Structure Concrete Design

Design of Column

1. Column (Clause 3.8, BS8110 : Part 1:1997)

¾ Column are structural elements used primarily to support compressive loads.

The shape are usually square, rectangular, circular, L-shaped or orthogonal in
cross-section.

¾ The function of column in a structure is to transfer loads from slabs and beams
to the foundation.

¾ Column reinforced with longitudinal and transverse steel,

• Longitudinal steel contribute to the load carrying capacity of the section.

• Transverse steel provides lateral support to the longitudinal steel and
confines the concrete.

¾ The components in column design are the axial force (N) and the bending
moment (M). If the moment acts about one axis only, it is classified as
uniaxially eccentrically loaded columns; if the moment act about both axes, it
is classified as biaxially eccentrically loaded columns.

¾ Depending on effective length and lateral dimensions, column are also

classified as pedestal, short column and slender column.

• Pedestal is very short column with effective length less than three times
least lateral dimension. It may be unreinforced.
• Short column is column with effective length less than 12 times the least
lateral dimension.
• Slender column is column with effective length greater than or equal to
12 times the least lateral dimension.

¾ The effective length of column is the length between the points of inflection of
the column.

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2. Types of Column

There are two types of column depending on the building structure,

1. Braced Column

9 Column where the lateral stability at a particular plane are upheld by

restraining walls or any other bracing elements.

9 The N and M are induced by axial loads only.

2. Unbraced Column

9 Column where the lateral stability is only upheld by the column’s own
bending action without any other bracing elemens.

9 The load arrangement need include the effects of horizontal loads.

Braced and Unbraced Column

Shear walls

Shear wall

braced
unbraced braced

column
column
Column braced in one direction Column braced in both direction

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3. Classifications Column to The Slenderness Ratio, Fasal 3.8.1.3 BS8110 Part

1:1997

1. Short Column
Lex/h dan Ley ≤ 15 (braced)
≤ 10 (not braced)

2. Slender or Long Column

Lex/h dan Ley > 15 (braced)
> 10 (not braced)

where : Lex - effective length of the column at x-x axis

Ley - effective length of the column at y-y axis

4. Column End Condition, Fasal 3.8.1.6.2 BS8110 Part 1:1997

1. Condition-1, beam depth is more than or equal column width, the width of
column is the width at the right angle to the axis moment considered in relation
with the depth of beam for the beam causing the considered moment.
The foundation is designed to support the moment from the column.

2. Condition-2, beam depth less than depth about the similar plane of bending.

3. Condition-3, nominal restrain between beam and column without rotational

restraint (beam to column designed and detailed as simply supported.
The foundation is not designed to restrain moment. The condition is common
for column at corner of structure.

4. Condition-4, the peak of cantilever column on the not braced column. The and
of the column at any one or two plane is unrestrained.

5. Column Effective Height, Fasal 3.8.1.6 BS8110 Part 1:1997

¾ Le = β.Lo …………………………………………………………………eq.30

where : Le = effective height of the column

Lo = total height between end restrain
β = coefficient depending on the end condition of
column, (Table 3.19 and 3.20)

¾ β for braced column ≤ 1.0

¾ β for unbraced column > 1.0

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Structure Concrete Design

hb (h beam)

L Le Lo = L - hb

¾ For external column, the value of β given in Table 3.19 dan 3.20 not accurate,
because the column supporting unsymmetrical beam . Hence for external
column, to get accurate value of Le should be calculated according Clouse
BS8110 Part 2:1985.

i. Braced Column

- Le should be taking as the lesser of :

Le = (0.7 + 0.05(αc1 + αc2)) Lo ≤ Lo ……………eq.3
Le = (0.85 + 0.05(αcmin )) Lo ≤ Lo ……………eq.4

ii. Unbraced Column

- Le should be taking as the lesser of :

Le = (0.1 + 0.15(αc1 + αc2)) Lo ≤ Lo …………………eq.5
Le = (2.0 + 0.30(αcmin )) Lo ≤ Lo …………………eq.6

where :

α c1 = ∑
K column
at the lower of column
∑ K beam
αc2 = ∑ K tiang at the upper of column
∑ K rasuk
and K = I/L

- αc is taken as : 10.0 ,no moment resisten

1.0 ,with moment resisten
0.0 ,complete resisten

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Example :

y x
y
b Ta b
R8
R5 L8
h L5
2 h x
R7 R6
L7 L6
Beam T1 Tiang
R4
I bh 3
R1 L4 I bh 3
KR = = L1 KT = = ( )x
L 12L R 1 L 12L
R3 R2 hb 3
=( )y
L3 L2 12L
Tb

Column-1 :

(K T1 + K Tb ) xx
(α c1 ) xx =
K R1 + K R 2
Æ Le-x
(K + K Ta ) xx
(α c 2 ) xx = T1
KR5 + KR6

(K T1 + K Tb ) yy
(α c1 ) yy =
K R3 + K R 4
Æ Le-y
(K T1 + K Ta ) yy
(α c 2 ) yy =
K R 7 + K R8

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6. Short Column Design In Axial Loads

¾ Short column fails primarily in compression with minimal bending effect.

