THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRILANKA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SPECIFIC INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (i) REPORT

SANGARY PERIYASAMY
REGISTRATION NO. : 60465050

PROGRAMME OF STUDY : DIPLOMA IN TECHNOLOGY

FIELD & COURSE CODE : ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION (ECW 3290)
PLACE OF TRAINING : THE OFFICE SHOP (PVT) LTD.
200, D.S.SENANAYAKE VEEDIYA,
KANDY.
PERIOD OF TRAINING : 08/10/2008 - 16/01/2009 (15 WEEKS)

APPROVAL FOR THE INDUSTRIAL SPECIFIC TRAINING 1

This Training Report Submitted for the Course ECW 3290 - Specific Training 1

On behalf of the programme,

Diploma in Technology (Electronic & Communication Engineering)

Conducted by,

The Faculty of Engineering Technology,

The Open University of Sri Lanka,

Nawala,

Nugegoda.

0ct, 2008 – Jan, 2009

Approved by,

……………………… ……………………
Managing Director, Training Engineer,
The Office Shop (Pvt) Ltd. Faculty of Engineering Technology,
Kandy. The Open University of Sri Lanka,
Nawala, Nugegoda.

…………………… ……………………

Date Date

PREFACE

The following report describes an overview of the types and outcomes of work undertaken by
myself which formed the industrial training component of the Diploma in Technology
(Electronic and Communication Engineering) programme.

In particular, this report clearly indicates my experiences and observations regarding to the
training. And as well carried out tasks are related to servicing, troubleshooting and repairing
computer peripheralsCONTENTS
APPROVAL FOR THE INDUSTRIAL SPECIFIC TRAINING 1………………… (i)
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………….. (ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………….. (iii)
CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………….. (iv)
DETAILS OF THE ORGANIZATION…………………………………………….. (v)
1. COMMON SIMPLE PRECAUTIONS BEFORE STARTING WORK………… (1)
2. PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)
2.1. PRECAUTIONS ………………………………………………………….. (2)
2.2. THINGS NEEDED FOR ASSEMBLE A PC …………………………….. (2)
 2.3. ASSEMBLING PROCEDURES………………………………………….. (3)
2.4. PC TROUBLESHOOTING……………………………………………….. (6)
3. THERMAL FAX MACHINE
3.1. MAIN PARTS OF A FAX MACHINE, THEIR FUNCTIONS…………… (8)
3.2. FAX MACHINE TROUBLE SHOOTING………………………………… (9)
4. PRINTERS
4.1. INKJET PRINTERS
4.1.1. MAIN PARTS OF AN INKJET PRINTER ………………………… (11)
4.2. LASER PRINTER
4.2.1. MAIN PARTS OF A LASER PRINTER …………………………… (13)
4.2.2. WORKING MECHANISM ………………………………………… (13)
4.3. PRINTING A TEST PAGE………………………………………………... (14)
5. MOUSE
5.1. SERVICING A MOUSE…………………………………………………… (15)
6. UPS (UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY)
6.1. WORKING MECHANISM………………………………………………. (17)
6.2. UPS BATTERY…………………………………………………………… (17)
6.3. COMMON UPS SPECIFICATIONS ……………………………………... (18)
7. ATX POWER SUPPLY ………………………………………………………… (20)
7.1. STANDARD OUTPUT ATX VOLTAGES ………………………………. (21)
7.2. INSIDE OF AN ATX POWER SUPPLY………………………………… (21)
7.3. ATX POWER SUPPLY TROUBLESHOOTING………………………… (22)
8. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………. (23)
9. REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….. (24)

DETAILS OF THE ORGANIZATION

The required industrial training was completed at one company over a period of 15 weeks.
The details of the company where this work was performed are listed below:

The Office Shop (PVT) Ltd

200, D.S.Senanayake Veediya,
Kandy.
Tel/Fax : 081-2202830
E-mail : officeshop@sltnet.lk
Managing Director
: Mr.Gamini B.Abeykoon
Senior Technician
: Mr.Vajira M.Gunathilake

This organization locates in the heart of the Kandy city. The Office Shop is John Keels Office
Automation (JKOA)’s authorized dealer and dealer for other office automation products such
as computers and accessories, printers, scanners, UPS, fax machines, etc.. And they provide
services/ repairs and spare parts as well.

