Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The data cleaning process demands careful consideration, as it will significantly affect the final
statistical results. The entire process is guided by the preliminary plan of data analysis, which was
formulated in the research design phase. Cleaning the data requires consistency checks and
treatment of missing responses, generally done through SPSS. Consistency checks serve to
identify the data, which are out of range, logically inconsistent or have extreme values. The
missing responses are treated carefully to minimise their adverse effects by assigning a suitable
value (neutral or imputed) or discarding them methodically (case wise or pair wise deletion).
Missing responses pose problems if their proportion to the total is significant (more than 10
percent).Based on the figure 1, in the Label part it show that sentences were type in lowcase.
Basically its considered as part of error too. Managed to changed it Sentences case even the
label in Values.
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Figure 2 (Data before Correction)
Figure 2 shows that there are many missing data in few number of statements whereby 3
respondents not wish to answer for satisfaction towards love affair/romance , 47 respondents
didnt answer for satisfaction towards job, 3 respondents not willing share their opinion for
satisfaction towards study and 35 respondents refused to answer for satisfaction towards sexual
life. Apart from that, the respondents from the age 15 to 21 may not know about sexual life and
they wouldnt know anything about since the age for marriage is 21 ,So they may not know
anything .
Since most of the respondents ignored and rejected to answer the statements related to privacy
and confidential things, it can be considered as Malaysians still attached with their cultural value.
As part of the cultural norms and values that practiced among Malaysian, they shouldnt share all
of these personal lifestyle and privacy matters with any unknown or third person.
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Figure 3 ( Data before correction)
figure 3 shows some error in key in data. the maximum value that determine for Carbonated soft
drinks is 4 but here in result shows 70 whereby in the data of respondent number 222, for this
particular statement instead of 4, they type 70. Moreover, the maximum value that assigned for
Laundry Detergent is 7 but the result shows 40 whereby in the data of respondent number 222,
for this statement instead of 7, they type 40. The data were corrected and this is called clean the
data.2 missing data in the age category, both of the respondents considered it as privacy concern.
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Question 2 (a)
Marital
Single 157 62.8
Married without children 21 8.4
Married with children 69 27.6
Divorced 3 1.2
Total 250 100
Race
Malay 145 58
Chinese 75 30
Indian 27 10.8
Others 3 1.2
Total 250 100
Income
Less than $400 23 9.2
$400 to $749 42 16.8
$750 to$999 19 7.6
$1000 to $1499 25 10
$1500 to $2499 18 7.2
$2500 to $3499 13 5.2
$3500 to $4999 6 2.4
$5000 and above 1 0.4
Not applicable 103 41.2
Total 250 100
Table 2 shows that, the data was collected from all segment of population in Malaysia in term of
gender marital status, race, income and age. According to the population in Malaysia, majority
of race is Malay, secondly Chinese and lastly Indian & others likewise the questionnaire was
distributed and collected accordingly. Secondly, the income range is from $ 400 to $5000 and
above considered as reliable and valid income range of the working adults in Malaysia. This
questionnaire was collected from all range of income earners. Therefore, data can be
considered as non-bias.
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Figure 4 (Demographic Profile of respondents: Gender , Marital, Race and Income)
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Question 2 a
Table 2. Demographic Profile of respondents (Age)
From this result, noticed that 2 respondents not wish to share their age due to privacy concern.
From the age of 15 to 21 may not know anything about satisfaction towards romance, love and
sexual life. High number of respondents are from the age of 21 and the least are 16,34,36,37 and
39.
