maha 1

bkbaf bjhF
mikahJ yF vf
mikahJ fj cyF.

1.1 mKf
ma Kndw fhzKgLnghJ Kj eh vf gfis
mogil braghLfis g eF mJ bfhnth. vf e mwhl
th KaJt thjitahf sFwd. eh KG vfis g
mt jhd mogil braghLf g fUnwh. bghGJ
KGf, jKW vf, jrkf, df kW mLFf nghw
jiyf gF thf fhngh.

vf
e mwhl th J mnua v Kiwia gagLJnwh. j
Kiw vGJtjF gogjF gagLjgL vf gjokhd vf
myJ jrk vf vW miHfgLwJ. Kiw 0 Kj 9 tius
FpLfis eh gagLJnwh.

1.2 ghit
Mwh tF a vf, KGvf, KGf, df kW
jrkf g mt J mogil braghLfshd Tl, fjfis
fwnjh. mtiw nf RUfkhf id Tnth.

a vf
1 I bjhlf vzhf bfhl vylfhj, vQ vfSF
a vf vW bga. midJ a vf fzij N vw My
vGjh Ffyh.
N = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... , vgJ a vf fzkhF.
KG vf
aJl a vfis nrf ilgJ KG vfshF. KG vf
aij Kj vzhf bfhL vylfhj vfshf Uwd.
midJ KG vf fzij W vw My vGjh Ffyh.
W = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... , vgJ KG vf fzkhF.

2
 bkbaf bjhF

KGf
KG vf kW Fiw vf nrj
f bga fj
bjhF KGf vW miHfgLwJ. midJ
nkijahd uhkhD#
KGf fz Z vw My vGjh jeho, <nuho
FfgLwJ. wjt.

Z = "... - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, ... , midJ KGf fzkhF (myJ)

Z = "0, ! 1, ! 2, ... , midJ KGf fzkhF.

1.3 KGf jhd ehF mogil braf:

(i) KGf Tl
U KGfis Tl, ilgJ xU KG ( Integer ) MF.
vLJfhlhf,
i) 10 + ^- 4h = 10 - 4 = 6
ii) 8 + 4 = 12
iii) 6+0 = 6
iv) 6 + 5 = 11
v) 4+0=4

(ii) KGf fj
xU KGUJ kbwhU KGit ff ulhtJ KG Tl
vkiwia Kj vQl TlntL.
vLJfhlhf,
i) 5 3 = 5 + 3 Tl vkiw = 5 + ( 3) = 2.
ii) 6 ( 2) = 6 +( 2) Tl vkiw = 6 + 2 = 8.
iii) ( 8) (5) = ( 8) + ( 5) = 13.
iv) ( 20) ( 6) = 20 + 6 = 14.

(iii) KGf bgUf

KG vf fz bgUfyhdJ bjhl TlyhF vd KtF
fwnjh. eh mijg KGf fz bghGJ ffyh.
f :
1. U if KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.
2. U Fiw KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.
3. xU if KGit xU Fiw KGit bgUf ilgJ xU
Fiw KGthF.

3
 maha 1

1) 0 ( 10) =
vLJfhlhf:
2) 9 ( 7) =
i) 5 # 8 = 40 3) 5 ( 10) =
4) 11 6 =
ii) ^- 5h # ^- 9h = 45

iii) ^- 15h # 3 =-^15 # 3h =- 45

iv) 12 # ^- 4h =-^12 # 4h =- 48
braghL
jiu J xU nenfhil tiuf. eLia {a vdFf.
{a nk f. bghGJ nfho J tygfkhf xU moefJ
mj lij + 1 vdFf. mUJ L mnj ir xU mo
efJ mj lij + 2 vd Ff. bjhlahf njngh mnj ir
efJ xbthU moia (+ 3, + 4, + 5, ...) vdFJbfhs. bghGJ
L nfho J {aiyF Uf. {aUJ lgf
ghjthW f. lgf xU mo efJ mj lij 1 vdFf.
bjhlahf mnj ir xbthU mo efJ mj lij 2, 3, 4...
vd Ff. bghGJ vnfhL jah. fhQ isahil v
nfhil bfhL isahlyh.
i) vnfho J tygf ghjthW {aa nk W
xU KiwF 2 mof j jhl. tygf bjhlahf njngh 3
Kiw jhodh {a UJ vts bjhiy Ugh?

ii) vnfho J lgf ghjthW {a nk f

xU KiwF 3 mof j bjhlahf lgf jhl. bjhlahf
njngh 3 Kiw jhodh {aUJ vts bjhiy Ugh?
braghL
4 6 3 2 7 8
6 24
5 15 40
3 21

vLJfhL 1.1

( 11) I ( 10) M bgUFf .

:
( 11) ( 10) = (11 10) = 110

4
 bkbaf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.2 v mik Kiw

KGf bgUf
( 14) I 9 M bgUFf.
xU Fiw KGit, kbwhU Fiw
: KGth bgUFj :
v.fh. (-2) (-2) = 4 vgij v mik
( 14) 9 = (14 9) = 126 _y sFj.
vLJfhL 1.3 braKiw :
(+2) (+1) = 2 (bgUfgL viz
k fhf 15 18 xbthwhf Fiwf)
: (+1) (+1) = 1
(0) (+1) = 0
15 18 = 270 (1) (+1) = 1
(2) (+1) = 2
vLJfhL 1.4 (bgUF viz xbthwhf
xU bjhiyfh bgo Fiwf)
(2) (0) = 0
iy `5200. 25 bjhiyfh
(2) (1) = 2
bgof iy vd? (2) (2) = 4
:
x
U bjhiyfh bgo iy = `5200
` 25 bjhiyfh bgof iy = `5200 25
= `130000
g 1.1
1. rahd ilia njbjLf:
i) {aij kw vj xU KG cl bgUf ilgJ
(A) ifKG (B) FiwKG (C) 1 (D) 0
ii) 152 k
(A) 225 (B) 225 (C) 325 (D) 425
iii) 15 ( 9) 0 k
(A) 15 (B) 9 (C) 0 (D) 7
iv) U Fiw KGf bgUfgy xU
(A) FiwKG (B) ifKG (C) a v (D) KG v
2. nfhol lij uf:
i) xU Fiw KGit {aij bgUf ilgJ _________.
ii) _________ ^- 14h = 70
iii) ^- 72h # _________ = - 360
iv) 0 # ^- 17h = _________.
3. k fhf:
i) 3 # ^- 2h ii) ^- 1h # 25 iii) ^- 21h # ^- 31h
iv) ^- 316h # 1 v) ( 16) 0 ( 18) vi) ^- 12h # ^- 11h # 10

5
 maha 1

vii) ^- 5h # ^- 5h viii) 5 # 5
ix) ^- 3h # ^- 7h # ^- 2h # ^- 1h x) ^- 1h # ^- 2h # ^- 3h # 4
xi) 7 # ^- 5h # ^9h # ^- 6h xii) 7 # 9 # 6 # ^- 5h
xiii) 10 16 ( 9) xiv) 16 ( 8) ( 2)
xv) ( 20) ( 12) 25 xvi) 9 6 ( 10) ( 20)
4. bgUFf :
i) ^- 9h kW 15
ii) ^- 4h kW ^- 4h
iii) 13 kW 14
iv) ^- 25h kW 32
v) ^- 1h kW ^- 1h
vi) ^- 100h kW 0

5. xU ngdh iy `15 v 43 ngdhf iy vd?

6. x U d h j h 2 0 d h f c s d . x b t h U d h F
5 kbgf v xU khzt 15 dhfSF rahd ilajh
mtDila kbgiz fLo?

7. nut xbthU ehS `150 rghwh. 10 ehf mt vts

gz rghgh?

8. xU M iy `20. 12 Mf iyia fhf.

(iv) KGf tFj

tFj vgJ bgUf jiy bra vgJ ekF bj.
tFjYFa fis flthW tiuaWfyh.
ifKG
= if v
ifKG
FiwKG
= if v
FiwKG
ifKG

FiwKG
= Fiw v a) 0 = b) 9 =
10 -3
10
FiwKG c) - 3 = d) -2 =
= Fiw v -3
ifKG

6
 bkbaf bjhF

{ajh tFj
vj xU viz {ajh tFj vgJ tiuaWfglhjJ. nkY
{aij {ajh tFj (0/0) vgJ mjkwJ.

vLJfhL 1.5
250 I 50 M tFf
:
250 I 50 M tFj 250 = 5.
50
vLJfhL 1.6
( 144) I 12 M tFf.
:
( 144) I 12 M tFj (- 144) = 12.
12
vLJfhL 1.7
15 # ^- 30h # ^- 60h
k fh .
2 # 10
:
15 # ^- 30h # ^- 60h
= 27000 = 1350.
2 # 10 20
vLJfhL 1.8
xU ngUJ 5 k neu 200 bjhiyit flwJ. 1 k neu
flF bjhiy vd?

:
5 k neu flF bjhiy = 200 .
~ 1 k neu flF bjhiy = 200 = 40
5
g 1.2
1. rahd ilia njbjLf :
i) KGf tFjyhdJ ______________ jiy bra MF.
(A) Tl (B) fj (C) tFj (D) bgUf
ii) 369 ________ = 369.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 369 (D) 769
iii) 206 _______ = 1.
(A) 1 (B) 206 (C) 206 (D) 7
iv) 75 _________ = 1.
(A) 75 (B) 1 (C) 75 (D) 10
7
 maha 1

2. kfhf
i) ^- 30h ' 6 ii) 50 ' 5
iii ) ^- 36h ' ^- 9h iv) ^- 49h ' 49
v) 12 '6^- 3h + 1 @ vi) 6^- 36h ' 6 @ - 3
vii) 6^- 6h + 7 @ ' 6^- 3h + 2 @ viii) 6^- 7h + ^- 19h@ ' 6^- 10h + ^- 3h@
ix) 67 + 13 @ ' 62 + 8 @ x) [7 + 23] [2 + 3]
3. kfhf
^- 1h # ^- 5h # ^- 4h # ^- 6h 40 # ^- 20h # ^- 12h
i) ii) 8 # 5 # 4 # 3 # 10 iii)
2#3 4#5#6#2 4 # ^- 6h
4. U vf bgUfgy 105. mtW xU v (21). kbwhU v vd?

KGf Tl gf
(i) mil g
fl vLJfhLfis ftf:
1. 19 + 23 = 42
2. - 10 + 4 =- 6
3. 18 + (- 47) =- 29
bghJthf, a, b vgd VnjD uL KGf v a + b xU KG MF.
Mifah KGf Tl mil gig iw br.

(ii) gkhW g
U KGfis vj tirY Tlyh. ntwhf, KGf TlyhdJ
gkhW gig iw br.
8 + ^- 3h = 5 kW ^- 3h + 8 = 5 vd eh bgwyh.

Mifah 8 + ^- 3h = ^- 3h + 8

bghJthf a, b vw VnjD U KGfSF a + b = b + a

Mifah, KGf TlyhdJ gkhW gig iw br.

flit rkkhditah?
i) ^5h + ^- 12h kW ^- 12h + ^5h
ii) ^- 20h + 72 kW 72 + ^- 20h

8
 bkbaf bjhF

(iii) nr g
fl vLJfhil ftf:
fhgit
5, 4 kW 7 vw KGfis vLJ bfhf. rkkhditah?
5 + [( 4) + 7] = 5 + 3 = 8 kW i) 7 + ^5 + 4h, ^7 + 5h + 4
[5 + ( 4)] + 7 = 1 + 7 = 8 ii) ^- 5h + 6^- 2h + ^- 4h@,
6^- 5h + ^- 2h@ + ^- 4h
Mifah, 5 + [( 4) + 7] = [5 + ( 4)] + 7
bghJthf a, b, c, vw KGfSF a + ^b + ch = ^a + bh + c vd eh
brhy Ko.
Mifah TlyhdJ nr gig iw br.

(iv) Tl rk
vj KGlD {aij TL bghGJ mnj KGit bgwyh.
vLJfhlhf, 5 + 0 = 5.
bghJthf, VnjD xU KG a F, a + 0 = a . Mifah
{akhdJ KGf Tl rkahF.
i) 17 + ___ = 17
KGf fj gf ii) 0 + ___ = 20
(i) mil g iii) 53 + ___ = 53
fl vLJfhLfis ftf
i) 5 - 12 =- 7
ii) ^- 18h - ^- 13h =- 5
nkfl vLJfhLfUJ U KGf fjyhdJ L
xU KG vgJ bjthwJ.

bghJthf a, b vgd VnjD uL KGf v a - b vgJ xU

KG MF.
Mifah fjyhdJ mil gig iw br.

(ii) gkhWg
7 kW 4 vw KGfis vLJ bfhf
7-4 = 3
4 - 7 =- 3 vd fhzy.

9
 maha 1

` 7-4 ! 4-7
bghJthf a kW b vw VnjD U KGfSF
a-b !b-a
Mifah KGf fjyhdJ gkhW ia iw brahJ .

(iii) nr g
7, 4 kW 2 vw KGfis vLJbfhf
7 - (4 - 2) = 7 - 2 = 5
(7 - 4) - 2 = 3 - 2 = 1
` 7 - (4 - 2) ] (7 - 4) - 2
bghJthf, a , b kW c vw VnjD _W KGfSF
a - (b - c) ! (a - b) - c.
Mifah KGf fjyhdJ nr gig iw brahJ.

KGf bgUf gf
(i) mil g
fltiw ft:
10 ( 5) = 50
40 ( 15) = 600
bghJthf a kW b vw vyh KGfSF a b xU KGthF.
Mifah KGfshdJ bgUf mil gig iw br.

(ii) gkhW g
fltiw ft :
5 ( 6) = 30 kW ( 6) 5 = 30
5 ( 6) = ( 6) 5
bghJthf a kW b vw VnjD U KGfSF
fhgit
ab=ba rkkhditah?
Mifah KGf bgUfyhdJ gkhW gig i) 5 ( 7), ( 7) 5
iw br. ii) 9 ( 10), ( 10) 9

10
 bkbaf bjhF

(iii) {ajh bgUf

{akyhj VnjD xU viz {ajh bgUf
ilgJ {akhF.
vLJfhlhf, i) 0 0 = _____
5 0 = 0 ii) 100 0 = _____
iii) 0 x = _____
8 0 = 0
bghJthf {akyhj vj xU KG a F
a 0 = 0 a = 0

(iv) bgUf rk:

vLJfhlhf,
5 # 1 = 5
1 # (- 7) = - 7 i) ( 10) 1 = ___
1 vgJ KGf bgUf rkahF vgij J ii) ( 7) ___ = 7
fhLwJ. iii) ___ 9 = 9
bghJthf VnjD xU KG a F
a # 1 = 1 # a = a vd eh bgwyh.

(v) nr g
2, 5, 6 vw KGfis vLJbfhnth.
62 # ^- 5h@ # 6 = - 10 # 6 =- 60
kW 2 # 6^- 5h # 6 @= 2 # ^- 30h = - 60
UJ 62 # ^- 5h@ # 6 = 2 # 6^- 5h # 6 @

bghJthf VnjD a, b kW c vw KGfSF (a b) c = a (b c).

Mifah, KGf bgUfyhdJ nr gig iw br vd eh
Twyh.

(vi) gL g
12, 9, 7 vw KGfis vLJbfhf.
12 # ^9 + 7h = 12 # 16 = 192

^12 # 9h + ^12 # 7h = 108 + 84 = 192

11
 maha 1
UJ 12 # ^9 + 7h
= ^12 # 9h + ^12 # 7h

bghJthf a, b, c vw VnjD _W
KGfSF a # ^b + ch = ^a # bh + ^a # ch fhgit rkkhditah?
Mifah KGf bgUfyhdJ 1) 4 # ^5 + 6h kW ^4 # 5h + ^4 # 6h
gL gig iw br. 2) 3 # ^7 - 8h kW^3 # 7h + [3 # (- 8)]
KGf tFj gf 3) 4 # ^- 5h kW ^- 5h # 4

(i) mil g
fl vLJfhLfis ft:
(i) 15 ' 5 = 3 (ii) ^- 3h ' 9 = - 3 = - 1 (iii) 7 ' 4 = 7
9 3 4
nkfl vLJfhLfUJ KGf tFjyhdJ mil
gig iw brahJ.

(ii) gkhW g:
fl vLJfhil ft:
8 4 = 2 kW 4 8 = 1
2
` 84! 48
nkfl vLJfhoUJ KGf tFjyhdJ gkhW ia
iw brahJ .

(iii) nr g
fl vLJfhil ft :
12 ' (6 ' 2) = 12 ' 3 = 4
(12 ' 6) ' 2 = 2 ' 2 = 1
` 12 ' (6 ' 2) ! (12 ' 6) ' 2
nkfl vLJfhoUJ KGf tFjyhdJ nr ia iw
brahJ.