¾ The design short column only consider to the maximum design moment about
one critical axis only.

¾ The ultimate axial load of a column may be calculated as follows considering

the strength and reinforcement, Cluase 3.8.3.1 BS 8110 Part-1:1997

Nuz = 0.45fcu.Ac + 0.87fy .Asc

where : Nuz = ultimate axial load

Ac = net cross-section of column
Asc = area of longitudinal reinforcement

a. Short Braced Column for Ultimate Axial Load

¾ Column without significant moment.

¾ The aquation accounts for a 10% reduction is strength with minor eccentricity,
so :
N = 0.4fcu.Ac + 0.8fy .Asc ……………………………………eq.38

b. Short Braced Column Supporting an Approximately Symmetrical Loads of

Beam

¾ The moment induced by beams are small with.

¾ The moments induced by beams are small with beam spans differing not more
than 15% of the longer.

¾ The aquation for ultimate axial load:

N = 0.35fcu.Ac + 0. 7fy .Asc ………………………………...eq.39

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Structure Concrete Design

7. Column Axis

¾ First, must determine the major and minor axis of a column section prior to
design.

¾ The major axis is where the larger I value,

y
h >> b
bh 3 hb3
Myy I xx = >>> I yy =
x 12 12
h
Mxx

¾ The moment about the x-axis is named Mx-x and moment about y-axis is named
My-y . The major axis shall be x-axis and minor axis shall be y-axis.

8. Detailing of Main Reinforcement

¾ Asmin = 0.4%bh (Table 3.25)

¾ Asmax = 0.6%bh , for vertical casting column

0.8%bh , for horisotal casting column
10%bh , for lapping zone column

¾ There must be at least 4 members of longitudinal reinforcement of 12 mm

diameter in a rectangular column and at least 6 members un a circular column.

9. Detailing of Links Reinforcement

¾ Diameter of link = ¼ maximum diameter longitudinal reinforcement or 6 mm

whichever greather.

¾ Maximum distance between links = 12 times the smallest diameter of

longitudinal reinforcement.

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10. Axial Load (N) and Moment (M) at Column

¾ All forces and moments at column are to be ultimate limit. And it important to
identify first the type of column, ie. Braced or unbraced and column
classification, ie. short or long column.

¾ For braced column, the moment induced and the axial forces are from vertical
loads only. But, for unbraced column, the moment induced and the axial forces
are from vertical and lateral loads.

¾ The load arrangements on beams resulting maximum moment at column

differs between load arrangements on beams resulting maximum axial load.

CT CT
max max max
min

CB TB

Load arrangement for Load arrangement for

maximum moment at column maximum axial load at column

¾ For the simplify analysis, the beams are assume as a simple supported while
the maximum moments of column happens at the bottom (M1) and top (M2)
ends. The moments at column may be about either the x-axis or y-axis or about
both axes.

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Structure Concrete Design

Column BMD CT

M1 M1 : end top moment column

M2 : end bottom moment column

M2
CB

11. Consideration of Moment at Column

¾ In general, the magnitude and direction of bending moment action on a column

are depend on :

1. Position of column in structure (internal, side or corner column)

2. Arrangement of beam supported by column (symmetrical or
unsymmetrical)
3. Span of beam at the sides of column.
4. Difference of load for beams at beams at both sides of column.

It’s factors determine whether the induced moment are about single axis or
double axis and about major or minor axis.
B
My
A
x A
A x
Mx
y

void
x x
C D B
Mx
y
My
x x
Moment at column D usually small C
y

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Structure Concrete Design

12. Analysis Frame for M and N at Column (Clause 3.2.1.1 BS8110 Part-1,1997)

¾ Complete Sub-Frame

Second Floor
A B C D E

First Floor

Complete Sub-Frame

A B C D E

Sub-Frame At Second Floor

¾ Simplified Sub-Frame

K K
1/2K K 1/2K
B C
K K

Simplified sub-frame for calculation of B-C beam

K K
K 1/2K
A B
K K

Simplified sub-frame for calculation of A-B beam

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Structure Concrete Design

¾ Simplified Sub-Frame at Point

K
Max=1.4Gk+1.6Qk

A B
1/2K
K

Simplified sub-frame for calculation of B-C

K
Max=1.4Gk+1.6Qk
Min=1.0Gk
B D
1/2K C 1/2K
K

Simplified sub-frame at Point C

Example-1 :

3.5 m

A B C D
4m

4m

6m 4m 6m

A three story building is given above, Perform the analysis for ABCD
(simplified sub frame at point). Size all columns are 350x350 mm, beams are
300x600 mm; Gk = 25 kN/m ;Qk = 10 kN/m.