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Figure 5 (Demographic Profile of respondents: Age)
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Question 2(b)
Bowling
Not interested 118 47.2
Sometimes 62 24.8
Would like 56 22.4
Often 14 5.6
Total 250 100
Disco
Not interested 145 58
Sometimes 56 22.4
Would like 41 16.4
Often 8 3.2
Total 250 100
Fishing
Not interested 90 36
Would like 76 30.4
Sometimes 71 28.4
Often 13 5.2
Total 250 100
Go to turf club
Not interested 189 75.6
Would like 37 14.8
Sometimes 19 7.6
Often 5 2
Total 250 100
Tennis
Not interested 103 41.2
Would like 73 29.2
Sometimes 57 22.8
Often 17 6.8
Total 250 100
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Figure 6 (Activity Profile)
Based on the table above, can conclude as most of the respondent not interested in most of the
activities whereby Bowling: 118 respondents, fishing: 90 respondents, Disco: 145 respondents,
going to turf club: 189 and lastly tennis 103. Apart from that, 150 respondents show interest on
playing badminton which higher than any other activity. Badminton is the only game that all range
of population love to play in Malaysia compared with other activities such as Disco, go to turf club
where below age of 21 not allowed and prohibited among Malay community whereby the activity
of gambling will take place especially in Turf Club for the Horse Race. Meanwhile, compared with
other activities, fishing was considered as main activity for 76 respondents. Mostly, the
respondents who grew up from city or urban area may not know the important or like the fishing
activity.
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Question 2(c)
Table 4: Readership of newspaper
Readership of Newspaper
New Straits Times Frequency Percent
Yes 137 54.8
No 113 45.2
Total 250 100
The Star
Yes 135 54
No 115 46
Total 250 100
Utusan Malaysia
No 137 54.8
Yes 113 45.2
Total 250 100
Berita Harian
Yes 130 52
No 120 48
Total 250 100
Table 4 shows that most of the respondents respond Yes and No equally whereby the quantity
shows more or less same. The highly-read newspaper among the respondents is New straits
Times and The Star, the second is Berita Harian and the least is Utusan Malaysia. Majority of
respondents Say No to read Utusan Malaysia: 137 respondents which is considered as high if
compared with Berita Harian: 120, The Star: 115 and New Strait Times: 113.
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Figure 7 (Readership of newspaper)
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Question 2 (d)
Table 5 : Usage of two products
Laundry Detergents
Fab 97 38.80
Breeze 73 29.20
Trojan 21 8.40
Ekonomi handalan 20 8.00
Others 15 6.00
Do not consume 15 6.00
Tiger 9 3.60
Total 250 100.00
The table above show that, among the given list carbonated soft drinks, the higher number of
respondent loves to consume Coca-Cola which is 144 respondents, secondly Pepsi Cola: 49
respondents, lastly, other type of carbonated soft drinks: 20. Meanwhile there are 37 respondents
who never consume these carbonated soft drinks and the respondents could be under age 40 &
above.
Apart from the Carbonated soft drinks, Laundry detergents also categorized under usage product.
Among the 6 type of detergents, 97 respondents prefer Fab, 73 respondents prefer Breeze, 21
respondents prefer Trojan, 20 respondents prefer Ekonomi handalan, 15 other brands of laundry
detergent and the least number of respondents prefers Tiger laundry detergent whereby only 7
out 250 respondents. There are 15 respondents who never use any of this laundry detergent.
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Figure 8 (Usage of two products)
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Question 3
Table 6
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Question 4
Question 4a
Table 7
Chinese 1 48 49
Question 4b
Table 8
NST Total The Star Total Utusan Total Berita Harian Total
Chinese 48 48 53 53 13 13 19 19
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Question 4c
Table 9
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Does the 3 ethnic groups differ in their involvement in a ,b and c?
a. Satisfaction in Life groups
Among three 3 ethnic groups ,97 of Malay respondents shows that they are highly satisfied with
from Indians& Indians & others ethnic group agree that they are highly satisfied. Apart from this,
Sadly, on the low satisfied category, 2 respondents from Indians & others ethnic group shows not
satisfied with what they have in life. The best part in low satisfied category, the result shows 0 for
Malay respondent which means Malay respondents are highly satisfied with what they have
compared with other ethnics. So, in this section, result shows there is a difference among 3 ethnic
in their involvement in this satisfaction in life group category
b. Readership of newspaper,
Table 8 shows that, there are high number of Malay respondents: 104 prefer to read Berita Harian
and 97 malay respondents prefers Utusan Malaysia which clearly shows that majority of malay
respondents first priority given to their mother language based newspaper whereas their interest
on reading NST and The Star shows less number compared with national language based
newspapers. Secondly, 53 number of Chinese respondents prefer to read The Star, 48 of
respondents from Chinese category prefer to read NST and very low number of respondents
prefer Berita Harian and Utusan Malaysia. Lastly 18 respondents from Indians & others category
prefers to read NST, 16 respondents read The Star and very low number of respondents prefers
to read Berita Harian and Utusan Malaysia. The results show that Chinese,indian and others
respondents are not very much interested on reading national language based newspaper such
as Berita harian and Utusan Malaysia.