The organization has about 15 staffs for a variety of functions according to its requirements.
And also it has several divisions such as accounts, management, technical etc.

All services/repairs were carried out in the Technical Division of the company.
1. COMMON SIMPLE PRECAUTIONS BEFORE STARTING WORK

At the training spot, I was advise to follow these steps for safety of myself, others and
electronic components.

 To keep the electronic components on a hard surface.

 To wear shoes and a short-sleeved cotton shirt.
 To not to wear any metal ornaments like rings, bangles and metal strap wrist watches.
 To use the anti-static bags those come with most computer components as mats to rest
the components on the workspace.
 To use screwdrivers with a long neck, preferably magnetized are very much suitable
for repairing a component.
 To not to tighten screws too far because it will be impossible to loosen them later.
 To be sure to unplug the power cord from the power supply before connecting any of
power cables to the components, however.
 To give perfect attention to the processes and remember all procedures finished at the
particular time.
 When handling computer components like motherboards, Video card, memory, or
even a hard drive it is best to hold them by the edges.
 A flashlight is always a good thing to have.
 Always better to discharge capacitors on any PCBs with a metal tool like screw
driver.
 One easy way to ground myself is to touch the outside metal box of a computer's
power supply (near the fan) before unplug it.
2. PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

2.1. PRECAUTIONS

Before Starting the actual assembly of the PC System, the following precautions helped me to
avoid any accident during the assembly process:
 While the motherboard has to be fitted at a fixed place inside the PC cabinet, the
locations of add-on cards and the drivers within the drivers’ bay of the cabinet can be
changed within certain limits. But it is better to place them far away from each other.
 The motherboard should remain in its original anti static cover until required for
installation. The person taking it out should wear an anti static wrist strap that is
properly grounded. Similar handling precaution is also required for cards.
 Be sure to handle all the components with great care. If a small thing like a screw is
dropped on the MB, it can damage the delicate circuitry, representing the Main Board
useless.

2.2. THINGS NEEDED FOR ASSEMBLE A PC

- ATX computer case with at least 350-watt power supply

- Intel or AMD processor with appropriate heatsink
- Computer motherboard well-matched with the processor
- 1 or more RAMs compatible with the motherboard and processor
- 1 or more SATA/IDE hard disk drives
- 1 or more optical (CD) drives
 - 1 PS/2 or USB keyboard.
- 1 PS/2 or USB mouse
- at least one video card compatible with the motherboard
- CRT or LCD monitor (computer screen)
- Sound card
- 10/100 Ethernet Network Adaptor (NIC)

2.3. ASSEMBLING PROCEDURES

Step 1: Preparing the case.

I removed the empty computer case from its packaging. Unscrewed and removed both side
panels, and took out any items that may be inside. Put down the case flat on the workspace
(see pic 1).

Step 2: Installing motherboard risers and the Motherboard

Then I removed motherboard from its packaging and lower it into the case. Lined up the ports
on the motherboard with the appropriate holes in the back panel I/O shield of the case (pic 3)

Once the board is temporarily in place, observed which screw holes in the case line up with
the holes in the motherboard. These are where I need to place risers. And removed the
motherboard and insert the risers in the appropriate screw holes (pic 2).
Step 3: Installing the CPU
I then placed the motherboard flat on top of the anti-static bag it came in and ensured that the
lever on the CPU-socket is open. Holding the CPU gently on sides with thumb and fingers,
lower it into the socket, ensuring that the arrow on the CPU matches the arrow indented into
the socket (see pic 4). After correctly seated the CPU in the socket, lower the
lever until it locks.

Step 4: Installing the heat sink and cooling fan

I make sure that the 2 levers on the top of the heatsink are in unlocked position (see pic 5). I
used a very small amount of thermal compound, and spread it over the processor's core. Then
I lowered the heat sink gently into the plastic frame around the processor so that the heatsink
metal sits evenly on all sides. I pushed down on the plastic
top of the heatsink until the hooks on each side locked into the frame on the motherboard.
Holding one side of the heat sink securely, pulled the lever on the other side over until it
locks. I repeated the procedure for the other lever too.

