PHYSICAL REVIEW VOLUME 176, NUMBER 5 25 DECEMBER 1968

Quantum Field Theory of Particles with Both Electric and

Magnetic Charges*
DANIEL ZWANZIGERt
Department of Physics, New York Unilrsity, New York, N. Y. 100IZ
(Received 5 August 1968)

The quantum Geld theory of particles with both electric and magnetic charges is developed as an obvious
extension of Schwinger's quantum Geld theory of particles with either electric or magnetic charge. Two new
results immediately follow. The Grst is the chiral equivalence theorem which states the unitary equivalence
of the Hamiltonians describing the system of particles with electric and magnetic charges e,
gand the
system with charges e '=cos8, e +sin8 g, g~'= sin8 e+cos8 g.
This result holds in particular in the
absence of physical magnetic charges. The second result is that if physical magnetic charges do occur, then,
in consequence of chiral equivalence, the charge quantization condition applies, not to the separate products
e~g~, but to the combinations e g~ g e,
which must be integral multiples of 4x. The general solution of
this condition leads to the introduction of a second elementary quantum of electric charge e2, the electric
charge on the Dirac monopole, besides the Grst elementary charge e1, the charge on the electron, There are
no other free parameters.

I. INTRODUCTION respond to an identity

satisfied by the Hamiltonian
HE equations of Maxwell have a natural gen-
H(E", H', e,g),
regarded as a function of the radia-
tion fields H", E" and the electric and magnetic charges
eralization which allows as sources both the
of the eth charge bearing field:
electric current density j,
& and a magnetic current
density j, &: H(cos8 E"sin8 H", sin8 E'+cos8 H", e, g)
E= VXH j, ) H= VXE jo, (1.1) =II(E",H', cos8 e+sin8g,sin8e,+cos8g).(1.6)
V E=j,', V H= j,o. (1.2) Furthermore, one easily constructs the unitary operator
U(8) which effects the substitution on the left-hand
These equations, together with the Lorentz force side of this equation, thereby obtaining the result
j,
F= 'E+1.X H+j oeH joX E, (1.3) U( 8)H(E", H', e,g) Ut(8) = H(E",H', cos8 e+sin8g,
sin8 e+cos8g). (1.7)
are invariant under the substitutions
E+ cos8 E sin8 H, Systems that are described by unitarily equivalent
(1 4) Hamiltonians are physically indistinguishable, so that
H~ sin8 E+cos8H, no experiment can decide between alternative descrip-
jJ'~ cos8 j, sin8 j,I',
I" tions of the world that differ by a simultaneous rota-
j, "sin8j. o+cos8 joo,
&
tion of electric and magnetic charges of all particles.
In quantum theory, the transformation (1.4) is a chiral
as is well known. Because of this invariance, it cannot transformation on the photon state of momentum k
be asserted that the absence of physical magnetic and helicity X:
charge (namely, the absence of particles that interact
in a particular way with electrons), which nature has ~k, ) ) ~ U(8) ~k, ))=e'"e~k, X),

heretofore manifested, reQects an asymmetry between
electric and magnetic charge. It can only be said that
the electric and magnetic current densities observed
up to now are proportional.
A quantum Q. eld theory of particles with both electric
and magnetic charges is easily constructed as an ob-
vious extension of Schwinger's field theory' of particles
with either electric or magnetic charges. ' ' Once this is
done, the invariance of the Maxwell-Lorentz equations
under the substitution (1.4), (1.5) is seen to cor-
* Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation.
t This work was performed while the author was a visitor at
the Centre d'Etudes Nucl6aires de Saclay, France.
' J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 144, 1087 (1966).
' J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 151, 1048 (1966); 151, 1055 (1966).
2
so that one may state alternatively that no experiment
can measure the relative phase of left and right circularly
polarized light, nor, consequently, the absolute plane
of polarization of linearly polarized light.
Because of chiral equivalence, it is found that Dirac's
charge quantization condition4 applies, not to the prod-
ucts e g/4sr, but to the chiral-invariant combinations
(1/4s. )(e g
g e)=0,
&1,%2, . (1.9)
Half-integral quantization, implying half-integral an-
gular momentum in the static electromagnetic fields,
which is allowed in Diracs single-particle theory, is
forbidden by chiral invariance and locality in the com-

