1. Complete the sentence using a word from the list.

Sometimes you need

the adjective and sometimes the adverb.

careful / carefully perfect / perfectly

happy / happily financial / financially

complete / completely quick / quickly

nervous / nervously fluent / fluently

continuous / continuously special / specially

1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very ______.

2. Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving. He's always ______.

3. Sue works ______. She never seems to stop.

4. Alice and Stan are very ______ married.

5. Monica's English is very ______ although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.

6. I cooked this meal ______ for you, so I hope you like it.

7. Everything was very quiet. There was ______ silence.

8. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me ______.

9. Do you usually feel ______ before examinations ?

10. I'd like to buy a car but it's ______ impossible for me at the momen

1. quickly
2. careful
3. continuously
4. happily
5. fluent
6. specially
7. complete
8. perfectly
9. nervous
10. financially / completely
2. conjunction
A conjunction is a part of speech that joins two words, phrases or clauses together.
There are three types of conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Common Subordinating Conjunctions

in order that
after
so
before
if
although
lest
either...or though
and even if
neither...nor even though
but that
not only...but also as much as
or unless
both...and as long as
nor until
whether...or as soon as
when
because
where
since
whether
so that
while

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that connect two or
more equal items.

Examples:

He plays tennis and soccer

He works quickly but accurately

You'd better do your homework, or you'll get a terrible grade.

Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs.They work in pairs to coordinate two items.
Examples of correlative conjunctions include both...and..., either...or, not only... but also...
Examples:

I didn't know that she can neither read nor write.

You can either walk to school or take the bus.

Both Sara and James are invited to the party.

Whether you watch TV or do your homework is your decision.

Not only are they noisy but they are also lazy.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join a dependent
(or subordinating) clause to an independent (or main) clause.

Examples:

He reads the newspapers after he finishes work.

Even if you get the best grade in the writing test, you'll need to pass an oral test.

Although he is very old, he goes jogging every morning.

She didn't go to school because she was ill.

They went to bed since it was late

As soon as the teacher had arrived, they started work.

1. I need to work hard so that I can pass the exam.

2. Although he was the best candidate, he didn't win the elections.

3. When you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.

4. They said that the movie was fantastic, so I watched it.

5. although he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.

6. I don't know where I can buy a pair of jeans.

7. She went to the shops but cocouldn't find anything that could fit her needs.

8. Everybody likes him because he is nice and helpful.

 9. Since he was angry with her, he didn't utter a word.

10. Keep quiet or go out.

3.if Clause The 123

would stop

-If she got a job, she (stop) being homeless.

would have distributed

-They (distribute) available hours if enterprises had agreed.

will live

If we reduce unemployment, everybody (live) better.

wasn't

-If he (not be) unemployed, he would have a place to live.

didn't loose

-They would pay the rent, if they (not loose) their jobs
eat

-You will be ill if you (eat) so much.

will

If you wait he (come)

had rung

If you (ring) the bell, the servant would have come

had been

If the children (be) good, they would have stayed up late.

asks

If the beggar (ask) for money, you won't give him any.

wouldn't have had

If you had bought that big house, you (not have) money to pay it.
will post

If you put the parcel on the table, the boy (post) it for you.
4.

What is reported speech?

Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.

Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech.

Direct speech vs Reported speech:

Direct speech Reported speech

She says: "I like tuna fish." She says that she likes tuna fish.

She said that she was visiting Paris the following

She said: "I'm visiting Paris next weekend"
weekend.

Different types of sentences

When you use reported speech, you either report:

statements

questions

requests / commands

other types

A. Reporting Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

tense

place and time expression

1- Pronouns

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

Example:

She says, My dad likes roast chicken. She says that her dad likes roast chicken.
2- Tenses

If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in reported speech.

If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in reported speech.

Direct speech Reported speech

(no backshift) I write poems. He says that he writes poems.

(backshift) I write poems. He said that he wrote poems.

No backshift

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense (e. g. He says). Note,
however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person
singular).

Example:
He says, I write poems. He says that he writes English.

Backshift

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense (e. g. He said).

Example:
He said, I am happy. He said that he was happy.

Examples of the main changes in tense:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

He said: "I am happy" He said that he was happy

Present Progressive Past Progressive

He said: "I'm looking for my keys" He said that he was looking for his keys

Past Perfect Simple

Simple Past
He said that he had visited New York the previous
He said: "I visited New York last year"
year.

Present Perfect Past Perfect

He said: " I've lived here for a long time " He said that he had lived there for a long time

Past Perfect Past Perfect

He said: "They had finished the work when I He said that they had finished the work when he
arrived" had arrived"
 Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
He said: "I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football when the
accident occurred" accident had occurred

Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

He said:"I have been playing football for two He said that he had been playing football for two
hours." hours

Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

He said: "I had been reading a newspaper He said that he had been reading a newspaper
when the light went of" when the light had gone of

Future Simple (will+verb) Conditional (would+verb)

He said: "I will open the door." He said that he would open the door.