c. Activities involved
Result in Table 9 shows that ,85 of Malay respondents loves to play badminton sometimes, 49 of
Chinese respondents like to play badminton sometimes and only 16 respondents from Indians &
others ethnic group likes to play badminton. Compared with other activity, Badminton has the high
number Malay respondents sometimes loves to play badminton. 41 of Malay respondents loves
to involve in fishing activity. On the other side ,113 respondent of Malay respondents never play
bowling ,128 of Malay respondents never go Disco and 139 of respondents never go Turf Club.
Normally in the place where disco and turf club activity take place, there is a chance of other
prohibited by Islamic law activities might take place too such as Gambling, Consuming alcohol
drinks and wearing dress which is not allowed in Malays culture. On the other hand, 31 Chinese
respondents love to play bowling sometimes ,34 Chinese respondents like disco and 14 of among
them like to go turf club. Most of the Chinese respondents shows their interest on going Disco
and play bowling compared with Malay and Indian& others respondents. Sadly, respondents from
Indian & others didnt show much interest on activities listed in the questionnaire. So, in this
section, result shows there is a difference among 3 ethnic in their involvement in this satisfaction
in life group category
Based on the discussion above, can conclude that, the three ethnic group differs in their
involvement in a,b and c.
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Question 5
Table 10 (Sex Group Differences with respect of all the items in the satisfaction in life scale)
ANOVA
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Question 6
Table 11 ( Ethnic group differences with all items in religious inclination and moral standard )
ANOVA
Rather work smart than work Between Groups .972 2 .486 .258 .773
Don't like unlucky number Between Groups 53.857 2 26.929 8.772 .000
Most people - trustworthy and Between Groups 1.241 2 .621 .515 .598
honest Within Groups 297.755 247 1.205
The end justifies the means Between Groups 12.876 2 6.438 3.401 .035
Filial piety is very much alive Between Groups 5.021 2 2.511 2.214 .111
Respect for authority is important Between Groups 7.296 2 3.648 3.500 .032
Listen to the advice of elders Between Groups 3.376 2 1.688 2.242 .108
Womans life is fulfilled only if she Between Groups 13.447 2 6.724 4.250 .015
can provide a happy home for Within Groups 390.749 247 1.582
family Total 404.196 249
Wrong to have sex before Between Groups 54.004 2 27.002 12.879 .000
marriage Within Groups 517.852 247 2.097
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Figure 10
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Based on the regression analysis above, the result shows that there is some significant difference
among three ethnic groups with moral standards and religious inclination whereby the significant
level for the statement Don't like unlucky number is 0.000 which means it shows there is a
difference of opinion among Chinese and Malays which shown in Figure 10. Basically, Chinese
beliefs that number 8 is the lucky number for them whereas number 4 as a unlucky number for
them but Malays do not believes on it. Moreover, in the figure 10, for the statement The end
justifies the means, Malays and Chinese also have significant differences at 0.026 which means
Malays will follow the proper channel to achieve something but Chinese will follow alternatives
either right or wrong way to achieve their desires.
In addition to that, relying on a bomoh or geomancy (fengsui) statement indicates the significant
differences at 0.018 among Malay and Chinese and at 0.030 among Chinese and indian. On this
particular matter, three ethnics group has different opinion on relying on such supernatural
powers. Both Malay and Indians has some similarities but both has no similar with what most of
the Chinese are believing on it. For the statement Religion is important most of the Malay and
indian & others respondents had answered similarly. Both races strongly believe religion is
important for them but most of the Chinese are not considering it as important. Therefore, the
result shows significant at 0.000.
In term of moral standards, Respect for authority is important and the significant difference of
0.0024 in the fire 10 clearly shows that Chinese and Malays has the different approach and
understanding. Most of the Indian& Others and Malays considered respecting their authority is
important in any organization but most of the Chinese respondents don not considering it as
important. Normally in Malaysia, Chinese attached with or working in the company where
authorities are Chinese and rather than respect them as higher authority, they will treat them as
family members or friends. Therefore, they dont find it as essential for them to respect the
authorities.
