2.3. Periodic Table and Trends HW PDF

CyberEd Study Guide
Periodic Table and Trends

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Periodic Table and Trends
The following National Science Education Standards specifically relate to this study
guide:
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
o The structure of an atom (e.g., negative electrons occupy most of the

space in the atom; neutrons and positive protons make up the nucleus
of the atom; protons and neutrons are almost two thousand times
heavier than an electron; the electric force between the nucleus and
electrons holds the atom together)
o The electron configuration of atoms governs the chemical properties of
an element as atoms interact with one another by transferring or
sharing the outermost electrons
o The number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is
electrically neutral or an ion (i.e., electrically neutral atoms contain
equal numbers of protons and electrons; a positively charged atom has
lost one or more electrons; a negatively charged atom has gained one
or more electrons)
o Elements are arranged in the periodic table, and this arrangement
shows repeating patterns among elements with similar properties (e.g.,
numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons; relation between atomic
number and atomic mass)
Table of Contents
Overview ......................................................................................................................... 3
History of Table Development before Mendeleev ........................................................... 5
Mendeleevs Table and the Modern Table ...................................................................... 7
Information about Individual Elements ............................................................................ 9
Groups and Periods of Elements .................................................................................. 11
Periods and Electron Configurations ............................................................................. 13
Periodic Trends: Metal, Nonmetal and Semimetal ........................................................ 17
Atomic and Ionic Radii................................................................................................... 20
Ionization Energy .......................................................................................................... 23
Electron Affinity and Electronegativity ........................................................................... 25
Conclusion and Summary ............................................................................................. 27
Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Periodic Table and Trends
MSS Intermediate Chemistry Simulation: Periodic Table and Trends
Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resource
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Overview

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Periodic Table and
Trends. View scenes 1 4 and complete the exercise below.
Learn the topics covered in this lesson and review the fundamentals of
Multimedia atomic structure.
Presentation
Scenes 1 2
1. Elements of Learning: In the table
below state the major features of
the Periodic Table covered in
this lesson.
Topic Description
Uniqueness of elements
How they are displayed
How they are organized
Determining trends
Scene 3
2. How is the Periodic Table an important tool?

Scene 4
3. Atomic Structure Review: This
illustration shows representations of
lithium and a lithium atom. In the table
below, describe the essential facts
about atomic structure and, where
appropriate, the relationship between
atomic structure and the structure of
the Periodic Table.
Topic Description
Particles in an
atom,(give charge)
Composition of
nucleus
Behavior of
electrons
Electron
configuration
Sequence of Table
elements
Presentation form of
Table elements
Electric charge of
Table elements
Electron count &
position in Table

History of Table Development before Mendeleev

Trends. View scenes 5 - 9 and complete the exercise below.
Learn how chemists tried to order the elements without having
Multimedia sufficient information.
Presentation
Scenes 5 6
1. Weighty Matters: This picture shows
an example of the difference
between chemical composition and
atomic mass. Using the example,
discuss the concept of atomic mass
and how to determine atomic mass
using the ratio method.
Scene 7
2. Elements Everywhere: This picture shows a
selection of different elements. What advance in
science in the early 1800s drove the need to
develop the Periodic Table?

Scenes 8 9
3. Continental Contributions: This
illustration shows two early efforts to
organize discovered elements according
to perceived patterns. What was the
basic measure used by these attempts?

Mendeleevs Table and the Modern Table

Learn how Mendeleev ordered the elements in a manner that allowed
Multimedia predictions, and how the modern table finally got it right.
Presentation
Scene 10
1. Russian Table: This picture shows the Russian
chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and the table of elements
he published in 1869. Describe how Mendeleev
organized his table, using specific examples.
Scene 11
2. Eka Silicon Implant: This chart compares the
predicted properties of Mendeleevs hypothetical
Eka Silicon, to the properties of the subsequently
discovered element that was named Germanium.
What was the power of Mendeleevs table that
showed he was on the right track?

Scene 12
3. What did Mendeleevs table show correctly, and how could his table have been
improved?
Scenes 13 -- 14
4. Bombardment: These diagrams illustrate
the concept of Henry Moseleys
experiments. Describe Moseleys
work and findings.
5. What is the significance of the atomic number for the modern Periodic Table?
State the Periodic Law.
6. For Further Thought: Scene 14 calls Mendeleevs table a fortunate accident. Aside
from the connection between atomic number and atomic mass, why does
Mendeleevs organization by chemical properties correspond so well with the
modern table?

