2/26/2017 NewEnergyTechnology1990(PACE,1994):Wirelesstransmissionofelectricalenergy:Aquarterwavecoaxialcavityasapowerprocessingplant

NewEnergyTechnology1990(PACE,1994)
(introduction...)
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Fundamentals
Thescientificbasisfortappingenergyinthevacuum
Strategicpatentingfortheinventor
Maxwell'slostunifiedfieldtheoryofelectromagneticsandgravitation
Orgoneenergyasamotorforce
TheHutchisoneffectaliftanddisruptionsystem
Developmentsininertialthrust
''EZKL''Energyzonedkineticleverage:nextgenerationpropulsionsystem
Thestructuringoffluidicmaterialsbycrystals
Cleanenergydevelopments
SolarenergyThenatureofnaturaland''EWEC''solarcollectors
Theelectroresonancegenerator
AdvanceswithViktorSchauberger'simplosionsystem
Plasticenginetechnology
AnovelD.C.motor
PermanentmagnetmotorsAbriefoverview
AneutronicenergySearchfornonradioactivenonproliferatingnuclearpower
LUMELOID*solarplasticfilmandLEPCON*submicrondipolarantennaeonglass
Chargedaerosolairpurifiersforthesuppressionofacidrain
CleanenginesAcombinationofadvancedmaterialsandanewenginedesign
Developmentsontheflexiblemirror
Wirelesstransmissionofelectricalenergy
ExtractingelectromagneticenergyfromthenonlinearEarthasaselfpumpedphase
conjugatemirror
Thedistributionofelectricalpowerbymeansofterrestrialcavityresonatormodes
WirelesstransmissionofpowerresonatingplanetEarth
Aquarterwavecoaxialcavityasapowerprocessingplant

Aquarterwavecoaxialcavityasapowerprocessingplant

MarkNash,JamesSmith,RobertCraven
339EngineeringSciencesBuilding
WestVirginiaUniversity
MORGANTOWN,WestVirginia26506
UnitedStatesofAmerica

Thecoaxialconductorgeometryhasbeenasubjectofinterestinelectricalengineeringsincetheadventofradio
andthefoundationsoftheradioengineeringdiscipline.Thesimplicityofthisgeometryandtheresonantmodes
associatedwithit,haveattractedscientiststoreturntothedevelopmentofdifferenttechnologiesandanalytic
modelsutilizingthecoaxialgeometrytimeandagain.Almostallofthesehavebeendevelopedintheareasof
communicationtechnologiesandhaveutilizedportionsofclassicaltransmissionlinetheoryforthebasisoftheir
respectiveanalyticmodels.

Thelimitedscopeofcommunicationtechnologieshasfocusedattentiontoalimitedlevel(smallenergies)of
applicationsofthecomplexelectromagneticnatureofresonantcircuitsandphysicalpropertiestheypossess
whichmaybeexploited.Theanalyticalsimplicityofthecoaxialgeometryprovidesforadistributedresonant

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structurewhichhasmodesthatcanbephysicallyinterpretedandvisualizedwithqualitativelinkstotheanalysis
throughtransmissionlinetheorybut,asisoftenthecase,thecomplexityofmodelanalysisofcavityresonators
hindersthephysicalinterpretationoftheirproperties.

Thecoaxialresonatormaybeviewedasatransitionalgeometryfallingbetweentransmissionlineandcavity
resonators.Withaproperanalyticsynthesisofthefieldtheory,transmissionlinemodels,thelumpedequivalent
model,andcavityandwaveguideanalyticconsiderations,abroaderandmorecompleteunderstandingofall
distributedresonantstructuresmaybegained.

Itbecomesapparentwithareviewofanalyticmodels,thatappreciationforthepotentialofferedbyresonant
cavitiesasRFpowerprocessingelementshasremainedundeveloped.Thisessentiallynewarea(RFPower
Processing)ofRadioFrequencyEngineeringhaspotential.

LumpedCircuits

Thelumpedequivalenttransmissionlinemodelispresentedinmanyundergraduateelectromagneticstextsandis
consideredoneoftheclassicalanalytictechniquesofelectricalengineering.Theoriginsofthisanalysiscanbe
tracedtotheworksofOliverHeaviside(1880's)andS.A.Schelkunoff(1)(1930's).Itprovidesthemeansby
whichdistributedcircuitsmaybecomparedto,andanalyzedas,lumpedcircuitsandisacriticalanalyticallink
betweenlumpedanddistributedresonantsystems.Theusualpresentationofthemodelisfocusedonthe
developmentoftheimpedancetransformingpropertiesoftransmissionlinematchingnetworksanddoeslittleto
demonstrateoremphasizetheresonantrisephenomenon.Figure1illustratestheit,

coaxialresonatorasitwouldberepresentedinlumpedequivalentcircuittheory.Astheanalysisofdistributed
circuitsrepresentedinthisformisextensiveitwillnotberepeatedhere.