N. Cabbibo and E. Ferrari, Nuovo Cimento 23, 1147 (1962); 4 P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. Roy. Soc. (I ondon) A133, 60 (1931);

T. M. Yan, Phys. Rev. 150, 1349 (1966); 155, 1423 (1967). Phys. Rev. 74, 817 (1948).
176 1489
 DANIEI. ZVvANzIGER
mutator of the electric and magnetic vector potentials. Here E"(x) and H"(x) are the transverse radiation fields
This accords with physical intuition for it directly re-
V E (x)= V. H"(x)=0, (2.3)
lates the vector nature of the electromagnetic Geld to
the absence of spin-~ angular momentum. The integral which satisfy the canonical equal-time commutation
quantization condition was proposed by Schwinger, relations
but with a somewhat di6erent mathematical justiGca-
tion [see Eqs. (3.38) and (3.39)).' [E;"(x),E;"(x'))= [H,"(x),H;"(x')) = 0,
(2.4)
The solution to the charge quantization condition is [E;"(x),H;"(x')) = iegsVsb(x x') .
easily expressed by introducing a two-dimensional
charge vector q=(e, g).If qi and qz are two charge These Gelds, and all others appearing below, are
vectors which satisfy (qiXqz)/4s. = (e&gs giez)/47r= 1, evaluated at a common time t, which is suppressed.
then the most general solution to (1.9) is From the Hamiltonian H"= J'T '(x) "dx and the canoni-

q Z iqi+Z zqz, Z .=0,+ 1,+2, ~ ~

. (1.10)
cal commutation relations, the Heisenberg equations of
motion yield the desired source-free pair of Maxwell
If qi is the charge vector of the electron, qts= e'= 4u/137, equations involving time derivatives,
then Eq. (1.10) introduces a second elementary quan-
E"(x)= i[E"(x),H)= VXH"(x), (2.5a)
tum of electric charge e', the electric charge of the
Dirac monopole, deGned by g& q2= ee'. The product ee' H"(x) = i[H"(x),H) = &XE"(x). (2.5b)
is a measure of the strength of the parity and time-
reversal violating interaction. It is not really necessary to impose the transversality
There are three obvious possible explanations for the condition (2.3) on the radiation fields. For the com-
failure to observe mangetic monopoles: (1) They do mutation relations (2.4) show that the longitudinal
not exist; (2) they have a very large mass; and (3) parts of the Geld commute with everything, including
their large magnetic charge causes them to annihilate the Hamiltonian, and are thus time-independent
or bind into magnetically neutral matter. The third c-number functions of position which may be sub-
possibility is susceptible to theoretical analysis. A tracted out.
monopole-antimonopole pair interacts like an electron- All relations appearing up to now are invariant under
position pair, but with coupling strength 137 instead of the chiral substitutions
1/137. It would be valuable to estimate the relative E" + cos8 E"sin8 H", (2.6a)
probabilities of scattering (with emission of radiation)
or annihilation, if such a pair is present at I= ~. H" -+ sin8 E"+cos8 H". (2.6b)
This branching ratio also controls the competing out-
To make this invariance manifest, it is convenient to
going channels in any experiment designed to produce
magnetic monopole pairs. ' If it can be shown to be
introduce a two-dimensional real vector space, which
we call chiral space, with elements V, e=1, 2. This
small, then the Dirac quantization condition may not
space has two tensors that are invariant under proper
only explain the quantization of electric charge, but
also the difhculty of observing magnetic charge. rotations, the Kronecker symbol 8 &, and the anti-
In Sec. II the chiral equivalence theorem is proven. symmetric symbol e &, with e"=1.
In Sec. III the quantization condition on e g g e~ If we introduce the Geld variable
is derived from Lorentz invariance. In Sec. IV it is (2.6c)
solved, and the symmetries of the theory are presented.
then the energy and momentum density are
II. CHIRAL EQUIVALENCE THEOREM
P"(x)"=-'F F, (2.7a)
Let us begin by considering the free electromagnetic
radiation Geld. It is conventionally described by the
Ts;(x)"= rze, ;se ~F, "(x)Fse"(x). (2. 7b)
Hamiltonian density' The canonical commutation relations take the form
Tee(x)~= [E~(x)'+H~(x) ) (2. 1)
[F. "(x),F,e"(x')) = ie ee;p, V
sb(x x'), .8)
(2
and carries the momentum density
and the equations of motion become
T"(x)"= [E"(x) X H"(x) H"(x) X E "(x))'. (2.2)
-',
p.ar ~op~ . . q.p pr (2.9)
'According to the noted added in proof of Ref. 1, special
attention should be given to the point z=z' in Eq. (3.27), with As a convenience, which partially avoids the ap-
the result that the right-hand sides of Eqs. (3.28) and (3.29)
should be doubled. pearance of nonlocal interaction in describing the
'I am grateful to Dr. J. Basdevant for a discussion of this coupling of the radiation Geld to electrically charged
point.
r For Lorentz tensors we use the metric g""= (1, 1, 1, 1), particles, it is conventional to change variables from
units A=c=1, and Dirac matrices {y&,y") =2g&". the magnetic Geld H" to the vector potential A" defined
 76 F FIELD THFORY FLE R(C M IC CHARGES

