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Engineering Simulation
Emerging from the Dark Ages <https://caeai.com/blog/emerging-dark-ages>
In the study of history, the Dark Ages traditionally represent the
period of cultural and economic decay of Western Europe after the
decline of the Roman Empire. During this time, the cultural,...
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There is much confusion about what interlaminar stresses are and how to
calculate them using composites analysis. Interlaminar stresses are the
source of failure mechanisms uniquely characteristic of composite
materials; their existence is a major reason that laminated composites
tend to delaminate near free edges, such as an edge of a plate or around
a hole. However, there seems to be a lot of misunderstanding of how to
define interlaminar stresses and how to predict them using finite
element analysis.
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(2) Shell theory also assumes that the out-of-plane shear strains are
zero, i.e. _xz and _yz are zero, which means the interlaminar shear
stresses cannot be calculated directly from the stress-strain relationship.
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By assuming that the interlaminar stresses are zero at the bottom of the
shell (free surface), this equation can be integrated through the
thickness to calculate the interlaminar shear stress on a layer by layer
basis through the entire thickness of the shell. This approach actually
does a pretty good job of calculating the interlaminar shear stresses
for layered shells.
Which is great, except what if the composite structure is not thin and
cannot be assumed to behave as dictated by shell theory? In that case,
there is another element formulation available: layered solids.
Layered solids, unfortunately, have their own problems. The two main
ones are:
1. Unlike layered shells that require only one element to describe the
through-thickness behavior, layered solids will often require
stacking to ensure good global deflection and stiffness
characterization. This complicates the interlaminar stress
calculation because the zero stress assumption at the top and bottom
may not be clear for a complex, curved geometry.
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3. If the structure is not thin, and you cannot use multiple or even
one solid element through each layer, your best bet is to use
layered solids to predict the global response, and then submodeling
techniques using several solid elements through the layer thickness
to obtain accurate interlaminar stresses in the critical regions.
Alternatively, special postprocessing composites analysis tools can
be used to extract the correct stresses from the layered solids.
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