add | to the result. Inverting the bits is simply a matter of changing all Os to 1s and 1s to 0s. This is called the / 5 complement. See Example 0-9. Take the 2’s complement of 10011101. Solution: 10011101 binary number 01100010 1’s complement ap 1 01100011 2’s complement Addition and subtraction of hex numbers In studying issues related to software and hardware of computers, it is often necessary to add or subtract hex numbers. Mastery of these techniques is essential. Hex addition and subtraction are discussed separately below. Addition of hex numbers This section describes the process of adding hex numbers. Starting with the least significant digits, the digits are added together. If the result is less than 16, write that digit as the sum for that position. If it is greater than 16, subtract 16 from it to get the digit and carry 1 to the next digit. The best way to explain this is by example, as shown in Example 0-10. Example 0-10 Perform hex addition: 23D9 + 94BE. Solution: 23D9 LSD: 9+ 14=23 23 — 16 =7 with a carry + 94BE 1413411 =25 25 — 16 = 9 with a carry B897 14+3+4=8 MSD: 2+9=B Subtraction of hex numbers In subtracting two hex numbers, if the second digit is greater than the first, borrow 16 from the preceding digit. See Example 0-11. [Example 0-11 Perform hex subtraction: S9F — 2B8. Solution: LSD: 8 from 15=7 11 from 25 (9 + 16) = 14 (E) 2 from 4 (5-1) =2 CHAPTER 0: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 7