Step 5: Installing RAM

Once I was sure of the direction of the RAM(see
Pic 5
pic 6), I opened the levers of the DIMM slot and pushed the RAM module straight down into
Notch the slot until both levers snap closed on either side.
Lever

Step 6: Installing the Motherboard

I lowered the board into the case as in step 2 and Screwed the motherboard into the risers.
Once the board has been securely attached, I plugged in the 20-pin main ATX power
connector (see pic 7).
 Plugged the 4-pin 12V auxiliary power and with help of the motherboard manual I found the
correct locations for the 'front panel' power, reset button wires and the power and hard-drive
LED wires and connected them.

Step 7: Installing the hard-drive

First, I checked the jumper settings with help of the chart drew on the hard disk (see pic 8) to
ensure that the hard disk is set up to be the master drive on its IDE cable and then inserted the
Molex
pic power hard drive into the 3.5" drive-tray and screw it in securely on both sides and attached the Molex
Connector power cable to the drive. Attach the Primary IDE cable to the drive (the blue/red on the cable should
10 be facing the hard-drive power cable) (see pic 10)

IDE cable Step 8: Closing the Cabinet

After all the connections are made inside the Cabinet, I double-checked all the wiring. Make
sure all connections are firmly attached, and ensure that no wires are running close to the top
of the CPU heat sink fan. Then closed the cabinet and screw it tight. Set it in an upright
position.

Step 9: Connecting other peripherals, Power cables and Powering the System
Then I plugged the data cable of the monitor to the display card. It will be marked on the
back of the cabinet. Connect Keyboard, Speakers, and Mouse to the back of the cabinet in the
correct places.
After all these connections, I connected the power cable of the Monitor to its place. Then
plug in the power cable into its jack.

Finally plug in the power cord and switched the power supply switch to the on position and
pressed the power button. Everything is connected as it should be, all system fans started
spinning, I heard a single beep, and after about 2-5 seconds the computer started to boot.

2.4. PC TROUBLESHOOTING

On the training period, I have found many PCs with various types of troubles while I have
solved most of the hardware problems as well. Below given are the problems I faced and how
I overcome from them.
1. PC showed wrong date and time every time I started it. The changes I made in the
CMOS settings are not saved.
o The CMOS battery weakened/failed.
2. After pressing the power button, system turned on, heard long beep sounds but didn’t
boot up.
o Assumed trouble in the RAM, removed it from the slot and cleaned the slot
with a soft brush and erased the pins of the RAM as well.
3. When starting the PC, following message displayed on the black screen; ‘System
error, Replace and strike any key when ready’
o Problem was hard disk/ loose connection in the IDE/SATA cable of the hard
disk.
4. System turned on, gave a sequence of quick beeps, didn’t boot up:
o I checked that video card is correctly seated in its AGP or PCI slot. The AGP
slot especially can be unforgiving of a card that is a tiny bit out of position.
5. After turned on a PC, it made a loud noise
 The power supply fan is failing and needs replacement. In most cases, the
o
entire power supply must be replaced.
6. Nothing happens when I turn on the PC but I do hear the fan running.
o The power supply may have failed and needs to be replaced.
o The power supply may not be properly connected to the motherboard.
o The RAM is not properly installed or has failed.
o The motherboard may have failed.
o The CPU is not properly installed or has failed.
7. The PC randomly shuts itself off
o The power supply could be overheating, check that the fan is working.
o The power supply could be failing.
8. The PC randomly shuts itself off
o The power supply could be overheating, check that the fan is working.
o The power supply could be failing.
o The CPU may be overheating, check the CPU fan.
THERMAL FAX MACHINE

On the training period I learned to use a fax machine and its mechanisms. I have sent and
received faxes. At the training place they have only repaired/service ‘BROTHER’ modeled
thermal fax machines. These faxes use thermal paper roll to fax documents.