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Answer :

Stiffness :
0.3(0.6) 3
* Beams : K AB = K CD = 12 = 0.9 X10 −3 m 3
6
0.3(0.6) 3
K BC = 12 = 1.35X10 −3 m 3
4

0.3(0.35) 3
* Column : K upper = 12 = 0.31X10 −3 m 3
3.5
0.3(0.35) 3
K lower = 12 = 0.27X10 −3 m
4

Max load = 1.4(25) + 1.6(10) = 51 kN/m

Min Load = 1.0(25) = 25 kN/m

(i) Point A/D

K
Max=51 kN/m ∑ K = (0.31 + 0.27 + 1 2(0.9)x10 −3
= 1.03x10-3 m 3
A B
1/2K Fixed End Moment (FEM) A- B
K
51(6) 2
= = 153 kNm
12

0.31
Upper Column Moment = (153) = 46kNm
1.03

0.27
Lower Column Moment = (153) = 40kNm
1.03

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(ii) Point B/C

K
51 kN/m 25 kN/m
A C
1/2K B 1/2K
K

6m 4m

∑ K = (0.31 + 0.27 + 1 2(0.9) + 1 2 (1.35)x10 −3 = 1.705x10-3 m 3

51(6) 2
Fixed End Moment (FEM) A- B = = 153 kNm
12
25(4) 2
Fixed End Moment (FEM) B-C = = 33.3 kNm
12

0.31
Upper Column Moment = (153 − 33.3) = 21.76 kNm
1.705

0.27
Lower Column Moment = (153 − 33.3) = 19 kNm
1.705

3.5 m
40 21.76
A 46 B 19 C D
4m

4m

6m 4m 6m

Bending Moment Diagram Column

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Structure Concrete Design

13. Procedure Design Short Column With Bending About One Axis

¾ Consider the bending moment axis and the corresponding effective depth.

y y

Myy
N
x x
Mxx N

Bending about x-axis Bending about y-axis

¾ Determine the ultimate aial force, N

¾ Determine the ultimate moment, M and select the largest.

M1X M1Y
(-) (-)

Or

(+) (+)
M2X M2Y
Select the largest between M1X or M2X Select the largest between M1Y or M2Y

¾ Depending on the values of fcu ,fy and ratio d/h , refer co column design chart at
BS8110 Part-3 1985.

¾ Determine the reinforcement area, As from the chart.

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14. Procedure Design Short Column With Biaxial Bending

¾ Refer to Clause 3.8.4.5 BS8110 Part1:1997, gives the notation for such
column:
y
My

h N
x h’
Mx

b’

¾ Determine the ultimate axial force, N

¾ Determine the ultimate moment, M following these conditions :

Mx My
(i) If ≥ , design section for Mx'
h b'
β.h '
where Mx' = Mx + My
b'

Mx My
(ii) If ≤ , design section for My'
h b'
β.h '
where My' = My + Mx
b'

The value of β is the cefficient from Table 3.22 BS8110 Part1:1997 depending
upon N/(bhfcu).

¾ Depending on the values of fcu ,fy and ratio d/h , refer co column design chart at
BS8110 Part-3 1985.

¾ Determine the reinforcement area, As from the chart.

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Structure Concrete Design

Example-2 :

A column section is under uniaxial bending about the major axis, design the section
and detailing. Given fcu = 30 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2 and cover concrete = 25 mm,
diameter main bar = 16 mm and diameter link = 10 mm.

2T16
Mx=75 kNm
500 mm x 500 mm R10-175
N = 1500 kN
2T16

300 mm 300 mm
Answer :

d = 500 – 25 – 10 – 16/2 = 457 mm

From chart :
N 1500x103 ⎫
= = 10 N/mm 2 ⎪
b.h 300(500) ⎪
M 75x10 6 ⎪
2
= = 1 N/mm ⎪
b.h 2 300(500) 2 ⎪
⎪ 100As 0.5(300)(500)
f cu = 30 N/mm 2 ⎬ = 0.5 ===> As = = 750 mm 2
⎪ b.h 100
fy = 460 N/mm 2 ⎪
d 457 ⎪
= = 0.914 ⎪
h 500 ⎪
⎪
⎭
Use 4T16 (As = 805 mm 2 )