equ ations, U rot ates th e v~~ also'~

~

U(8 ,"Ut(0) = F~"d (2. 1ga)

A (x)=vX I)Ht'(x )dx ~ (2.10a)
va rdPa(e (2. 18b
ymme tr y in t e r of electric and
one may following Sch~
~in g er, in let the radiatio
duce the second vec bearing ee].ectric c a " ma etic charge g ~

l. 'ty we ta kee them to be four-compo

B,(x) = VX 6 lds sot h a t the electric. an d gneticcurr rent4-ve
i)E (x')CX '

with
j'(x= (2.19a)
~()=1)4~I I. (2. )
p (x)pf~(x) ~ (2.19b)
a
These de6nitions are, oof course uiva]ent

H =VXA, v A=o, (2.12a) The tota 16e d potentials re iven by 1

E = vXB, v B=0. v x' j,''(x')dx',

x
(2. 12b) = $(x-x'
x =E"(x)
(x) S x x (2.20a)
'
The or p otentia 1s constitute
air of vector
h pair a vector iin
chiral space
v "=(A;B"), (2. 13) =
xx)=H"(x) v n(xx x'
S j,''(x')dx',
x x, (2.20b)

ions may be wr'itten

so that these relations
A(x) = A"(x )+ a(x 0 f d l
x') jg'(x') dx, (2.21a)
" V'
V; "(x) = e~~e;;i, VJ $(xx' F &'(x')dx (2..14a)
B(x) = B'(x aa(x'' x) ''(x')dx',
j,
'
x' dx, (2.21b)
& "VVp&', V V"=0. (2.14b)
'
n
d .
2. 14a) and the ccanonical com-
h
where a x is rical vector ffunction
VX a(x) =h(x),
nction de6ned by

" x, VP"(x')]=i@ (2. 15) Here h(x) is nonzeroro aalong

ong a string, describe in
III, and satisfying
I
V' "(x) V, &"(x)j= (2. 16)
(2.22b)
where '
of the total fields may e w
"=8;;8(xx') V;V X&(x xI ri orm Th s t
ation (2.6) may be i p mented
h l transformation
by the unitary trans o
which is assumed to hold or the remainderer oof this sec-
U(8) = exp(iHG), (2.1'la ) ion, If a charge vector

G=- "x - =(-,g-) (2.24)