3.1. MAIN PARTS OF A FAX MACHINE, THEIR FUNCTIONS.

1. ADF (Automatic Document Feeder) unit:-

o An ADF unit can be found inside the top cover of a fax machine. It automatically
identifies the inserted document.
2. White Pressure Bar:-
o The color white can reflect the light. When scanning a document, we require getting a
clear copy. And this bar helps to get an excellent scanned copy.
3. Scanner unit:-
o The scanner unit has a sheet of glass and is used to scan an inserted document.
4. Thermal Unit with Black Bar:-
o This unit only can be found in the fax machines those use pre carboned thermal paper
roll to receive faxes.
o Black color is a best absorber of heat and therefore it assist with the thermal unit to
give a excellent copy.
5. Automatic Cutter:-
 When a fax received, the cutter automatically cut off the sheet from the roll.
6. Anti Curl:-
 It is used to insert the paper into the thermal unit without curling.
7. Power Supply Unit:-
 It contains a transformer, fuse, capacitors, and other electronic components.
8. Circuit Control Unit:-
 A small but complicated amount of circuitry is built into the fax to control all the
mechanical features of operation.

3.2. FAX MACHINE TROUBLE SHOOTING

Before repairing/servicing a fax machine, I took a test print. If the test print is clear then no
matter with the machine otherwise it need a service.
1. Test print had black vertical lines on it.
o Problem in scanner. I cleaned the scanner and the white bar with isopropyl alcohol
(surgical spirit) .
2. Test print was in poor quality.
o It sounds that the problem occurred in thermal unit i.e.the thermal paper didn’t heat
well. I cleaned the hermal unit and the black bar fine with surgical spirit and lint free
cloth (see pic 11)

3. The fax paper is jammed in the cutter

o When this trouble occurred, I opened the cover, unplugged the power cord and pulled
up the blue release lever on the print head unit and gently turn the paper roll toward
the front of the machine to roll out the jammed paper (see pic 12).

And then I pulled up the tab on the left side of the print head unit to open the print head
cover(pic 13), removed the jammed paper if there is any left. Then closed the print head and
cut off the wrinkled portion of paper.
4. ‘Check document’ message displayed on the LCD display.
o I checked the ADF unit and folded the metal strips found on either sides a little and
wiped the unit with spirit and lint free cloth.
Note: if document stuck in the machine, pull the documents toward the front of the fax
machine, in the same direction they were feeding.(see pic 14)

If any errors regarding to LCD display,then should check the LCD circuit, control circuitry
of the NCU board and the cable connects both theLCD circuit and NCU board.

4.PRINTERS

I basically studied two types of printers; laser printer and inkjet printer.

4.1. INKJET PRINTERS

4.1.1. MAIN PARTS OF AN INKJET PRINTER

1) Print head – The central part of an inkjet printer, the print head contains a series of nozzles
that are used to spray drops of ink. (see pic 15)

2) Ink cartridges – Ink cartridges come in various combinations, such as separate black and
color cartridges, color and black in a single cartridge or even a cartridge for each ink color.
(see pic16)

3) Print head stepper motor – A stepper motor moves the print head assembly (print head and
ink cartridges) back and forward across the paper. (see pic 17)

4) Belt – A belt is used to attach the print head assembly to the stepper motor. (see pic 18)
Stabilizer bar
5) Stabilizer bar – The print head assembly uses a stabilizer bar to ensure that movement is
accurate and controlled. (see pic 18)6) Paper tray/feeder –Inkjet printers have a tray that you
load the paper into.

7) Rollers – A set of rollers pull the paper in from the tray or feeder and move forward the
paper when the print head assembly is ready for another pass. (see pic 19)

8) Paper feed stepper motor - This 19 stepper motor power the rollers to move the paper in
the exact increment needed to ensure a continuous image is printed.

9) Power supply - Power supply is fixed into the printer itself.

