally, we give an example for Smarandache curves of a timelike curve on unit dual
Lorentzian sphere S12 .
2. Preliminaries
Let R31 be a 3-dimensional Minkowski space over the field of real numbers R with the Lorentzian inner product
h , i given by h~a, ~ai = a1 b 1 + a2 b 2 + a3 b3 , where ~a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) and ~b = ( b 1 , b2 , b3 ) R3 . A vector
~a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) of R31 is said to be timelike if h~a, ~ai < 0, spacelike if h~a, ~ai > 0 or ~a = 0, and lightlike (null) if
h~a, ~ai = 0 and ~a 6= 0. Similarly, an arbitrary curve ~ (s) in R31 is spacelike, timelike or lightlike (null), if all of its
velocity vectors ~ (s) are spacelike, timelike or lightlike (null), respectively [7]. The norm of a vector ~a is defined by
0
| h~a, ~ai |. Now, let ~a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) and ~b = ( b1 , b2 , b3 ) be two vectors in R31 . Then the Lorentzian cross
p
k~ak =
product of ~a and ~bis D given by
~
E ~a b = ( a2 b 3 a3 b 2 , a1 b 3 a 3 b1 , a2 b1 a 1 b2 ) . By using this definition it can be
easily shown that ~a ~b, ~c = det(~a, ~b, ~c) [11].
The sets of the unit timelike and unit spacelike vectors are called hyperbolic unit sphere and Lorentzian unit
sphere, respectively, and denoted by
H02 = ~a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) R31 : h~a, ~ai = 1
and
S12 = ~a = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) R31 : h~a, ~ai = 1 , respectively [11].
Let D = RR = { = (a, a ), b = (b, b ) D the following
a = (a, a ) : a, a R} be the set of pairs (a, a ). For a
operations are defined on D:
= b a = b, a = b
Equality : a
Addition : a + b = (a + b, a + b )
Multiplication : a b = (ab, ab + a b)
Then the element = (0, 1) D satisfies following relationships 6= 0, 2 = 0, 1 = 1 = .
Let consider the element a D of the form a = (a, 0). Then the mapping f : D R, f (a, 0) = a is
an isomorphism. So, we can write a = (a, 0). By the multiplication rule we have that a = a + a . Then
= a + a is called dual number
a and is called unit dual. Thus the set of dual numbers is given by D =
= a + a : a, a R, 2 = 0 . The set D forms a commutative group under addition. The associative laws
a
hold for multiplication. Dual numbers are distributive and form a ring over the real number field [4].
Dual function of dual number presents a mapping of a dual numbers space on itself. Properties of dual functions
were thoroughly investigated by Dimentberg [3]. He derived the general expression for dual analytic (differentiable)
function as follows f ( x) = f (x + x ) = f (x) + x f 0 (x), where f 0 (x) is derivative of f (x) and x, x R. This
definition allows us to write the dual forms of some well-known functions as follows
x) = cosh(x + x ) = cosh(x) + x sinh(x),
cosh(
sinh( x) = sinh(x + x ) = sinh(x) + x cosh(x).
D3 = {
a = (
a1 , a
2 , a
3 ) : i D, i = 1, 2, 3} .
a
Then the set D3 is called dual space. The elements of D3 are called dual vectors [2,4]. Similar to the dual numbers,
a dual vector a may be expressed in the form a = ~a + ~a = (~a, ~a ), where ~a and ~a are the vectors of real space
R 3
D . Then
E Dfor Eany vectors
D a
=D~a + ~
E a and b = ~b + ~b of D3, scalar productand cross
E
D product
E are defined by
~ ~ ~
, b = ~a, b + ~a, b + ~a , b and a
a b = ~a b + ~a b + ~a b , where ~a, b and ~a ~b are inner
~ ~ ~ ~
product and cross product of the vectors ~a and ~b in R3 , respectively.
The norm of a dual vector a is given by kak = k~ak + h~ak~,~aak i , (~a 6= 0).