Womans life is fulfilled only if she can provide a happy home for family statement among malay
and indian shows significant differences at 0.013 which means womens life is fulfilled not only if
she provide a happy home for family but there many other things that she should fulfilled in order
to provide happy home for family. There is difference of idea and perception among Malays and
indian.
According to the figure 10,Wrong to have sex before marriage shows significant differences at
0.000 among Malay and Chinese and at 0.044 among indian and Chinese. The result clearly
shows that, Both Malay and Indians culture have similarities on this issue but Chinese has
different understanding on it whereby in Malaysia, most of the Chinese have sex before marriage.
There are many undeniable facts and evidence on this matter. They dont consider it wrong to
have sex before marriage.
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Question 7
Table 12
Correlations
Religious
Fulfillment Moral Values Inclination Age
The correlation shows that there is a significant relationship between satisfaction (fulfillment)
with age group of respondents which shows the significant level at 0.008. Moreover, moral
values also have significant relationship with religious inclination with significant level at 0.016.
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Question 8
Table 13
Correlations
Religious
Fulfillment Moral Values Inclination Regroup Race
Table 14
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Table 15
ANOVAa
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Table 16
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Based on the result above, its clearly shows there is no significant relationship between
fulfillment with moral values, religious inclination and race whereby the r square indicates 8.9%
as a relationship of dependent variable with other three independent variables. There is no
strong relationship among the variables. None of the variables shows significant level below
than 0.05. According to the Hinton (2014), if the Sig value is below than 0.05, the variable is
making significant contribution to the dependent variable. Therefore, here in this case, it can be
assumed as there is no significant relationship among the variable since the Sig value is more
than 0.05
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Question 9
Table 17
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.719 .759 10
Table 18
B. Reliability Test: Moral Standard
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.336 .387 11
All these values, which were above 0.70 will be consider as acceptable for the further analysis
and more than appropriate to proceed with any further testing as suggested by Ryan (1995).
Hinton et al (2014) provide the following rules of the thumb: when the alpha coefficient is more
than 0.90 it shows an excellent pointer on reliability of the questionnaire. while the alpha
coefficient is lower than 0.5 shows an unacceptable pointer on the reliability of the questionnaires.
Given the alpha coefficients score are acceptable in the Table 17 of Satisfaction in life whereby
its shows alpha coefficient of 0.71, the data was considered suitable for the further analysis
whereas alpha coefficient in Table 18 of Moral standard shows 0.33 which is below than average.
Therefore, the variables in Moral standard need to improve in order achieve the reliability score.
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Question 10
Table19
The KMO statistic varies between 0 and 1. analysis should yield distinct and reliable factors.
Kaiser (1974) recommends accepting values greater than 0.5 as acceptable (values below this
should lead you to either collect more data or rethink which variables to include). Furthermore,
values between 0.5 and 0.7 are mediocre, values between 0.7 and 0.8 are good, values
between 0.8 and 0.9 are great and values above 0.9 are superb for these data the value is
0.821, which falls into the range of being great: so, we should be confident that factor analysis
is appropriate for these data. Bartlett's measure tests the null hypothesis that the original
correlation matrix is an identity matrix. For factor analysis to work we need some relationships
between variables and if the R- matrix were an identity matrix then all correlation coefficients
would be zero. Therefore, we want this test to be significant (i.e. have a significance value less
than 0.05). A significant test tells us that the R-matrix is not an identity matrix; therefore, there
are some relationships between the variables we hope to include in the analysis.
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Table 20
1 2
Satisfaction towards friends
.774
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Figure 11
Based on the Table 20 and Figure 11, its shows that the dimensions or statements in the
Satisfaction of life in the scale exclude one of the dimension called satisfaction towards sexual
life or relation with opposite sex falls into second scale. with no doubt, since the respondents
are from the age of 15, this particular statement or dimension should be excluded for their level
which means from age of 15 until 21 shouldnt answer the question because in term culture or
law in Malaysia, its highly prohibited to marry below age of 21 or have sexual life before official
marriage. Most of the dimension in Satisfaction in life are on the scale.
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