10) Control circuitry - A small but complicated amount of circuitry is built into the printer to
control all the mechanical features of operation, as well as decode the information sent to the
printer from the computer. (see pic 20)

4.2. LASER PRINTER

4.2.1. MAIN PARTS OF A LASER PRINTER

4.2.2. WORKING MECHANISM

  The drum is given a total positive charge by the corona wire. As the drum rotates, the
printer shines a tiny laser beam across the surface to discharge certain points. (i.e.
negative electrostatic image on a positive background)
 In this way, the laser draws the letters and images to be printed as a pattern of
electrical charges. (see pic 22)
 After the pattern is set, the printer coats the drum with positively charged toner (toner
hopper and developer roller help to do this).
 With the toner powder affixed, the drum rolls over a sheet of paper (before the paper
rolls under the drum, it is given a negative charge by the charged roller i.e. the corona
wire)
 Now the paper is moving at the same speed as drum, it picks up the image pattern
exactly. (After depositing toner on the pater, the drum surface passes the discharge
lamp to erase the electromagnetic image)
 Finally, printer passes the paper through the fuser (a pair of heated rollers) and then
the toner powder melts and glued to the paper permanently (see pic 23).
 And then the fuser rolls the paper to the output tray.
4.3. PRINTING A TEST PAGE

Every time installed/repaired a printer, I took a test page for most printers:

1. Start - Settings - Printer

2. Right-click the printer name, left-click Properties
3. Click on the Print Test Page button.

5.MOUSE
It may sounds crazy that my first experience with a mouse was held on this training period. I
got to know the mechanisms of mouse and what simple problems can be occurred and the
simplest cleaning methods. And I thought to include this topic also as well as the others.
5.1. SERVICING A MOUSE
The main goal of any mouse is to translate the motion of our hand into signals that the
computer can use. If a mouse fails to work properly/ stuck always it means that the particular
mouse need a service. I serviced a mouse while studying its working mechanisms.
1) Took the ball out by rotating the external plastic lock according to the direction shown in
the picture below
3) These rollers too covered with dirt frequently. And this results the mouse to stick. For that
reason I cleaned the rollers fine with surgical spirit.
4) And then I cleaned the disks well with a soft brush and cleaned the sensors with spirit as
well.

On either side of the disk there is an infrared LED and an infrared sensor. The holes in the
disk break the beam of light coming from the LED so that the infrared sensor sees pulses of
light. The rate of the pulsing is directly related to the speed of the mouse and the distance it
travels.

An on-board processor chip reads the pulses from the infrared sensors and turns them into
binary data that the computer can understand. The chip sends the binary data to the computer
through the mouse's cord. (see above pictures)

5) Finally, I reassembled the mouse and connected it to a PC. It worked better than earlier.

3. UPS (Uninterruptible power supply)

At the training spot, very few amounts of UPSs came for repair; most of them had warranty
and rest of the UPSs only needed to replace batteries and fuses. Therefore I hereby indicate
what I have studied at the training spot.

A UPS, also known as a battery back-up, provides emergency power and, line regulation as
well to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power
is not available. A UPS can be used to provide uninterrupted power to equipment, typically
for 5–15 minutes until a secondary power supply can be turned on/utility power
restored/equipment safely shut down.

6.1. WORKING MECHANISM

pic 28

6.2. UPS BATTERY

The batteries used in most UPSs are sealed, valve-regulated lead-acid, 12V batteries. The batteries
are closed to avoid any possibility of hydrogen escaping, or acid spilling.

Metal Frame

Nominal Voltage
Capacity 7.2 Ah
12V

pic 30. Removing and Replacing a UPS battery.

Generally, a UPS will not discharge its battery 100%, because taking a battery down to the
fully-discharged state dramatically reduces its life.
When first plug in a new UPS, it will take several hours before the battery is charged. Until
the battery is full, the UPS will probably function fine on line power, but we will be subject
to problems if the power goes out.
Lead-acid batteries are potentially hazardous, even sealed ones. Respect these cautions when
handling batteries:
 Never subject a battery to an avoidable physical shock. They should not be beat or
dropped, as damage and leakage may result.
 Lead-acid batteries must be properly recycled due to the hazardous chemicals they
contain. Do not dispose of batteries in the household trash.
 Never dispose of any battery in a fire; it could explode.
 Short-circuiting a battery by connecting its two terminals directly together with no
load, can cause it to overheat and explode. Always use rubber-handled tools when
working with batteries.