A dual vector a with the norm 1 + 0 is called unit dual vector. The set of unit dual vectors is given by
S2 = a = (
a1 , a 3 ) D3 : h
2 , a a, a i = 1 + 0 and called unit dual sphere (For details [2,4,12]). D E
The Lorentzian inner product of two dual vectors a = ~a + ~a , b = ~b + ~b D3 is defined by a, b =
D E D E D E D E
~a , ~b + ~a , ~b + ~a , ~b , where ~a , ~b is the Lorentzian inner product of the vectors ~a and ~b in the
Minkowski 3-space R31 . Then a dual vector a = ~a + ~a is said to be timelike if ~a is timelike, spacelike if ~a is
spacelike or ~a = 0 and lightlike (null) if ~a is lightlike (null) and ~a 6= 0 [10].
The set of all dual Lorentzian vectors is called dual Lorentzian space and it is defined by
D13 = a = ~a + ~a : ~a , ~a R31 .
The Lorentzian cross product of dual vectors a , b D13 is defined by a b = ~a ~b + (~a ~b + ~a ~b), where
~a ~b is the Lorentzian cross product in R31 .
Let a = ~a + ~a D13 . Then a is said to be dual timelike (resp. spacelike) unit vector if the vectors ~a and ~a
satisfy the following equations: < ~a, ~a > = 1 (resp. < ~a, ~a > = 1), < ~a , ~a > = 0. The set of all dual timelike
unit vectors is called the dual hyperbolic unit sphere, and is denoted by H 2,
0
02 = a 3 ) D13 : h
H = (a 1, a
2, a i = 1 + 0
a, a
Similarly, the set of all dual spacelike unit vectors is called the dual Lorentzian unit sphere, and is denoted by S12 ,
Dual Smarandache Curves of a Timelike Curve lying on Unit dual Lorentzian Sphere 3
S12 = a 3 ) D13 : h
= (a
1, a
2, a i = 1 + 0 .
a, a
(For details see [10]).
3. Dual Representation and Dual Darboux Frame of a Spacelike Ruled Surface with
Spacelike Ruling
In the Minkowski 3-space R31 , there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the spacelike vectors of unit
dual Lorentzian sphere S12 and the directed spacelike lines of the Minkowski space R31 [10]. This correspondence
is known as E. Study Mapping. By the aid of this correspondence, the geometry of spacelike ruled surfaces is
represented by the geometry of dual timelike curves lying on the unit dual Lorentzian sphere S12 .
Let now ( e) be a dual timelike curve lying on S12 represented by the unit dual spacelike vector e(u) = ~e(u)+~e (u).
Then, the given dual curve ( e) corresponding to the spacelike ruled surface e = ~c(s) + v~e(s) may be represented
by e(s) = ~e + ~c ~e, where h~e, ~ei = 1, h~e0 , ~e0 i =
1, h~c0 , ~e0 i = 0 and ~c is the position vector of the striction curve.
The derivatives of the vectors of dual frame e, t, g of a timelike ruled surface are given as follows,
e dt
d d
g
= t, = e + g, = t, (3.1)
d
s d
s d
s
and called dual Darboux formulae of spacelike ruled surface e(or e ). Then the dual Darboux vector of the trihedron
is d =
e + g.
Dual curvature of the ruled surface is
= ( + ) (3.2)
0 0
where is conical curvature, = det(~c , ~e, ~t) and = h~c , ~ei.
The functions (s), (s) and (s) are the invariants of the spacelike ruled surface e . They determine the
spacelike ruled surface uniquely up to its position in the space. For example, if = = 0 we have ~c is constant. It
means that the spacelike ruled surface e is a spacelike cone.
Dual radius of curvature of dual timelike curve lying on S12 (spacelike ruled surface) e(s) is can be calculated
analogous to common Lorentzian differential geometry of curves as follows
de
3
1
R =
de ds d2 e
= p . (3.3)
2
1 + 2
d
s d
s
The unit vector do with the same sense as the Darboux vector d =
e + g is given by
1
do = p e + p g. (3.4)
1 + 2 1 + 2
Theorem 4.1. Let = s) be a unit speed regular dual timelike curve lying on unit dual Lorentzian sphere S12 . Then the
(
relationships between the dual Darboux frames of and its dual Smarandache et-curves are given by
2
1 0
1 2
0
e1 1 2
e e2 2 e
2 1
i) t1 = 2 1
2
1 2 1
t ii) t2 = 2 2 +1
2 +1
2 2 +1 t
2
g1 2 1 g g2 2
2
1 g
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 +1
2 2 +1
2 2 +1
2
(4.1)
where is as given in (3.2).
