MEMB123

SEM 2 16/17

WALKWAY TRUSS DESIGN

LECTURER: A.K.M PARVEZ IQBAL Dr.

NO STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1 DARWISH AKMAL BIN KAMAL ARIS EP0100848

2 AMIRUL AZHAN BIN

3 LUQMAN HAKIM

4 AIMAN SYAHMI

5 MUHAMMAD KHAIRUL FADZLI

 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

PROBLEM STATEMENT

IDEAS AND CONCEPT DESIGN

DATA TABULATION

COST CALCULATION

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

REFERENCE
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to design our own truss needed to support a walkway
connecting two buildings per instructed by that question. For that purpose, this report gives a
detailed information about truss design. This report also gives a thorough analysis with the
scaled drawing regarding the truss. The costs needed to build the truss also included in the
table. Mainly, the decisive factor of our truss design is based on the force analysis on the truss.

In the analysis section, the forces are calculated to ensure the bridge is sturdy and
strong enough to support the walkway and the load given by the question. The results are
discussed in the discussion section.
 INTRODUCTION

Truss bridges are characterized by the joining of numerous relatively small

structural members into a series of interconnected triangles. They were first built of
wood, then iron, then steel or, occasionally, a combination of the materials. Many
wooden truss bridges served North Carolinas roads in the 19th and early 20th
centuries. Only one still survives largely intact, the 1895 Bunker Hill Bridge near
Claremont in Catawba County, which no longer carries traffic and is not part of the
highway system. All of the states other truss bridges are metal structures, which
partook of an explosion of design and technological innovations that began in the mid-
19th century.

A truss bridge can be characterized by the location of its traffic deck. At a pony
truss, the travel surface passes along the bottom chords of trusses standing to either
side that are not connected to each other at the top. These trusses are designed for
lighter loads. At a through truss bridge, the deck again is carried along the bottom
chord, but the trusses to either side are generally higher and are connected by cross-
bracing at their tops. Designed for heavier loads and longer spans, this truss is the
most common in North Carolina. The least common truss in the state is the deck
truss, which carries its deck and traffic entirely on top of the truss structure.

Metal trusses may also be differentiated by how their structural members are
connected. The earliest examples in the state were connected with pins. The pin
connection was subsequently replaced by bolted and then welded connections.
There are numerous wood and metal truss types. The wooden Bunker Hill Bridge is a
Haupt truss, a type invented in 1839. North Carolinas metal truss bridges utilize only
about five of the many types or subtypes of metal truss bridgesthe Pratt, the
Warren, the Parker, the Camelback, and the Pennsylvania.

The Pratt truss is identified by a simple web arrangement of diagonals in tension

and verticals in compression. Patented in 1844 by engineer Thomas Pratt and his
architect father, Caleb, the Pratt offered ease of design and fabrication by using
economical, standard, rolled-angle and channel sections, plates, bars, rods, and I
beams. Pratt trusses were dominant during the last quarter of the 19th century and
continued in use well into the 20th. Most of the later examples of the truss used
riveted or bolted rather than pinned connections. A larger number of intact Pratt
trusses survived in North Carolina into the beginning of the 21st century than any
other type.
 The Warren truss design is distinguished by equal-sized members and the ability of
some of the diagonals to act in both tension and compression. The type is generally
characterized by thick, prominent, diagonal members, although verticals could be
added for increased stiffness. Warren truss bridges gained popularity after 1900, as
American engineers began to see the structural advantages of riveted or bolted
connections over those that were pinned. The design was well suited to a variety of
highway bridge applications and was very popular in North Carolina and nationally
from about 1900 to 1930.

A Parker truss is a Pratt truss that has a polygonal top chord. It is named after
engineer C. H. Parker, who is associated with the development of the design in the
mid-19th century. Polygonal top chords offer savings in material and place the
greatest depth of the truss at the center of the span where it is most needed. The
riveted Parker truss was admirably suited for relatively long spans and it remained
popular through the early decades of the 20th century.

A Camelback truss is a variation of the Parker truss that has a polygonal upper
chord of exactly five slopes. This provides some saving of material with the greatest
depth of truss where it is most required, at the center of the span. The State Highway
Commissionwhich made only limited use of the type and then only at long
crossingsused the Camelback variant as the center span of Nash County Bridge
271, which it erected over the Tar River just east of Spring Hope in 1921.