Conditional (would+verb)
Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich"
rich"

The modal verbs could, should, would, might, needn't, ought to, used to do not normally
change.
Example:
He said, "She might be right." He said that she might be right.

Other modal verbs may change:

Modal Direct speec Repored speech

can "I can do it." He said he could do it.

may "May I go out?" He wanted to know if he might go out.

must "She must apply for the job." He said that she must/had to apply for the job.

will "They will call you." He tod her that they would call her.

3- Place, demonstratives and time expressions

Place, demonstratives and time expressions change if the context of the reported statement
(i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct speech.

In the following table, you will find the different changes of place; demonstratives and time
expressions.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

 Time Expressions

today that day

now then

yesterday the day before

days ago days before

last week the week before

next year the following year

tomorrow the next day / the following day

Place

here there

Demonstratives

this that

these those

B. Reporting Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

place and time expressions

tenses (backshift)

Also note that you have to:

transform the question into an indirect question

use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if / whether

Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech

With question word (what, why, "Why" dont you speak He asked me why I didnt
where, how...) English? speak English.

Without question word (yes or no He asked me whether / if I

Do you speak English?
questions) spoke English.
C. Reporting requests / commands

When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

place and time expressions

Direct speech Reported speech

Nancy,do the exercise. He told Nancy to do the exercise.

"Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen.

Tenses are not relevant for requests simply use to / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")

Example:

She said, Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.

She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy

For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)

For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).

D. Other transformations

Expressions of advice with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.
Example:
You must read this book.
He advised / urged me to read that book.

The expression lets is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are two possibilities
for reported speech: gerund or statement with should.
Example:
Lets go to the cinema.=
1. He suggested going to the cinema.
2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.

Main clauses connected with and/but

If two complete main clauses are connected with and or but, put that after the conjunction.
Example:
He said,I saw her but she didn't see me. He said that he had seen her but that she hadn't
seen him.

If the subject is dropped in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do
not use that.

Example:
She said,I am a nurse and work in a hospital. He said that she was a nurse and worked in
a hospital.

1. John said, "I love this town."

John said that he loved that town.

2. "Are you sure?" He asked me.

He asked me if / whether I liked soccer.

3. "I can't drive a lorry," he said.

He said that he couldn't drive a lorry.

4. "Be nice to your brother," he said.

He asked me to be nice to my brother.

5. "Don't be nasty," he said.

He urged me not to be nasty.

6. @"Don't waste your money" she said.

She told the boys not to waste their money.

7. @"What have you decided to do?" she asked him.

She asked him what he had decided to do.

8. @"I always wake up early," he said.

He said that he always woke up early.

9. @"You should revise your lessons," he said.

He advised the students to revise their lessons.

10. @"Where have you been?" he asked me.

He wanted to know where I had been.

5. What are relative pronouns?

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause within a complex sentence.

In the example:

Mike found the keys that he had lost.

that is a relative pronoun which introduces the relative clause that he had lost.

In English the relative pronouns are who, whom, which, whose, and that.

Relative pronouns

who - subject or object pronoun for people

They caught the lady who killed her baby.

I know the man who you met.

which - subject or object pronoun

I read the book which is on the table.

I visited the town which you told me about.

which - referring to a whole sentence

They were unsuccessful which is disappointing.

whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in non-restrictive relative clauses (in
restrictive relative clauses use who)

The boy whom you told me about got the best grades in mathematics.

that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in restrictive relative clauses
(who or which are also possible)

I like the vase that is over there.

6.
1 I used my time well while I (wait) for my plane - I wrote
some emails.
Correct answer: was waiting

2 I (not/work) when my boss walked in my office.

Correct answer: wasn't working

3 When I (wait) for the taxi, I saw two car crashes.

Correct answer: was waiting

4 Tom (have) long hair and a beard when he was at university.

Correct answer: had

5 It started snowing while I (drive) to work.

Correct answer: was driving

6 What (you/do) this time last year?

Correct answer: were you doing

7 I (not/call) you at 9 o'clock as arranged because I was

having a meeting.
Correct answer: didn't call

8 I (still/sleep) when my wife left for work this morning

Correct answer: was still sleeping

9 Why did you bring your umbrella? (it/rain) when you left
home?
Correct answer: Was it raining
7.

1. He teaches English.

2. The child is eating bananas.

3. She is writing a letter.

4. The master punished the servant.

5. He was writing a book.

6. Who wrote this letter?

7. Somebody cooks meal every day.

8. He wore a blue shirt.

9. May God bless you with happiness!

10. They are building a house.

11. I have finished the job.

12. I sent the report yesterday.

13. She bought a diamond necklace.

14. Somebody had stolen my purse.

Answers
1. English is taught by him.

2. Bananas are being eaten by the child.

3. A letter is being written by her.

4. The servant was punished by the master.

5. A book was being written by him.

6. By whom was this letter written?

7. Meal is cooked by someone every day.

8. A blue shirt was worn by him.

9. May you be blessed with happiness!

10. A house is being built by them.

11. The job has been finished by me.

12. The report was sent yesterday.

13. A diamond necklace was bought by her.

14. My purse had been stolen by somebody.