KGf mogil braghil tYgLJj :

gfSnfg, tU mltiz myJ X Lf.
KGf braf/ mil g gkhW nr
gf g g
Tl
fj
bgUf
tFj

12
 bkbaf bjhF

1.4 df
mKf:

eh K tFf dfis (jFd, jfh d kW fy

df) g mt Tl, fjfis g goUnwh.
df bgUf kW tFjiy g bghGJ ghngh.

ghit :

jF d : xU d gF, bjhFia fhoY bgajhf

Ujh md jFd vwiHfgLwJ.

vLJfhL: 3 , 1 , 9, 5
4 2 10 6

jfhd : xU d bjhF, gFia fhoY bgajhf

Ujh md jfhd vwiHfgLwJ.

vLJfhL : 5 , 6 , 41 , 51
4 5 30 25

fy d : xU dkhdJ xU a v kW xU jF d
nrjjhf Ujh md fy d vwiHfgLwJ.

vLJfhL : 2 3 , 1 4 , 5 1
4 5 7

id bfhf : fy d = a v + jF d

thf : { a F 1 F i ln a
vjid vf csd? vyh KG vfS
ghit: 1 I gFahf bfhl
d vfshF.
df Tl kW fj

vLJfhL (i)

RUFf : 2 + 3
5 5
:
2 + 3 = 2+3 = 5 = 1
5 5 5 5

13
 maha 1
vLJfhL (ii)

RUFf : 2 + 5 + 7
3 12 24
:
2 + 5 + 7 = 2 # 8 + 5 # 2 + 7 # 1
3 12 24 24

= 16 + 10 + 7
24

= 33 = 1 3
24 8

vLJfhL (iii)

RUFf : 5 1 + 4 3 + 7 5
4 4 8
:

5 1 + 4 3 + 7 5 = 21 + 19 + 61
4 4 8 4 4 8

= 42 + 38 + 61 = 141
8 8

= 17 5
8

vLJfhL (iv)

RUFf : 5 - 2
7 7
:
5 - 2 = 5-2 = 3.
7 7 7 7

vLJfhL (v)

RUFf : 2 2 - 3 1 + 6 3
3 6 4
:

2 2 - 3 1 + 6 3 = 8 - 19 + 27
3 6 4 3 6 4

= 32 - 38 + 81
12

= 75 = 6 1
12 4

14
 bkbaf bjhF

(i) dfis KG vfsh bgUf

gl. 1.1

gl (1.1) cs glfis ft. Hlgl gFahdJ xU tl

1 gFahF. uL Hlgl gFfS nrJ vts gFia
8
FwJ? 1 + 1 = 2 # 1 = 2 = 1 I FwJ.
8 8 8 8 4

xU jF d myJ jfh dij KG vzh bgUf eh Kj

d bjhFia KG vzh bgUfntL. gFia mgona
vGjntL.

bgUfgy jfh dkhf Ujh mij fy dkhf khwyh.

xU fy dij xU KG vzh bgUf, Kj fy dij

jfh dkhf kh wF bgUf ntL.

Mifah, 4 # 3 4 = 4 # 25 = 100 = 14 2
7 7 7 7

fLo fLo
i) 2 # 4 ii) 8 # 4 i) 6 # 7 2
5 5 3
iii) 4 # 1 iv) 13 # 6 2
ii) 3 # 7
5 11 9

15
 maha 1

(ii) klF myJ gF (of) vw bra

glUJ (gl 1.2) xbthU Hlgl gFfS 1 1 gif
3
FwJ.
_W Hlgl gFfS 3 1 gif FwJ.
3

gl. 1.2

_W Hlgl gFfis xwhf nrf eh 1 I bgwyh.

Mifah 1 gF 3 = 1 # 3 = 1.
3 3
` klF (of) vgJ bgUfiy FF vd khfyh.

nukh 15 rhnyLf itUwh. yh, nukh itUj

rhnyf 1 gF vifs rhnyLf itUwh.
3
yh itUF rhnyLf vif ahJ?

yh itUF rhnyLf = 1 # 15 = 5 rhnyLf

3
vLJfhL: 1.9

kfhf : 2 1 1 gF
5 4
:

2 1 1 gF =
1 #21
5 4 4 5
= 1 # 11 = 11
4 5 20

16
 bkbaf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.10
60 khztf bfhl xU FG 3 gF khztf ma gof
10
Uwhf. 3 gF khztf r_f ma gof Uwhf.
5
(i) ma gof U khztf vjid ng?
(ii) r_f ma gof U khztf vjid ng ?
:
tFYs bkhj khztf vif = 60

(i) 60 khztf 3 gF khztf ma gof Uwhf.

10
vdnt, ma gof U khztf vif

= 60 3 gF
10
= 3 # 60 = 18 ng.
10
(ii) 60 khztf 3 gF khztf r_f ma gof
5
Uwhf.
vdnt, r_f ma gof U khztf vif

= 60 3 gF
5
3
= # 60 = 36 ng.
5

g 1.3
1. bgUFf :
i) 6 # 4 ii) 3 # 3 iii) 4 # 4 iv) 15 # 2
5 7 8 10
v) 2 # 7 vi) 5 # 8 vii) 11 # 7 viii) 5 # 12
3 2 4 6
4
ix) # 14 x) 18 # 4
7 3
2. k fhf :

i) 28 1 gF ii) 27 7 klF iii) 64 1 gF

2 3 4

iv) 125 1 gF v) 216 8 klF vi) 32 4 gF

5 6 8

vii) 27 3 gF viii) 100 7 gF ix) 35 5 gF

9 10 7
x) 100 1 gF
2

17
 maha 1

3. flitfis bgU bgUfgyid fy dkhf khWf:

i) 5 # 5 1 ii) 3 # 6 3 iii) 8 # 1 1
4 5 5
iv) 6 # 10 5 v) 7 # 7 1 vi) 9 # 9 1
7 2 2
4. thR kW R UtU xU RWyhF brwhf. mtfSila
mkh mtfSF xU l j ghof 10 bfhLjDdh. thR
2 gF jiu gagLdh. jKs jiu R gagLdh.
5
thR vts j Fojh?

(iii) xU dij kbwhU djh bgUf

vLJfhL 1.11

fLo : 3 1 gF
8 5
:
3 1 gF = 1 3 = 3
8 5 5 8 40
vLJfhL 1.12
fLo : 2 3 .
9 2
:
2 3 = 6 = 1
9 2 18 3
vLJfhL 1.13

yh xU jf 1 gFia 1 k neu gowh. 3 1 k

4 2
neu mt jf vts gFia gogh?
:
yh xU k neu goF jf gF = 1
4
1
3 k neu mt goF jf ms
2
= 31 # 1 fLo
2 4
i) 1 7
=7#1 3 5
2 4 2
ii) # 8
3 9
= 7#1
2#4
=7
8
~ yh 3 1 k neu jf 7 gFia gogh.
2 8

18
 bkbaf bjhF

g1.4
1. fLo :

i) 5 10 gF ii) 7 2 gF iii) 7 1 gF
10 5 8 3 4 3

iv) 7 4 gF v) 9 4 gF vi) 2 1 gF
9 8 4 9 9 7
2. l to vGJf :
i) 2 # 3 2 ii) 2 # 9 iii) 3 # 6
9 3 9 10 8 9
iv) 7 # 9 v) 9 #3 vi) 4 # 12
8 14 2 3 5 7
3. fl dfis bgUFf :

i) 2 # 5 2 ii) 6 3 # 7 iii) 7 1 # 1
5 3 4 10 2

iv) 5 3 # 3 1 v) 7 1 # 8 1
4 2 4 4

4. xU kGJ xU l bgnuh 20 .. XLwJ. mj kGJ 2 3

4
l bgnuh vts uij flF?

5. nfhgh xU jfij xbthU ehS 1 3 k neu gowh. mt 7

4
ehf jf KGtij goJ Kowh. jf KGtij gof
mtUF vjid k neu njit?

xU d jiy:
{akw U vf bgUfgy 1 Mf Ujh mj vf
xWbfhW jiy vd miHfgLwJ. Mifah, 3 jiy 5 ,
5 3
5 jiy 3 MF.
3 5
F :
1F mJnt jiy MF.
0F jiy iy.

(iv) xU KG viz xU djh tFj

xU KG viz xU djh tFf mj KG viz mj d
jiyah bgUf ntL.
vLJfhL 1.14
fLo : (i) 6 ' 2 (ii) 8 ' 7
5 9

19
 maha 1

:
(i) 6 2 = 6 5 = 15
5 2
7
(ii) 8 ' = 8 # = 72
9
9 7 7
xU KG viz fy djh tFF nghJ fy dijKj
jfhdkhf kha fhz ntL.
vLJfhL 1.15
63 4
5
: fLo:
6 3 4 = 6 19 = 6 5 = 30 = 1 11 i) 6 ' 5 2 ii) 9 ' 3 3
3 7
5 5 19 19 19
(v) xU dij kbwhU djh tFj:
xU dij kbwhU djh tFf Kj dij ulhtJ
d jiyah bgUf ntL.

eh bghGJ 1 ' 3 I fhngh

5 7
1 ' 3 = 1 # 3 jiy fLo:
5 7 5 7
i) 3 ' 4 , ii) 1 ' 4 , iii) 2 3 ' 7
7 5 2 5 4 2
= 1 # 7 = 7
5 3 15
g1.5
1. fl df jiyia fLo :
i) 5 ii) 4 iii) 10 iv) 9
7 9 7 4
v) 33 1
vi) vii) 1 viii) 7
2 9 13 5
2. fLo :
i) 5 25 ii) 6 36 iii) 7 14 iv) 1 1 15
3 9 3 4
3. fLo :
i) 2 ' 1 ii) 5 ' 6 iii) 2 3 ' 3 iv) 3 3 ' 8
5 4 6 7 4 5 2 3
4. xU rhuz UilF njitahd J ms 2 1 l v 47 1
4 4
l J vjid Uilf ijfyh?
5. U lfSF ilna cs bjhiy 47 1 .. xU nt mj
2
bjhiyit flf 1 3 k neu vLJbfhwJ v nt ntf
16
vd?
20
 bkbaf bjhF

1.5 jKW vf - mKf:

p
q ^ 0 , p kW q KGf v q xU jKW v vd
tiuaWfgLwJ.

nf p vgJ bjhF kW q vgJ gF.

7 , - 5 , 2 , 11 , - 3 vgd jKW vf.

3 7 9 - 7 11
xU jKW v gF if vzhf, nkY gF kW
bjhFF 1I ju ntbwj fhu iyba mj jKW v
l to UwJ vd Twyh.

xU jKW v l to iyba mjid l to khwyh.

vLJfhL 1.16
72 l totF khWf
54
khWKiw: 72 = 72 ' 18 = 4
54 54 ' 18 3
:
72 = 72 ' 2
54 54 ' 2
= 36 = 36 ' 3
27 27 ' 3
= 12 = 12 ' 3
9 9'3
=4
3
j vLJfho 72 kW 54 t bgU bghJfhu 18 Mf UwJ.

xU jKW viz mjDila l totF khw mjDila gF

kW bjhFia mt bgU bghJfhuah tFf ntL. F
Fiw Fia fUj ntlh.
gF Fiw F Ujh bgU bghJfhuah tFf ntL.

vLJfhL 1.17

(i) 18 (ii) -4
- 12 - 16
l to vGJf :
:
i) - 18 , ii) - 12 , iii) 7
(i) 18 kW 12 . bgh.t. 6 51 28 35

vdnt, mjDila l totij bgw 6M tFf ntL.

21
 maha 1

18 = 18 ' ^- 6h = - 3
- 12 - 12 ' ^- 6h 2
(ii) 4 kW 16 .bgh.t 4.
vdnt, mjDila l totij bgw 4 M tFf ntL.

- 4 = - 4 ' ^- 4h = 1
- 16 - 16 ' ^- 4h 4

1.6 jKW vfis vnfho Fj:

KGfis vnfho vgo FgJ vgJ cfSF bj.
bghGJ xU vnfhil tiunth.

{aF tygf cs f if KGfshF. {aF

lgf cs f Fiw KGfshF.
bghGJ jKW vfis vnfho vgo FgJ vgij ghngh.

gl. 1.3
1 vw viz vnfho Ff KgLnth.
4
if KGfis vnfho FjJ nghy if jKW vfis
{aF tywkh, Fiw jKW vfis {aF lwkhf
Ffyh.

gl. 1.4

- 1 I {aF vj gf Fgh?
4
Fiw jKW vzhf Ujh mjid {aF lgfkhf
Ffyh.

KGfis vnfho FFnghJ mLjLJtU KGf rk

ilbtf FfgLwJ vgJ cfSF bj. 1,1 vgit 0 -

UJ rku UF. njngh jKW vf 1 kW - 1 vgit

4 4
0 - UJ rku UF. 1 vw jKW viz vgo FgJ
4

22
 bkbaf bjhF

vgJ cfSF bj. J {aF 1F ilgl bjhiy

4 1 gF bjhiy FfgLwJ. Mifah - 1 vgJ 0F 1F

4
ilgl bjhiy 4 1 gF bjhiy FfgLwJ.

3 I vnfho vgo FgJ vgJ ekF bj. J {aF

2
tygfkhf. 1F 2F ilgl gF FfgLwJ. bghGJ
- 3 I vnfho Ff KgLnth. J {aF lwkhf,
2
{aUJ 3 cs mnj bjhiy lwkhf mik.
2
nj nghy - 1 {aF lwkhf UwJ. mnj bjhiy
2
1 tywkhf UwJ. Mifah, nkny flthW vnfho - 1 I
2 2
FfKo. njnghy kw midJ jKW vfis Ffyh.

U jKW vfSilna cs jKW vf

4 kW 12 MatF ilgl KG vfis Tl uh#] Udh.

4 kW 12F ilna rahf 7 KG vf csd vgJ mtUF bj.

5 kW 6F ilna VjhtJ KGf Uwdth?

5F 6F ilna vjbthU KG iy.

` U KG vfSilna cs KGf vif Kosjhf

UwJ. bghGJ j tif jKW vf vd VgLwJ vgij
eh ghngh.

uh#], 3 kW 2 F ilgl jKW vfis fhz Udh.

7 3
mt mtiw xnu gFf bfhl jKW vfshf khWwh.

Mifah 3 = 9 kW 2 = 14
7 21 3 21
bghGJ mt 9 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 1 14 vdbgWwh.
21 21 21 21 21 21

Mifah 9 kW 14 F ilgl jKW vf

21 21
10 , 11 , 12 , 13 .
21 21 21 21

bghGJ 3 kW 2 MatWF ilnas nkY gy jKW

7 3
vfis fLof Kanth.

23
 maha 1
3 = 18 kW 2 = 28 vd eh bgwyh.
7 42 3 42
Mifah, 18 1 19 1 20 1 g 1 28 .
42 42 42 42
vdnt 3 1 19 1 20 1 21 1 g 1 2 .
7 42 42 42 3
vdnt 3 kW 2 MatWilna gy jKW vfis fhz Ko.
7 3
U jKW vfSilna Koyh jKW vfis ekh fhz Ko.

vLJfhL 1.18

2 kW 4 F ilgl IJ jKW vfis fhf.

5 7
:

eh Kj bfhLfgl jKW vfis xnu khahd gFfis

bfhlitfshf khWnth.

bghGJ 2 = 2 # 7 = 14 kW 4 = 4 # 5 = 20
5 5#7 35 7 7#5 35
Mifah eh bgWtJ 14 1 15 1 16 1 17 1 18 1 19 1 20
35 35 35 35 35 35 35

` njitahd IJ jKW vf

15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19
35 35 35 35 35
vLJfhL 1.19

- 5 kW - 8 F ilgl VG jKW vfis fhf.

3 7
:
eh Kj bfhLfgl jKW vfis xnu khahd gFfis
bfhlitfshf khWnth.

bghGJ- 5 =- 5 # 7 =- 35 kW - 8 =- 8 # 3 =- 24
3 3#7 21 7 7#3 21
Mifah eh bgWtJ - 35 1 - 34 1 - 33 1 - 32 1 - 31 1 - 30
21 21 21 21 21 21
1 - 29 1 - 28 1 - 27 1 - 26 1 - 25 1 - 24
21 21 21 21 21 21

` njitahd VG jKW vf
- 34 , - 33 , - 32 , - 31 , - 30 , - 29 , - 28 .
21 21 21 21 21 21 21

24
 bkbaf bjhF

g 1.6
1. rahd ilia njbjLf:
i) 3 xU
8
(A) if jKW v (B) Fiw jKW v
(C) KG v (D) if KG
ii) xU l Fiw jKW viz FLf.
(A) 4 (B) - 7 (C) 10 (D) 10
3 -5 9 9
iii) fltW vJ l to csJ?

(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) - 7

12 12 - 12 14

iv) midJ dfS

(A) KGv (B) a v (C) xiw v (D) jKW v

2. ilgl ehF jKW vfis goaL :

i) - 7 kW - 2 ii) 1 kW 4 iii) 7 kW 8
5 3 2 3 4 7
3. l tot vGJf :

i) - 12 ii) - 18 iii) 21
16 48 - 35
iv) - 70 v) - 4
42 8
4. v nfhL tiuJ fhQ jKW vfis mj nk F.
i) 3 ii) - 5 iii) - 8
4 8 3
iv) 6 v) 7
5 10
5. fltW vit l tot csd?
i) 2 ii) 4 iii) 9
3 16 6
iv) - 1 v) 4-
7 7
1.7 jKW vf jhd ehF mogil braf:
KGf Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj cfSF bj.
jnghJ jKW vf jhd ehF mogil brafis
ghngh.

(i) jKW vf Tl
gFf xnu khahf cs jKW vfis TLnth.

