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Viscosity,cP
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Oil-Water
Properties,
Emulsions and
Chemicals
Oil & Water Properties
OIL: WATER:
Viscosity Viscosity
Density Density (salinity)
Conductivity pH
TAN
Oxygen
IFT EMULSION:
Viscosity Zeta Potential
WAT
Density
Solids
Solids
GOR
Acronyms
TAN Total Acid Number, mg KOH/g
GOR Gas to Oil Ratio, vol/vol
Typically, scf/bbl.
WAT Wax Appearance Temperature
Typically, Cloud Point WAT = 9oF.
BS&W Basic Sediment & Water
% by volume of oil/water mixture.
IFT Interfacial Tension, dyne/cm
Oil Gravity
Light Oils - associated with high salinity water
usually large density differential
rapid water separation rate
low viscosity
Heavy Oils - associated with low salinity water
small density differential
hindered water separation rate
high viscosity
Oil Viscosity vs.
Temperature
~15 API Crude Oils
Typical
x3
/3
Emulsion Viscosity
Inversion Point
Oil continuous below the inversion point.
Water continuous above the inversion point.
Ranges from 20% to 70%, lowest in heavy oils.
Emulsion Viscosity
70.0
60.0
Viscosity,cP
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
Inversion Point
10.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1400 Typical
1200 High
1000
800
600
400
200
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature, F
Emulsion Types
Mechanically formed emulsion
Formed by high shear devices, pumps, valves, etc.
Easily reversed by electrostatics
Surfactant formed emulsion
Formed by the presences of in-situ chemicals
Requires an effective chemical program to reverse
Benefits obtained by synergy with electrostatic field
Solids formed emulsion
Created by the in-situ solids very stable emulsion
May be handled by use of chemicals and electrostatic
Water-in
Water-in--Oil Emulsion
Typical
Oil--in
Oil in--Water Emulsion
Typical
Complex Emulsions
16 API SAGD DilBit
vs.
H2O in Oil
vs.
Oil in H2O
Emulsion Breaking
Heat
Removal / dilution of emulsifiers
Forced coalescence
Electrostatic fields
Chemicals
Centrifugal forces
Water pH
Low Water pH: Aids Water Quality
<6 Neutralizes Surfactants
Destabilizes Emulsion
Enhance coalescence