Figure1(a):The

coaxialresonator1(b):Thelumpedequivalentcircuit

Theequationsforthelumpedequivalentparametersandthecharacteristicimpedanceare:

(1)

(2)

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(3)

(4)

Resonance

Thephenomenonoftheresonantriseonatransmissionline,andinanycavityresonator,isphysicallydueto
coherentreflectionofforwardandbackwardtravelingwavesoccurringatcriticallyspacedterminatingsurfaces.
Theoccurrenceofstandingwaves,orstationaryfielddistributions,iscommontoallresonatorsandisindeedthe
mechanismbywhichenergystorageandvoltage,currentandimpedancetransformationarerealizedindistributed
circuits.

Thesimplefielddistributionsofmostcavityresonatorssharegreatqualitative,andindeedsomeanalytic
similaritieswiththestandingwavespresentontransmissionlineresonators.Athoroughconceptualappreciation
ofthephenomenonofresonantrisemaybeobtainedfromconsiderationofavectordiagramrepresentationofthe
incident(E1)andreflected(E2)wavesonaresonantlengthofline.Figure2showsthefamiliarsinusoidalvoltage
distributionassociatedwiththeopencircuitedlosslessresonantlineandtheresultingphasesofthetwowavesat
differentpointsinthedistribution(2).Underlosslessconditionstheloadreflectioncoefficientisunitywithzero
phaseangleandtheloadimpedanceisinfinite.Asaresult,theincidentandreflectedwaveshaveequal
magnitudesattheload,andthereflectionoccurssuchthattheresultingphasesofthetwowavesarealsothesame.
Asthefiguredemonstrates,thisphenomenonyieldsaterminalpointvoltagethatisthearithmeticsumofthe
incidentandreflectedcomponents.

EL=

(6)

Itshouldalsobenotedthatinthisidealcasethecurrentsoftheincidentandreflectedwaveareequalin
magnitudebutoppositeinphase.Thus,thevectorsumiszeroandthecurrentintotheloadiszero.

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Figure2.VectorDiagramrepresentationoftheincidentandreflectedvoltagewaveformsonresonant
transmissionlines(2)

Thecriteriaforresonanceisinherentinthespatialvoltagedistributionandrequiresthevoltagemaximumand
minimumbeseparatedbyonequarterwavelength.Thismeansthatregardlessoftheloading,thesystemmustbe,
electrically,ninetydegreeslong.ThiscanbeeasilydemonstratedwithaSmithchartanalysisofthecapacitively
loaded

resonator.

ForeshortenedCoaxialResonator

Theexamplepresentedinthispapertoillustratethecoaxialcavityresonatorisadischargedevicewherethe
potentialfordischargeisbuiltupinasphericalcapacitor.Itisappropriatetoshowhowthiscapacitiveloadwill
changetheoperatingparametersattheresonator.Numericalvaluespresentedareappropriateforthe
demonstrationmodel.Thematerialpresentedcomesfrompublishedwork(3)andisinparttheresultofmutual
theoreticaldevelopmentconductedbytheauthorsandDr.F.Corumonthisresearchproject.(Someofthis
materialwillalsobefoundinthemonograph"VacuumTubeTeslaCoils"byJamesF.CorumandKennethL.
Corum).

Forthecapacitivlyloadedtransmissionline,thelengthatresonancewillbelessthanaquarterwavelengthlong
duetothechangeintheangleofthereflectioncoefficientattheloadend.TheeffectontheSWRisthattheangle
isreducedfrom0degrees,forafull

unloadedline,toanegativeanglesuchthatthereflectioncoefficientfortheopencircuitedendwillbe:

where:f<0(7)

Theresultofthischangeisthatthelineisnotonlyphysicallyshortenedbutthatstationary>/4sinusoidalfield
distributioniseffectivelyshortened.Figure3showsthecomparisonbetweentheunloadedandloaded
distributions.