Information about Individual Elements

Learn how the table provides information about individual elements.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 15 16
1. Keeping Tabs: This picture shows the information on the tab of
the first element in the Periodic Table. Answer the questions in
the table below.
Topic question Answer

How many named elements are there in
the Table used for this lesson?
How many available spaces total?
How many rows and columns?
How are elements identified?
What is the position of the atomic

number on the element tab?
What is the numerical value at the
bottom of the tab?
What is the name of the element shown
here?
What is the atomic number of this
element?
What is the atomic mass of this
element?
Bonus: What do the numbers in the
upper right corner mean?
Bonus: What does the notation at the
very bottom mean?
For all practical purposes what does the
atomic mass of an atom amount to, and
why?

Scene 17
2. Counting Carbon: Use examples to describe an isotope? Why is the atomic mass
of carbon 12.01 rather than 12.00?

Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Periodic Table and Trends.
Complete Interactive Lesson # 4.
Review information accompanied by each element in the table.
Interactive
Lesson

Groups and Periods of Elements

Learn how the table provides comparative information about the
Multimedia elements.
Presentation
Scenes 18 19
1. What are the rows and columns in the Periodic Table called? Describe the
significance of the two sets of numbers above the columns.
Scene 20
2. Affiliations: This version of the Periodic Table shows groups included in larger
categories. Name each category and the groups included in each category. Why
is the lower table separated from the upper table? The elements in the lower table
belong to which period(s)?

Scenes 21 22
3. Opposites Attract: This graphic shows four
different groups with important characteristics.
Name the groups, their position in the table,
and tell how they are chemically distinctive.

Review terminology.
Interactive
Lesson

Periods and Electron Configurations

Learn how the table shows electronic structure.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 23
1. Level of Play: This picture shows
how the periods in the table
correspond to the electron
orbital energy levels in
atoms. Describe that
association.
Scenes 24 26
2. Block Party: This periodic table shows elements categorized by blocks labeled
with the s and p orbital names. Why are they named this way? What is the
significance of Argon?
3. Describe the valence

shell using Argon as
an example. How is
the American system
for numbering groups
useful in determining
the state of the valence
shell?

Scene 27
4. Eight is Enough: The top row in this graphic portrays a sodium atom and a chlorine
atom. The bottom row indicates a sodium ion and a chlorine
ion. Describe the transition from the atomic to ionic
condition for this reaction, using the octet rule.
5. How is helium a special case?
Scene 28
6. Shell Game: This chart depicts the short notation for electronic structure, showing
neon, argon and krypton on the top row, sodium, potassium and rubidium on the
bottom row. Explain the chart in terms of octets and valence shells.

Scenes 29 30
7. Counting Orbitals: This chart shows the entire table categorized into blocks which
span different segments of the periods. Describe how the number of elements
spanned across a period by each block is a function of the active orbital for that
block.
8. For Further Thought: Someone you know might be confused by the progressive
filling of orbitals and the filling of valence shells to make octets. Obviously, the d
and f orbitals are not in the valence shell, but they fill up anyway. Clarify this for
your friend.


Complete Interactive Lessons # 5 and 6.
Review blocks of elements and electron configuration .
Interactive
Lesson

Periodic Trends: Metal, Nonmetal and Semimetal

Learn how elements are classified by similar chemical properties.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 31
1. Describe the color coding in the Periodic Table used for this lesson by completing
the table below. Also, what are the general proportions between metals, semi
metals, and non metals?
Colored Feature What it indicates
Black text
Pink text
Blue text
Blue tab
Greenish tab
Pink tab
Scenes 32 33
2. Testing your Metal: These
pictures illustrate various
properties of metals, some
unique to specific metals,
some characteristic of
most metals. Complete the
table below by describing
the properties of metals
and how widely they apply.
Property of metal Description

Metallic luster
Conductivity
Physical state at STP
Malleability
Ductility
Hardness
Reactivity

Scene 34
3. Non-Metallica: These images show various non metals (and a few metals
sneaking into the picture). List characteristics that are common to nonmetals, and
their different physical states. Additionally, in the table below name some
compounds or mixtures of nonmetals that fit the given categories.
Category Non metal compound or mixture

Something from plants
Something from the earth
Something we breathe
A flammable household gas
4. For Further Thought: Are you sure about your answers in the above table? What
items above might contain at least slight amounts of metals?
Scene 35
5. Switch Hitters: This illustration shows a couple of
semimetal elements, or metalloids, that are greatly
valued by high technology. Why?


Complete Interactive Lessons # 2 and 3.
Review chemical properties and physical states.
Interactive
Lesson

Atomic and Ionic Radii

Learn how the table shows trends in the sizes of element atoms and
Multimedia ions.
Presentation
Scene 36
1. Sizing-Up the Elements: This periodic table shows both the relative sizes of
elements, and their calculated absolute size. What is the unit of measure for
atomic size, and how is atomic size calculated?
2. For Further Thought: How would you measure atoms that do not form diatomic
molecules?

