Definition of forepoling. i.

A method of advancing a mine working or tunnel in loose, caving, or

watery ground, such as quicksand, by driving sharp-pointed poles, timbers, sections of steel, or
slabs into the ground ahead of, or simultaneously with, the excavating; a method of supporting a
very weak roof

A method of advancing a mine working or tunnel in loose, caving, or watery ground, such as
quicksand, by driving sharp-pointed poles, timbers, sections of steel, or slabs into the ground ahead of,
or simultaneously with, the excavating; a method of supporting a very weak roof. It is useful in
tunneling and in extracting coal from under shale or clay.

A method of securing loose ground by driving poles, planks, etc., ahead of and on the top and sides of
the timbers.

forepoling
Definition
In heavy construction and excavation, horizontal boardsdriven into the crown of a
tunnel heading to establish a safety roof for heading work.

Methods of Tunnelling
Twin tunnel

Twin tunnel is useful in railways.

Sometimes it proves more advantageous to have two small tunnels instead of single large tunnel.

Each of twin tunnel is excavated separately & tunnels are so spaced that disturbance caused in ground from
construction of one tunnel does not affect the other .

Advantages of twin tunnel

The facility for transportation is increased.

If one tunnel is blocked up due to any reason the other tunnel can be conveniently used.

If there is trouble of hot water it can be easily & effectively managed.

There is considerable improvement in the ventilation & drainage of tunnels.

Portals

The actual doorways or main entrance of the tunnel are known as portals.

Portals indicates the intersection point between the underground opening & the ground surface.

The portals should be made massive in appearance. They should look beautiful & attractive.

Such a construction would encourage a layman to enter the tunnel with confidence of safety.
 Pilot tunnel

Sometimes it may be found that a horizontal approach to the tunnel line may be to closer & shorter compared to the
deep vertical shafts .

In such circumstances, a tunnel of small size called a pilot tunnel is driven parallel &close to the proposed main
tunnel & short cross connecting tunnels are driven from it reach the proposed main tunnel to create operational
faces.

Advantages of pilot tunnel

The cross headings are convenient places to store tools & material during the construction work.

It is found to be less costly than the shaft.

The chances of any material failing accidentally down the shaft in to the tunnel during the construction work are
considerable reduced

It avoids the dislocation of the strata at the sides of the tunnel after the work is completed, the cross headings may be
used as passage for the workers

The shaft can be used as means of artificial ventilation by the use of fans.

Following are methods of tunneling in soft

Forepoling method

Needle beam method

Army method or case method

American method

British method

Belgian method

Factors affecting methods of tunneling in soft soils

Factors affecting in Forepoling method

The process is slow & tedious requiring skilled labour

 Tunnels of small dimensions, for laying sewers , gas pipes,etc.,at ordinary depths, could advantageously be
constructed by this method .

it is very important that the sequence of operations has to be strictly adhered to , in the correct order.

Needle beam method

Factors affecting in Needle beam method:

It makes use of beams & bracings .Hence,there is difficulty in mechanical methods of concrete lining.

The pushing of heavy beam by hand is laborious & tedious.

It requires large number of trench jacks & they interfere with the efficient working of the gang.

Factors affecting Army method or Case method

The only drawback of this method is that its use or application is limited for the construction of short tunnels of small
cross-section.

Factors affecting American method:

The method is unsuitable for tunnels having flat bottoms.

English method

This method involves the use of a lot of timber & frequent shifting of heavy timber logs back.

The masons & excavators have to work alternatively & thus , the process requires more time as compared to other
methods of tunneling.

If the soil is unstable , the excavation of full section of tunnel will increase the danger of caving.

Factors affecting belgian method

The disadvantage is due to the system of underpinning of the built arch .

particularly when the avoidable subsidence of the soil may take place , causing settlements can be reduced by
adopting R.C.C.arches.
 Liner plates methods

The liner plates method is somewhat expensive.

It is also relatively weak as plates are attached with nuts & bolts.

Factors affecting tunneling in rock compared with tunneling in soft soil

It is more costly than in soft ground.

It requires extreme care in carrying out the work as slight mistake may result in heavy loss of money.

Timbering required will be less as rocks are self-supporting.

Over-cutting of section has to be avoided.

It allows the tunneling operations to be carried out at many sections along the tunnel length.

The following are different methods of tunneling in rock

Drift method

Heading &bench method

Full face method

Cantilever car dump method

Factors affecting in drift method

The enlargement work cannot be started until the central holr is constructed for the full length.

That as the enlarging & benching work commences , mucking tracks have to be shifted frequently from bench to
bench.

This method is extremely costly & it is generally recommended for ground conditions which are difficult to solve.
 Factors affecting in heading & bench method

In this method enlargement work cannot be started until the central hole is constructed for full length.

This method is extremely costly .

It is generally recommended for ground conditions which are difficult to solve.