1.1. Introduction To Chemistry HW

CyberEd Study Guide
Introduction to Chemistry

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Introduction to Chemistry
The following National Science Education Physical Science Content Standards

specifically relate to this study guide:
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
o Matter is made of minute particles called atoms, and atoms are composed
of even smaller components.
o The atom's nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, which are much
more massive than electrons.
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER
o An element is composed of a single type of atom.

o Solids, liquids, and gases differ in the distances and angles between
molecules or atoms and therefore the energy that binds them together.
Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2
The Atom......................................................................................................................... 4
Matter .............................................................................................................................. 5
Chemical Substances...................................................................................................... 8
States of Matter ............................................................................................................. 11
Measurements .............................................................................................................. 12
The Mathematics of Chemistry I .................................................................................... 15
The Mathematics of Chemistry II ................................................................................... 17
Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................................. 21
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Introduction
Introduction to Chemistry: View Scenes 1 2 and complete the
exercise below.
Learn how chemistry is relevant to many topics.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 1
1. All Things Under the Sun: this illustration shows the wide reach
of chemistry. What is chemistry and why should you study it?
Scene 2
2. Why is chemistry important to the study of other sciences? What careers are open
to chemists?

3. Two Time Winner: this picture shows the

American chemist, Linus Pauling. Describe his
accomplishments.

The Atom
exercise below.
Learn the basics about atomic structure.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 3
1. The Atom: this graphic shows the basic parts of atomic structure. Describe the
structure of an atom.
Scene 4
2. Atoms Interact: this graphic shows the elements oxygen and hydrogen combining
and recombining into different substances. Explain what elements are and what
accounts for their chemical interaction.
Scene 5
3. Ions: this graphic shows what happens to atoms when they gain or lose electrons.
Explain ions, using examples.

Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lessons # 1 & 2

Review terminology.
Interactive
Lesson

Matter
exercise below.
Study the properties of matter.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 6
1. Mass: this graphic shows how atoms combine to make matter. Explain the
concepts of matter and mass, using the illustrated example.
Scene 7
2. Mass and Weight: this graphic contrasts the concepts of mass and weight.
Describe the difference, using the illustrated example.

Scene 8
3. Matter: this graphic displays some of the properties of matter. Describe the
properties of matter, how they are measured, and how they arise.

Chemical Substances
exercise below.
Learn about elements, compounds and mixtures.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 9
1. Elements Revisited: this graphic shows the element, carbon. Chemically, how
would you know when you have a pure element rather than a substance made up
of different elements? Discuss the concept of elemental atoms, using carbon as an
example.
Scene 10
2. Periodic Table: this graphic lists the known elements. Describe the periodic table.
How did element names originate?

Scene 11
3. Element Symbols: this graphic shows two element symbols from the periodic
table. Describe how they are derived. How are element symbols used?
Scene 12
4. Compounds: this graphic compares an ionic compound with a molecular
compound, both of them chemical compounds. Explain chemical compounds,
using the illustrated examples.

Scenes 13 14
5. Molecules and Mixtures: this graphic shows
mixtures of molecules in air and dirt. Explain
molecules, and mixtures of molecules, using
examples.
6. Distinguish the concepts of element, compound and mixture by completing the

following table.
category description
element
compound
mixture
Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lessons # 3 & 4

Review matter, ions, compounds, and mixtures.
Interactive
Lesson

States of Matter
exercise below.
Compare the three physical states of matter.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 15 18
1. States and Energy: these pictures show how the strength of the attraction between
adjacent water molecules determines the state of matter that water assumes.
Beside each picture in the table describe the behavior of water molecules in that
physical state. What allows water to change physical states?
Waters State of Matter The State of Waters What causes a change

Molecules in state?
Solid
Liquid
Gas

Measurements
exercise below.
Study the fundamental principles of scientific measurement.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 19
1: Why are units of measurement important?
Scene 20
2. Density: this graphic shows the steps for determining the density of an object.
Describe the concept of density, how it can be measured, and how it can be used
to identify substances.

Scene 21
3. This table compares the relative density of water in liquid, solid and gaseous form.
Complete the table by supplying the appropriate description. (Note that the first
cell in the top row is already filled in.)
State of Relative Relative Relative
Matter Density molecular molecular
movement attraction
most dense
1.0 g/cm3
liquid water
solid water
gaseous water
4, Why is the density of liquid water an essential value in chemistry?
Scenes 2223
5. Why do scientists use the metric system for most measurements?
6. Complete the following table by supplying the appropriate power of ten for each
listed prefix, and examples of how each prefix is used. (Note that the bottom two
rows are already completed.)
prefix power of ten usage example
kilo-
cent-
milli-
micro- 10-6 micrometer (micron)
nano- 10-9 nanometer, nanosecond

Scene 24
7. SI stands for the French, Systme International. Complete the following table by
supplying the appropriate SI unit and its abbreviation for each measured quantity.
(Note that the bottom row is already completed.)
quantity measured standardized units (SI Units) abbreviation
length
mass
time
temperature
volume cubic centimeter = milliliter cc = mL
8. Complete the following table by supplying the temperature scale name that
corresponds to the temperature unit symbol, and indicate the boiling point of water
for each temperature scale.
Unit Symbol Scale Name Boiling Point of Water
F
C
K
9. For further thought: Youve probably noticed that units on the Kelvin scale are
called Kelvins, not degrees Kelvin. Kelvins are exactly the same as degrees
Celsius, measured upward from 0 K, or absolute zero, the temperature at which all
molecular motion ceases. In other words, there is no lower temperature than 0 K.
Given that the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celsius on the Celsius scale,
what is the freezing point of water on the Kelvin scale?
Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lesson # 5