25
 maha 1
vLJfhL 1.20
9 kW 7 I TLf.
5 5

:
9 + 7 = 9+7 = 16 .
5 5 5 5

gFf ntW khahf cs jKW vfis TLnth.

vLJfhL 1.21
RUFf: 7 + -5
3 ` 4 j
:
7 + -5
3 ` 4 j

= 28 - 15 (3 kW 4 .bgh.k 12)
12
= 13
12

vLJfhL 1.22

RUFf: - 3 + 1 - 5 .
4 2 6

- 3 + 1 - 5 = (- 3 # 3) + (1 # 6) - (5 # 2) (4,2,6 .bgh. k 12)

4 2 6 12
= - 9 + 6 - 10
12
= - 19 + 6 = - 13
12 12

(ii) jKW vf fj

vLJfhL 1.23

ff: 10 UJ 8 I ff.
3 7
:

10 - 8 = 70 - 24 = 46
3 7 21 21

26
 bkbaf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.24

RUFf: 6 - - 10 .
35 ` 35 j
:
6 - - 10 = 6 + 10 = 16
35 ` 35 j 35 35
vLJfhL 1.25
RUFf: 7 6
`- 2 35 j - `3 35 j .
:
7 6 77 111
`- 2 35 j - `3 35 j = -35 - 35

= - 77 - 111 = - 188 =- 5 13
35 35 35
vLJfhL 1.26
5
U jKW vf TLj 1. mt xU v 20 v kbwhU
v ahJ?
:
U jKW vf TLj = 1
bfhLfgl v + njitahd v = 1
5 + njitahd v = 1
20
njitahd v = 1 - 5
20 i) 7 - 5 , ii) 5 - 7 ,
35 35 6 12
= 20 - 5
20
iii) 7 - 3 , iv) `3 3 j - `2 1 j ,
= 15 = 3 3 4 4 4
20 4 5 1
3 v) `4 7 j - `6 4 j
~ njitahd v MF.
4

g 1.7

1. rahd ilia njbjLf.

i) 1 + 2 F rkkhdJ
3 3
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 4
ii) 4 9 F rkkhdJ
5 5
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 7

27
 maha 1

iii) 5 1 + 1 10 F rkkhdJ
11 11
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7
iv) uL jKW vf TLj 1. xU v 1 v kbwhU v
2
(A) 4 3
(B) (C) - 3 (D) 1
3 4 4 2
2. TLf :
i) 12 kW 6 ii) 7 kW 17 iii) 8 kW 6
5 5 13 13 7 7
iv) - 7 kW - 5 7
v) kW 8 vi) - kW 7
5
13 13 3 4 7 6
vii) 9 kW - 10 viii) 3 kW - 7 ix) 9 , 8 kW 1
7 3 6 2 4 7 28
4
x) , - 7 kW - 8
5 10 15
3. tUtdt TLjiy fLo.

i) - 3 + 7 ii) 9 + 15 iii) - 3 + 6
4 4 6 6 4 11
iv) - 7 + 9 v) 4 + 7 vi) `- 6 j + `- 14 j
8 16 5 20 13 26
vii) 11 + `- 7 j viii) `- 2 j + 5 + `- 7 j
13 2 5 12 10
ix) 7 + `- 10 j + `- 7 j x) 6 + `- 7 j + `- 9 j
9 18 27 3 6 12
4. RUFf: :
i) 7 - 5 ii) 5 - 7 iii) 7 - 3
35 35 6 12 3 4
iv) `3 3 j - `2 1 j v) `4 5 j - `6 1 j
4 4 7 4

5. RUFf: :

i) `1 2 j + `3 5 j ii) `3 4 j - `7 3 j
11 11 5 10
iii) `- 1 2 j + `- 3 5 j + `6 3 j iv) `- 3 9 j + `3 2 j + `6 5 j
11 11 11 10 5 20
v) `- 3 4 j + `2 3 j vi) `- 1 5 j + `- 2 7 j
5 8 12 11
vii) `9 6 j + `- 11 2 j + `- 5 7 j viii) `7 3 j + `- 10 7 j
7 3 42 10 21
6. U jKW vf TLj 17 . mtW xU v 5 v, kbwhU
4 2
viz fLo .

7. vj vQl 5 I Todh 49 ilF?

6 30

28
 bkbaf bjhF

8. xU filfhu xU eh 7 3 ., 2 1 . kW 3 3 . rfiu wh.

4 2 5
mW KGtJ mt w rfiu bkhj msit fLo.

9. uh#h 25 . m th Kj eh 1 3 . mia, ulhtJ

4
eh4 1 . mia gagLdh. jKs m msit
2
fLo.
10. uh 10 . Mfis th 3 4 . mt jifF, 2 3 .
5 10
egUF bfhLjh. vjid nyh uh Mf j UF?

(iii) jKW vf bgUf

U jKW vfis bgUf, mt gFfis, bjhFfis
jjahf bgU a jKW vzhf vGjyh. a jKW viz
mjDila l totF RUfyh.

vLJfhL 1.27
4 22
` 11 j kW ` -8 j Mat bgUf gyid fLo.
-
:
4 22
` 11 j # ` -8 j
-

=` - 4 j # ` - 22 j = 88
11 8 88
=1

vLJfhL 1.28
4 2
`- 2 15 j kW `- 3 49 j Mat bgUf gyid fLo.

:
4 2 = ` - 34 j # ` - 149 j
`- 2 15 j # `- 3 49 j 15 49

= 5066 = 6 656
735 735
vLJfhL 1.29

U jKW vf bgUfgy 2 . mtW xU jKW v 1

9 2
v kbwhU jKW viz fLo.

29
 maha 1
:

U jKW vf bgUf gy = 2
9
bfhLfgl jKW v = 1
2
` bfhLfgl jKW v # njitahd v = 2
9
1 # njitahd v = 2
2 9
njitahd v = # 2 = 4
2
9 1 9
` njitahd jKW v 4 MF.
9
xU jKW v bgUf nekhW (myJ jiy).

U jKW vf bgUf gy 1Mf Ujh xU v kw

vQF bgUf nekhW vwiHfgLwJ.

i) 7 # 23 = 1
23 7

` 7 bgUf nekhW 23 .
23 7

njngh 23 bgUf nekhW 7 .

7 23
fhf
ii) ` - 8 j # ` 12 j = 1
12 -8 1) 7 # 9 , 2) 11 # 24
8 12 12 33
` ` - 8 j bgUf nekhW ` 12 j . 3) `- 1 1 j # `- 7 2 j
12 -8 4 3
` 12 j bgUf nekhW ` - 8 j .
-8 12

(iv) jKW vf tFj

xU jKW viz kbwhU jKW vzh tFf, Kj jKW

viz ulhtJ jKW v bgUf nekhwh bgUf ntL.
vLJfhL 1.30
fLo : ` 2 j ' ` - 5 j .
3 10
:
2 5 2 ' -1
` 3 j ' `-
10 j
=
3 ` 2 j
= 2 # (- 2) = - 4
3 3

30
 bkbaf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.31
fLo : 4 3 ' 2 3 .
7 8
:
31 ' 19
4 3 ' 2 3 =
7 7 8 8
= 31 # 8 = 248
7 19 133
= 1 115
133

g 1.8
1. rahd ilia njbjLf:
i) 7 13 F rkkhdJ
13 7
(A) 7 (B) 13 (C) 1 (D) 1
ii) 7 bgUf nekhW
8
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) - 7 (D) - 8
8 7 8 7
iii) 4 ` - 22 F rkkhdJ
- 11 8 j
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
iv) 4 9 F rkkhdJ
9 36
(A) - 16 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 7
9
2. bgUFf :
i) - 12 kW 6 ii) - 7 kW 5
5 5 13 13
iii) - 3 kW 7 iv) - 6 kW 44
9 8 11 22
v) - 50 kW 28 vi) - 5 kW - 4
7 10 6 15
3. flt kfis fLo:
i) 9 # - 10 # 15 ii) - 8 # - 5 # - 30
5 4 18 4 6 10
iii) 1 1 # 2 2 # 9 3 iv) - 3 4 # - 2 1 # 9 1 v) 3 # 9 # 10
5 5 10 15 5 5 6 7 4

4. flt kfis fLo:

i) - 4 ' 9 ii) 3 ' ` - 4 j
9 -4 5 10
iii) ` - 8 j ' 7 iv) - 9 3 ' 1 3
35 35 4 40

31
 maha 1

5. U jKW vf bgUfgy 6. mtW xU v 14 v,

3
kbwhU viz fLo.
21
6. vj vQl 7 I bgUdh 4 ilF?
2

1.8 jrk vf
(i) jKW vfis jrk vfshf Fj
jrk vfis g K tFf f goUf. mtiw g
RUfkhf id Tnth.

vyh jKW vfis jrk vfshf khw Ko.

vLJfhlhf,

(i) 1 = 1'8
8

` 1 = 0.125
8

(ii) 3 = 3'4
4

` 3 = 0.75
4

(iii) 3 1 = 16 = 3.2
5 5
2 = 0.6666g ( F 6 Koyhk UgUg
(iv)
3
tJbfhoUwJ )

(ii) jrk vf Tl kW fj
vLJfhL 1.32

TLf : 120.4, 2.563, 18.964

:
120.4
2.563
18.964

141.927

32
 bkbaf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.33
63.7 UJ 43.508 I ff.
:
63.700
( ) 43.508
20.192
vLJfhL 1.34
kfhf 27.69 - 14.04 + 35.072 - 10.12.
:
27.690 14.04 62.762
35.072 10.12 24.16
62.762 24.16 38.602
il: 38.602

vLJfhL 1.35
gh xU ngdhit `177.50F xU bgiy `4.75F kW xU nehL
jfij `20.60F thdh. mtSila bkhj bry vd?
:
xU ngdh iy = ` 177.50
xU bg iy = ` 4.75
U nehLjf iy = ` 20.60
x
` gh bkhj bry = ` 202.85

(iii) jrk vf bgUf

uh 1 . gH iy `23.50 j 2.5 . gHfis thdh. mt
brYj ntoa bjhif vts? rakhf mJ `(2.5 23.50) vUF. 2.5
kW 23.5 uL jrk vfshf Uwd. jUz eh U jrk
vfis bgUf ntoa Niy cUthwJ. vdnt eh U jrk vf
bgUfiy ghngh.
bghGJ 1.5 4.3 k fhngh.
43 I 15 M bgUf ekF ilgJ 645.
4.3 kW 1.5 uoY tywJF xU yf i) 2.9 5
j jrk csJ.
Mifah, bgUf gy uL yff
ii) 1.9 1.3
tyUJ lwkhf j jrk ia itf ntL iii) 2.2 4.05
(1 + 1 = 2). vdnt 1.5 4.3 = 6.45

33
 maha 1

bghGJ 1.43 I 2.1 M bgUf Kj 143 I 21 M bgUf ntL.

bgUfgy jrk ia Ff (2 + 1 = 3) yff tyUJ lwkhf
j itf ntL. vdnt, 1.43 2.1 = 3.003 .
vLJfhL 1.36
xU rJu gf 3.2 br. v, mjDila Rwsit fLo.
:
xU rJu midJ gffS rk.
xbthU gf s = 3.2 br.
dnt, rJu Rws = 4 gf
v xU rJu
= 4 3.2 = 12.8 br. Rws= 4 gf
vLJfhL 1.37
xU brtf s 6.3 br. kW mjDila mfy 3.2 br. Mf
UwJ. brtf gu vd ?
:
brtf s = 6.3 br.
brtf mfy = 3.2 br.
brtf gu = (s) (mfy)
= 6.3 3.2 = 20.16 br.2
jrk vfis 10, 100 kW 1000 M bgUf
3.7 = 37 , 3.72 = 372 kW 3.723 = 3723 vd uh fhwh. Mfnt
10 100 1000
jrk lij bghWJ jrk viz 10 , 100 kW 1000 I gFahf
bfhl d vfshf khw Ko vgij fhwh. bghGJ xU jrk
viz 10, 100, 1000 M bgUf vd fG vgij fhngh.
vLJfhlhf,
3.23 10 = 323 10 = 32.3
100
jrk viz 10 M bgUF nghJ jrk ahdJ tyJ wkhf xU
yf efwJ.
3.23 100 = 323 100 = 323
100
jrk viz 100 M bgUF nghJ jrk
i) 0.7 10
ahdJ tyJ wkhf uL yff efwJ.
ii) 1.3 100
3.23 1000 = 323 1000
100 iii) 76.3 1000
= 3230

34
 bkbaf bjhF

g 1.9
1. rahd ilia njbjLf:
i) 0.1 0.1 F rkkhdJ
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.11 (C) 0.01 (D) 0.0001
ii) 5 100 F rkkhdJ
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.005 (C) 0.05 (D) 0.0005
iii) 1 1 F rkkhdJ
10 10
(A) 0.01 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.0001 (D) 0.1
iv) 0.4 5 F rkkhdJ
(A) 1 (B) 0.4 (C) 2 (D) 3

2. fLo :
(i) 0.3 7 (ii) 9 4.5 (iii) 2.85 6 (iv) 20.7 4
(v) 0.05 9 (vi) 212.03 5 (vii) 3 0.86 (viii) 3.5 0.3
(ix) 0.2 51.7 (x) 0.3 3.47 (xi) 1.4 3.2 (xii) 0.5 0.0025
(xiii) 12.4 0.17 (xiv) 1.04 0.03

3. fLo :
(i) 1.4 10 (ii) 4.68 10 (iii) 456.7 10 (iv) 269.08 10
(v) 32.3 100 (vi) 171.4 100 (vii) 4.78 100

4. s 10.3 br., mfy 5 br. msf cs brtf guig

fLo.

5. xU Urfu to xU l bgnuh 75.6 . uij flwJ. 10

l bgnuh vts uij mJ flF ?

(iv) jrk vf tFj:

#h mtSila tFgiwia myfhu brtjF totfis
jah brJbfhoUjh. s 1.8br. mss y tzfhj JLf
mtSF njitglJ. mt 7.2 br. sKs tzfhj Jil
thdh. j JoUJ mtSF njitahd vjid fhj
JLf mtsh bgw Ko? mt mij 7.2 br. Mf fUdh, mt
1.8
fUaJ rah?
7.2 kW 1.8 uL jrk vfshf Uwd. Mifah jrk vf
tFjiy eh bjJ bfhs ntL.

35
 maha 1
vLJfhlhf,
141.5 ' 10 = 14.15
141.5 ' 100 = 1.415 fhf:

141.5 ' 1000 = 0.1415 i) 432.5 10

ii) 432.5 100
<it bgWtjF 1F gf vjid
{af csdnth mjid yff lwkhf iii) 432.5 1000
jrk ahdJ brY.
vLJfhL 1.38
fLo 4.2 3.
:

4.2 3 = 42 ' 3 = 42 # 1
10 10 3
fhf:
= 42 # 1 = 1 # 42 i) 85.8 3
10 # 3 10 # 3
= 1 # 42 = 1 # 14 ii) 25.5 5
10 3 10
= 14 = 1.4
10
vLJfhL 1.39
fLo 18.5 5.
:
fhf:
185 I 5 M tFf 37 bgWnwh. i) 73.12 4
18.5 jrk F tygf xU yf csJ. ii) 34.55 7
vdnt 37 tyJwUJ lwkhf xU yf j
xU jrk ia itf 3.7 ilF.

xU jrk viz kbwhU jrk vzh tFj

vLJfhL 1.40
fhf:
fLo 17.6 .
0.4 i) 9.25
0.5
:
ii) 36
0.04
eh bgWtJ 17.6 0.4 = 176 ' 4
10 10 iii) 6.5
1.3
= 176 # 10 = 44.
10 4

36
 bkbaf bjhF

vLJfhL 1.41
xU kJ 129.92 . bjhiyit 3.2 k neu flwJ. xU k
neu mJ flF bjhiy vts?
:
kJth flfglbjhiy = 129.92 .
j bjhiyit flf njitahd neu = 3.2 k
Mifah, 1 k neu mJ flj bjhiy = 129.92 = 1299.2 = 40.6 .
3.2 32

g 1.10
1. rahd ilia njbjLf.
i) 0.1 0.1 F rkkhdJ
(A) 1 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.01 (D) 2

1 F rkkhdJ
ii)
1000
(A) 0.01 (B) 0.001 (C) 1.001 (D) 1.01
iii) xU M iy `12.50 v `50 F vjid Mf
thfKo ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 7

iv) 12.5 F rkkhdJ

2.5
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 10
2. fLo :
(i) 0.6 2 (ii) 0.45 5 (iii) 3.48 3
(iv) 64.8 6 (v) 785.2 4 (vi) 21.28 7
3. fLo :
(i) 6.8 10 (ii) 43.5 10 (iii) 0.9 10
(iv) 44.3 10 (v) 373.48 10 (vi) 0.79 10
4. fLo:
(i) 5.6 100 (ii) 0.7 100 (iii) 0.69 100
(iv) 743.6 100 (v) 43.7 100 (vi) 78.73 100
5. fLo :
(i) 8.9 1000 (ii) 73.3 1000 (iii) 48.73 1000

37
 maha 1
(iv) 178.9 1000 (v) 0.9 1000 (vi) 0.09 1000
6. fLo :
(i) 9 4.5 (ii) 48 0.3 (iii) 6.25 0.5
(iv) 40.95 5 (v) 0.7 0.35 (vi) 8.75 0.25
7. xU to2.4 bgnuh 55.2 . uij flwJ. l bgnuh
mto vts uij flF?
8. xnu khahd 11 igf bkhj vil 115.5 . v, 1 ig vil
vd?
9. xU jf iy ` 40.25 v, ` 362.25 F vjid jff thf
Ko?
10. xU thfd XLe 3.2 kneu 135.04 . bjhiyit flwh.
mtUila ntfij fLo?
11. U vf bgUfgy 45.36. mtW xU v 3.15 v, kw
viz fLo?

1.9 mLFf
mKf
Ma uhKit ghJ 2560000000000000 vw viz cdh gof
Kokh? vW nflh.

ij gof fodkhf csJ Iah. vW mt gyjh.

Na kW r nfhfSF ilnas bjhiy 1,433,500,000,000 .

uh#h, j viz cdh gof Kokh? vW Ma nflh.

J gogjF fodkhf csJ Iah vW mt gyjh.

bghGJ nkny bfhLfgl vLJfhLfUJ gof fodkhf

cs vfis vgo gogJ vW fhngh.

mLFf
fl Kiwf bga vfis va totkhf eh vGj Ko.
10 = 101
100 = 101 101 = = 102
1000 = 101 101 101 = 103
njnghy
21 # 21 = 22
21 # 21 # 21 = 23

38
 bkbaf bjhF

21 # 21 # 21 # 21 = 24
nkfl vLJfhLfUJ
a # a = a2 [ a tf myJ a mLF 2 F cajgLwJ
vd gofyh. ]
a # a # a = a3 [a fd myJ a mLF 3 F cajgLwJ
vd gofyh]
a # a # a # a = a4 [a ehF mLFF cajgLwJ myJ a
ehF mLF vd gofyh. ]
gggggggg
gggggggg
a # a # ... m Kiwf = am [a, m mLFF cajgLwJ myJ a
m mLF vd gofyh.

F a mokhd vwiHfgLwJ. m mLF F (myJ) mLF

vwiHfgLwJ ]

F: a2 kW a3 vgtd a tf kW a fd vw
w bgaf bgWsd.