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Figure3.Thecapacitivelyforeshortenedline:(a)unloadedline(b)voltagedistribution(c)loadedlineand
resultingreductioninattainedloadvoltage

LumpedEquivalentExample

ConsidertheresonatorshowninFig.4withitsequivalenttransmissionlinemodel.Attheshortedinputend(1)
theimpedanceis(ZL=Rloss+j0)andthereflectioncoefficient(

=0<180).Attheloadend(2)thecapacitanceofthespheremustbecalculatedandtheloadparameters
evaluated.

Figure4.ThecapacitivelytoploadedcoaxialcavityanditsequivalenttransmissionlinecircuitforSmithchart
analysis.

Thecapacitancetogroundofanisolatedsphereisgivenbelowandmaybeusedasareasonableapproximation
forthetoploadedsphere.

Csphere=4peor(m)(8)

Wherer(m)=radiusinmeters

ThusCtop=5.65pF
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Theunloaded

resonantfrequencyofthelineiscalculatedfrom:

c=

=41(m)f,orf=c/41(m).(9)

Thisyields:f=100Mhz,and

rad/sec.

Thustheproperloadimpedanceis:

(10)

Thecharacteristicimpedanceoftheresonatorinanairdielectricis:

(11)

Thenormalizedloadreactanceis:

(12)

Theeffectoftheloadingcapacitanceistorequirethelinetobeshortenedtomaintainthesameresonant
frequencyortolowertheresonantfrequencywhenaddedtoalineofgivenlength.Theelectricallinelengthwith
Ctopasaloadwillbe:

I'(

)=0.25

=0.2875

(13)

or

l'(m)=I'(

(m)=0.863m

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andtheresultingresonantfrequencyis:

f'=C/4I'(m)=86.91Mhz(14)

CoaxialCavityResonator

Atransitionfromresonanttransmissionlinetoresonantcavityoccursforthecoaxiallinewhentheinputisshort
circuitedasshownintheFigure5.Severalthingsbecomeapparentwiththisfundamentalobservation.The
structuretakesonthenatureofacompletelyenclosedsystem,orhohlraumastheyhavebeencalled(4),likethat
ofacavityisatraditionalgeometryexhibitingpropertiesofbothwaveguidesandcavitiesandisanimportant
conceptuallinkfordevelopingallclassesofcavityresonatorsforapplicationasRFpowerprocessingelements.

Itmaybeshownthatoptimaldimensionsofthecoaxialcavitiesmaybedevelopedfromcriteriaformaximizing
theenergystorage(Q)andstepup(SWR)ofthecavity.ThecriteriafordevelopmentofmaximumQmaybeseen
intheoptimizationoftheQfrompowerconsiderations.TheQofaresonantcavityisdefinedasbefore:

(15)

Theenergystoredanddissipatedisapproximatedas:

Energystored=

andEnergydissipated=

Therefore:

Thus,Qmaybemaximizedforthegeometrywhichyieldsthelargestvolumetosurfacearearatio.Thisoccursfor
thecoaxialcavitywhentheratioof(b/a)equals3.6andtheresonatorhasacharacteristicimpedance(

)of76.9

(5).AcomparisonofobtainableunloadedQ'sfordifferentresonantsystemsisinsightful.Table1showsthe
representativemagnitudesofthevariousunloadedresonantcircuits.

Table1:MagnitudesofRshforResonantStructures

TYPEOFCIRCUIT

(MAGNITUDE)

LumpedTank 10,000

TeslaCoil 100,000
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100,000

CoaxialResonators

CavityResonators, 1,000,000

.
Thetrendinincreasing"Q"withincreasedvolumetosurfaceareamaybeseenprogressingdownthetable.The
coaxialcavityfareswellcomparativelywithallstructuresandwaschosenforthesimplicityofconstructionand
designaswellasitsrepresentativenature.TheQ'sofcavityresonatorsexceedthoseofcoaxialresonatorsbyan
orderofmagnitudeandmightbechosenasasuperiorsystemforcertainapplicationsofpowerprocessing.

Thecriteriaforthedevelopmentofmaximumstepup(SWR)parallelstheshuntresistanceconsiderationssinceR
shSWR.

(17)

Figure5.Thequarterwavelengthcapacitivelyloadedcavity:

(a)sphericalcapacitivelytoploadedcavity
(b)foreshortenedcapacitivlyloadedcavity
(c)transmissionlineequivalent

Itisobviousthattheshuntresistanceisafunctionoftheconductorlossesandloading.Themaximumshunt
resistanceoccursforb/a=9.2whichyieldsacharacteristicimpedanceof133.1

(5).