Proof. i) Let us investigate the dual Darboux frame fields of dual Smarandache et-curve according to
=
(
s).
Since
1 = e1 , we have
e1 = 2 e + t (4.2)
Differentiating (4.2) with respect to s, we get
d
e1 d
e1 d
s1 d
s1
= = t1 = e + 2 t + g
d
s d
s1 d
s d
s
and hence
1
t1 = p e + 2 t + g (4.3)
2 1
d
s1
p
where ds = g1 = e1 t1 , we have
2 1. Thus, since
2 1
g1 = p e p t p g. (4.4)
2 1 2 1 2 1
From (4.2)-(4.3) we have (4.1).
The proof of the statement (ii) can be given by the same way of the proof of statement (i).
Theorem 4.2. The relationships between the dual Darboux formulae of dual Smarandache et-curves and dual Darboux frame
of
are as follows
1 2 2
d
e1
d
s1 2 1
21
3 1
e
dt1 2 0 4 1 2 0 0
i)
= 2+ 2 2
2 t (4.5)
d
s1 2 1)
( 2
2 1)2 2 1) 2
( (
d
g1 g
0 + 2
2 3 0 2
2 3 +2 2 2
2 4 +
0
d
s1
2 1)2
( 2 1)2
( ( 2 1)2
2 1 2
d
e2
d
s2 +1
2
2 22 +1
4 2
2 +1
0 e
dt2 2 2 2
2 0 +1 2
0 +3 2 2 +2 2 + 2 3 +
2 + 2
ii) = t
d
s2 (2
2 +1)2 (2 +1)2
2 (2 2 +1)2
d
g2 3 4 2
g
2 2 + 2 +2 0 2 3
+ + 2 0
2 2 + 2 +2
0
d
s2
2 +1)2
(2 (2 2 +1)2 2 +1)2
(2
Proof. i) Differentiating (4.2), (4.3) and (4.4) with respect to s, we have the desired equation (4.2).
The proof of the statement (ii) can be given by the same way of the proof of statement (i).
Dual Smarandache Curves of a Timelike Curve lying on Unit dual Lorentzian Sphere 5
Theorem 4.3. Let = s) be a unit speed regular dual timelike curve on unit dual Lorentzian sphere S12 . Then the
(
relationships between the dual curvatures of and its dual Smarandache et-curves are given by
3 0
0 2
+ 2 2 2 3
i)
1 = 3/2
ii) 2 = 3/2
. (4.6)
2 1)
( 2 + 1)
(2
d
g1
Proof. i) Since d
s1 1 t1 , from (4.1) and (4.2), we get dual curvature of the curve
= s1 ) as follows
1 (
3
0 2 + 2
1 = 3/2
.
2
1)
(
The proof of the statement (ii) can be given by the same way of the proof of statement (i).
Corollary 4.1. The instantaneous Darboux vector of dual Smarandache et-curves are given by
0
+ 3
2 0 1
i)d1 = 3/2
e + 3/2
t + p g (4.7)
2 2 21
1)
( 1)
(
0
2 23 0
ii) d2 = 2 +1)3/2
(2
e + (2 22
+1)3/2
t + 1
g.
2 +1
2
Proof: i) It is known that the dual instantaneous Darboux vector of dual Smarandache et-curve is d1 =
1 e1
g1 .
Then, from (3.6), (4.1) and (4.6) we have (4.7).
The proof of the statement (ii) can be given by the same way of the proof of statement (i).
Theorem 4.4. Let (
s) = be a unit speed regular dual timelike curve on unit dual Lorentzian sphere S12 . If the ruled
surface corresponding to dual timelike curve is developable then the ruled surfaces corresponding to dual Smarandache
curves are also developable if and only if
(3 0 + 2 2 2) 0 6 ( 2 0 +2 3 ) (16 2 )+ 2 0
i)1 = ( 2 1)5/2
+ ( 2 1)3/2
ii) 2 = (2 2 1)5/2
+ (2 2 1)3/2
.