` mLF Ffis gagL bga vfis va to ekh vGj Ko.

vLJfhL 1.42
512 I mLF bjhl TW.
:
eh bgWtJ 512 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 2

Mifah 512 = 29 vd eh brhyyh.

vLJfhL 1.43
vJ bgaJ 25 , 52 ?
:
25 = 2 # 2 # 2 2 2 = 32
kW 52 = 5 # 5 = 25 vd eh bgwyh.

32 > 25.
` 25 MdJ 52 I l bgaJ.

39
 maha 1
vLJfhL 1.44
144I gfh fhuf mLFf bgUfyhf TWf.
:
144 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 3 # 3
= 24 # 32
` 144 = 24 # 32

vLJfhL 1.45
(i) 45 (ii) (-4)5 kfis fhf.
:
(i) 45 = 4#4#4#4#4
= 1024.
(ii) (4)5 = ( 4) # ( 4) # ( 4) # ( 4) # ( 4)
= 1024.

g 1.11

1. rahd ilia njbjLf.

i) 102 F rkkhdJ
(A) 100 (B) 100 (C) 10 (D) 10

ii) ( 10)2 F rkkhdJ

(A) 100 (B) 100 (C) 10 (D) 10
iii) a a a ..... n KiwfSF rkkhdJ
(A) am (B) an (C) an (D) am + n

iv) 1033 0 F rkkhdJ

(A) 103 (B) 9 (C) 0 (D) 3

2. flt k fhf :
(i) 28 (ii) 33 (iii) 113
(iv) 123 (v) 134 (vi) 010
3. fltiw mLFbjhl mik vGJf :
(i) 7 # 7 # 7 # 7 # 7 7 (ii) 1 # 1 # 1 # 1 # 1
(iii) 10 # 10 # 10 # 10 # 10 # 10 (iv) b # b # b # b # b
(v) 2 # 2 # a # a # a # a (vi) 1003 1003 1003

40
 bkbaf bjhF

4. fltiw mLFbjhl Fpo TW (a mokhd)

(i) 216 (ii) 243 (iii) 625
(iv) 1024 (v) 3125 (vi) 100000
5. fltW bga v vJ:
(i) 45 , 54 (ii) 26 , 62 (iii) 32 , 23
(iv) 56 , 65 (v) 72 , 27 (vi) 47 , 74
6. fltiw mt gfh fhufmL bgUfyhf TWf:
(i) 100 (ii) 384 (iii) 798
(iv) 678 (v) 948 (vi) 640
7. RUFf :
(i) 2 # 105 (ii) 0 # 104 (iii) 52 # 34
(iv) 24 # 34 (v) 32 # 109 (vi) 103 # 0
8. RUFf :
(i) ( 5)3 (ii) ( 1)10 (iii) ( 3)2 # ( 2)3
(iv) ( 4)2 # ( 5)3 (v) (6)3 # (7)2 (vi) ( 2)7 # ( 2)10
mLF bjhl f
xnu khahd mokhdfis bfhl mLFfis bgUFj

1) 32 # 34 = (3 # 3) # (3 # 3 # 3 3)
= 31 # 31 # 31 # 31 # 31 # 31
= 36
2) ( 5)2 # ( 5)3 = [( 5) # ( 5) ] # [( 5) # ( 5) # ( 5)]
= ( 5)1 # ( 5)1 # ( 5)1 # ( 5)1 # ( 5)1
= ( 5)5
3) a2 # a5 = (a # a) # (a # a # a # a # a)
= a1 # a1 # a1 # a1 # a1 # a1 # a1
= a7

m kW n vw KG vfis
mLfhf, {akw mokhd a
cs U vfis bgUFtJ, U i) 25 # 27 ii) 43 # 44
mLFfis To a mL nghl
iii) p3 # p5 iv) ^- 4h100 # ^- 4h10
ntL a m # a n = a m + n .

41
 maha 1
xnu khahd mokhdfis bfhl mLFf tFj :
7
i) 27 25 = 25
2
= 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2
2#2#2#2#2
= 22
( 5) 4
ii) (- 5) 4 ' (- 5) 3 = - 3
(- 5)

= (- 5) # (- 5) # (- 5) # (- 5)
(- 5) # (- 5) # (- 5)
= - 5

tUJ bghJthf {akyhj KG a F am ' an = amn,

m kW n KG vf nkY m > n . n = m v, a m ' a m = a m - m = a0 = 1 MF.
mL mLF
fltiw ft :
(i) (33)2 = 33 33

= 33+3 = 36
(ii) (22)3 = 22 22 22

= 22+2+2

= 26
bghJthf, UJ {akyhj vj xU KG a F ^a mhn = a mn ,
m kW n KG vf.

vLJfhL: 1.46
mLF F mik vGJf. mokhd 3 vd vLJ bfhf.
9999

:
9 9 9 9 = 94 vd eh bgwyh.
9 = 3 3 vgJ ekF bj.

Mifah 94 = (32)4
= 38

42
 bkbaf bjhF

g 1.12

1. rahd ilia njbjLf.

i) am ax F rkkhdJ
x
(A) am x (B) am + x (C) am x (D) a m
ii) 1012 1010 F rkkhdJ
(A) 102 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1010
iii) 1010 102 F rkkhdJ
(A) 105 (B) 108 (C) 1012 (D) 1020
iv) (22)10 F rkkhdJ
(A) 25 (B) 212 (C) 220 (D) 210
mLFbjhl fis gagL mLF bjhl mik vGJf.
2. i) 35 # 33 # 34 3. i) 510 ' 56 4. i) ^34h3
ii) a3 # a2 # a7 ii) a6 ' a2 ii) ^25h4
iii) 7 x # 72 # 73 iii) 1010 ' 100 iii) ^45h2
iv) 100 # 102 # 105 iv) 46 ' 44 iv) ^40h10
v) 56 # 52 # 51 v) 33 ' 33 v) ^52h10

df bgUfiy gl thyhf sFj

go 1 :
X xLW jhis vLJbfhf.
go 2 :
16br. sK, 10 br. mfyK mss xU brtfij tiuJ m
8 rk ghffshf tho J m Kj _W ghffis HLf.
Ffgl d 3/8MF vgij mf.
go 3 :
16br. sK, 10 br. mfyK mss xU brtfij tiuJ m
5 rk ghffshf FWFtho J m uL ghffis HLf.
Ffgl d 2/5MF vgij mf.
go 4 :
Kj tiuagl xLW jhis ulhtJ tiuagl
xLW jhis bghU ghf.
uoY bghJthf Hlgl gF = 6
bkhjkhf bjaToa flf = 40
vdnt 3 # 2 = 6
8 5 40

43
 maha 1

id bfhf!

1. a vf N = {1, 2, 3, ...}
2. KG vf W = {0, 1, 2, ...}
3. KGf Z = {..., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
4. U if KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.
5. U Fiw KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.
6. xU if KG kW xU Fiw KG Mat bgUfgy xU Fiw
KGthF.
7. U KGf tFjyhdJ xU KGthf Uf ntoa njitiy
myJ mtaiy.
8. d vgJ xU KGgF xU gF MF.
9. bgUfgy 1Mf Uw {akyhj U vf xWbfhW
jiy vd miHfgLwd.
10. a a a ... m Kiwf = am (jid a mLF m myJ a m
MtJ mLF vd gofyh).
11. {akw KGf a, b kW KG vf m, n F
i) am an = am + n
m
ii) a n = a m - n , m > n vDnghJ
a
iii) ^a mhn = a mn
iv) ( 1)n = 1, n xU uil v vDnghJ
( 1)n = 1, n xU xiw v vDnghJ.

44
 afj

2.1 afj nfhitf

(i) mKf
eh Mwh tF x + 10, y 9, 3m + 4, 2y 8 nghw vjhd afj
nfhitfis ghUnwh.

afj nfhitf vgJ f Kakhd lij twJ.

gF afj nfhitf cUthF Kiw, nfhitfis vthW xW
nrgJ, nfhit kfis vgo fhgJ, va rkghLf mikJ
mtiw gJ nghwtiw fWbfhs Uf.

(ii) khf, khf, bfGf

kh
btntW v kfis bgwToa X cW kh (myJ cU) vdgL.
khfis a, b, c, x, y, z nghw My vGJfsh Ffyh.

kh
iyahd v k bfhl X cW xU kh vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, 3, - 25, 12 kW 8.9 Mad khf MF.
13
v nfhit
v fj braghLf _ykhf nrJ vGjgl vf v nfhit
myJ v fj nfhit vwiHfgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf, 3 + (4 5), 5 (4 2), (7 9) 5 kW (3 4) (4 5 7)
Mad v nfhitf.

afj nfhit (Algebraic Expression)

khfis, vfis (kh) fj braghLf _ykhf nrJ
vGJtJ afj nfhitahF.

45
 maha 2

vLJfhL 2.1
TW nfhit
(i) y cl 5 I TLf y+5
(ii) n UJ 8 I ff n8
(iii) 12 I x M bgUFf 12 x
p
(iv) p I 3 M tFf
3

cW
xU khahfnth myJ xU khahfnth myJ kh kW khf
bgUf nrifnah X cW vdgL.

3x2 + 6x - 5 vw nfhit, 3x2, 6x kW 5 vgit nfhit

cWf vdgL.
X cW vgJ flthW mikayh.
(i) xU kh
(ii) xU kh
(iii) xU kh kW kh (khf) bgUfgy
(iv) uL myJ mjF nkgl khf bgUf.
4a2 + 7a + 3 vw nfhit, 4a2, 7a , 3 vgd cWfshF. bkhj cWf 3.
- 6p2 + 18pq + 9q2 - 7 vw nfhit, - 6p2, 18pq, 9q2 , 7 vgd cWfshF.
bkhj cWf 4.

vjid cWf csd?

(i) 8b (iv) 7x2 y - 4y + 8x - 9
(ii) 3p 2q (v) 4m2 n + 3mn2
(iii) a2 + 4a - 5

bfG
X cW cs kh myJ fhu bfG vgJ W kbwhU
fhu MF. fhuia bfhL bfhLfgLs kh (myJ fhu)
l bgUdh mnj cW ilF.

6xy, vw cW 6,
x, y , 6x, 6y, xy kW
6xy vgd fhufshF.

46
 afj

vLJfhL 2.2
5xy vw cW,
xy bfG 5 MF (v bfG),
5x bfG y MF,
5y bfG x MF.

v bfGit fhf:
(i) 3z (ii) 8ax (iii) ab
(iv) pq (v) 1 mn (vi) - 4 yz
2 7

vLJfhL 2.3
xU bgo afj nfhitf vGjgl
mn2 vw cW, milf gy csd. mUJ xU milia
mn2 bfG 1, vLf brJ tUtdtF gyf
brf.
n2 bfG m,
l nfhitYs cWf
2
m bfG n . l nfhitYs xbthU cWY cs
khf bfG
l nfhitYs kh

y I bfhl
t.v nfhit y bfG
cW

1. 10 2y

2. 11 + yz yz z

3. yn2 + 10

4. - 3m2 y + n

47
 maha 2

g 2.1
1. rahd ilia njbjLf :
(i) - 7xy cs v bfG
(A) - 7 (B) x (C) y (D) xy
(ii) - q cs v bfG
(A) q (B) - q (C) 1 (D) - 1
(iii) z UJ 12 I fjh
(A) 12 + z (B) 12z (C) 12 - z (D) z - 12
(iv) n I - 7 M bgUdh
(A) 7n (C) 7
(B) - 7n (D) - 7
n n
(v) p _W klFl 7I nrjh
(A) 21p (B) 3p - 7 (C) 3p + 7 (D) 7 - 3p
2. tUtdt cs khfis, khfis fLo
a, 5, - xy, p, - 9.5
3. nHs xbthiw nfhitahf khw
(i) x I l 6 mf
(ii) - m UJ 7 I ff
(iii) 3q cl 11 I TLf
(iv) x _W klifl 10 mf
(v) y IJ klifl 8 Fiw

4. 3y2 - 4yx + 9x2 vw nfhit cs xbthU cWF vbfG

fhf.
5. x I bfhoUF cWig, mj bfGit fhf.
(i) y2 x + y (ii) 3 + x + 3x2 y
(iii) 5 + z + zx (iv) 2x2 y - 5xy2 + 7y2

6. y2 I bfhoUF cWig mj bfGit FLf.

(i) 3 - my2 (ii) 6y2 + 8x (iii) 2x2 y - 9xy2 + 5x2
(iii) mLF
xU kh a I, 5 Kiw bgUFtij a # a # a # a # a = a5 vd vGjyh.
(jid a mLF 5 vd Twyh). nj ngh, b # b # b = b3 (b mLF
3) kW c # c # c # c = c4 (c mLF 4). F a, b, c vgit mokhd MF.
5, 3, 4 vgit mLF MF.

48
 afj

vLJfhL 2.4
(i) - 8a2 vw cW, kh a mLF 2 MF.
(ii) m vw cW, kh m mLF 1 MF.

(iv) xj cWfS, khWgl cWfS

xj mLFfis bfhl xj kh myJ khf bgUf xj
cWf vdgL. btntW mLFfis bfhl btntW khf myJ
khf bgUf khWgl cWf vdgL.
vLJfhL 2.5
5x, 9x Ma cWf midJ x vw khiana
(i) x, -
bfhLsjh, it xj cWf vdgL.
(ii) 4x2 y, - 7yx2 Ma cWf midJ x2 y vw khiana
bfhLsjh, it xj cWf vdgL.
vLJfhL 2.6
(i) 6x, 6y Mait khWgl cWfshF.
(ii) 3xy2, 5xy, 8x, - 10y Mait khWgl cWfshF.
xj cWfis khWgl cWfis FLf.
(i) 13x kW 5x (iv) 36mn kW - 5nm
(ii) - 7m kW - 3n (v) - 8p2 q kW 3pq2
(iii) 4x2 z kW - 10zx2

kh, kh, xj kW khWgl cWf :- fLoj

xU mil bgo My vGJf x, y, z, ... vf 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
kW FpLf + , , , ' Matiw Chart Paper - bto nghl ntL.
xbthU khztfis jjahf miHJ tU braghLfis
bfhLfyh.
l khia vLf brj l khia vLf brj
l xj cWfis vLf brj l khWgl cWfis vLf brj.

(v) afj nfhit go

8x2 - 6x + 7 vw nfhitia vLJ bfhnth. 8x2, - 6x kW
7 vw 3 cWf csd. 8x2 vw cW, kh x mLF 2 MF. - 6x
vw cW, kh x mLF 1 MF. 7 vw cWig kh myJ j
cW vd Twyh.
7 = 7 # 1 = 7x0 F x mLF 0 MF. nkny TwgLs nfhit
8x2 MdJ fbga mLfhf 2 I bfhLsJ. vdnt, 8x2 - 6x + 7 vw
nfhit go 2 MF.

49
 maha 2

2 2 2
6x y + 2xy + 3y vw nfhitia vLJ bfhnth. 6x y vw
2
cW kh x y mLF 3. (x kW y mLFfis Tl eh bgWtJ
2
mjhtJ 2 + 1 = 3) 2xy vw cW kh xy mLF 2. 3y vw cW kh
y2 mLF 2.
2 2 2
vdnt, 6x y + 2xy + 3y vw nfhit 6x y vw cWghdJ fbga
mLfhf 3 I bfhLsJ. Mfnt , nfhit go 3 MF.
vdnt xnu xU khia bfhl nfhit mj kh f caj
mLF mj nfhit go vdgLwJ. xWF nkgl khfis bfhl
nfhit xbthU cWfYKs khf mLFf TLj cs
caj k mj nfhit go vdgLwJ.
F : xU kh go 0 MF.
vLJfhL 2.7
(i) 5a2 - 6a + 10 vw nfhit go 2
(ii) 3x2 + 7 + 6xy2 vw nfhit go 3
(iii) m2 n2 + 3mn + 8 vw nfhit go 4

(vi) xU afj nfhit k

xU nfhit khfis bfhlJ vW, xU kh vj kig bgwyh
vW eh mnth. vdnt xbthU kh xU kig bgWnghJ nfhit
xU kig bgWwJ.
vLJfhlhf, xU jf iy x v, 5 jff thdh,
bfhLf ntoa gz 5x MF. 5x vw nfhit kghdJ kh x vLF
kig bghWJ mik.
x = 4 v, 5x = 5 # 4 = 20 .
x = 30 v, 5x = 5 # 30 = 150.
vdnt, xU nfhit kig fhz x bfhLfgl kig ul
ntL.
vLJfhL 2.8
x = 2 v, fhQ nfhitf kig fhf.
(i) x + 5 (ii) 7x - 3 (iii) 20 - 5x2
: x = 2 vd ul
(i) x + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7
(ii) 7x 3 = 7 (2) 3
= 14 3 = 11

50
 afj

(iii) 20 5x2 = 20 5 (2)2

= 20 5 (4)
= 20 20 = 0
vLJfhL 2.9
a =- 3 , b = 2 v fl nfhitf kig fhf.
(i) a + b (ii) 9a - 5b (iii) a2 + 2ab + b2
: a =- 3 , b = 2 vd ul
(i) a + b = 3 + 2 = 1
(ii) 9a 5b = 9 ( 3) 5 (2)
= 27 10 = 37
(iii) a2 + 2ab + b2 = (- 3) 2 + 2 ( 3) (2) + 22
= 9 12 + 4 = 1
1. p =- 3 v, fl
nfhitf kig fhf.
(i) 6p - 3 (ii) 2p2 - 3p + 2
2. bfhLfgLs kig itJ nfhit
kig fhf.
x 3 5 6 10
x- 3

3. kh kig fhf.
x
2x 6 14 28 42

g 2.2
1. rahd ilia njbjLf
(i) 5m2 + 25mn + 4n2 vw nfhit go
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(ii) p = 40 , q = 20 v (p q) + 8 vw nfhit k
(A) 60 (B) 20 (C) 68 (D) 28
2 2 2
(iii) x y + x y + y vw nfhit go
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