6.3. COMMON UPS SPECIFICATIONS

1) Physical Specifications:
 Dimensions: Height, width and depth. Check to make sure the unit will fit where you
want it to go.
 Weight: Some larger units are very heavy and may require two people to move.
 Number and Type of holders: How many and what kind of output holders are
provided to power loads.
 Color
2) Environmental Specifications:
 Operating Temperature Range: UPSs generate heat and cannot be run in a room with
insufficient cooling.
  Storage Temperature Range: Pay attention especially to the bottom end of the range.
Batteries can freeze and be ruined if subjected to excessive cold.
 Boost Charge Interval: How often the battery will need to be recharged if the unit is
put into storage.
3) Input Specifications:
 Input Voltage: Nominal and actual allowable range specifications.
 Nominal Frequency: Generally either 50 or 60 Hz. Some models will automatically
handle either.
 Input Connection: The type of plug the power cord uses; very important for larger
units.
4) Output Specifications:
 Output Voltage: Nominal and actual range specifications will be provided.
 Output Waveform Type: Whether the unit produces a sine, square, or modified square
output waveform.
 Transfer Time: An important specification: the typical and/or maximum values for the
time required for the UPS to switch from line to battery power. For a true online UPS
this will be zero. For standby units it will normally be a few milliseconds.
 Filtering, Suppression and Regulation Specifications: Details on the hardware within
the UPS used to clean up the power line when the unit is running on AC power.
5) Battery Specifications:
 Battery Type: The type of battery and whether it is user-replaceable.
 Battery Capacity: Battery capacity in Ah.
 Typical Battery Life: Number of years the battery is expected to last, on average, in
average use.
 Typical Run Time at Full Load: If the unit powers a load with a VA rating equal to its
maximum load, the expected number of minutes of run time.
 Typical Run Time at Half Load: If the unit powers a load with a VA rating of half its
maximum load, the expected number of minutes of run time.
 Typical Recharge Time: How many hours it takes to fully charge a discharged battery
from line power.
 Battery Expansion: What sort of expansion features the UPS has, and if so, how they
work.

4. ATX POWER SUPPLY

The ATX power supply is responsible for converting standard household AC power to DC
within the power supply that a computer can use. The power supply is responsible for
powering every device in the computer.

The power supply plays an important role in the following areas of the system:
 Stability: A high quality power supply will provide years of stable power for the PC.
A poor quality or overloaded power supply will cause all sorts of malfunctions like
system crashes, hard disks develop bad sectors, or software bugs to appear, problems
which can be very difficult to trace back to the power supply.
 Cooling: The power supply contains the main fan that controls the flow of air through
the PC case.
 Energy Efficiency: Newer PC power supplies work with the computer's components
and software to reduce the amount of power they consume when at rest.
  Expandability: The capacity of the power supply is one factor that will determine the
ability to add new drives to the system, or upgrade to a more powerful motherboard or
processor.

PCs use switching power supplies. It uses a transistor switch and a closed feedback loop to
produce DC output that is properly regulated regardless of the load on it, with only the
amount of AC power required to draw the DC load being taken from the utility.

Primary Primary Solid State Secondary Secondary

Rectifier Switch Transformer Filter
Filter Rectifier

DC
AC Input Output

7.1. STANDARD OUTPUT ATX VOLTAGES

Here are the details on the various voltages provided by today's power supplies:
 -12 V: This voltage is used on some types of serial port circuits, whose amplifier
circuits require both -12V and +12V.
 0 V: The ground of the PC's electrical system. The ground signals provided by the
power supply are used to complete circuits with the other voltages.
 +3.3 V: The newest voltage level provided by modern power supplies, it was
introduced with the ATX form factor. Originally, the lowest regular voltage provided
by the power supply was +5 V, which was used to provide power to the CPU,
memory, and everything else on the motherboard. So now the power supply provides
+3.3 V directly. It is used to run most new CPUs, as well as some types of system
memory, AGP video cards, and other circuits.
 +5 V: On older form factor systems, this is the voltage used to run the motherboard,
the CPU and the vast majority of other components in the system.
 +12 V: This voltage is used primarily to power disk drive motors. It is also used by
fans and other types of cooling devices. It is in most cases not used by the
motherboard in a modern PC but is passed on to the system bus slots for any cards
that might need it.