= ( + ) 1 = 1 + (1 + 1 1 )
Then substituting these equalities into to equation (4.6) and separating its real and dual components, we have
" #
0 + 2 3 2 ( + ) 3 0 + 2 2 2 0 + 0 + 0
1 + (1 + 1 1 ) = 3/2
+ 5/2
+ 3/2
( 2 1) ( 2 1) ( 2 1)
Since the ruled surface corresponding to dual Lorentzian curve is developable, = 0. Hence,
" #
0 + 2 3 2 3 0 + 2 2 2 0
1 + (1 + 1 1 ) = 3/2
+ 5/2
+ 3/2
.
( 2 1) ( 2 1) ( 2 1)
Thus, the ruled surfaces corresponding to dual Smarandache curves are developable if and only if
3 0 + 2 2 2 0
1 = 5/2
+ 3/2
.
( 2 1) ( 2 1)
The proof of the statement (ii) can be given by the same way of the proof of statement (i).
Theorem 4.5. The relationships between the radius of dual curvature of dual Smarandache et-curves and the dual curvature
of
are given by
3/2
2 3/2
1 2 + 1
2
i)R1 = r
ii) R2 = r . (4.8)
3 2 3 2
0 2 0 + + 2
2
3
2
1)
( + 2 + 1)
(2 2 3
6 Tanju Kahraman & Hasan Hseyin Ugurlu
Proof. i) Substituting equation (4.6)into to equation (3.3), the radius of dual curvature is
3/2
2
1
1
1 = s
R =
r
2 2
3
0 2
2
1 0 2 +3/22 3 1) 3
+ 2
(
2 1)
(
3/2
( )
2
1
1
Then, R =
.
r
2
1)3 (
0 2 3)
2
( + 2
The proof of the statement (ii) can be given by the same way of the proof of statement (i).
In the following sections we define dual Smarandache eg, tg and etg curves. The proofs of
the theorems and corollaries of these sections can be given by using the similar way used in
previous section.
Theorem 4.7. Let ( be a unit speed regular dual timelike curve on unit dual Lorentzian sphere
s) =
2
S1 . Then according to dual Darboux frame of , the dual Darboux formulae of dual Smarandache eg-curve
3 are as follows
de
ds
3
0 1 0
e
dt33 2 2
=
ds3 1+ 0 1+ t .
d
g3 1
g
ds3
0
+1
0
1
3 = .
+ 1
Dual Smarandache Curves of a Timelike Curve lying on Unit dual Lorentzian Sphere 7
defined by
4 = 2 t + g
i) 5 = t + 2 g
ii)
are called the dual Smarandache tg-curves of dual timelike curve .
4 and 2
5 fully lies on H0
2
and S1 , respectively.
and its dual Smarandache tg-curves as follows.
Now we can give the relationships between
Theorem 4.11. Let (
s) = be a unit speed regular timelike curve lying on unit dual Lorentzian sphere
2
S1 . Then the relationships between the dual Darboux frames of and its dual Smarandache tg-curves are
given by
0 2
1 0
1 2
e4 2
2 e e5 2
e
t ii) t5 = 1 2 1 2 1 2
1
i) t4 = 2 +2
2 +2 2 +2
t .
g4 2 2 g g5 2 1 g
2 +2
2 +2
2 +2
2
1 2
1 2
1
Theorem 4.12. The relationships between the dual Darboux formulae of dual Smarandache tg-curves
and dual Darboux frame of
are given by
de 2
2
4
ds4
2
+2 2
+2 2
+2 e
dt4 2 0 + 3 +2 2 4 +3 2 2 +2 0 +2 2 4 +2 2 +2 2 0
i) ds4 = t
2 +2)2
(
2 +2)2
( ( 2
2 +2)
d
g4 g
0 2
2 2 2 2 3 2
+ 2 0
2 3 2 2 +2 0
ds4 2 +2)2 2 +2)2 2 +2)2
( (
2
(
1
d
e5
ds5
dt5
2
1 3 2
1 0 2
1 e
2
0 + 2 2
1 4 + 2 2 2
2 0
4 + t .
ii) =
ds5 (1 2)2
(1 2 )2 (1 2 )2
2 3
d
g5 g
0 2
+ 2 2
2 3 + 2 0
2
2 + 0
ds5
(1 2 )2 (1 2 )2 (1 2 )2
8 Tanju Kahraman & Hasan Hseyin Ugurlu
Theorem 4.13. Let ( be a unit speed regular timelike curve on unit dual Lorentzian sphere S12 .
s) =
Then the relationships between the dual curvatures of and its dual Smarandache tg-curves are given by
0 2
2 2
+2 0 + 2
2
i) 4 = ( 2 +2)3/2
ii) 5 = (1 2 )3/2
.