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Again,acomparisonofobtainableshuntresistance(Rsh)fordifferentresonantsystemsisinsightful.Table2
showstherepresentativemagnitudesofthevariousunloadedresonantcircuits.

Table2:Magnitudesof"

"forResonantStructures

TYPEOFCIRCUIT

(MAGNITUDE)

LumpedTank 100

TeslaCoil 100

1000

CoaxialResonators

CavityResonators 100,000

RFPowerProcessing

ThefirstindividualintheliteraturetorealizethattheRFresonantsystemsmightbeusedtoadvantageinthe
processing(ortransformation)oflargeelectricalenergiesforengineeringapplicationswasNikolaTesla.Hefirst
developedthe"distributedhelicalresonator"strictlyasameansofgeneratinghighvoltagesandtheresulting
spectaculardischargesforwhichheisfamous.Hecompletedextensiveempiricaltestingandoptimizationofthis
structureduringthelate1890'sandproposedavarietyofpossibleapplicationsincludingwirelesstransmissionof
powerandtheconceptofdirectedenergyweapons.

WhenexaminingTesla'sColoradoSpringsDeviceasamodelforapowerprocessingsystemfourbasicprocesses
canbeobserved.Theconversionofpowerfrom60HztoRFthetransformationbypulsemodulationtohigh
peakpowerandvariabledutyfactortheinputcouplingsystemandtheoutputcoupletotheload,Figure6.These
blockcomponentsmaybeimplementedbystandardRFtechniquesinavarietyofwaysdependingonthe
magnitudeofthepowerstobeprocessedandthedesiredefficiency.Theblockscomprisingtheresonatorhave
beendevelopedintheprecedingsectionsandonlythesourceconsiderationsremaintobeconsidered.Tesla
implementedpulsemoderationviaaspecialbreakwheel.Asthebreakoccursandthesparkisquenched(Tesla
usedamagneticfieldandforcedairtoquenchthesparkquickly).Thehighvoltagetransformerreactanceis
reintroducedacrosstheprimarytankdetuningittolowerthe"Qpri"andreducetheimpedancewhichiscoupled
intothesecondary.Thesecondary,whichisnowfreeoftheloadingoftheringingprimary,nowringsatitsself
resonantfrequency(fsec)whichisidenticaltothatoftheextracoilwherethevoltage(Vsec)issteppedby
resonantrise(VSWR).Theprimarycapacitance(Cp)isrechargedduringthebreakinterval.

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Figure6:(a)BlockdiagramoftypicalRFpowerprocessingsystem(b)Tesla's1899ColoradoSpringsapparatus
systemequivalent.(3)

Thesparkintervalduringtheexchangeofenergybetweentheprimaryandsecondarymustbecarefullycontrolled
toavoidreflectionofenergybackintotheprimary.Forefficientoperation,theoptimalsparkdwellmustbeused.
Thisprovidesfortrappingoftheenergyinthesecondary/extracoilcircuitwhichcanbechargedovermanyspark
andbreakintervalstoverylargepowerlevels.Withrepeatedpulsesofpeakenergyfromtheprimary,the
secondarymasteroscillatorwillchargetheextracoil,andthesystemachievebasevoltageswhich,whenstepped
bytheextracoil,willexceedthebreakdownpotentialof(Ctop).Itshouldbenotedthatwiththetightcoupling
usedbyTeslain1899(k=0.6)practicalforanyoftheresonatortypes,thebreakwheelwasrequiredtoswitchwith
lessthantwocyclesofoscillationi.e.:

Thisisaphenomenalachievementwithabreakwheelswitchormodulator.Thisbecamethefundamental
limitationpreventingTeslafromexploringhigherfrequenciesandsmallerresonatorgeometries.Theadventofthe
vacuumtubeswitch(nottheoscillator)wouldremovesomeoftheselimitations.

StateoftheArtSwitching

Theappropriateengineeringchoiceofavacuumtubereplacementforthebreakwheelisthehydrogenthyatron
switch.Stateofthearttubesachieverisetimesontheorderofafewnanosecondsandfalltimes(deionization
times)ontheorderoftennanoseconds.Ifitisassumedthatthepulsedurationmustbeontheorderoftwicethe
falltimetoprovideanefficientwaveform,itisobviousthatattainablefrequenciesarenogreaterthan100MHz.
Thismayseemsurprisingconsideringthefrequenciesattainableby"ClassC"oscillators(GHz).However,with
thecurrentlyavailabledielectricinsulatorsthisisashighafrequency(duetotheresultingphysicalsizes)atwhich

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