7.2. INSIDE OF AN ATX POWER SUPPLY

I examined inside of a power supply and found a circuit board with various electrical
components on it. All the cables going into and out of the power supply go to this circuit,
including those of the power switch.
In picture 32, large pieces of aluminum are heat sinks. The left heat sink has ‘power
transistors’ attached to it. These are the transistors in charge of doing the switching they
provide high-frequency power to the transformers. Attached to the right heat sink are
diodes that rectify AC signals and turn them into DC signals.
A switcher power supply draws only the power it needs from the AC line.
7.3. ATX POWER SUPPLY TROUBLESHOOTING

1) The simplest way of testing a power supply. I learned this technique while repairing a PC.
-Removed all components connected to the power supply.
- Gave power to it.
- Short circuited 14th and 15th pins of its main ATX power socket (see pic 33).
- Heard the power supply’s fan rotating i.e. the power supply is in good condition.

pic 33
2) Before repairing an ATX power supply, it is safe discharging the large filter capacitors by
shorting the capacitors ends with a screw driver. The reason is, in a working power supply,
the main filter capacitors have resistors to drain their charge relatively quickly but in a failed
power supply, resistors can be also failing and the capacitors won’t discharge quickly.
3) Sometimes only the fuse is blown. Check its connectivity and replace.
4) Check the voltage between pin 3 and pin 9 of the main connector (see pic 33). This should
be +5V. Otherwise, check the voltage on the mains side.
5) AC pins of the mains rectifier should show the mains AC voltage (230v). If not, check the
main rectifier components.
6) If the voltage is jumping around, the large filter capacitors are also suspected.
7) Filter capacitors are in series. Therefore the midpoint should be at half of primary voltage.
If not, the mains rectifier/ filter capacitors/ parallel resistors may be defective.
8. CONCLUSION

The opportunity to work with The Office Shop provided the chance to experience a variety of
types of maintenance activities inside the office, as well as the opportunity to work my way
up from being an assistant to having a larger role as a technician. Many thanks are extended
to the Office Shop (Pvt) Ltd for allowing me to undertake my industrial training with them,
and to then use the details of the procedures I was involved in for inclusion in this report.

Training 1 was the ideal job for an undergraduate to be assigned. It allowed me to take a
larger role in terms of the execution of the process, as well as basic correspondence and, of
course, client communications. This training was accomplished very smoothly and provided
great experience to me as an apprentice technician. Furthermore, as far as my career goes,
this type of instruction is fundamental to continue within a business. It is a common type of
task that opens the doors for progress into the next stage, as I was sure.

The most significant part of my industrial training is that I was able to experience a variety of
work, all of which are typical of the jobs I will be undertaking in my career. The fact that I
was able to take part in the office, without simply being an office assistant, was extremely
advantageous in terms of my professional development.
9. REFERENCES
WEB SITES

 http://www.fonerbooks.com/pcrepair.htm
 http://www.howstuffworks.com
 http://www.PCGuide.com
 http://www.en.wikipedia.org
 http://www.acmehowto.com
 http://www.geocities.com
 http://www.computerhopes.com