Corollary 4.3. The instantaneous Darboux vectors of dual Smarandache tg-curves are given by
0
0 2 + 2
i) d4 = 2 e + 2
2 +2)
( 3/2
t +
(
+2
2 +2)3/2
g
+2
0
0 2 +1
ii) d5 == e + (12 )3/2 t + (12
2 )3/2
g.
2
1
Theorem 4.14. Let ( be a unit speed regular timelike curve on unit dual Lorentzian sphere and
s) =
5 be the dual Smarandache tg-curves of
4 and . If the ruled surface corresponding to dual timelike
curve is developable then the ruled surfaces corresponding to dual Smarandache tg-curves are also
developable if and only if
2 0 ( 3 +23 2 0 ) 0 ( 2 2 3 +3 0 )
i)4 = ( 2 +2)3/2
+ ( 2 +2)5/2
ii) 5 = (1 2 )3/2
+ ( 2 +2)5/2
.
Theorem 4.15. The relationships between the radius of dual curvature of dual Smarandache tg-curves
and the dual curvature of
are given by
(1 2 3/2
)
3/2
4 = (
2 +2
) 5 =
i) R r
2
ii) R r
2 .
+2)3 ( 0 +2) 2 )3 ( 2 + 2)
0 2
2
2 2
( (1
Theorem 4.17. The relationships between the dual Darboux formulae of dual Smarandache etg-curves
and dual Darboux frame of
are given by
Dual Smarandache Curves of a Timelike Curve lying on Unit dual Lorentzian Sphere 9
1+
3
3
d
e6
2 2
2 +2 2 2
2 +2 2 2
2 +2
ds6 0
0 +2 3( 4
3 +2
2
+1)
0 e
dt6 2 3
3 0 +2
3 +2 (33
) 4 +2
2 3 2)
(
i)
= t
ds6
d
g6
(2 2 2 +2 )2 (2 2 2 +2 )2 (2 22 +2 )
2
0 3
+2 3
3 4 3
2
+4 3 2 3
3 0
+ 3 0
+2 4
2 3
2
+2 3
0
2 3 ( 2
3
+ 4
+2 2
) g
ds6
2 2 2
(2 2 +2 )
2 (2 2 +2 )
2 (2 2 +2 )
2
1 1
de
7
ds7 2 2 2 e
dt7 0 2
2 2 0
0 2 3
+2 2 2 2 3
0
ii) ds7 = 42 2
4 42 t .
dg7 0 +2
2 2
0 + 0 2 3
2
0 2 2 +23 g
ds7 4
2 4
2 4
2
Corollary 4.4. The Instantaneous Darboux vectors of dual Smarandache etg-curves are given by
3 2 0
0 +6
3 10 2 +10 0 +4 3 3 10 2 +10
i) d6 = 3
(2 +2)3/2
2 2
4
e 3 8 3
(2 2
2
+8 3
+2) 3/2
4 3
t + 3
+4
+2)3/2
2 2
(2
6
g
0 +2 2 0 0 2
ii) d7 =
(2 )3/2
e + (2 )3/2 t + (2
)3/2
g.
Theorem 4.19. Let ( be a unit speed regular timelike curve on unit dual Lorentzian sphere
s) =
2
S1 and 7 be the dual Smarandache etg-curves of
6 and . If the ruled surface corresponding to dual
is developable then the ruled surfaces corresponding to dual Smarandache etg-curves are
timelike curve
also developable if and only if
(3 3 0 +6 3 0 +24 4 58 3 +72 2 48+14) 3 0
i)6 = (2 2 2+2) 5/2 + (2 2 2+2)3/2
(2 2 2+3 0 ) 0
ii) 7 = (2)5/2
+ (2)3/2
.