51
 maha 2

(iv) m = - 4 v 3m + 4 vw nfhit k
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) - 12 (D) - 8
(v) p = 2, q = 3 v (p + q) - ^ p - qh vw nfhit k
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
2. flt xj cWfis FLf.
(i) 4x, 6y, 7x
(ii) 2a, 7b, - 3b
(iii) xy, 3x2 y, - 3y2, - 8yx2
(iv) ab, a2 b, a2 b2, 7a2 b
(v) 5pq, - 4p, 3q, p2 q2, 10p, - 4p2, 25pq, 70q, 14p2 q2
3. nfhitf goia FLf.
(i) x2 + yz (ii) 15y2 - 3 (iii) 6x2 y + xy
(iv) a2 b2 - 7ab (v) 1 - 3t + 7t2
4. x = 1 v, tUtdt kig fhf.
(i) 3x - 7 (ii) - x + 9 (iii) 3x2 - x + 7
5. a = 5 , b =- 3, v, tUtdt kig fhf.
(i) 3a - 2b (ii) a2 + b2 (iii) 4a2 + 5b - 3
2.2 nfhitf Tl kW fj
xj cWf TlY fjY
xj cWf, khWgl cWf g eh Kng mUnwh. xj
cWfis kLnk Tl Ko vgJ Tl mogil jJtkhF.
uL myJ mjF nkgl xj cWf Tliy fhz, mt
v bfGfis eh Tl ntL. ijnghW, uL xj cWf
ntWghL fhz, mt v bfGf ntWghil eh fhz ntL.
xj cWf Tl myJ fj fhz uL tKiwf csd. mit,
(i) il Kiw (Horizontal method)
(ii) iy FJ Kiw (Vertical method)
(i) il Kiw : j tKiw midJ cWfis il tir
tirgL, xj cWfis xW gLa d mt Tl myJ
fjiy fhz ntL.
FG braghL
vLJfhL 2.10 tFYs khztf midtiu 5 FG
fshf f. xbthU FGY cs khzt
TLj fhf : 2x, 5x. fl cs bg bgoUJ bghUfis
: 2x + 5x = ^2 + 5h # x vLJ f brf. mUJ bgf,
ngdhf, mghf, . . . vifia
= 7 # x = 7x Tw brf. xbth TLjiy fhf.
52
 afj

(ii) iy FJ Kiw : j tKiw, xj cWfis iyFjhf

vG d, eh mt Tl myJ fjiy fhz ntL.
vLJfhL 2.11
TLj fhf : 4a, 7a.
: 4a
+ 7 a
11 a
vLJfhL 2.12
TLj fhf : 7pq, - 4pq , 2pq .
: il Kiw iy FJ Kiw
7pq - 4pq + 2pq 7 pq
= ^7 - 4 + 2h # pq 4 pq
=5 pq + 2 pq
5 pq
vLJfhL 2.13
TLj fhf 5x2 y, 7x2 y, - 3x2 y, 4x2 y .
: il Kiw iy FJ Kiw
5x2 y + 7x2 y - 3x2 y + 4x2 y 5x2 y
=^5 + 7 - 3 + 4h x2 y + 7x2 y
= 13x2 y - 3x2 y
+ 4x2 y
13x2 y
vLJfhL 2.14
7a UJ 3a I ff.
: il Kiw iy FJ Kiw
7a - 3a = ^7 - 3h a 7a
= 4 a + 3 a (Fpil
(- ) khw)
4a

53
 maha 2

eh xU vUJ kbwhU viz fFnghJ ulhtJ

v Tl nekhiw Kj vQl Tl ntL. mjhtJ, 6
UJ 4 I ff, 4 Fpilkh (Tl nekhW) 6 - 4 = 2 vd
vGj ntL.
F : xU cWig fF bra vgJ mj ne khiw TL
braYF rkkhdJ. cjhuzkhf + 3a I fj vgJ 3aI TLtjF
rkkhdJ.
vLJfhL 2.15
(i) 9 xy UJ - 2xy I ff.
: 9 xy
2 xy
(+) (Fpil khw)
11 xy
(ii) - 6p2 q2 UJ 8p2 q2 I ff.
: - 6p2 q2
+ 8p2 q2
()
- 14p2 q2
xj cWfis TLtJ myJ fgJ nghW khWgl cWfis
TLtJ myJ fgJ vgJ ayhJ.
x cl eh 7I TLtjF, x + 7 vd vGJnth. x kW 7 Ma
U cWfS khwhk csd.
J nghynt khWgl cWfshd 4xy kW 5 I To t Tliy
4xy + 5 vd vGJnth. 5pq UJ 6 I fjh 5pq- 6 ilF.
vLJfhL 2.16
TLj fhf : 6a + 3, 4a - 2
: xj cWf

xj cWf

54
 afj

= 6a + 4a + 3 2 (xj cWfis xW nrj)

= 10a + 1
vLJfhL 2.17
RUFf : 6t + 5 + t + 1
: xj cWf

xj cWf

= 6t + t + 5 + 1 (xj cWfis xW nrj)

= 7t + 6
vLJfhL 2.18
TLj fhf : 5y + 8 + 3z , 4y - 5
:
5y + 8 + 3z + 4y - 5
= 5y + 4y + 8 - 5 + 3z (xj cWfis xW nrj)
= 9y + 3 + 3z (khWgl cWghd 3z mgona UF)
vLJfhL 2.19
15n2 - 10n + 6n - 6n2 - 3n + 5 vw nfhitia RUFf.
:
xj cWfis xW nrf
15n2 - 6n2 - 10n + 6n - 3n + 5
= ^15 - 6h n2 + ^- 10 + 6 - 3h n + 5
= 9n2 + ^- 7h n + 5
= 9n2 - 7n + 5
vLJfhL 2.20
TLj fhf : 10x2 - 5xy + 2y2, - 4x2 + 4xy + 5y2 , 3x2 - 2xy - 6y2 .

: 10x2 - 5xy + 2y2

- 4x2 + 4xy + 5y2
TLj fhf :
+ 3x2 - 2xy - 6y2
(i) 8m - 7n, 3n - 4m + 5
2 2
9x - 3xy + y (ii) a + b, - a + b
(iii) 4a2, - 5a2, - 3a2, 7a2

55
maha 2

vLJfhL 2.21
- 8a + 9b UJ 6a - 3b I ff
-^8 - 5h = - 8 + 5,
: - 8a + 9b
- 2^m - nh =- 2m + 2n
+ 6a - 3b vf Ffis
() (+) gagLJtJ nghynt
afj cWf
- 14a + 12b
FfS ifahsgLwJ.
vLJfhL 2.22
3^5p - q + 3h UJ 2^ p - qh I ff
: 3^5p - q + 3h - 2^ p - qh
= 15p - 3q + 9 - 2p + 2q
ff:
= 15p - 2p - 3q + 2q + 9
(i) (a+b) UJ (ab) I ff
= 13p - q + 9
(ii) ( 2x + 8y) UJ
vLJfhL 2.23 (5x 3y) I ff
a2 - b2 - 3ab UJ a2 + b2 - 3ab I ff
:
il Kiw iyFJ Kiw
^a2 - b2 - 3abh - ^a2 + b2 - 3abh a2 b2 3ab
= a2 - b2 - 3ab - a2 - b2 + 3ab a2 + b2 3ab
= - b2 - b2 () () (+)
= - 2b2 2 b2
vLJfhL 2.24
A = 5x2 + 7x + 8, B = 4x2 - 7x + 3 v , 2A - B I fhf.
: 2A = 2^5x2 + 7x + 8h
= 10x2 + 14x + 16

vdnt 2 A B = ^10x2 + 14x + 16h - ^4x2 - 7x + 3h

= 10x2 + 14x + 16 - 4x2 + 7x - 3
= 6x2 + 21x + 13

56
 afj

vLJfhL 2.25
6b2 I bgWtjF 14b2 UJ vij ff ntL?
: 14b2
6b2
()
8b2
vLJfhL 2.26
- a2 - b2 + 6ab I bgWtjF 3a2 - 4b2 + 5ab UJ vij ff
ntL?
:
3a2 - 4b2 + 5ab
- a2 - b2 + 6ab
(+) (+) ()
2 2
4a - 3b - ab

FG braghL
x2, x, 1 vd vGjgl milf xbthY 10 vifF vLJ bfhf.
mtilf w xbthY x2, x kW 1 vd vG bfhf.
1. Kj uL khztf xbthUtlK nffgl nfhitfSnfg
milfis vLJ tu brf.
2. _whtJ khztiu miHJ mnfhitfis Tl brJ ilf Toa
nfhitia gof brf.
3. njnghW kbwhU khztiu miHJ mnfhitfis ff brJ,
ilf Toa nfhitfis gof brf.

g 2.3

1. rahd ilia njbjLf:

(i) 4x, - 8x kW 7x Mat TLj
(A) 5x (B) 4x (C) 3x (D) 19x
(ii) 2ab, 4ab, - 8ab TLj
(A) 14 ab (B) - 2ab (C) 2ab (D) - 14ab
(iii) 5ab + bc - 3ab vgJ
(A) 2ab + bc (B) 8ab + bc (C) 9ab (D) 3ab
2 2
(iv) 5y - 3y - 4y + y vgJ
2 2 2 2
(A) 9y + 4y (B) 9y - 4y (C) y + 2y (D) y - 2y
(v) A = 3x + 2, B = 6x - 5 v, A - B vgJ
(A) - 3x + 7 (B) 3x - 7 (C) 7x - 3 (D) 9 x + 7

57
 maha 2

2. RUFf:
(i) 6a - 3b + 7a + 5b
(ii) 8l - 5l2 - 3l + l2
(iii) - z2 + 10z2 - 2z + 7z2 - 14z
(iv) p - ^ p - qh - q - ^q - ph
(v) 3mn - 3m2 + 4nm - 5n2 - 3m2 + 2n2
(vi) ^4x2 - 5xy + 3y2h - ^3x2 - 2xy - 4y2h
3. TLf :
(i) 7ab, 8ab, - 10ab, - 3ab
(ii) s + t, 2s - t, - s + t
(iii) 3a - 2b, 2p + 3q
(iv) 2a + 5b + 7, 8a - 3b + 3, - 5a - 7b - 6
(v) 6x + 7y + 3, - 8x - y - 7, 4x - 4y + 2
(vi) 6c - c2 + 3, - 3c - 9, c2 + 4c + 10
(vii) 6m2n + 4mn 2n2 + 5, n2 nm2 + 3, mn 3n2 2m2n 4
4. ff :
(i) 14a UJ 6a I ff
2
(ii) 6a2 b UJ - a b I ff
(iii) - 4x2 y2 UJ 7x2 y2 I ff
(iv) xy + 12 UJ 3xy - 4 I ff
(v) n^5 - mh UJ m^n - 3h I ff
2
(vi) - 10p - 6p2 UJ 9p - 5p I ff
2
(vii) 5m2 - 9 UJ - 3m + 6m + 3 I ff
2
(viii) 6s - 10 UJ - s + 12s - 6 I ff
2 2
(ix) 6n2 - 4mn - 4m2 UJ 5m + 6mn - 3n I ff
5. (i) 4x2 + 6xy I bgWtjF 3x2 + xy + 3y2 cl vij Tl ntL?
(ii) - 5p + 8q + 20 bgWtjF 4p + 6q + 14 UJ vij ff ntL?
(iii) A = 8x - 3y + 9, B =- y - 9 kW
C = 4x - y - 9 v, A + B - C I fhf.
6. xU Knfhz _W gff 3a + 4b - 2, a - 7 kW 2a - 4b + 3
v, mj Rws vd?
7. xU brtf gff 3x + 2 kW 5x + 4 v, mj Rwsit
fhf.
8. uh nkrilfhf ` 4a+3 kW nehLjffhf ` 8a - 5 bry
brwh v, uLF bry br bkhj bjhif vts?

58
 afj

9. xU f s 10x - 3 mUJ gaghoF 3x + 5 s

btobaLfgLwJ v jKs f s vts?
10. A = p2 + 3p + 5 kW B = 2p2 - 5p - 7 v,
(i) 2A + 3B (ii) A- B fhf.
11. P = m2 + 8m kW Q =- m2 + 3m - 2 v P - Q + 8 k
fhf.

id bfhf!
1. afj, fj xU gF MF. fj braghLf, vf
kW My vGJfis cslajhf gF csJ.

2. ntWgl v kfis vLJ bfhsToa xU msoF xU kh

myJ cU vdgL.

3. iyahd v kig bgwToa xU msL kh vdgL.

4. khfis, vfis fj braghLf _ykhf nrJ vGjgL

nfhit afj nfhitahF.

5. gy cWfsh cUthdJ nfhitf vdgL.

6. xj mLFfis bfhl xj kh myJ khf bgUf xj

cWf vdgL. btntW mLFfis bfhl btntW khf
myJ khf bgUf khWgl cWf vdgL.

7. xU khah Md xU nfhit go vgJ mj kh f caj mLF

MF. xWF nkgl khfsh Md xU nfhitgo vgJ xbthU
cWY cs khfSila mLFf TLj cs caj k
MF.

59
 maha 3

toa
toa vgJ fj xU MF. J toa cUtf
gntWgl gfis bjJ bfhs gagLwJ. nuf bkh ``toa
vgjF `` msL vw bghUshF. toayhdJ bghUf cUt,
ms, iy kW w toa gfisg bjJ bfhs cjwJ.
bt, folfiy, tiufiy kW bgha Ma Jiwf toa
gF bgUks cgnahf csJ.
3.1. ghit
toa mogil TWf:
KtFf toa mogil TWf ytiw eh goUnwh.
mtiw nghJ id Tnth.

Tikahd xU bgyh itfgL xU

milahs rhjhuzkhf vd FfgLwJ.
xU F s, mfy jok VJiy. Mdh
iy csJ. A, B, C, D ... vw My bga
vGJfsh FfgLwJ. gl A,
B, C, D vgd f
gl 3.1
nfhL
nfhL vgJ xU efU ghijahF. bg Kidia xU
jh itJ efJ bghGJ clhF ghij xU nfhL MF. nfhoF s
cL. Mdh mfy ilahJ. nfhL
AB-I AB vW vGjyh. xU nfhoid
l, m, n, vw My vGJfsh
Ffyh. eh mij nfhL l, nfhL m,
nfhL n vW gofyh. xU nfhL
gl 3.2
uL gffY Koyhk
brYtjh mjF Kof ilahJ.

f
xU fUF Jtf cL Mdh Ko ilahJ.
Jtfia iyahd vdyh.
F OA vgJ f mij OA vd vGjyh. mjhtJ
f O UJ s A tahf brwJ. gl 3.3

60
 toa

nfhLJL
AB vgJ xU nenfhL vf. mj nenfho J C,D vw fis
vLJbfhf. AB xU gF CD MF. CD I xU nfhLJL vd Twyh
jid CD vW vGJt. xU nfhLJoF uL
Kof csd. gl 3.4

js
js vgJ vyh gffY Koyhk brY xU rkgughF.
nkir nkgu, fUgyif, Rtf Mait jsF cjhuzfshF.

3.2. rk jik
rk jik vgJ toa TWf KakhdJ. J bghJthf
aif fhzgLwJ kW e mwhl thifY cgnahf csJ.
tiufiyahsf, cgahsf , tiugljahghsf, folJiwahsf
kW gy rk jikf fUij cgnahfgLJwhf. njTL, f,
ku iyf, ifFil, ghuf rk totij bfhLsd.

gl 3.5
xU bghU U miughff xnwhblhW cUt kW ms
rahf bghUdh mJ rk jik vd TwgLwJ. eh xU glij
uL ghahf koF bghGJ uL miugF-lJ gh kW tyJ
gh xnwhblhW bghUdh mglid
rk jik bfhlJ vd Twyh.
cjhuzkhf xU Mis U rkghffshf
btodh, mU ghffS rkuhf UF.

Muh cs
jh{khAh rk jik
gl 3.6 bgWs idd

61
 maha 3

tzJ rk jikF kW xU vLJfhlhF.

tzJ cl eLnt xU nfhL tiujh, mj UghfK rkkhf
njhW.

gl 3.7
gytifahd rk jikf csd. mtW fl rk
jikfis g fhngh.
1. rk nfhL myJ rk mR
2. Mo rk jik
3. RH rk jik
1. rk nfhL
gl 3.8 l nfhL glij uL rkghffshf wJ.
glij mjnfhLl kojh xU gFahdJ kbwhU gFl rahf
xnwhblhW bghUJ. j lnfhil rk nfhL vnwh.
bfhLfgl gl cs nfhlhdJ U rk gFfshf J lJgh
tyJghnahL rahf bghUJkhmnfhL
rknfhL myJ rk mR vdgL.

braghL 1:
xU brtf totjhis vLJbfhf.
mjjhis sth xUKiw kof m
xU gh kbwhU ghnahL rahf bghUJkhW
itJ sth koJ ig njf.
bghGJ J kWgo mfyth kof.
gl 3.8
j fhj ko UJ f
brtfF uL rknfhLf csd vgij mayh.

gl 3.9

thf : izfu rk jikia bgWsjh?

62
 toa

braghL 2:
0 0 0
totfbgo cs uL Knfhz tot fU 30 , 60 , 90 .
vw Knfhztotij vLJ bfhf. ijnghw kbwhU
Knfhztot fUia vLJbfhf. mtiw gl 3.10
csthW gf itJ `gl tot itf.

tot vjid rknfhLfis bfhLsJ?

jgl mj _iylij xU rk nfhlhf

bfhLsJ vgij f bjJ bfhsyh.

braghL 3: gl 3.10

bfhLfgl xGF gynfhzf rk jikia fhj ko

Kiwgo fLoJ rknfhil lnfho _y fhf.

rkgf Knfhz rJu xGF xGF

Infhz mWnfhz
gl 3.11

nkTa fhj kof _y

(i) rkgf KnfhzF _W
rknfhLf.
xU gynfhz,
(ii) rJuF ehF rknfhLf
xGF gynfhz
(iii) xGF InfhzF IJ v mt vyh
rknfhLf. gffS rkkhf
vyh nfhzfS
(iv) xGF mWnfhzF MW rkkhf UF.
rknfhLf csd vgij
mayh.
xbthU xGF gynfhzfS vjid gffis
bfhLsnjh mjid rknfhLfis bfhLsd.