"(x) e sF&"(x)dx
f eac
ed for ach t e n, the
ac particle type t e total
o fields

'
1 and potentials may b e
~ " E")dx.
(A" H"" " X. (2.17b)
F (x)= x + F '(x)=F '(x)
' '
b ia
n 't vrhich is con-
uantiy
. It could be called the
V $(xx')Qg&
' '
(x')y'l|(x')dx',
x y x
(2.25)
"total chirahty "bee t ea h um
right-han p o V (x)=V "x
"(x)+V '(x) = V "(x)
number o r
V~" are defined in er
+a~ aa(x x') Q qQ (x')y'P(x')
x y dx'. (2.26
 i492 DANIEL ZWANZ IGER j.76

With these definitions, the total Hamiltonian de- specified below. The fields and potentials are allowed
scribing the radiation and particle fields and their to depend on them and on functional derivatives with
interaction is given by respect to them. If one introduces the extended fields

H= Too(x) dx, (2.27a) 8(x) = E"(x) V dx'$(x x')-,

i
1

8~(x')
(3.1a)
T"='F~ F-

x')-,
2
j.
+Z /~ED ( iVq
V )+m$P, (2.27b) X(x) = H'(x) V dx'X)(x (3.1b)
2 bp(x')

where the fare

antisymmetrized with respect to and makes the replacements
derivative and spinor index. Maxwell s equations (1.1)
result from the Heisenberg equations of motion. This A"(x) ~ A"(x)+.VX(x),
Hamiltonian is not invariant under the chiral trans- B"(x) -+ B'(x)+ Vp(x),
formation (2.6) or (2. 18). However, the chiral equiva-
lence theorem follows immediately. Because U, Eq. then the local commutation relations (2.4) between the
fields remain unchanged and the nonlocal commutation
(2. 17), effects the substitution (2. 18) on E" and H",
it eRects the same substitution on any function of them, relations (2. 15) between Acids and potentials become
including T": local, as desired, but the nonlocal commutation rela-
tions (2. 16) between potentials remain unchanged. If,
U(8) T"(E" H") Ut(8) = T"(cos8 E"sin8 H" instead, one substitutes for the potentials
sin8 E "+cos8 H') . (2.28)
Furthermore, each q in T" is contracted via 8 e or @(x)=A"(x)+ dx'a(x x')- + VX(x), (3.2a)
o e with F~" or V"' or another q.
Hence the trans-
formation (2.28) may equivalently be stated
2 Bp(x')

1
8(x) = B'(x) + dx'b(x x') + Vp(x), (3.2b)
g)Ut(8) = T"(cos8 e+sin8 g,
U(8) T"(e, 2@,(*')
sin8 e+cos8g ) . (2.29)
then the commutator of Sand 6 becomes
Systems that are descirbed by unitarily equivalent
Hamiltonians are physically indistinguishable; con- t K(x), p, (x') ]= ie, Vga)(x
;A,. x')
sequently no experiment can detect a simultaneous +iq, (x x')+iV;b, (x' x),
a,
rotation of the charge vector of all particles. This result where a(x) and b(x) are to be chosen so as to make this
is familiar classically, particularly for 0= ~x, where it
expression local, if possible, by cancelling the term in
is known as the duality principle. Its consequence for
$(x x') for xWx'. Unless they satisfy
the Dirac charge quantization condition is the subject
of Sec. III. b(x) = a( x), (3.3)
III. CHARGE QUANTIZATION CONDITION new terms symmetric in i and j
are introduced, instead
of cancelling the antisymmetric old ones. With this
In the present section we propose to examine how the choice one obtains the locality condition
condition of Lorentz invariance leads to the quantiza-
tion of charge. Although the commutation relations VS(x)+V&&a(x)=0, x/0.
(2. 15) and (2. 16) and the Hamiltonian (2.27) are not It cannot
manifestly local, one may nevertheless use them di-
be satisfied for all x/0, but must be violated
at least on a singular line, called a Dirac string;
rectly, with some brute force, to prove that the over-all
theory is Lorentz-covariant, provided that the charges V&& a(x) = VS(x)+h(x), (3.4)
satisfy certain conditions. However, it is more con-
venient to use a formalism in which locality is as where h is nonzero only along a string to be specified
manifest as possible, and which provides a clearer in- below, and obeys
sight into the origin of the Dirac strings. For this pur- V h(x)= 8(x). (3.5)
pose we adapt Schwinger's device of group parameters' To complete the specification Of a, one may, without
to the present problem. loss of generality, impose
Let X(x) and p(x) be a pair of arbitrary c-number
functions, regarded as an infinite set of free parameters, V a(x)=0, (3.6)
and let the state vectors be functionals of them, as
which can always be achieved by a unitary
8
J. Schwinger, Xuovo CimeIIto 30, 278 (1963). transformation.
 F IELD THEORY WITH ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CHARGES 1493

