78 Protection of electricity distribution networks

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000 Through-fault protection curve Through-fault protection curve
for faults that will occur frequently for faults that will occur frequently
3000 (typically not more than 10 in (typically not more than 10 in
transformer lifetime) transformer lifetime)
2000

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300

200

100
90
80
70
60
Time in seconds

50
40
30

20

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

2
12 10 8 7 6 4 5 This curve may also be
K transformer impedance used for back-up
protection where the
1 transformer is exposed
0.9
0.8 For fault currents from 70% to 100% of maximum to frequent faults
0.7 possible : I 2t= K normally cleared by
0.6 high-speed relaying
0.5 where I = Symmetrical fault current in times normal
0.4 base current (AN SI/IEEE C57.12.00-1980)
0.3 K = Constant determined at maximum I with
t = 2 seconds
0.2
Note = Sample I 2t= K curves have been plotted for
selected transformer impedances as noted.

0.1
3 4 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
Times normal base current

Figure5.11 Thermal capacity of transformers between 501and1667singlephase;

501 to 5000kVA three phase (from ANSI/IEEE Standard 242-1968;
reproduced by permission of theIEEE)

2. Select the transformation ratios of the CTs.

3. Determine the values of the pick-up setting, time dial and instantaneous settings
of all phase relays to ensure a co-ordinated protection arrangement.
4. Find the percentage of the line BC protected by the instantaneous unit of the
overcurrent relay associated with breaker 2.
 Overcurrent protection 79

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000 Through-fault protection curve Through-fault protection curve
for faults that will occur frequently for faults that will occur frequently
3000 (typically not more than 5 in (typically not more than 5 in
transformer lifetime) transformer lifetime)
2000

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300

200

100
90
80
70
60
Time in seconds

50
40
30

20

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

2
12 10 8 7 6 4 5 This curve may also be
K transformer impedance used for back-up
protection where the
1 transformer is exposed
0.9 For fault currents from 50% to 100% of maximum
0.8 to frequent faults
0.7 possible : I 2t= K normally cleared by
0.6 high-speed relaying
0.5 where I = Symmetrical fault current in times normal
0.4 base current (ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1980)

0.3 K = Constant determined at maximum I with

t = 2 seconds
0.2
Note = Sample I 2t= K curves have been plotted for
selected transformer impedances as noted.

0.1
2 4 53 6 7 9 10
8 20 30 40 50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50
Times normal base current

Figure5.12 Thermal capacity of transformers between 1668and 10000kVA single

phase; 5001to30000kVA threephase(fromANSI/IEEE Standard242-
1968; reproduced by permission of theIEEE)

Take into account the following considerations:

1. The discrimination margin to be 0.4 s.
2. All relays have inverse time characteristics, as shown in Figure 5.15.
3. Relay data: