A LITERATURE REVIEW ON PERFORMANCE OF PV PANELS

ABSTRACT:
Since the use of energy has become an integral part of our life, its supply
should be secure and sustainable. The energy requirement of the world
is ever increasing. The increasing energy demands put a lot of pressure
on the conventional energy sources. Therefore, there is a need for
alternative energy sources which can provide us energy in a sustainable
manner.
The obvious choice of a clean energy source, which is abundant and
could provide security for the future development and growth, is the
suns energy.Pv panels in that regard have been most efficient energy
convertors hence study of them is of utmost importance in order to
utilize them efficiently.
1.Introduction :
The objective of the research is to minimize the amount of water and
electrical energy needed for cooling of the solar panels, especially in hot
arid regions.A cooling system has been developed based on water
spraying of PV panels[3]. Solar cells vary its performance under
temperature changes. Change in temperature affects the power. The
rapid development of solar PV cells has created challenging
environment in the future. So it is very necessary to improve the
efficiency of the solar PV cells. Efficiency can be increased either by
changing PV material, concentrating solar rays or using solar tracking
system. There are various methods for concentrating solar rays. In this
study optimization of angled collector for concentration and manual Bi-
axial Sun tracking system. It is found that by using Collector of optimized
size and biaxial tilting of the panel, performance of the PV cell panel is
increase tremendously[1] The effects of ambient temperature and wind
.

speed on the performance analysis of a monocrystalline silicon solar

photovoltaic module have been analyzed in a particular location . The
research work has been carried out by monitoring the variation of
module efficiency with ambient temperature and wind speed. A
statistical analysis has also been done and the result indicates that the
values of correlation coefficient are 96% and 68% for ambient
temperature and wind speed, respectively, considering confidence level
of 95%.The result shows that there is a strong positive linear relationship
between module efficiency and ambient temperature and a moderate
positive linear relationship between module efficiency and wind
speed[2]
2.Experimental work
Vijay Talekar and Vikram Shinde [1] carried out the experiment order
to determine the performance of the biaxial solar tracking PV panel with
collector in comparison with a regular position PV panel (45 degree in
south direction) without collector. The two PV panels were subjected to
the same solar radiation conditions at the same time and the energy
output of each panel was monitored and tabulated. For experimentation
they have used a Solar panel of 6 volt 5 watt Capacity and have taken
reading of Voltage and Current produced by the panel.The readings are
taken with respect to corresponding angles when Panel was at 45
degree placed without collector and Panel normal to the sun rays
without collector and Panel normal to the sun rays with collector.
.Tanima bhattacharya[2] experimented on temperature and wind effects
on pv panels. A digital multimeter is used to measure the short circuit
current and open circuit voltage. One digital thermometer has been
used to check the ambient temperature, anemometer to measure wind
speed, and TENMARS TM -207 solar power meter to measure the
intensity of the solar radiation and the output energy is calculated for
four cases using different temperature, namely 40 0c, 450c, 550C,650c. The
solar PV panel is left to overheat till the MAT is reached in each case,
and then, the panel was cooled to the normal operating temperature ad
this cycle is repeated for 180 min. K.A. Moharram[3] has made a cooling
system which consists of six main parts as follows:-Six PV modules of
185 W peak-output each ,Aluminum water tank of 0.3 m 3 capacity,120
water nozzles for spraying water over the panels,Drain pipe for
collecting the water and return it back to the tank. The water pump
sucks the water from the middle of the water tank via a suction pipe to
avoid sucking any dust. The suction pipe consists of a non-return valve
and a strainer to avoid sucking of large particles that could damage the
water pump. The sucked water passes through the water filter, and
then, it is sprayed over the PV modules for cooling. Water is sprayed
using water nozzles, which are installed at the upper side of the
modules[3]

Fig 1. Concentrating rays Fig2. Biaxial Tilting Mec Fig 3. Mechanical pair[1]