Diameter link 10 mm... > 1/4(16) = 4 mm or 6 mm whichever greather

Link spacing < 12(16) = 192 mm........use link : R10 - 175 c/c

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Structure Concrete Design

Example-3 :

A column section 400x300 mm is under biaxial bending. Design and prepare the
detailing of reinforcement if given the data below :

fcu = 30 N/mm2 cover concrete = 25 mm

fy = 460 N/mm2 diameter main bar = 32 mm
N = 950 kN diameter link = 8 mm
Mx = 95 kNm
My = 65 kNm
y
My=65 kNm

Mx=95 kNm
400 mm x
N = 950 kN

300 mm

Answer :

h’ = 400 – 25 – 8 – ½(32) = 351 ≈ 350 mm

b’ = 300 – 25 – 8 – ½(32) = 251 ≈ 250 mm

Checking :

M x 95x103 ⎫
= = 271.4 ⎪
h' 350 ⎪ Mx My
⎬ > ......secion design toward Mx'
M y 65x103 h ' b '
= = 260 ⎪⎪
b' 250 ⎭

N 950x103
= = 0.264 ..........from table 3.22, β = 0.693
b( h )f cu 300( 400)( 30)

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Structure Concrete Design

⎛ h' ⎞
M x ' = M x + β.⎜ ⎟.M y
⎝ b' ⎠
⎛ 350 ⎞
= 95 + 0.693⎜ ⎟(65) = 158.1 kNm
⎝ 250 ⎠

From chart no.28 BS8110 Part 3

N 950x103 ⎫
= = 7.92 N/mm 2 ⎪
b.h 300( 400) ⎪
M 158.1x106 ⎪
2
= 2
= 3.29 N/mm 2 ⎪
b.h 300( 400) ⎪
⎪ 100As
f cu = 30 N/mm 2 ⎬ = 1.4
⎪ b. h
fy = 460 N/mm 2 ⎪
d 350 ⎪
= = 0.875 ≈ 0.85 ⎪
h 400 ⎪
⎪
⎭
1.4(300)(400)
===> As = = 1680 mm 2
100
Use 4T25 (As = 1964 mm 2 )

Diameter link 8 mm... > 1/4(25) = 6.25 mm or 6 mm whichever greather

Link spacing < 12(25) = 300 mm........use link : R8 - 275 c/c

Detailing :

2T25

400 mm R8-275

2T25

300 mm

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Structure Concrete Design

Example-4 :

A column section 600x400 mm is under biaxial bending. Design and prepare the
detailing of reinforcement if given the data below :

fcu = 25 N/mm2 cover concrete = 20 mm

fy = 460 N/mm2 diameter main bar = 25 mm
N = 1800 kN diameter link = 10 mm
Mx = 225 kNm
My = 150 kNm

y
My=150 kNm

Mx=225 kNm
600 mm x
N = 1800 kN

400 mm
Answer :

h’ = 600 – 20 – 10 – ½(25) = 557.5 mm

b’ = 400 – 20 – 10 – ½(25) = 357.5 mm

Checking :

M x 225x103 ⎫
= = 403.587 ⎪
h' 557.5 ⎪ Mx My
⎬ < ......secion design toward My'
M y 150x103 h ' b '
= = 419.580 ⎪⎪
b' 357.5 ⎭

N 1800x103
= = 0.3 ..........from table 3.22, β = 0.65
b( h )f cu 400(600)( 25)

⎛ b' ⎞
M y ' = M y + β.⎜ ⎟.M x
⎝ h' ⎠
⎛ 357.5 ⎞
= 150 + 0.65⎜ ⎟( 225) = 243.784 kNm
⎝ 557.5 ⎠

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Structure Concrete Design

From chart no.24 BS8110 Part 3

N 1800x103 ⎫
= = 7.5 N/mm 2 ⎪
b.h 600( 400) ⎪
M 243.784x106 ⎪
2
= 2
= 2.539 N/mm 2 ⎪
b.h 600( 400) ⎪
⎪ 100As
f cu = 25 N/mm 2 ⎬ = 0.9
⎪ b. h
fy = 460 N/mm 2 ⎪
d 357.5 ⎪
= = 0.894 ≈ 0.9 ⎪
h 400 ⎪
⎪
⎭
0.9(600)(400)
===> As = = 2160 mm 2
100
Use 6T25 (As = 2946 mm 2 )
or 4T25 - 4T10 (As = 2278 mm 2 )

Diameter link 10 mm... > 1/4(25) = 6.25 mm or 6 mm whichever greather

Link spacing < 12(25) = 300 mm........use link : R10 - 275 c/c

Detailing :
4T10

3T25

600 mm R10-275 Or : R10-275

3T25

400 mm 2T25 2T25

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