The commutator of 5 and I now becomes Upon comparing the expressions (2.25) and (2.26)
for the physical fields and potentials with Eqs. (3.11)
I 5,(x),8, (x')]= x )'.
is;;elhi, (x (3 7) and (3.12) for the extended fields and potentials, we
If a rotation 8 is performed on the chiral vector ('g, 8), see that, except for the gradient term in the potentials,
then in the commutator, h(x x') is replaced by cos'8 they become identical when applied to states whose
Xh(x
x') sin'8h(x' x).
Hence if chiral symmetry functional dependence on the gauge parameters
v (x) = P.(x),p(x)] satisfies
is to be maintained in this commutator, h(x) must be
odd:
h( x) = h(x), (3.8) I= j"(x)lv), (3.16)
i bv (x)
so that a(x) is even:
j" (x) =2 q- k-(x)VV. (x) (3.17)
a( x) = a(x) . (3.9)
The string function h in this case cannot be semi- This dependence takes the explicit form
infinite, but must be the difference of a semi-infinite
string function and its image, lv&=&(v)l ), (3.18)

h(x) =
00

8(x s) 8( xs)]ds, U(v) =expl i v (x) j' (x)dx

)'I, (3.19)
I
2 0

where the integral extends along any path from the

where I ) is independent of v . LThese states would
not be normalizable if the inner product included a
origin to in6nity. If it is chosen along the s axis, one
functional integration over )i(x) and p(x), but it does
obtains
not. The X(x) and p(x) are simply free parameters. s]
h, (x) = -', zs(s)
8(x) b(y) . (3. 10)
The motivation for introducing the parametric
If one introduces the chiral notation mt;thod is that the Hamiltonian density
8"=lS'8 +Z 0-LV (i& q- )+m-]4- (3 2o)
v (x) = P.(x),p, (x)];
8v (x) Q. (x) Bp(x) when applied to states (3.18), satisfies

then the definitions, (3.1) and (3.2), of the extended

8"(x) ~(v) I ) = U(v) T"(x) I ) (3 21)
fields and potentials may be written where T"(x) is the physical Hamiltonian density de-

1
fined by Eq. (2.27). Now T"(x) defines a orentz- I.
g (x) = F "(x) V dx'$(x x') (3.11) covariant theory if its satisfies' ~
i 8v (x') LT"(x), T"(x')]
= iLT"(x)+ T"(x')]V,h(x x') . (3.22)
Q (x) = V "(x)+ dx'a(x x')s"ti
The verification of this equation is replaced by the
1 verification of
+Vv (x). (3.12)
i 8v&(x') I 8"(x),8"(x')]= L8"(x)+8"(x')]7;8(xx'), (3.23)
which is much simpler because 8" depends on fields
They obey the commutation relations

L5'; (x),g, ~(x')]= is 1's;;sruti, 8(x x') )