Scenes 37 38
3. Trends and Counter Trends: This
graphic illustrates a size trend
down a group and a size trend
across a period. Discuss each
trend and how they interact.
4. For Further Thought: Examine the atomic radii table and find some elements that
dont quite fit the pattern. What is their position in the table relative to the orbital
blocks? What do you make of this? (Speculation welcome)

Scenes 39 42
3. Ionic Detachment: This table shows the trends for ionic diameters. Are ions of an
element larger or smaller than the atoms of an element? Why? Explain the
connection between ionic charge and ionic radius. Explain the charge
characteristics of groups.
4. Why are group 8A elements not represented by ionic radius?

Ionization Energy

Learn how the table shows trends in the ionization energy.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 43 45
1. Stripping off Electrons: This chart lists the ionization energies for some elements.
The sequence below the chart shows magnesium in successive stages of electron
removal. Explain ionization energy and its unit of measure. Describe the trends for
ionization energy in the Periodic Table.
2. In the chart above, the ionization energy

for the third electron in magnesium is
quite a bit higher than for the second
electron. Refer to the illustrated
sequence for magnesium ionization to
explain this.

3. For Further Thought: A kilojoule is equal to 0.2778 kilowatt-hours. Convert the

ionization energy for the third electron of magnesium into kilowatt hours (the
standard measure of household electric energy consumption). Roughly how many
100 watt light bulbs that run for an hour would equal the ionization energy of Mg2+?
Scene 46
4. How does the concept of ionization energy apply to the elements?

Review the sizes of atoms and ions.
Interactive
Lesson

Electron Affinity and Electronegativity

Learn how the table shows trends in electron affinity and
Multimedia electronegativity.
Presentation
Scene 47
1. Appetite for Electrons: This version of the periodic table lists the electron affinities
of the elements. Explain what electron affinity values show. What elements have
the greatest values? How do the trends compare to ionization energies?
Scene 48
2. This graphic shows how low
ionization energy and high
electron affinity both work
toward the same objective.
What is that objective and
how is it achieved in both
cases?

Scenes 49 50
3. Unequal Shares: This version of the periodic table shows electronegativity values
for the elements, and an illustration of what those values mean. Explain
electronegativity, referring to the graphic. What are the trends for
electronegativity?

Review the sizes of atoms and ions.
Interactive
Lesson

Conclusion and Summary

Trends. View scene 51 and complete the exercise below.
Summarize what you have learned.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 51
1. Trendy Table: In this graphic, all the trends covered previously are diagrammed
with arrows. In the table below, summarize those trends.
Measured Value Trend across period Trend down group
2. In the table below, indicate the information provided by each feature of the
Periodic Table.
Feature Information provided
Atomic number
Atomic mass
Table shape
Groups and
periods

3. For Further Thought: The illustration and diagram below depict electron orbital
shapes and energy levels. State simply how the Periodic Table makes structural
information useful for chemists.
Comprehensive Exam: Periodic Table and Trends

Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test

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CyberEd Study Guide

Periodic Table and Trends

o The structure of an atom (e.g., negative electrons occupy most of the

Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Quizzes & Tests

Page 2 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Periodic Table and Trends

How they are displayed

How they are organized

Page 3 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 4 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

History of Table Development before Mendeleev

Periodic Table and Trends

Page 5 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 6 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Mendeleevs Table and the Modern Table

Periodic Table and Trends

Page 7 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Page 8 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Information about Individual Elements

Periodic Table and Trends

Topic question Answer

How many rows and columns?

How are elements identified?

What is the position of the atomic

Page 9 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Periodic Table and Trends

Page 10 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Groups and Periods of Elements

Periodic Table and Trends

Page 11 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Periodic Table and Trends

Page 12 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Periods and Electron Configurations

Periodic Table and Trends

3. Describe the valence

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5. How is helium a special case?

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Periodic Table and Trends

Page 16 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Periodic Trends: Metal, Nonmetal and Semimetal

Periodic Table and Trends

Property of metal Description

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Category Non metal compound or mixture

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Periodic Table and Trends

Page 19 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Atomic and Ionic Radii

Periodic Table and Trends

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4. Why are group 8A elements not represented by ionic radius?

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Periodic Table and Trends

2. In the chart above, the ionization energy

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3. For Further Thought: A kilojoule is equal to 0.2778 kilowatt-hours. Convert the

Periodic Table and Trends

Page 24 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.