63
 maha 3

xGF gy nfhzfis fL kof

tl gy rk
nfhLfis bfhLsJ.

rk jik bgyhj totfS, cUtfS cL.

My vGJf
rknfhLf
yhj vGJfis
mrkgf Knfhz xGfw cUt goaLf.

gl 3.12
nkny cs glfSF rknfhLf ilahJ. mglfis rk
jikawit vd Twyh.

bghU ug vgJ Mo ug
2. Moia bghWj rk jik
eh fzho ghF bghGJ fzho cw
eKila ugig fhnwh. j ug fzho
vbuhgh clhwJ. MoF Kdh eh vts
u Unwhnkh mnj u MoF cw eKila
ug UF.
gl 3.13
nkny cs gl rkjs Moia eLnfho nk
itjh gl miugF rkjs Mo thyhf kw
miugFia vbuhf brwJ. ntWj brhyntLkhdh
eh rkjs Moia vjnfho itnwhnkh mjnfhL mglij U
rkghffshf wJ. mit xj msY nfho xU gf mnfho
ugig mnj u mLj gf bfhLsJ. Mfnt J Mo
rk jik vdgLwJ.
eh Mo vbuhig Muh bghGJ lJ tyJ khwfis gl
ftfyh.
vLJfhL 3.1
bfhLfgLs gl Moia bghWj
rk jik vbuhig fhLwJ.

64
 toa

g 3.1

1. rahd ilia njbjLf.

i) Urkgf KnfhzF
(A) rknfhLf ilahJ (B) xU rknfhL
(C) _W rknfhLf (D) gy rknfhLf
ii) izfuF
(A) uL rknfhLf (B) ehF rknfhLf
(C) rknfhLf ilahJ (D) gyrknfhLf
iii) brtfF
(A) uL rknfhLf (B) rknfhLf ilahJ
(C) ehF rknfhLf (D) gy rknfhLf
iv) rhrJuF
(A) rknfhLf ilahJ (B) ehF rkfnfhLf
(C) uL rknfhLf (D) MW rknfhLf
v) mrkgf KnfhzF
(A) rknfhLf ilahJ (B) _W rknfhLf
(C) xU rknfhL (D) gy rknfhLf
2. fl glf vit rknfhLfis bfhLsd? mit
vjid rknfhLfis bfhLsd?

3. nH bfhLfgl glfSF nfhol nenfhL Mork

nfhL v Mork jikia gagL kbwhU gFia tiuf.

65
 maha 3

4. fl mltizia uf:
rknfhLf
cUt khgl
vif
rkgf Knfhz
rJu
brtf
Urkgf Knfhz
rhrJu

5. fl vifs rknfhLfis bfhl Knfhz

bgafis vGJf
(i) xU rknfhL.
(ii) _W rknfhL.
(iii) rknfhLf ilahJ.
6. My bga vGJf
(i) xU iy FJnfhil bghWJ xU rknfhil cila
vGJfis.
(ii) xU ilnfhil bghWJ xU rknfhil cila
vGJfis.
(iii) ilnfhil iyFJ nfhil bghWJ U
rknfhLfis cila vGJfis goaLf.
3. RH rk jik
0 0
tU glfUJ eh ikaij (O it) itJ 90 myJ 180 F RHW
bghGJ ekF ilF cUtfis fhzyh.

0
vGJ H 90 RH 180 RH
gl. 3.14

0
rJu 90 RH 180 RH
gl 3.15

66
 toa

brtf 0
90 RH 180 RH

gl. 3.16
0
xU rJuij 90 F RHa wF mnj totKs rJu ilF .
Mdh xU brtfij 180F RHa wFjh mnj totKs brtf
ilwJ. j totfis 360F Fiwthf RHW bghGJ mnj tot
ilgij RH rk jik vW brhnwh.

RHnfhz
xU Fl ia bghWJ vj Fiwj nfhz ms xU
totij RHdh mnj tot ilwnjh mj nfhzij RH nfhz
vW mj ia RHika vW TWnwh.
braghL 4:
uL miljhfis vLJ xU rkgf Knfhzij xbthU
milY tiuJ bto bfhs.
Knfhzf uL rt rkkhf
UfntL. xU miljh xU
tl tiuJ fofhu RW irF
vir 0 ghifUJ 360 ghif
tiu Ff. bghGJ Knfhzij
kbwhU Knfhz J rahf
bghUj brJ tl tot miljh
ika Knfhz ikaf tna
xU F^ia bghUj. nkny cs
Knfhz nH cs KnfhzJl
rahf L xU Kiw bghUJ tiu
RHw.
Knfhzij 120 RHa wF mJ L nHs Knfhz
rahf bghUJtij fhzyh .
kWgo ulhtJ Kiw nkny cs Knfhz nH cs
KnfhzJl bghUJ tiu RHw. bghGJ f nkny cs
Knfhz 240 jdJ MugiyUJ RH milJsij fhzyh.
nkny cs Knfhzij _whtJ Kiw nH cs KnfhzJl
bghUj bra. bghGJ nkny cs Knfhz xU KGRW 360

67
 maha 3

Mug iyia milJsij fhzyh. nkfl brafUJ f

rkgf Knfhz RHnfhz 120 vd mayh.

0
rkgf 60 RH 0
120 RH
Knfhz gl 3.17
mWnfhz RH nfhz

mWnfhz 0
60 RH
gl 3.18
nkny cs glf 3.15 UJ 3.18 tiu
ekF rJu, brtf, rkgf Knfhz kW mWnfhz Maitf
0 0 0 0
Kiwna 90 , 180 , 120 , 60 RH xj totf ilJsd.
Mfnt
0
(i) rJu RH nfhz 90
0
(ii) brtf RH nfhz 180
0
(iii) rkgf Knfhz RH nfhz120
0
(iv) mWnfhz RH nfhz 60

RH rk tir
RH rk tir vgJ xU tot vjid Kiwf xU KGR mnj
totij ngh csnjh mj vif RH rk tir vdgL. xU
0
bghU RHnfhz x v mj
RH rk tir = 360 0
x
gl 3.15 UJ 3.18 tiu.

68
 toa

RH rk tir
0
(i) rJuF 360 = 4
0
90
0
(ii) brtfF 360 = 2
0
180
0
(iii) rkgf KnfhzF 360 = 3
120
0
(iv) mWnfhzF 360 = 6.
0
60
vLJfhL 3.2
rk nfhLf yhj totf RH rk jik bfhljhf
Ufyh.
f fhj fhwho brJ ghUfsh? gl cs fhj
fhwho rk jik csJ ngh njhWwJ. Mdh m rk
nfhil fhz KoahJ. glij kojh uL gh rahf bghUjhJ.
UD f mij mj ikaia itJ 90 RHF RHW nghJ
fhj fhwho mnj khahfnt njhwkF. fhwho RH rk tir
bgWsJ. vW eh Twyh.
D C B A

A C D B C A B D

B A D C

90 90 90

0 0 0
xU KGR ehF iyf Kiwna 90 , 180 270 kW 360f
RHW bghGJ fhwho mnjkh njhwkwJ. j fhuzkhf fhwho
ehF RH rk tiria bgWsJ vW Twyh.
braghL 5:
gl fhoathW miljh myJ fhj Knfhzij bto
bfhs. mij gyif J itJ tiugl Cia mj
xU c bghUj. bghGJ mj Knfhz
0
cia 90 F xbthU Kiw RH mJ j iyia
tjil tiu RHw. UJ f xbthU 90cF
tU glf ii UJ v ilgij fhzyh.

69
 maha 3

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v)

0
mj Knfhz mj iyia 360 F wF tjilwJ. Mfnt
0
j Knfhz RHnfhz 360 mj RH rk tir 3600 = 1 .
0

360

g 3.2
1. rahd ilia njbjLf:

i) rkgf Knfhz RHnfhz

0 0 0 0
(A) 60 (B) 90 (C) 120 (D) 180
ii) rJu RH rk tir

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 1.

0
iii) xU bghU RHnfhz 72 v mj RH rk tir

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

iv) S vw vG RHnfhz
0 0 0 0
(A) 90 (B) 180 (C) 270 (D) 360
v) V vw vG RH rk tir xW v mj RHnfhz
0 0 0 0
(A) 60 (B) 90 (C) 180 (D) 360

70
 toa

2. tU glf bfhLJs RH ikaij itJ RHW bghGJ

xU a iyF tJsd. mj cUt vjnfhz RH
milJsJ vgij gnrhf.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

3. tU glf RH ika O v mj RHnfhz kW

RH rk tiria fLof .

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

4. xU tlrfu vL Mufhfis bfhLsJ. mj
RHnfhz kW RH rk tir vd?

3.3 nfhz
xU bghJthd UJ uL ff
brY bghGJ nfhz clhwJ. + AOB- O vgJ
bghJ c, OA kWOB vgd uL ff.

nfhzf tiff gl 3.19

(i) FWnfhz
0
xU nfhz ms 0 I l mfkhf 90 I
l Fiwthf csJ v mJ FWnfhz MF.
0 0 0 0 0
cjhuz : 15 , 30 , 60 , 75 , gl -3.20 + AOB =30
vgJ FWnfhz. gl 3.20

71
 maha 3

(ii) brnfhz
nfhz ms 90cv mJ brnfhz vdgL.
gl 3.21 + AOB = 90cvgJ brnfhz.

gl 3.21

(iii) nfhz
0
xU nfhz ms 90cI l mfkhf 180 I
l Fiwthf csJ v mJ nfhz MF
0 0 0 0
vLJfhL: 100 , 110 , 120 , 140 gl 3.22
+ AOB = 110cvgJ nfhz. gl 3.22

(iv) nenfhz
xU nfhz ff, vffshf cUthF
nghJ nenfhL clhwJ. thW clhF
0 gl 3.23
nfhz nenfhz kW mj k 180 gl 3.23
0
+ AOB = 180 vgJ nenfhz.

(v) tisnfhz
nfhz ms 1800 I l mfkhf3600 I
l Fiwthf cs nfhz tisnfhz.
gl3.24 + AOB = 220vgJ tisnfhz gl 3.24

(vi) KGnfhz
gl 3.25 OP kW OQ xU KGtl
0
mjhtJ 360 VgLJ nfhzij KGnfhz gl 3.25
vg.
bjhlila nfhzf
(i) unfhzf
0
uL nfhzf TLj 90 v mj
uL nfhzfS unfhzf MF. xbthU
nfhzK kbwhUnfhz unfhz MF.
0 0 0
30 unfhz 60 MF. kW 60
unfhz 300 . gl 3.26

72
 toa

(ii) if u nfhzf
0
uL nfhzf TLj 180
v mj uL nfhzfS if
unfhz MF. xbthU nfhzK
kbwhU nfhz if u nfhz
0
MF. 120 if unfhz 60
0
60 if unfhz 120 .
gl 3.27

tU
nrhonfhzf if
unfhzf myJ
unfhzf vJ uf :
vgij fL of 0
0 0
(m) 85 unfhz____
(m) 80 kW 10 ____
0 0 (M) 30 unfhz____
(M) 70 kW 110 ____
0
0 0
() 40 kW50 ____ () 60 if unfhz____
0
0 0
(<) 95 kW 85 ____ (<) 90 if unfhz____
0 0
(c) 65 kW 115 ____

btLnfhLf

jf mLJs My vGJ X FWF rhiyf

f
gl 3.28
gl 3.28 uL nfhLf l1 kW l2 I fhf. uL nfhLfS
P vw tna brwJ. l1 kW l2 vw nfhLf P vw
btLwd. uL nfhLfSF xU bghJ Ujh mit btL
nfhLf vdgL. P vgJ btobfhS .

73
 maha 3

btL nfhLf cs nfhzf

C
U nfhLf xU
btobfhS nghJ nfhzf
cUthwd.
gl 3.29 UnfhLf
AB kW CD O vw
btLwd. + COA, + AOD, + DOB,
+ BOC vw nfhzf cUthwd. gl 3.29 gl 3.30
j ehF nfhzf Unfhzf
FWnfhzfshf kw U nfhzf nfhzfshf UF.
Mdh gl 3.30 U btL nfhLf xWbfhW brFjhf
csjh ehF nfhzfS brnfhzfshf csd.

mLJs nfhzf
uL nfhzf bghJ cia xU
bghJfiu bfhoUjh mit mLJs
nfhzf vW miHfgLwd.
gl 3.31 + BAC kW + CAD vgd mLJs
nfhzf. (mjhtJ . + x kW + y) mnfhzf AC vw
bghJfiu A vw bghJ cia bfhLsd.
Unfhzf + BAC kW + CAD vgd AC vw gl 3.31
bghJfUF gfF xwhf mikJsd.

+ ROP kW + QOP tU glij ghf

vgd mLJs
nfhzf my V?

jfij nkny cs gl
csgo J ghf. U
nfhzfS mLJs
nfhzfsh?

(i) xU nfho jhd mLJs nfhzf

xU nenfho J xU f tiuagL bghGJ
U nfhzf clhwd. mU nfhzfS
nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf vdgL.
gl 3.32

74
 toa

gl 3.32 AB vw nfho J f OC wJ + BOC kW

+ COA vgd AB vw nfho J VgL mLJs nfhzf MF. F
O vgJ bghJ c vW OC vgJ bghJthd f vW TwgLwJ. OA
kW OB vw ff OC vw bghJ fUF vbu gf mikJsd.
xU nfho J cs U nfhzf mLJs nfhzf v mit
bghJ cia bghJ fiu kw uL ff xWbfhW bghJ
fUF vbu gffY UF.

(ii) xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj 180

gl 3.33 gl 3.34
0
gl. 3.33 + AOB = 180 vgJ nenfhz.
gl 3.34 AB vw nfho J f OC wJ. + AOC kW + COB
0
vgd mLJs nfhzf + AOB vgJ nenfhz vdnt mj k 180
0
+ AOC + + COB = 180
UJ xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj
0
180 vW mayh
F 1: xU nrho mLJs nfhzf bghJtw f vbu ffshF.
F 2: uL mLJs ifu nfhzf xU ne nfhzij
clhFwd.

1, 2 vW Fl nfhzf mLJs nfhzfsh?

mit mLJs nfhzf iy v ilia bjgLJf..

75
 maha 3

fhf btL gyif cs f ngdh jh ngdh

gyif xU nrho ne nfhzfis xU nrho ne nfhzij
VgLJwJ VgLJwJ.

thf:
(i) uL mLjLj FWnfhzf xU nrho nenfhzij
cUthFkh?
(ii) uL mLjLj nfhzf xU nrho nenfhzij
cUthFkh?
(iii) uL mLjLj brnfhzf xU nrho nenfhzij
cUthFkh?
(iv) mLjLj xU FWnfhzK, xU nfhzK xU nrho
nenfhzij cUthFkh?

(iii) xU clhF nfhz

O
gl 3.35 O ehF nfhzf
0
clhwd. mj ehF nfhzf TLj 360 .
0
mjhtJ + 1 + + 2 + + 3 + + 4 = 360 gl 3.35
(iv) Fbj nfhzf
AB, CD vw ne nfhLfOvw
bto bfhlh + AOC, + BOD vw xU nrho
Fbj nfhzfis + DOA, + COB vw kbwhU
nrho Fbj nfhzfis clhFwd.
gl 3.36

tU e mwhl thif
cs vLJfhL bghUf
Fbj nfhzfSF vLJfhlhF.

76
 toa

braghL 6: gl UgJngh l kW
3.37 m,
vw UnfhLfis P vw btLkhW tiuf. + 1,
+ 2, + 3 , + 4 vgdtiw gl 3.37 csthW Ff.
xF jh bfhL mjglij tiua. mj glij _y
gl J itJ + 1 I mj gl bghUJkhW, + 2 I mj gl
bghUJkhW itf.
F^ia l kW m btL P bghUj. mjglij
0
180 F RHw. kWgo mjnfhLf bghUJ wdth?

3
4
RHWbghGJ 2 ilwJ
1
gl 3.37
+ 1, + 3 j iyfis kh bfhwJ. nj ngh + 2, + 4 Mad
khbfhtij fhf. (nfhLf iy khwhk bragoUwJ.)
vdnt + 1 = + 3 kW + 2 = + 4.
UJ uL nfhLf bto bfhS nghJ
C A
VgL Fbj nfhzf rk vW mayh.
1
bghGJ toa fUJgo ij %ngh.
AB, CD nfhLf O vw btobfhS
bghGJ + 1, + 2, + 3 + 4 cUthwd.
0
bghGJ + 1 = 180 + 2 " (i)
gl 3.38
(Vbd
nfho J clhF mLJs
0
nfhzf TLj 180 )
0
+ 3 = 180 + 2 " (ii)
0
(Vbd nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj180 ).
(i) kW (ii) UJ
+ 1 = + 3 kW J ngh + 2 = + 4 vd %fyh.
vLJfhL 3.3
bfhLJs gl tUtdtiw milahs fhf
(m) uL nrho mLJs nfhzf.
(M) uL nrho Fbj nfhzf.

77
 maha 3

:
(m) uL nrho mLJs nfhzf
(i) +EOA, +COE Vbd OE vgJ + EOA kW +COE F bghJthdJ
(ii) + COA, + BOC Vbd OC vgJ + COA kW + BOC F bghJthdJ
(M) uL nrho Fbj nfhzf
i) + BOC, + AOD
ii) + COA, + DOB.
vLJfhL 3.4
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf
:
0
+ BCD + + DCA = 180
0
(Vbd + BCA = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
45 + x = 180
x = 180 45
= 135
0
` x k 135 .
vLJfhL 3.5
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf.
:
0
+ AOD + + DOB = 180
0
(Vbd + AOB = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
0 0
100 + x = 180
0 0
x = 180 - 100
0
= 80
0
` x - k 80 .
vLJfhL 3.6
bfhLJs glUJ x - kig fhf.
:
0
+ POR + + ROQ = 180
0
( Vbd + POQ = 180 vgJ nenfhz)

78
 toa

0
x + 2x = 180
0
3x = 180
0
x = 180
3
0
= 60
0
` x k 60
vLJfhL 3.7
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf.
:
0
+ BCD + + DCA = 180
0
(Vbd + BCA = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
0
3x + x = 180
0
4x = 180
0
x = 180
4
0
= 45
0
` x k 45
vLJfhL 3.8
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf.
:
0
+ BCD + + DCE + + ECA = 180
0
(Vbd + BCA = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
0 0 0
40 + x + 30 = 180
0 0
x + 70 = 180
0 0
x = 180 - 70
0
= 110
0
` x k 110 .
vLJfhL 3.9
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf.