Theorem 4.20. The relationships between the radius of dual curvature of dual Smarandache etg-curves
and the dual curvature of
are given by
3/2
(2 )
2 2
+2
6 =
i) R
r
2
+2)3 ( 3
2 2 0 2
3 +4 +2)
2 4
(2
7 = |(2 )3/2 |
ii) R q .
|(2 )3 (2 2 2 0 )2 |
Example 4.1. Let consider the dual timelike curve s) lying on S12 given by the parametrization
(
(s) = (sinh s, 0, cosh s) + 3 s cosh s, 0, 3 s sinh s .
The curve
(s) represents the ruled surface
(s, v) = 2 sinh s, 3 s, 2 cosh s + v (sinh s, 0, cosh s)
which is a spacelike ruled surface rendered in Fig. 1. Then the dual Darboux frame of
is
obtained as follows,
e(s) = (sinh s, 0, cosh s) + 3 s cosh s, 0,
3 s sinh s
t(s) = (cosh s, 0, sinh s) + 3 s sinh s, 2, 3 s cosh s
g(s) = (0, 1, 0) + (2 cosh s, 0, 2 sinh s)
10 Tanju Kahraman & Hasan Hseyin Ugurlu
The Smarandache et, tg, eg, and etg curves of the dual timelike curve are given by
1 (s) = sinh
s + 2 cosh s, 0 , cosh s +
2 sinh s
+ 3 s cosh s + 6 s sinh s, 2 2, 3 s sinh s + 6 s cosh s
2 (s) = 2 sinh s + cosh s, 0 , 2 cosh s+ sinh s
+ 6 s cosh s + 3 s sinhs, 2, 6 s sinh s + 3 s cosh s
3 (s) = 12 sinh s, 12 , 12 cosh s + 3s2 2
cosh s, 0 , 3s2
2
sinh s
4 (s) = 2 cosh s, 1 , 2 sinh s
+ 6 s sinh s 2 cosh
s, 2
2 , 6 s cosh s 2 sinh s
5 (s) = cosh s, 2 , sinh s + 3 s sinh
s 2 2 cosh s, 2 , 3 s cosh s 2 2 sinh s
6 (s) = sinh
s + 3
cosh s, 1 , cosh s + 3 sinh
s
+ 3 s 2 cosh s + 3s sinh s, 2 3, 3 s 2 sinh s + 3s cosh s
7 (s) = (sinh
s + cosh
s, 1 , cosh
s + sinh s)
+ 3 s 2 cosh s + 3 s sinh s, 2 , 3 s 2 sinh s + 3 s cosh s
respectively. From E. Study mapping, these dual spherical curves correspond to the following
ruled surfaces
1 (s, v) = 2 sinh
s, 3 s,
2 coshs + v 2 cosh s + sinhs, 0 , cosh s + 2 sinh s
2 (s, v) = 2 cosh s, 3 s, 2 sinhs + v cosh s + 2 sinhs, 0 , 2 cosh s + sinh s
3 (s, v) = 2 sinh s, 3 s, 2 cosh s + v 12 sinh s, 12 , 12 cosh s
4 (s, v) = 2 sinh s, 3 s, 2 cosh s + v 2 coshs, 1 , 2 sinh s
5 (s, v) = 2 sinh s, 3 s, 2 cosh s + v cosh
s, 2 , sinh s
6 (s, v) = 2 sinh s, 3 s, 2 cosh s + v 3 cosh s + sinh s, 1 , cosh s + 3 sinh s
7 (s, v) = 2 sinh s, 3 s, 2 cosh s + v (cosh s + sinh s, 1 , cosh s + sinh s)
respectively. These surfaces are rendered in Fig.2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Fig. 8
respectively.
Acknowledgment. We would like to thank the referees for their comments and suggestions.
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Affiliations
F IRST A UTHOR
A DDRESS : Celal Bayar University, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts,
Manisa, TURKEY
E - MAIL : tanju.kahraman@cbu.edu.tr
S ECOND A UTHOR
A DDRESS : Gazi University, Gazi Faculty of Education, Department of Secondary Education
Science and Mathematics Teaching, Mathematics Teaching Program, Ankara, TURKEY.
E - MAIL : hugurlu@gazi.edu.tr