3. Observations
1. Hrushikesh Swami,Abhishek Shete[1]observed that system gives
maximum amount of power generated due to the biaxial motion
and also total cost of tilting and tracking mechanism is less than the
25% that of cost of panel required to generate the same power.It
produced 2.5 times more power than regular position of the solar
panel. And the construction of mechanism is very simple and
handling of the system is very easy. The designed tracker for sun rays
is found worked efficiently. The bi-axial tracking system was found
effective than single axis tilting mechanism. Kaushik Pal [2] observed
that as the ambient temperature increased solar module efficiency
was also increased signifying that ambient temperature had direct
proportion with solar module efficiency. It was also seen from this
figure that the correlation between the module efficiency and
ambient temperature/wind speed is nonlinear.H.A. Kandil[3]
observed that It is possible to cool and clean the PV panels using the
pro-posed cooling system in hot and dusty regions and the cooling
rate for the solar cells is 2 LC/min based on the concerned operating
conditions, which means that the cooling system will be operated
each time for 5 min, in order to decrease the module temperature
by 10 LC. The PV panels yields the highest output energy if cooling
 of the panels starts when the temperature of the PV panels reaches
the maximum allowable temperature 45o.
2 .Modifications and results
Vijay Talekar and Vikram Shinde[1]have tabulated readings of current,
voltage and power produced. The readings were taken for performance
of panel at three positions. It is observed that performance of the panel
with collector and with biaxial tracking is nearly 2.5times the
performance of the stationary panel (45 degree in south direction) &
tilted panel. Kaushik Pal[2] obtained correlation between efficiency and
wind speed. The ambient temperature has a positive correlation with
the efficiency of the PV system which indicates that ambient
temperature plays an important role in performance analysis. K.A.
Moharram[3] obtained that the optimum temperature is 45 0c, which
yields the highest output energy and also expected that as the
temperature value increases, the rate of water evaporation during the
cooling operation will increase, and thus, more water consumption will
be needed.
5.Conclusions
1.It was concluded that the implementation Bi-Axial system with
collector effectively. The designed tracker for sun rays is found worked
efficiently. The bi-axial tracking system was found effective than single
axis tilting mechanism. Performance of the panel is doubled due to use
of collector on the panel.
2.The extracted power was found to increase significantly by using Bi-
Axial tilting Mechanism.
3.The ambient temperature had a positive correlation with the efficiency
of the PV system which indicates that ambient temperature plays an
important role in performance analysis. Also, there is a direct
proportionality between the efficiency of the PV system and the
ambient temperature of thelocality.
4.The cooling rate for the solar cells was 2 LC/min which is based on the
concerned operating conditions, which means that the cooling system
will be operated each time for 5 min, in order to decrease the module
temperature by 10 LC.
5.The result of the cooling rate model had shown good agreement with
the experimental measurements and both the heating rate and the
cooling rate models have been validated experimentally.
6. The PV panels yielded the highest output energy if cooling of the
panels starts when the temperature of the PV panels reaches the
maximum allowable temperature (MAT) 450C
References
1. Vijay Talekar ,Vikram Shinde, Hrushikesh Swami ,Abhishek Shete Performance Improvement of
Solar PV Panel Using Reflectors and Bi-Axial Tilting Mechanism. IOSR Journal of Mechanical
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334XPP 27-31

2. Tanima Bhattacharya, Ajoy K. Chakraborty, and Kaushik Pal Effects of Ambient Temperature
and Wind Speed on Performance of Monocrystalline Solar Photovoltaic Module. Hindawi
Publishing Corporation Journal of Solar Energy Volume 2014, Article ID 817078.

3. K.A. Moharram , M.S. Abd-Elhady , H.A. Kandil , H. El-Sherif Enhancing the performance of
photovoltaic panels by water cooling Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4, 869877 Received
29 September 2012; revised 8 February 2013; accepted 24 March 2013
.