:
0 0
+ BCD + + DCE + + ECA = 180 (Vbd + BCA=180 vgJnenfhz).

79
 maha 3
0 0 0
x + 20 + x + x + 40 = 180
0 0
3x + 60 = 180
0 0
3x = 180 - 60
0
3x = 120
x = 120 = 40
0

3
0
` x k 40
vLJfhL 3.10
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf.

:
0
+ BOC + + COA + + AOD + + DOE + + EOB = 360
0
(Vbd xU VgL nfhz ms 360 )
0
2x + 4x + 3x + x + 2x = 360
0
12x = 360
0
x = 360
12
0
= 30
0
` x k 30
vLJfhL 3.11
C
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf.
:
0
+ BOD + + DOE + + EOA = 180
0
(Vbd + AOB = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
0
2x + x + x = 180
0
4x = 180
0
x = 180
4
0
= 45
0
` x k45

80
 toa

g 3.3
1. rahd ilia njbjLf:
i) uL nfhLf btobfhS nghJ VgL bghJ
vif
(A) xW (B) uL (C) _W (D) ehF
ii) xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj
0 0 0 0
(A) 90 (B) 180 (C) 270 (D) 360
iii) gl + COA vgJ
0 0
(A) 80 (B) 90
0 0
(C) 100 (D) 95
iv) gl + BOC vgJ
0 0
(A) 80 (B) 90
0 0
(C) 100 (D) 120
v) gl CD vgJ ABF brFJ
nfhL v + BCE k.
0 0
(A) 45 (B) 35
0 0
(C) 40 (D) 50
2. tU glfUJ mLJs nfhzfis vGJf

3. gl cs Fbj nfhzfis fhf.

4. bfhLfgoUgJ + A v + B I fhf?
0
(i) 30
0
(ii) 80
(iii) 70
(iv) 60
0
(v) 45

81
 maha 3

0
5. gl AB, CD btL nfhLf, + DOB = 35 v kw nfhzf
msfis vGJf.

6. fl glfUJ x kig fhf.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v) (vi)

7. fl gl AB, CD vw UnfhLf O vw
btL nghJ x , y kfis fhf.

8. xU nfho jhd uL mLJs nfhzf 4x kW 3x + 5

v x kig fhf.

82
 toa

id bfhf!
1. xU bghU uL miughff totY msY rahf
bghUJtJ rk jik vW TwgLwJ.

2. xU nfhL bfhLJs gl mikig Urk gFfshf wJ. lJ

gh tyJ ghnahL rahf bghUJkh mtot rkuhf csJ
vdyh. mnfhL rknfhL myJ rk mR vdgL.

3. xbthU xGF gy nfhzfS vjid gffis bfhLsnjh

mjid rknfhLfis bfhLsd.

4. y bghUfSF glfSF rknfhLf ilahJ.

5. totfis 360F Fiwthf RHWbghGJ mnj tot ilgij RH

rk jik vW brhnwh.

6. xU tot mj ikaij itJ vjid Kiwf xU KGR mnj

totij ngh csnjh mj vif RH rk tir vdgL.

7. rk nfhLf yhj totf RH rk jik bfhljhf

Ufyh

8. uL nfhzf bghJ cia, bghJfiu bfhoUjh

mit mLJs nfhzf vW miHfgLwd.

9. xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj 180.

10. uL nfhLf btobfhS nghJ VgL Fbj nfhzf

rk.

11. xU clhF nfhz ms 360 MF.

83
 maha 4

brKiw toa
4.1 mKf

gFahdJ mKiw toa Vbfdnt goJ mj fUJfis

J bfhs nkY mtiw cW brJ bfhs khztfSF cjwJ.
nk tFf mKiw toa %f UF fUJf mogil
mit bgWtjF gF nkY cjwJ. cWahf, midJ khztfS
tiuj Mtkhf bragL ghlfUJfis vjhf fW bfhthf.

eh K tF nenfhLf, iznfhLf, brFJ nfhLf tiutJ

kW nfhzf mikgJ Matiw bjJ bfhnlh.

eh j tF, xU nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhL tiuj, nfhz

Urkbto tiuj Matiw msnfh kW ftuhaij gagL
y nfhzfis mikj kW Knfhzf tiuj Matiw
bjJ bfhs nghnwh.

ghit

bfhLfgl glfUJ nfhzf, iznfhLf kW brFJ

nfhLf Mat fUid id Tj.

fl mltiz bfhLfgLs glfUJ f,

nfhLJLf, nfhzf, iznfhLf, brFJ nfhLf Matiw
flnth.

gl UJ flagl
t.
v gl nfhL iz brFJ
f nfhzf
JL nfhLf nfhLf
AB, 1 - +BAD
BC, ( + A) AB = AD
A, B,
CD, 2 - +DCB AB || DC AB = BC
1 C kW AD ( + C) BC || AD BC = CD
D
kW 3 - +DBA CD = AD
BD 4 - +CBD

84
 brKiw toa

gl UJ flagl
t.
v gl nfhL iz brFJ
f nfhzf
JL nfhLf nfhLf

4.2 bfhLfgl nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhL :

(i) braghL : fhjjh koj.

zz xU fhj jh J AB vw nfhLJL
tiuf.

zz nfhLJo Kid B MdJ A J

mikkhW jhid kof. jh nk XY vw
ko nfhil VgLJf.
Y

zz fhjij f. fhjko nfhL XY MdJ , O

AB nfhLJoid btL ia O vd
Ff. Y

85
 maha 4

zz msJ ghj OA = OB vd, ko nfhL XY MdJ AB nfhLJoF

brFjhf UgJ bja tUwJ.

zz ko nfhL XY MdJ, AB nfho ikaFJ nfhL MF.

xU nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhL vgJ mnfhLJo

ika tiuagL brFJ nfhL MF.

(ii) bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJ nfhL tiuj :

go 1 : bfhLfgl mss
AB nfhLJL tiuf.

go 2 : A I ikakhf bfhL
AB s ghF
nk Xnu MuKs f,
AB nfhoF nkY, G
mikkhW tiuf.

go 3 : B I ikakhf bfhL
mnj MuKs uL
tlf tiuf.
mit Kija tl
fis P kW Q f
btLwd.

86
 brKiw toa

go 4 : PQI nr. PQ MdJ

AB I O btLwJ
vf.

P Q MdJ AB
ikaFJnfhL MF.

ikaFJ nfhL PQ J VnjD xU ia Ff.

mahdJ, A kW B MatUJ rk u csJ
vgij rghf.

f:
xU nfhLJo bfhLfgl xU nfhLJoF
ikaFJ nfhlhdJ xF nkgl ikaFJ
mnfho rk mR MF. nfhLf Uf Kokh?

vLJfhL 4.1
AB = 8 br. mss nfhL-
JoF ikaFJ nfhL tiuf.
:
go 1 : AB = 8 br. mss
nfhLJL tiuf.
8 br.

go 2 : A I ikakhf bfhL
AB s ghF
nk Xnu MuKs
tlf,AB
nfhoF nkY, G
mikkhW tiuf.

87
 maha 4

go 3 : B I ikakhf bfhL tiuagL mnj MuKs tlf

Kija fis X kW Y f btLkhW tiuf.
go 4 : XY I nrf. mJ nfhLJL AB I O btLwJ.
XY MdJ AB ikaFJ nfhL MF.

1. PQ = 6.5 br. I lkhf bfhl xU tl tiuf.

2. 12 br. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf. jid ftuhaij
gagL ehF rkghffshf f. msJ rghf.
3. bfhLfgl nfhLJL ACF ikaFJ nfhL tiuf.
mikaFJ nfhL bfhLfgl nfhoid O btLwJ
vf. O vw UJ rk u B kW D fis
ikaFJ nfho J Ff. A, B, C kW D Ma
fis tirahf nrf. mthW nrfgl nenfhLf
midJ rk s ciladth vgij rghf.
f!
nkfl tiuj OA = OB = OC = OD vW UFkhW B kW
D fis ikaFJ nfho J Ff. A, B, C kW D
fis tirahf nrf. wF
1. nrfgl nfhLf rk s ciladth?
2. _iy nfhzf brnfhzfshf UFkh?
3. cUt bga Tw Kokh?

4.3 nfhz U rk bto :

(i) braghL : jh koj .

zz xU fhjjhid vLJ mj J O
vw iaF. O I Kidahf
bfhL + AOB nfhzij clhF
OA kW OB ffis tiuf.

C
zz OA kW OB ff x J xW
gokhW O vw tahf jhid
koJ xU ko nfhoid VgLj.

88
 brKiw toa

zz jhid j wF UF ko
nfhoid OC vf. msJ ghj + AOC
kW + BOC Ma nfhzf rkkhf csd.
zz Mifah, jh ko nfhL OC MdJ
bfhLfgl nfhzij U rkghffshf
wJ .
zz j ko nfhL + AOB rknfhL MF.

zz j rknfhL + AOB nfhz Urk bto MF.

bfhLfgl xU nfhz, nfhz Urk bto vgJ

mnfhzij U rk ghffshf F rk nfhL MF.

(ii) msnfh kW ghifkhia gagL bfhLfgl

nfhz, nfhz Urk bto tiuj :

go 1 : O I Kid ahf bfhL

bfhLfgl nfhzij
cUthF U ffis
tiuf.

go 2 : O I ikakhf bfhL
VnjD xU MuKs
tlyhdJ, nfhz
ffis A kW B vw
f btLkhW tiuf.

go 3 : A I ikakhf bfhL, AB
s ghF nk MuKs
tliy nfhz
cwkhf tiuf.

89
 maha 4

go 4 : BI ikakhf bfhL,
mnj MuKs tl C
Kija tliy C
btLkhW tiuf.

go 5 : OC I nrf. OC MdJ
bfhLfgl nfhz
nfhz Urk bto MF.

OC vw nfhz U rk bto J, VnjD xU ia

Ff. mahdJ nfhz ff OA kW OB
MatUJ rk u csJ vgij rghf .

vLJfhL 4.2
+ AOB = 80 mss nfhz tiuJ mj Urk btoia mikf.
:
go 1 : ghifkhia gagL O
vw + AOB = 80
mss nfhz mikf.
go 2 : O I ikakhf bfhL
VnjD xU MuKs tl
OA kW OB tiw Kiwna
X,Y f btLkhW tiuf.
go 3 : XI ikakhf bfhL
XY s ghF
nk MuKs tliy
nfhz cwkhf tiuf.

90
 brKiw toa

go 4 : YI ikakhf bfhL mnj MuKs tl Kija

tliy C btLkhW tiuf. OC I nrf. OC MdJ
bfhLfgl nfhz 80 nfhz Urk bto MF.

120 mss nfhz tiuJ mjid ehF

rkghffshf f.

g 4.1

1. AB = 7br. mss nfhLJL tiuJ mj ikaFJ

nfhoid tiua.
2. XY = 8.5 br. mss nfhLJL tiuJ mj rk mid
fhz.
3. AB = 10 br. mss nfhLJoF ikaFJ nfhL tiuf.
4. 70 mss nfhz tiuJ mj Urkbtoia tiuf.
5. 110 mss nfhz tiuJ mj Urkbtoia tiuf.
6. brnfhz tiuJ mjid msnfh kW ftuhaij gagL
U rkghfkhFf.

1. CI ikakhf bfhL 4 br. MuKs xU tl tiuf.

VnjD xU eh AB tiuf. ABF ikaFJ nfhL tiuJ,
mJ tl ika tahf brwjh vgij nrhjid brf.
2. xU tl rk s cs VnjD uL ehfSF
ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf. (i) mitf vF rwd?
(ii) ehf tl ikaUJ rk bjhiy csjh vgij
rgh.
3. xnu nfho mikahj _W fis Ff. m
fSF rk bjhiy mik xU ia fhf.
F : midJ fis tirahf nr. xU Knfhz
ilwJ. xbthU gfF ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf.
mnfhLf f Fj f UJ. rk bjhiy
mik xU rwJ. RWtl ika vd
miHfgLwJ.

91
 maha 5

tufis ifahSj
5.1 mKf
tufis ifahSj vgJ a xU gFahF. a
vw brh nll vw y brhUJ tjjhF. a vgJ
ma rhj vf (science of numbers). mj vfis F tufnshL
nrJ xlgLwJ. mjhtJ
(i) tF cs khztf kbgf
(ii) xU uhk Fl taJs FHijf vil
(iii) xU tUl xU Fl l bghj kiH ms
a, tufis nrfj, tifgLJj, gFgh brj
kW t _y jftfis bgWtjF a gagLwJ.
njitahd jftfis jUw, v rhj to mikj vj xU
jft bjhF tu MF.

bjhFfglhj tuf
xU tF cs khztf xU fjnj bgw kbgfis
Kj nrfj bjhF MF. Mug iy cs j nrfig mnj
to tHdh mit bjhFfglhj tuf MF.
bjhFfglhj tu vgJ brKiwgLjglhj kW tifgLjglhj
tu MF.

bjhFfgl tuf
y rkaf bjhFfglhj tuf nrf vif
bgajhf mnj iy ekF vjj bria btgLjhjjhf
Ufyh. tuf f bgajhf UFnghbjyh eh mtiw
fUJsthW tifgL d gFjh bra ntoUwJ.
tuf, FGf myJ f vd gLjgoUjh mit
bjhFfgl tuf MF.

tufis nrfj
Mug iy MF nrffgl tuf e njitF
bjhlilajhf UfntL.

92
 tufis ifahSj

Kj iy tu
vLJfhlhf, VHh tF Ma U. ndh
vgt khztfis gRWyh miHJbry
lLwh. mt khztf Ugnfg cfSila
U l
(i) mtf bry ntoa l tgtflUJ
(ii) isahl ntoa isahL cfsh aw
(iii) mtfSF njitahd cz t u f i s
nrff.
Matiw g nfwh.
itaidF mt tufis khztflUJ neilahf
nrfjh. jkhf tuf nrfgij Kj iy tu vnwh.
5.2 bjhlahd tufis nrfJ bjhFj
izajs, brjh, ju gif, bjhiyfh _y brY
l jg btg iyga tufis VHh tF Ma U ndh
nrfjh. j bt tufis ulh iy tu vnwh.
kh
aiy bghWjtiu msl ToaJ kh vdgL.
mit Fl viyF v k bfhoUF.
(i) taJ, (ii) tUkhd, (iii) cau kW (iv) vil vgd khfSfhd
y vLJfhLfshF.
fbt
eh g khztf cauij msngh. 140br.. vw cau
gyKiw tUtjF th cL. eh mj cau vjid jlit tUwJ vW
fzLnth. Jnt 140 br.l fbt MF.
xU Fl k L L vjid jlitf tUwnjh mj
vif mj k fbt MF.
R
xU Fl tu fbga kF fa kF ilna
cs ahrij R vnwh.
vLJfhL 5.1
xU tFgiw cs 20 khztf cauf (br.) nH
bfhLfgLsd.
120, 122, 127, 112, 129, 118, 130, 132, 120, 115
124, 128, 120, 134, 126, 110, 132, 121, 127, 118.
F fa k 110 br.. kW fbga k 134 br..
R = fbga k fa k
= 134 110 = 24

93
 maha 5

kW ilbtf
nkTa vLJfhL 5.1 eh 5 fis vLJbfhnth.
110 - 115, 115 - 120, 120 - 125, 125 - 130, 130 - 135 xbthU it
ilbtf vW Twyh. ilbtf rkkhf Uf ntL.
f vif fbgajhfnth myJ fajhfnth Uf
TlhJ. f vif bghJthf IUJ gJF Ufyh.
viyf
tF 110 - 115 110 vgJ viy kW 115 vgJ nk viy
vd miHfgL.
ilbt mfy
xU ilbt nk viyF viyF ilna cs
ahr milbt ms myJ mfy vW miHfgLwJ.
nkTa vLJ fhL 5.1 ilbt ms (mfy) 115 - 110 = 5.
eh ilbtia mfjh vifia Fiwfyh.
uLjkhd ilbtf csd. mit
(i) nk viy nrJbfhsgl tot
(ii) nk viy nrJbfhsglhj tot
(i) nk viy nrJ bfhsgl tot
j ilbt viy nk viy ilbt
nrJbfhsgLwJ. vLJfhlhf Kj ilbt 110 - 114
cauf 110 br.- 114 br.- nrfgLwJ. ulhtJ ilbt
115 - 119 cauf 115 br. kW 119 br. nrfgLwJ. thW kw
ilbtfis vGjyh.
(ii) nk viy nrJ bfhsglhj tot
nkny cs vLJfhL 5.1 Kj ilbt 110 - 115
110 br.l nrJ 115 br.l nrfglhkY UF. ulhtJ
ilbt 115 br. nrJ kW 120 br. I nrfglhkY UF.
Vbd 115 br. uL ilbtfY csJ. J nghw Niy
115 br. vj ilbt viyahf mikwnjh mj
ilbt nrJbfhsgLwJ.

nenfhL Ff
nkny cs vLJfhL 5.1 110 - 115 vw ilbt cauf
110 br., 112 br. mikwJ. eh bghGJ vw nenfhL Fia Ff
ntL jid 2 vW fbt uYF (fhy) Ffgl ntL.
IJ nenfhL Ffis Ff nto Ujh eh Kj ehF
nenfhL Fia tiuJ IjhtJ nenfhL Fia FWfhf Ff.
Mfnt vgJ IJ nenfhL Ff bjhF MF.