The Pennsylvania truss is named after the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose engineers
developed the design in 1875. It is yet another variant of the Pratt truss with polygonal
top chords and panels that are additionally subdivided by ties and struts. The sloping
of the top chords saves materials and best places the depths of the truss at the center
of the span, while the subdivided panels distribute the loads uniformly and handle
secondary stresses well. The Pennsylvania truss was well-suited to long spans and
remained popular through the early decades of the 20th century. The state utilized it
at a few crossings in the mid-1950s, reflecting a conservative application of truss
technology by the Highway Commission.
EXAMPLE OF TRUSS DESIGN
 OBJECTIVES
Learning the designing process
View the practical applications for trigonometry, physics and statics
Improve skills associated with collecting data and drawing meaningful conclusions.
Recognize the necessity of good communication skills for engineers by completing
memos, reports, and drawings.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

From the problem given, it is given two buildings with a length 16m between these two
buildings and we need to design a truss to support the walkway connecting two buildings. We
also knew the walkway must be built for pedestrians only. Thus, there are vertical 5kN loads at
G, H, I, J. We are also given a table of many types of welded steel pipe with diameter. The table
also provided the load analysis for each type of welded steel.

The cost of each type of welded steel pipe are also provided by the table. The problem
mentioned that the welding cost RM20/joint. Thus, we need to include these costs into our
problem analysis.

The specification given in term of 16m length and 4m height. Thus, we must not exceed
the limit of the specification given.
 IDEAS AND CONCEPT DESIGN
For this project, we want to design the truss design similar to the Pratt truss design and
Howe truss design. This design is chosen based on its simplicity, the sturdiness and the
strength to support the walkway with the vertical loads of 5kN at G, H, I, J.

How we obtain the ideas? Firstly, we tried to build the truss design by using the
simulation truss from the internet. By using the information provided, we tried to build many
types of truss with the vertical loads of 5kN applied to the truss. Thus, we used the results of
each simulation from many types of design truss to compare which one uses the less members
and less tension load and compressive load.

We found out that our design of truss is the most suitable for our project since it uses
less members which are 15 members only (costs lesser) and lesser joints for welding (save the
costs of welding for each joint). We also compare the forces on every member of all design
trusses. We also found out that the forces on each member of our design is comparatively less
than other design. Thus, we can save the cost by using cheaper type of welded steel pipe for
the members in our design.
 DATA TABULATION

FORCE MEMBERS INTERNAL FORCE (N) TENSILE/COMPRESSIVE

AB 7.5K Tensile

BC 7.5K Tensile

CD 7.5K Tensile

DE 7.5K Tensile

BF - -

CG 5K Compressive

DH - -

EH 10.61K Compressive

FA 10.61K Compressive

FC 3.539K Tensile

HC 3.539K Tensile

GF 10K Compressive

HG 10K Compressive

AI 5K Compressive

IF - -
 COSTS CALCULATION

FORCE MEMBERS TYPES OF STEEL PIPES Length(m) x Price (RM) Cost(RM)

AB A 4x20 80

BC A 4x20 80

CD A 4x20 80

DE A 4x20 80

BF B 4x25 100

CG B 4x25 100

DH B 4x25 100

EH B 5.65x25 141.25

FA B 5.65x25 141.25

FC A 5.65x20 113

HC A 5.65x20 113

HG B 4x25 100

GF B 4x25 100

AI B 4x25 100

IF B 4x25 100

TOTAL 1528.5

Number of joint(s): 9 joints

Price for joints: 9 x RM20=RM 180

OVERALL TOTAL: 1528.5 + 180= RM 1708.60

 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Based on our truss design, we have done the force analysis for each members of
the truss. There are 15 members in our design. Each forces of each member were
calculated and tabulated in data tabulation.

Other than that, the length of each member is important part in choosing the best
design. This is because we have to choose the cheaper steel pipes according the costs
given in the table. The larger the diameter of the steel pipes, the more expensive the
steel pipes. Thus, from the force analysis of our design, the forces acting on the
members are not so quite huge and from it, we chose the most suitable and cheaper
steel pipes to build the truss.

We also applied the trigonometry principle to find the length of diagonal members
of the truss. As a result, our design uses the least length of steel pipes which leads to
cheaper steel pipes to be used in our truss design.

Since our design only has 15 members, thus the cost for welding is cheaper than
the other design which has 17 members as in example given in question.

From the analysis, it is proven that the simulator is correct because of the same
results. We applied the method of joints to find the forces acting on each member of the
truss.

As a conclusion, our design can be considered the best design based on the
costs it needed to build and the amount of forces acting on the truss. We also believed
our design can last for long term and can withstand the forces acting on the truss in real
life situation.
 REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge
2. http://www.instructables.com/id/Teach-Engineering-Truss-Bridges/
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge
5. https://www.ncdot.gov/projects/ncbridges/historic/types/?p=17