Calculate density.
Interactive
Lesson

The Mathematics of Chemistry I

exercise below.
Review unit conversion problems.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 25 26
1. Making Conversions Easy: this graphic shows the busy way to convert English
units to metric units. There is a simpler way. Instead of cross-canceling the units of
fractions, you could multiply quantities by conversion factors that have the unit
cancellations built-in. The table
below lists direct English to
Metric conversion factors for
inches to centimeters and
gallons to liters. Complete the
table by changing the given
fractions into similar direct
conversion factors.
When you know multiply by or this to find the
the quantity in this fraction conversion factor amount in this
this English unit, (the hard way) (the direct way) metric measure
1
pounds /2.2 kilograms
inches -- 2.54 centimeters
gallons -- 3.785 liters
1
miles /.62 kilometers
2. Course Correction: In the lesson, the calorie to Joules factor is in the English to
Metric column. However, calories and Joules are both metric units of energy. A
calorie is in the gram-degrees Celsius system and a Joule is in the meter-
kilogram-second system (or ampere-ohm system, same thing, different labels).
Calories are used for quantifying heat energy and Joules are used for electrical
and mechanical as well as thermal energy. Why would it be useful to know energy
measurements in Joules for a process with a sequence of chemical, thermal,
mechanical and electrical energy? What everyday process has such a sequence
with energy taking different forms?

Scenes 27 28
3. More Hints about Direct Conversion:
this graphic is adapted from the
lesson, but the scientist is now asking
how to make all his conversion factors
direct ones, English to Metric. Help
him out by inverting the meter-to-
yards factor into a yard-to-meter
factor, and use it to calculate the
metric equivalent of 30 yards.

The Mathematics of Chemistry II

exercise below.
Learn how to express numbers scientifically.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 29
1. Estimating the Meniscus: this graphic shows the uncertainty when estimating the
position of the meniscus, the curved surface of a liquid in a graduated cylinder.
Describe why there is uncertainty when making measurements and how to deal
with that uncertainty, using the illustrated example.
Scene 30 33
2. Explain the determination of significant digits, including the application of the
Atlantic/Pacific Rule.

3. Reinforcement: In the following table indicate how many significant figures are in
each stated quantity.
Table One
count of
row
quantity significant
#
figures
1 0.001 kg per gram
2 0.04 mL
3 3.28 km
4 0.62 seconds
5 0.20 calories
6 4.23 liters
7 256.0 Kelvins
8 35.32 cubic cm
9 0.035 grams/calorie
10 2.21 percent
11 1024 flasks
12 2.47 grams
13 about 2000 people
14 2001 test tubes
4. How are significant digits determined in calculations?
5. Reinforcement: Complete the following table by supplying answers in significant

digits and give the range of uncertainty for the estimated digit. The row numbers
refer to the rows in Table One. The first answer is supplied.
Table Two
Divide row 8 by row 4 57 1 cc / second
Multiply row 12 by row 10
Divide row 2 by row 6
Multiply row 5 by row 9
Divide row 7 by row 3

Scene 34
6. Encompassing Extremes: this graphic shows Avogadros number written in
scientific notation, as a standard number, and as a word quantity. Explain why
scientific notation is necessary. Show how 225,000 is written in scientific notation.
Show how 0.0000225 is written in scientific notation.
7. For further thought: What does one molecule of water weigh, in grams? Write your
answer in scientific notation, to significant digits.
Scene 35
8. Percents: this graphic shows how to
calculate the percentage one number
represents of another number. A test
score of 140 out of 150 possible is 93
percent. Use the method to calculate
35 out of 150 as a percent. Why are
percents a valuable measure?

Scene 36
9. Percent Error: this graphic shows the calculation
of percent error between a reliable scale and a
suspect scale, each measuring the same item.
Explain in general how percent error calculations
are made and how they are used.
10. For further thought: Can percent errors be negative? Can a comparison of
measurements for only one item fairly indicate the accuracy of a scale? If you
didnt have a reliable lab scale handy, how else might you evaluate the percent
error of a suspect scale?
Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lessons # 6 - 10
Review conversions, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, scientific

notation and calculating percentages.
Interactive
Lesson

Summary and Conclusion

exercise below.
Review what you have learned.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 37
1. Summarize what you have learned in this lesson by supplying simple answers to
the basic questions posed below.
Basic Question Simple Answer
What is chemistry?
What are elements?
How are atoms identified?
How is the periodic table

organized?
What is the relationship of

elements, compounds and
mixtures?
Why is mathematics important
to chemistry?
Scene 38
2. Why study chemistry if you dont want a career as a chemist?

1.1. Introduction To Chemistry HW

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CyberEd Study Guide

The following National Science Education Physical Science Content Standards

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

o An element is composed of a single type of atom.

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3. Two Time Winner: this picture shows the

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Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lessons # 1 & 2

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6. Distinguish the concepts of element, compound and mixture by completing the

Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lessons # 3 & 4

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Waters State of Matter The State of Waters What causes a change

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4, Why is the density of liquid water an essential value in chemistry?

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Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lesson # 5

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The Mathematics of Chemistry I

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The Mathematics of Chemistry II

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5. Reinforcement: Complete the following table by supplying answers in significant

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Introduction to Chemistry: Complete Interactive Lessons # 6 - 10

Review conversions, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, scientific

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Summary and Conclusion

What are elements?

How are atoms identified?

How is the periodic table

What is the relationship of

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