BOOKS

 Build Your Own PC for DUMMIES

By Mark L. Chambers

 How Computer Work

By Ron White

 Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition

By Scott Mueller

APPENDIX- A (SPECIFICATIONS)
1) THERMAL FAX MACHINE
(BROTHER -236)
Type Desktop facsimile transceiver
Compatibility ITU-T Group 3
Coding System Modified Huffman (MH)
Modem Speed 9600/7200/4800/2400; Automatic Fallback
Original Input Width 5.8 inches to 8.5 inches (148 mm to 216 mm)
Scan/Printi Width 8.2 inches (208 mm)
Paper Roll Size: Width8.5 inches (216 mm)
Length 164 feet (50 m) with standard thermal paper 98 feet (30 m) with Therma PLUS paper
Diameter Limited to 2.76 inches (70 mm)
Printer type Line Thermal
Gray Scale 64 levels (Dithered)
Display LCD, 16 characters
Polling Types Standard, Delayed, Secure
Contrast Control Automatic/Light/Dark (manual setting)
Resolution • Horizontal 203 dot/inch (8 dot/mm)
• Vertical Standard—98 line/inch (3.85 line/mm) Fine, Photo—196 line/inch
(7.7 line/mm) Superfine, Photo (copy)—392 line/inch (15.4 line/mm)
Memory Capacity 512 KB (up to 20 pages)
One Touch Dial 4
Speed Dial 100 stations (FAX-236)
Automatic Redial 3 times at 5 minute intervals
Speaker Type Monitor (FAX-235, FAX-236)
Communication Source Public switched telephone network
Operating Environment 41 - 95° F (5° - 35°C)
Power Source 220~240V AC 50/60Hz
Power Consumption Standby: Fewer than 3.5 watts — Peak: fewer than 110 watts
Dimensions 11.8 x 9.4 x 5.4 (inches)/ 299 x 240 x 137 (mm)
Weight 6.4 lb / 2.9 kg

2) MIDDLE RANGE COMPUTER

3) PRINTER
A. LASER
Characteristic Description
Print speed Up to 10 pages-per-minute
Paper input bin capacity Tray 1: 100 sheets of 20 lb Bond (80 g/m2) paper, or 10 envelopes Tray
 2/3: 250 sheets of 20 lb Bond (80 g/m2) paper
Media Sizes Tray 1: minimum (custom) 76 by 127 mm (3 by 5 inches) maximum
(custom) 216 by 356 mm (8.5 by 14 inches)

Tray 2/3: Letter, Legal, A4, A5 and custom paper sizes

Envelope: Executive, B5 (ISO), B5 (JIS)

Media weights Tray 1: 16 to 43 lb (60 to 163 g/m2) with straight-through paper path for
special media

Tray 2/3: 16 to 28 lb (60 to 105 g/m2)

Base memory HP LaserJet 2100 printer: 4 MB of RAM

HP LaserJet 2100m and 2100tn printers: 8 MB of RAM

Upgrade memory expansion HP LaserJet 2100 printer: Three DIMM slots are available for 4, 8, or 16
MB RAM DIMMs (for a maximum of 52 MB).

HP LaserJet 2100m and 2100tn printers: Two DIMM slots are available
for 4, 8, or 16 MB RAM DIMMs (for a maximum of 40 MB).
Print resolution 1200 dpi for the best print quality 600 dpi for complex graphics or faster
output
Duty cycle Up to 15,000 pages per month

B. INKJET
Printer
 Inkjet Technology HP Thermal Inkjet
 Ink Palette (Colors) 4-ink - Cyan, magenta, yellow, black

 Ink Cartridge Configuration 1 black cartridge, 1 color cartridge (cyan, magenta,

yellow)
 Connectivity Technology Wired
 Interface USB
 Max Resolution ( B&W ) 1200 dpi
 Max Resolution ( Color ) 4800 dpi x 1200 dpi

Media Handling
 Media Type Cards,  Labels,  Envelopes,  Photo paper,  Plain paper,  Transparencies, 
Iron-on transfers
 Min Media Size (Custom) 3 in x 5 in

 Max Media Size (Custom) 8.5 in x 14 in

 Media Sizes 3.95 in x 5.9 in , 5.12 in x 7.1 in , C6 (4.5 in x 6.38 in) , A4 (8.25 in x
11.7 in) , A5 (5.83 in x 8.25 in) , A6 (4.13 in x 5.83 in)
 Borderless Photo Sizes 3.95 in x 5.9 in
  Envelope Sizes International DL (4.33 in x 8.66 in)
 Media Weight 70 g/m2 - 280 g/m2
 Total Media Capacity 80 sheets
 Output Trays Capacity 50 sheets

Duty Cycle
 Monthly Duty Cycle 750 pages

Power
 Power Device Power adapter - External
 Voltage Required AC 120/230 V
 Power Consumption Operational 16 Watt
 Power Consumption Stand by / Sleep 3 Watt

4)UPS
APPENDIX –B (FLOWCHARTS)

1)
2)