(3.13) and potentials with local, or almost local, commutators.
The calculation of the commutator (3.23) from (3.20)
leads to nonlocal contributions on strings, arising from
L5'; (x), 8,s(x')]= i8"sb;, 8(x x'), (3.14) the commutator of the potentials LQ; (x),Q;s(x')].
LS,'(x), P, s(x')] = is se,, ihi, (x x') . (3.15) However, the singular operator products appearing in
(3.20) should in fact be replaced by a limit of non-
The erst two are local, but the last has its support on singular products such as'
a string. The import of the present discussion is that
if vector potentials are introduced for both electric
and magnetic fields, then manifest locality cannot be
achieved for the cornmutators, as is already obvious
on dimensional grounds. The least possible violation is X1t(xs) exp
-', iq

Q"(xi) dxi, (3.24)
along the strings introduced by Dirac. Furthermore, if x e/2
chiral invariance is to be maintained in the cornmutators, 9 P. A. M. Dirac, Rev. Mod. Phys. 34, 592 (1962); J. Schwinger,
then tht; string function must b|; aptjsymrn|;tj. jc. Phys, Rev. g7, 32$ (1962); 13/, +6 (1963); $30, 800 (1963),
1494 AN?EL ANZIGER
"""""""'"f I
n average of thee direction
I
o thee commutator (37
invariancece of
2.21).
. or the potentials

contribution to tthee co~xunutator r then depends on hen the charge quantua tiza
tization 'oo ho ld s, the
conditio'on
f th commutato
x+ e/|2 '
ielding the rig ht-h d d
E=exp z [eg(xg)+gS(xg)gdxg, exte nded mome ntum density
xe/2

00'=eo=-, -Xe~ eQe+QP y ' ~iv q8)P

[eg(x,')+gs(xg')g dxg' n
x'-e'/2
or, by (3.7), +-'vX(4-v'& )
x+e/2 x'+e'/2 This operator sat'
satisfies
E=exp( i
x
dxyX
x( gl /g
dXl ~'f/(~)l )=~() 'I
6/2

~
Leg,
')+g
-g h( ' eh(x&'xz)) ~. (3..25)
with
0
omentum density

xpaX&aepp+p
e p ( ~v q
a a

c=,6)
8 =($, and
an q=(e~)g~) by their
n
+-'v X ($.y'mp. ) . (3.30)
ro erly anti-
'
metrized, annd re 1arize db 1li ts
require v ment it yie s a
After rearrangemen
y '
lternative o e
finite string sly in g a1ong h.
T'dx= '
~'
(E VA;" ZP.V(-iV. )dxx (3.31)
x =hg(x) = )8(x 8
z8(z)b(z (3.26a)
or
)=h. ()= ()~(*) . (3.26b)
and ato t aI angular mentum
mom

nless tthee projections

p on J= xXT'dx= (E; xXVa,'+E X ~

intersect, innw h ich ca

case one finds in
+Zn tixX V+'2e)P)dx Q ~~
q e x'
&gdxdx'

s
' (3.27a) xx' )
E =exp( z e g g e
,
X -'()e-(*)I ( -")X (..
Xsgn(z z sgnn e
' 3.27b)
vanish when =, that
8=1, s
is, XP.'(*')f.( ) (3.32)
"po f
D in
the quantization n co
condition on th e IV. SOLUTIONN OF CHARRGE QUANTIZATION
e g4+=0,&-,', ~1, ". (3.2S)
he charge quantiza ation
io condition 3.29)
cussc d
' ' b Schwinger. '' On the for a set of ccharge vectors q ) e-=,
otherhand, if t eei t gfu to
Qm, a
X gn /4~=0,] i, a2, (4 1)
app}ie s instead to t e ch i 1 b
t on
is obviou ith 0 on the right
)/4m= (q e eq e)/4m. and e if all charge vec
sformation m
ri to a siu
' '
Con i d that the products e g 1 bear arbitrary e1 h
'
1 agrees withh observa i s~~~e no
p but fails to accouunt for e

antisymmetricricstnn f
tthecan noh motiva tioon in introducing m t'' h ar es.
176 FI EL D THEORY WITH ELECTR I C AN D MAGNETIC CHARGES 1495