94
 tufis ifahSj
V kig IJ nenfhL Ff bjhF xiw tiuJ, uL
nenfhL Ffis F bfhLJs go |||| || Ff.
fbt goa
_W ufis bfhl mltiz _y tuf
jugLsd. mltiz Kj u v, ulh u
nenfhL Ff kW _wh u fbt vw _W
jiyfis bfhl mltizia fbt goa vnwh.
(mltiz 5.3 I ghf)
khf k ilbt Ujh mj fbtfis
mjj ilbtF vnu Fjh ekF fgut ilF. midJ
fbtfis To, TLjiy bkhjF neuhf fbtuYF Hhf
Ff ntL. TLjyhdJ bfhLfgl tuf bkhj vifF
rkkhf UF. nkny Ta Kiw mikF mltizia tufis
mltizgLJj vnwh.
bghGJ vLJfhL 5.1 cs tufis mltizgLjyh.
nk viy nrJbfhsgl tot

nenfhL Ff fbt
ilbtf
110 - 114 || 2
115 - 119 ||| 3
120 - 124 |||| | 6
125 - 129 |||| 5
130 - 134 |||| 4
bkhj 20
mltiz 5.1
nk viy nrJbfhsglhj tot

nenfhL Ff fbt
ilbtf
110 - 115 || 2
115 - 120 ||| 3
120 - 125 |||| | 6
125 - 130 |||| 5
130 - 135 |||| 4

bkhj 20
mltiz 5.2

95
 maha 5

bjhFfglhj tufSF fbt goa

vLJfhL 5.2
nH bfhLfgl tufSF fbt goaiy jahf
5, 1, 3, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2
1, 5, 1, 3, 2, 1, 5, 3, 3, 2.
:
nkny cs tufUJ, eh 1, 2, 3, 4 kW 5 vw vf L
L tUtij fhzyh. Mjyh 1, 2, 3, 4 kW 5 vw vfis v vw
u xw xwhf vGj.
bghGJ vfis xw xwhfgoJ, mj vQF neuhf,
nenfhL Ff vw u xU nenfhL Fia Lf. nj Kiw
fil v tU tiu Ff. 1, 2, 3, 4 kW 5 vw vfSF vuhf cs
nenfhL Ffis To, TLjiy fbt u Ff. midJ
fbtfis To, TLjiy bkhjF vuhf vGj.

v nenfhLFf fbt
1 |||| 5
2 |||| 4
3 |||| 5
4 || 2
5 |||| 4
bkhj 20
mltiz 5.3
bfhLJs tufSF fbt goa mikF bghGJ, eh
ftd bfhs ntoait
(i) njitahd fis njbjLf. mit f ajhfnth
myJ f bgajhfnth UfTlhJ.
(ii) njitahd ilbtfis (myJ ilbt
mfy) njbjLf
(iii) f ilbt k mfJ bfhnl
mtilna ilbt yhkY mikf ntL.

bjhFfgl tufSF fbt goa

vLJfhL 5.3
xU fjnj VHh tF 30 khztf vLj kbgf nH
bfhLfgLsd. mj tufSF fbt goaiy jahf.
25, 67, 78, 43, 21, 17, 49, 54, 76, 92, 20, 45, 86, 37, 35
60, 71, 49, 75, 49, 32, 67, 15, 82, 95, 76, 41, 36, 71, 62

96
 tufis ifahSj

:
Fiwj kbg 15.
mf kbg 95.
R = f bga k f a k
= 95 15 = 80
9 fis mj ilbt 10 UFkhW njbjLf 10 - 20,
20 - 30,g ,90 - 100- F fbtgoa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
ilbtf nenfhLFf fbt
10 - 20 || 2
20 - 30 ||| 3
30 - 40 |||| 4
40 - 50 |||| 5
50 - 60 || 2
60 - 70 |||| 4
70 - 80 |||| | 6
80 - 90 || 2
90 - 100 || 2
bkhj 30
mltiz 5.4
5.2 bjhFfgl tufSF bjhl fbt goa
bjhFfgl tuf bjhl fbt goaYF viyfis
fLoj
tf
(i) Kj nk viyF ulhtJ viyF
cs ahrij fLof.
(ii) mj ahrij 2 M tFf mj ilia x vdbfhf.
(iii) vyh ilbt cs viyUJ x Iff.
(iv) vyh ilbtY cs nk viy x I Tl.
bghGJ ilF xUa viy cikahd viyahF.
vLJfhL 5.4
xU Fl bjhiyfh ffis ghF kf taJ nH
bfhLfgLsJ. mjF bjhl fbt goaiy jahf.

ilbt 10 -19 20 -29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69
taJ
egf
45 60 87 52 25 12
vif

97
 maha 5

:
j mltiz ilbtf ilna ilbtf csd.
Mfnt eh fis kh vGbfhnth.
Kj nk viyF ulh viyF cs
ahr = 20 19 = 1

ahrij 2 M tFf.
x = 1 = 0.5
2
bghGJ 0.5I viyUJ fJ kW 0.5I nk viy
nrf. bghGJ ekF bjhFfgl tufSF bjhl fbt
goaiy cikahd viyUJ bgwyh.
fbt
ilbtf (taJ)
(egf vif)
9.5 - 19.5 45
19.5 - 29.5 60
29.5 - 39.5 87
39.5 - 49.5 52
49.5 - 59.5 25
59.5 - 69.5 12

mltiz 5.5

g 5.1
1. rahd ilia njbjLf
i) bfhLJs tuf fbga kF fa kF
cs ahr
(A) fbt (B) viy (C ) ilbt (D) R
ii) khztf nj tha kbgf 65, 97, 78, 49, 23, 48, 59, 98 v
tuf R
(A) 90 (B) 74 (C) 73 (D) 75
iii) Kj 20 a vf R
(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 21
iv) ilbt 20 - 30 viy
(A) 30 (M) 20 (C) 25 (D) 10
v) ilbt 50 - 60 nk viy
(A) 50 (B) 60 (C) 10 (D) 55

98
 tufis ifahSj

2. nH bfhLfgl tufSF fbt goaiy jahf.

10, 15, 13, 12, 14, 11, 11, 12, 13, 15
11, 13, 12, 15, 13, 12, 14, 14, 15, 11
3. xU ef kUJtkid 26 nehahf Ujd. mtfSF
bfhLfgl khiuf nH bfhLfgLsd. mj tufSF
fbt goaiy jahf.
2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 1, 1, 2
4, 5, 1, 2, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4.
4. 25 thuf bjhlfgl xU t nr jf fzF
tu nH bfhLfgLsJ. j tufSF fbt goaiy
jahf.
15, 25, 22, 20, 18, 15, 23, 17, 19, 12, 21, 26, 30
19, 17, 14, 20, 21, 24, 21, 16, 22, 20, 17, 14
5. 20 egf vil (nyh uh) nH bfhLfgLsJ.
42, 45, 51, 55, 49, 62, 41, 52, 48, 64
52, 42, 49, 50, 47, 53, 59, 60, 46, 54
fbt goaiy bfhLJs ilbtfis itJ mikf.
40 - 45, 45 - 50, 50 - 55, 55 - 60 kW 60 - 65.
6. 30 khztf fjnj tha kbgf nH
bfhLfgLsJ.
45, 35, 60, 41, 8, 28, 31, 39, 55, 72, 22, 75, 57, 33, 51
76, 30, 49, 19, 13, 40, 88, 95, 62, 17, 67, 50, 66, 73, 70
fbt goaiy jahf.
7. bfhLJs bjhFfgl tufSF bjhl fbt goaiy
jahf.
ilbt
21 - 23 24 - 26 27 - 29 30 - 32 33 - 35 36 - 38
(vil nyh uh)
fbt
(khztf 2 6 10 14 7 3
vif)
8. tU bjhFfgl tuf xU njh cs kuf cauij
Fwd. mj tufSF bjhl fbt goaiy jahf.
ilbt
2 -4 5-7 8 - 10 11 - 13 14 - 16
(cau l)
fbt
(kuf 29 41 36 27 12
vif)

99
 maha 5

id bfhf!
1. njitahd jftfis jUw, vrh to mikj vj xU
jft bjhF tu MF.
2. brglhj tu vgJ brKiw gLjglhj kW
tifgLjglhj tu MF.
3. tufis FGf myJ tFf gLjgoUjh mit
bjhFfgl tuf MF.
4. xU Fl k L L vjid jlitf tUwnjh
mj vif mj k fbt MF.
5. R = fbga k - fa k
6. xU ilbt nk viyF viyF ilna
cs ahr milbt ms myJ mfy
vwiHfgLwJ.

100
 ilf

ilf
maha - 1

g 1.1
1. i) D ii) B iii) C iv) B
2. i) 0 ii) 5 iii) 5 iv) 0
3. i) 6 ii) 25 iii) 651 iv) 316 v) 0 vi) 1320
vii) 25 viii) 25 ix) 42 x) 24 xi) 1890 xii) 1890
xiii) 1440 xiv) 256 xv) 6000 xvi) 10800
4. i) 135 ii) 16 iii) 182 iv) 800 v) 1 vi) 0
5. ` 645 6. 75 kbg 7. `1500 8. `240

g 1.2
1. i) D ii) A iii) C iv) A
2. i) 5 ii) 10 iii) 4 iv) 1 v) 6 vi) 9
vii) 1 viii) 2 ix) 2 x) 6
3. i) 20 ii) 20 iii) 400
4. 5

g 1.3

1. i) 24 ii) 9 iii) 2 iv) 3 v) 14 vi) 20

5 7 3
vii) 77 viii) 10 ix) 8 x) 24
4
2. i) 14 ii) 63 iii) 16 iv) 25 v) 288 vi) 16
vii) 9 viii) 70 ix) 25 x) 50

3. i) 26 1 ii) 19 4 iii) 9 3 iv) 64 2 v) 52 1 vi) 85 1

4 5 5 7 2 2
4. 4 l.

g 1.4

1. i) 1 ii) 7 iii) 7 iv) 7 v) 1 vi) 2

12 12 18 63
2. i) 22 ii) 1 iii) 1 iv) 9 v) 9 vi) 48
27 5 4 16 2 35
3. i) 2 4 ii) 4 29 iii) 7 1 iv) 20 1 v) 59 13
15 40 2 8 16
4. 55 . 5. 12 1 k
4
101
 ilf

g 1.5

1. i) 7 ii) 9 iii) 7 iv) 4 v) 2 vi) 9

5 4 10 9 33
vii) 13 viii) 5
7
2. i) 1 ii) 1 iii) 1 iv) 1
15 54 6 12
8
3. i) ii) 35 iii) 4 7 iv) 1 11
5 36 12 16
4. 21 Uilf 5. 40 ./k

g 1.6
1. i) A ii) C iii) B iv) D

2. i) - 20 , - 19 , - 18 , - 17 ii) 7 , 6 , 5 , 4
15 15 15 15 6 6 6 6

iii) 48 , 47 , 46 , 45
28 28 28 28

3. i) - 3 ii) - 3 iii) - 3 iv) - 5 v) - 1

4 8 5 3 2
5. i, iv, v

g 1.7
1. i) C ii) C iii) D iv) D

2. i) 18 ii) 24 iii) 2 iv) - 12 v) 13 vi) 19

5 13 13 3 42

vii) - 43 viii) 3 ix) 24 x) - 13

21 7 30

3. i) 1 ii) 4 iii) - 9 iv) - 5 v) 23 vi) 1

44 16 20

vii) - 69 viii) - 41 ix) - 1 x) 1

26 60 27 12

4. i) 2 ii) 1 iii) 19 iv) 3 v) - 43

35 4 12 2 28

5. i) 4 7 ii) 3 1 iii) 1 7 iv) 5 3 v) 1 17 vi) 4 7

11 2 11 4 40 132

vii) 6 41 viii) 3 7
42 210

6. 7 7. 4 8. 13 17 ..
4 5 20

9. 18 3 .. 10. 3 9 ..
4 10

102
 ilf

g 1.8
1. i) C ii) B iii) A iv) A

2. i) - 72 ii) - 35 iii) - 7 iv) - 12 v) 20 vi) 2

25 169 24 11 9

3. i) - 15 ii) 5 iii) 26 98 iv) 66 44 v) 45

4 125 375 28

4. i) 16 ii) - 3 iii) - 8 iv) 9 3

81 2 7 43

5. 9 6. 3
7 2

g 1.9
1. i) C ii) C iii) A iv) C
2. i) 2.1 ii) 40.5 iii) 17.1 iv) 82.8 v) 0.45 vi) 1060.15
vii) 2.58 viii) 1.05 ix) 10.34 x) 1.041 xi) 4.48 xii) 0.00125
xiii) 2.108 xiv) 0.0312
3. i) 14 ii) 46.8 iii) 4567 iv) 2690.8 v) 3230 vi) 17140
vi) 478
4. 51.5 br. 2 5. 756 ..

g 1.10
1. i) A ii) B iii) C iv) B
2. i) 0.3 ii) 0.09 iii) 1.16 iv) 10.8 v) 196.3 vi) 3.04
3. i) 0.68 ii) 4.35 iii) 0.09 iv) 4.43 v) 37.348 vi) 0.079
4. i) 0.056 ii) 0.007 iii) 0.0069 iv) 7.436 v) 0.437 vi) 0.7873
5. i) 0.0089 ii) 0.0733 iii) 0.04873
iv) 0.1789 v) 0.0009 vi) 0.00009
6. i) 2 ii) 160 iii) 12.5 iv) 8.19 v) 2 vi) 35
7. 23 . 8. 10.5 . 9. jff 9 10. 42.2 ./k 11. 14.4

g 1.11
1. i) A ii) A iii) C iv) C
2. i) 256 ii) 27 iii) 1331 iv) 1728 v) 28561 vi) 0
3. i) 76 ii) 15 iii) 106 iv) b5 v) 22a4 vi) (1003)3
4. i) 23 33 ii) 35 iii) 54 iv) 210 v) 55 vi) 105
5. i) 45 ii) 26 iii) 32 iv) 56 v) 27 vi) 47

103
 ilf
6. i) 52 22 ii) 27 31 iii) 21 31 1331 iv) 2 1 3 1 1131
v) 22 3 79 vi) 27 51
7. i) 200000 ii) 0 iii) 2025 iv) 1296
v) 9000000000 vi) 0
8. i) 125 ii) 1 iii) 72 iv) 2000 v) 10584 vi) 131072

g 1.12
1. i) B ii) A iii) C iv) C
2. i) 312 ii) a12 iii) 75 + x iv) 107 v) 59
3. i) 54 ii) a4 iii) 1010 iv) 4 2 v) 30 = 1
4. i) 312 ii) 220 iii) 220 iv) 1 v) 520

maha - 2
g 2.1
1. (i) A (ii) D (iii) D (iv) B (v) C
2. kh: 5, 9.5; kh: a, xy, p.
3. (i) x + 6 (ii) m 7 (iii) 3q + 11 (iv) 3x + 10 (v) 5y 8
4. 3, 4, 9
5. (i) y2 x, bfG = y2. (ii) x , bfG = 1.
(iii) zx, bfG = z. (iv) 5xy2, bfG = 5y2.
6. (i) my2, bfG = m. (ii) 6y2, bfG = 6.
(iii) 9xy2, bfG = 9x.

g 2.2
1. (i) B (ii) D (iii) D (iv) D (v) A
2. (i) 4x, 7x (ii) 7b, 3b (iii) 3x2y, 8yx2 (iv) a2b, 7a2b
(v) 5pq, 25pq ; 4p, 10p; 3q, 70q ; p2q2, 14 p2 q2
3. (i) 2 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 4 (v) 2
4. (i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 11
5. (i) 21 (ii) 34 (iii) 82

g 2.3
1. (i) C (ii) B (iii) A (iv) D (v) A
2. (i) 13a + 2b (ii) 5l 4l2 (iii) 16z2 16z
(iv) p q (v) 7mn 6m2 3n2 (vi) x2 3xy + 7y2
3. (i) 2ab (ii) 2s + t (iii) 3a 2b + 2p + 3q
(iv) 5a 5b + 4 (v) 2x + 2y 2
(vi) 7c + 4 (vii) 3m2n + 5mn 4n2 + 4

104
 ilf
4. (i) 8a (ii) 7a2b (iii) 11x2y2 (iv) 2xy + 16
(v) 5n 2mn + 3m (vi) 5p 15p2 (vii) 8m2 6m 12
(viii) s2 6s 4 (ix) 9n2 10mn 9m2
5. (i) x2 + 5xy 3y2 (ii) 9p 2q 6 (iii) 4x 3y + 9
6. 6a 6 7. 16x + 12
8. `12a 2 9. 7x 8 l
10. (i) 8p2 9p 11 (ii) p2 + 8p + 12 11. 2m2 + 5m + 10

maha - 3
g 3.1
1. (i) B (ii) C (iii) A (iv) C (v) A
2. (i) rkgf Knfhz - 3 rk nfhLf; (iv) rhrJu - 2 rk nfhLf
5. (i) Urkgf Knfhz (ii) rkgf Knfhz (iii)mrkgf Knfhz

g 3.2
1. (i) C (ii) B (iii) D (iv) B (v) D
2. (i) 90 (ii) 90 (iii) 180 (iv) 180
3. (i) 90, 4 (ii) 360, 1 (iii) 180, 2 (iv) 360, 1
4. 45, 8

g 3.3
1. (i) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D (v) D
2. (i) + DOC, + COB; + COB, + BOA
(ii) + QOX, + XOP; + POY, + YOQ; + YOQ, + QOX; + XOP, + POY
3. + POR, + QOS; + SOP, + ROQ
4. (i) 150 (ii) 100
(iii) 110 (iv) 120 (v) 135

5. + BOC = 145; + AOD = 145; + COA = 35.

6. (i) 80 (ii) 110
(iii) 20 (iv) 80
(v) 36 (vi) 45
7. y = 120; x = 60 8. x = 25

maha - 5

g 5.1
1. (i) D (ii) D (iii) B (iv) B (v) B

105
ilf

106