On the other hand, suppose (4. 1) is satisfied for two served-parity and time-reversal operators are defined by
x),H(
vectors, call them q~ and ~~, with
P: pP(x)-+ E(
E(x),H(x), f(x) x),
qiX qa/4s
1. (4 2) vv (-x),7'4 '(-x) (48)
Then these two vectors are linearly independent and E(t),H(t)A-(t)A-(t) ~ E(t), H( t)
any vector in the two-dimensional charge space may be
written v'7V-(-t), v'vV-'(-t). (4.9)
q~ = c~iqi+c~2q2 ~ This is the situation discussed by Ramsey. On the "
other hand, if a particle, say, qm, has both electric and
On forming cross products of qwith q& and q2 and
magnetic charges, then no conserved-parity or time-
using (4. 1) and (4. 2), one finds that c i and c g must be
reversal operator exists. A convenient chiral-invariant
integers, Z~,Z 2,
measure of the strength of the parity and time-reversal
q=Ziq,+Z,qm, Z;=0,&1,a2, . (4.3) breaking interaction is
The cross product of any pair of vectors is then 1
Z ql 'q2'qlXq2 ql "q2 ~1~2 (4.10)
q Xq =(Z iZ s 2Z. &)4n, (kn. ) 2 4ir her

so that (4. 1) is satisfied for all m and e. Consequently

the product of the two elementary quanta of electric
(4.3) is the most general solution to the charge quanti-
charge. This could be a fairly large coupling and yet
zation condition provided that there exists a pair of
not show up very much in present experiments be-
vectors whose cross product has the minimum nonzero
cause magnetically charged particles are bound into
value.
magnetically neutral systems via the parity-conserving
A chiral transformation may be used to align qg
superstrong coupling constant
along the electric axis, so that
qP/4n = eP/4ir+4z/oi '= e22/4m. + 137
qi= (oi 0), (4 4)
Besides these discrete symmetries, each type of
with presumably eim/4s =1/137. In this case we have
particle in the Hamiltonian (2.27) has its own conserved
q2 (82 4~ol ). (4.3) current f
yQ. Finally, there are the gauge trans-
formations involving two gauge functions Ii(x) and
There is no further restriction on e2, the electric charge
p(x):
on the Dirac magnetic monopole, and it de6nes a
second elementary quantum of electric charge. A, BpP~A+VX, B+Vtj, ,f exp(ie )+ig p), (4.11)
Let us discuss the discrete symmetries of the Hamil-
but they require a larger framework than the present
tonian (2.27). For this purpose it is convenient to use
one to be studied adequately.
the Majorana representation. The Hamiltonian is, of
course, invariant under the CPT transformation O~,
/Because of the superstrong coupling of the present
theory, and because no Lorentz-covariant perturba-
0: E(t, x), H(t, x)g(t, x) ~
E(t, x), H( t, x), tive expansion exists due to the nonlocal commutator
y'Pt( t, x), (4 .6)of the vector potentials, new calculational techniques
are required to extract physical predictions. However,
and it is also invariant under charge conjugation, the nonrelativistic form may be studied unambigously. "
C: E,H, f-+ -E, Hatt. (4.7) Pote added ie proof. The quantization proposed here
has also been proposed recently by J. Schwinger, Phys.
To discuss parity and time reversal, assume that (4.3) Rev. 1Z3, 1536 (1968), Eq. (80).
holds and that the electric axis is aligned along q&.
Otherwise a chiral transformation would be included
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
in the definition of P and T. Two cases are to be distin-
guished, depending on whether or not the magnetically It is a pleasure to thank the Centre d'Etudes Nucle-
charged particles appearing in the Hamiltonian (2.27) aires de Saclay for its kind hospitality.
also bear electric charges. If they do not, let corre- f
spond to the purely electric particles and let
respond to the purely magnetic particles. Then con-
cor- f
' N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. 109, 225 (1958).
"
D. Zwanziger, preceding paper, Phys. &Rev. 176, 1480 (1968).